CH01-案例及习题
引例沃尔玛借助管理信息系统登上世界企业500强之首在美国《财富》杂志评选的2001年美国企业500强中，零售业巨人沃尔玛连锁店将埃克森·美孚石油公司拉下马来，以2 198.12亿美元的营业收入总额坐上了美国乃至世界企业的龙头宝座。
而沃尔玛的主席罗伯逊·沃尔玛超过微软公司董事长比尔·盖茨成为全球首富。
沃尔玛在全球拥有4 600多家连锁店，雇员120多万人。
如此庞大的队伍，确实可称得上企业帝国。
这个企业帝国的成功秘诀是其管理信息系统。
沃尔玛的全球采购战略、配送系统、商品管理、电子数据系统、天天平价战略在业界都是经典。
其成功建立在利用信息技术整合优势资源、信息技术战略与零售业整合的基础之上。
沃尔玛在全球的4 600多家连锁店通过它的网络可在1小时之内对每种商品的库存、上架、销售量全部盘点一遍。
公司的创始人山姆·沃尔玛特别重视信息的沟通和信息系统的建设。
在20世纪60年代中期，他只拥有几家商店时，就已经认识到管理人员必须能够随时随地获得所需要的数据。
某种商品在沃尔玛的商店里一共有多少？订购了多少商品？上周的销售量、订购量呢？昨天呢？去年呢？订购的商品什么时候可以到达？在管理信息系统应用之前，必须通过大量的人工计算与处理才能得到。
要在现有的基础上扩大经营规模，只有不断应用先进的管理信息系统。
在管理信息系统的支持下，沃尔玛能够以最优质的服务、最低的成本、最快速的反应进行全球运作。
1974年，公司开始在其分销中心和各家连锁店运用计算机进行库存控制管理。
1983年，沃尔玛用上条码扫描系统。
1984年，沃尔玛开发了一套市场营销管理软件系统，这可以使每家连锁店按照自身的市场环境和销售类型制定出相应的营销产品组合。
在1985—1987年，沃尔玛安装了公司专用的卫星通信系统，使总部、分销中心和各连锁店之间可以实现双向的声音和数据传输，全球各家分店也都能够通过自己的终端与总部进行实时的通信联系。
通过采用最新的信息技术，员工能更有效地做好工作，更好地做出决策，以提高生产率和降低成本。
20世纪80年代，沃尔玛开始利用电子数据交换系统(EDI)与供应商建立自动订货系统。
到1990年，沃尔玛已与它的5 000余家供应商中的1 800家实现了电子数据交换，成为EDI技术在全美国的最大用户。
沃尔玛的配送管理是其管理信息系统中最重要的一环。
20世纪90年代沃尔玛提出了新的零售业配送理论，即各连锁店由集中管理的配送中心提供货源，而不是直接将货品运送到连锁店。
沃尔玛的配送系统由高效率的配送中心、快速的运输系统和先进的卫星通信网络组成。
这种独特的配送体系，大大降低了成本，加速了存货周转，形成了沃尔玛的核心竞争力。
管理信息系统的应用使沃尔玛有关各方可以迅速得到所需的货品层面数据，观察销售趋势、存货水平和订购信息甚至更多。
根据产品外部需求订单，广泛应用信息系统推算原料需求量及交货时间，以最大限度减少资金占用，减少库存，降低生产成本。
沃尔玛的信息系统是最先进的，其主要特点是：功能全、速度快、智能化和全球联网化。
沃尔玛在管理信息系统的投资不遗余力，负责软件设计的工程师有2 000多名。
20世纪90年代以后，互联网逐渐普及，为沃尔玛公司提供了以更少的费用建设高效的信息系统的可能。
对于山姆·沃尔玛来说，他最关心的就是每天如何提供低价的商品，为用户提供满意的服务。
技术在沃尔玛的发展中所起的作用主要遵循一个原则，即在供应商和沃尔玛之间的配送渠道方面，沃尔玛必须控制商品的变动情况。
它需掌握从商品所在位置到货品抵达时间的所有信息，这样相关人员就能确定时间，并准确地把货品送到商店，保证货品存储量达到最优。
沃尔玛努力避开一切中间环节，直接从工厂进货，其雄厚的经济实力使之具有强大的议价能力，管理信息系统则成为实现这一理想的重要手段。
沃尔玛的网络系统连接着上万个供货商和合作伙伴。
沃尔玛将传统的网络变成了一个高效的基于Internet的系统，让供货商更加方便。
无论这个供货商在世界的任何地方，只需要使用浏览器就可以进入这套系统，可以从沃尔玛的网站上得到多媒体格式的商品描述。
管理信息系统帮助沃尔玛与供应商建立了友好的协作关系，沃尔玛给予供应商的优惠远远超过同行。
沃尔玛对供应商品的付款期平均仅为29天，而美国第三大零售商凯马特平均为45天。
这激发了供应商与沃尔玛积极建立业务，从而保证了沃尔玛商品的最优进价。
如此高效率的财务结算，只有有了其全球化的高宽带管理信息系统网络才可能实现。
资料来源：尹涛. 管理信息系统. 北京：高等教育出版社，2005：29～31。
问题：(1) 随着经营规模的不断扩张，沃尔玛是如何逐渐利用信息系统支持运作的？(2) 在建立和使用信息系统时，管理上会面临哪些挑战？(3) 随着经济全球化和企业竞争的加剧，沃尔玛的管理者是如何利用信息技术提升企业的竞争力的？思考与讨论思考题1．当代企业面临的商务环境有何特点与趋势？试举例说明。
2．什么是知识经济？与工业经济相比，知识经济有哪些显著特征？3．当代商务环境的变化给企业带来的挑战主要有哪些？试举例说明。
4．企业在建立、运行和维护信息系统过程中，管理所面临的主要挑战有哪些？5．什么是信息化体系？查阅信息系统的参考书，比较不同作者所介绍的信息化体系结构有什么异同？6．什么是知识？什么是知识工作？7．成为一名精通信息的知识工作者的主要职责是什么？8．什么是知识工作者计算化？为什么它对我们非常重要？9．信息系统能引起管理变革吗？试举例说明。
讨论题1．有人说“当计算机变得更快更便宜时，信息系统给我们带来的大多数问题将消失”，请就这一说法进行讨论。
2．结合一个具体的企业，讨论其在建设和运用信息系统过程中遇到的问题与挑战有哪些。
若你是企业管理人员，你将采取哪些措施来应对这些问题与挑战。
3．知识工作者主宰当今的企业环境，然而，很多行业仍需要那些不属于知识工作者范畴的人。
哪些行业仍需要那些属于非知识工作者的技术工人呢？能否预见这些工作将由知识工作者取代的时间？“春发”借助信息技术发展企业天津春发香精香料有限公司是一家专门生产食品添加剂的民营企业。
春发的起家可以说是中国民营企业发展史的一个缩影。
1992年在邓小平同志南巡以后，“发展是硬道理”极大地鼓舞了渴望发展的中国人民。
一批民营中小企业在全国像雨后春笋一样发展起来。
春发的创始人就是在那时从几千块钱起步，如今已发展成为一个对整个中国食品工业有重要影响的企业。
目前，春发的年产值1亿元，虽然相比整个中国食品工业的10 000亿元年产值显得微不足道，但对于整个食品加工产业链来说，春发占据着一个举足轻重的地位，像华龙、统一、双汇、雀巢这样的著名企业都是天津春发的客户。
也就是说当消费者在享用各种休闲食品、快速食品和方便食品时，背后都有春发人的贡献。
按照西方国家经济发展的规律，人均GDP超过1 000美元后食品工业将大规模发展，而目前我国的肉类加工率只有7%～8%，这里蕴涵着巨大的发展空间。
春发在多年的生产经营中，形成了自己的核心技术，一直保持较高的生产率和利润率。
但是同许多发展中的企业一样，成长的肌体也会出现各种疾病，春发在发展中也出现了一些问题。
由于春发对客户信用控制力度不够，造成应收账款过多，资金占用的额度过于庞大，又由于欠款催收不及时造成了大量呆坏账；由于对外分销货物监控的力度不够，春发无法对经销商库存的产品进行预先的保质期预警，造成外放产品过期退货、库存物料报废损失；在采购方面，对供应商、自制半成品、产成品生产的物料需求和计划控制的信息不准确，造成生产过程中库存储备不均衡、采购批量不合理、浪费和占用流动资金较多；在生产方面，由于不能及时跟踪各批次产品实际成本和不合理损耗，对成本控制不能做到及时考核，使生产过程浪费很多，造成产品成本上升。
春发虽然已经成为食品添加剂行业排头兵，不过目前这一行业的集中度很低，春发面对的主要竞争对手是一批规模小，甚至非法的作坊式香精厂。
食品工业的未来发展对于春发来说既意味着巨大的机遇，也蕴藏着巨大的挑战。
随着食品行业的资源逐渐集中，香精香料工业也必然会紧随其后出现高度垄断的局面，到时候春发面对的就不是几个小作坊了。
日本前十名香料企业已经有3个进入了中国，美国国际香料集团也即将进入中国，虽然春发有着更熟悉中国消费者口味的本土化优势，但拥有雄厚资本的跨国企业完全可以通过收购解决这个问题。
虽然今天的春发活得很好，但是如果带着这些“管理弊病”，又如何能够适应国际化市场竞争的要求呢？对春发来说，面对国际强手的进入，不进则退。
春发董事会给自己制定了5年之内做到4个亿的打算，也就是意味着春发要进入更多咸味香精的细分市场和国际市场，并且要成为更多大型食品企业的供货商。
春发面临着发展的机遇，同时也遭遇到成长的烦恼和问题的困扰。
没有退路只有前进，适者生存是竞争的法则，只有应用信息技术方能适应信息时代的企业竞争，走企业信息化的道路是企业决策层经过深思熟虑以后的战略选择。
春发人选择了利用信息技术进行精细化管理，从而提升企业竞争力的方案。
从2003年初他们开始实施ERP，经过近一年的艰苦努力，取得了显著的实效。
仅原材料成本占用流动资金的减少就带来了一笔不小的收益，单位成本下降了5%，从3 000多万元的原材料资金中省下了100多万元。
从无形效益方面来讲，带来了管理的提升和全员整体素质的提高。
没用ERP时，五六个会计人员结账工作每月就要忙活十多天，核算成为他们的主要工作；有了ERP之后，财务人员用于核算的时间只有一两天，把剩下的大量时间转向了财务分析和管理。
春发的张总深有体会地说：“通过实施ERP，我们认识到，以信息化和标准化为手段的全过程的精细化管理，既是国外先进企业的现实状况，也是未来中国企业成功的必经之路，春发的信息化之路只是取得了良好的开端，好戏还在后头。
”现在，张总每天必做的事情是登录ERP，查看销售、回款、库存、成本数据，问题能够在第一时间发现，在问题的源头发现，从而使决策更加及时、准确。
春发从信息技术的应用中已经尝到了甜头，下一步春发公司准备把ERP的应用扩展到上游的客户以及下游的供应商，期望通过应用信息技术提高销售预测的准确度，规范对供应商的送货、结算管理。
资料来源：宋玉贤. 企业信息化管理. 北京：北京大学出版社，2005：34～37。
问题：(1) 许多企业都会遭遇到像春发那样的成长烦恼和发展困惑。
你认为春发利用信息技术解决发展中的问题是否正确？决策的依据是什么？(2) 如果你是春发的老总，面对这些问题，你会做出怎样的决策？(3) 随着企业竞争的加剧，企业管理者常常会感叹，信息时代，身在信息包围之中，却不知如何利用信息，甚至信息多得都“爆炸”了，却抓不住有用的信息。
会计学教程及案例讲解中英文对照Ch01第一章
Operating Information 操作信息
➢ Needed to conduct day-to-day activities. ➢ Largest quantity of accounting data. ➢ Examples:
Hours worked by employees for payroll purposes. Automobiles available for sale to customers. Amounts owed by customers. Parts and accessories on hand. 需要进行日常活动。 最大数量的会计数据。 例子: 员工为工资的目的而工作的时间。 可供销售给客户的汽车。 客户欠下的。
➢ Accountants in industry.会计行业。 ➢ Professional organization is the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA).专业机构是管理会计师协会(IMA)。
Administers the Certified Management Accountant (CMA) program.管理注册会计师(CMA)项目。 Professional designation for auditors employed in industry is Certified Internal Auditor (CIA). 在行业中被雇佣的审计师的专业名称是经过认证的内部审计师(CIA)。 ➢ Many accounting faculty at universities belong to the American Accounting Association (AAA). ➢ 许多大学的会计系属于美国会计协会(AAA)。 ➢ Controller is the high level officer in organizations responsible for financial and management accounting. ➢ Controller是负责财务和管理会计的组织的高级官员。
ch01力和约束_例题
0.6m
5. 轮 D 的受力图。 的受力图。
6. 轮 I 的受力图。 的受力图。
C
0.8m
H A
45o
B F
G 2
E
G 2
D I
G 2
45o
FGx FGy
I
E G
D G
39
B
F
A C
F FAy
A
D
F
A
FAx
FA
6
例题 物体的受力分析 物体的受力分析
例 题 3
用力F 拉动碾子以轧平路面,重为G 用力F 拉动碾子以轧平路面,重为G 的碾子受 到一石块的阻碍，如图所示。试画出碾子的受力图。 到一石块的阻碍，如图所示。试画出碾子的受力图。
F
A B
7
例题 物体的受力分析 物体的受力分析
AB和AC在A点铰接，又在D ，E AB和AC在 点铰接，又在D 两点用水平绳连接。 两点用水平绳连接。梯子放在光 滑水平面上，若其自重不计， 滑水平面上，若其自重不计，但
E C
在AB的中点处作用一铅直载荷F。 AB的中点处作用一铅直载荷 的中点处作用一铅直载荷F 试分别画出梯子的AB AC部分 试分别画出梯子的 AB ， AC 部分 以及整个系统的受力图。 以及整个系统的受力图。
B
例 题 8
A
60o
4. 滑轮B ( 带销 滑轮B 的受力图。 钉）的受力图。
F2 FBA
30
o
D
FBy F2
30o
B
B
FBx
G
60o
C
F1
FBC
F1
23
例题 物体的受力分析 物体的受力分析
例 题 9
ch01计算机中的数和码
2、OV：溢出标志。专为判断带符号数运 算是否发生溢出而设置。OV=1，有溢出； OV=0，未溢出。
PSW PSW.7 PSW.6 PSW.5 PSW.4 PSW.3 PSW.2 PSW.1 PSW.0
（D0H） CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV
-
P
运算对标志的影响举例
0000 0011 3 +0000 1100 +12
转十进制 并冠以“+”
结束
例1-7
求11100101
+46
补码的运算：
通过引进补码，可将减法运算转换为加 法运算。规则如下：
[X+Y]补=[X]补+[Y]补
[X-Y]补=[X]补- [Y]补= [X]补+[-Y]补
其中X，Y为正负数均可，符号与数值统一编码参与运 算。
内容提要
1.有限字长的二进制数 2.十进制与二进制的转换 3.带符号二进制数的表示及其运算 4.溢出及运算的有效性 5.BCD码 6.ASCII码
1、有限字长的二进制数
二进制记数法 二进制数：用0和1两个数码来表示的数。 如果数的后面有后缀“B”，表示二进制数
n1
NB Bi 2i im
例1-1：101B = 5
0 ≤ X ≤ 2n-1 ；
带符号整数的二进制表示
具有三种表示方法 原码
反码
补码
原码以最高位为符号位，“0”表示正，“1”表 示负；其余的位是绝对值；
1字节时，绝对值为7位，数值范围是 ±0~±127；2字节时，绝对值为15位，数值 范围是±0~±32767；
原码表示中“0”有“+0”和“-0”；
补码的表示范围: -2n-1< x <+2n-1-1
微型计算机原理及应用习题全套答案
CH01微型计算机概述习题与思考题1． 微型计算机由哪些部件组成？各部件的主要功能是什么？ 解答：微机系统微型计算机系统软件外围设备：打印机、键盘、CRT 、磁盘控制器等微处理器（CPU ）系统总线：AB 、CB 、DB（功能：为CPU 和其他部件之间提供数据、地址 和控制信息的传输通道）存储器：只读存储器（ROM ）、随机存储器（RAM ）（功能：用来存储信息）输入/输出（I/O ）接口：串/并行接口等（功能：使外部设备和微型机相连）算术逻辑部件(ALU ）累加器、寄存器控制器操作系统（OS ）系统实用程序：汇编、编译、编辑、调试程序等（注：CPU 的功能－－①可以进行算术和逻辑运算； ②可保存少量数据； ③能对指令进行译码并执行规定的动作； ④能和存储器、外设交换数据；⑤提供整修系统所需要的定时和控制； ⑥可以响应其他部件发来的中断请示。
）2． 8086/8088 CPU 由哪两部分组成？它们的主要功能各是什么？是如何协调工作的？ 解答：微处理器（CPU ）总线接口部件(BIU ）：负责与存储器、I/O 端口传送数据执行部件（EU ）：负责指令的执行协调工作过程：总线接口部件和执行部件并不是同步工作的，它们按以下流水线技术原则来协调管理： ① 每当8086的指令队列中有两个空字节，或者8088的指令队列中有一个空字节时，总线接口部件就会自动把指令取到指令队列中。
② 每当执行部件准备执行一条指令时，它会从总线接口部件的指令队列前部取出指令的代码，然后用几个时钟周期去执行指令。
在执行指令的过程中，如果必须访问存储器或者输入/输出设备，那么，执行部件就会请求总线接口部件进入总线周期，完成访问内存或者输入/输出端口的操作；如果此时总线接口部件正好处于空闲状态，那么，会立即响应执行部件的总线请求。
但有时会遇到这样的情况，执行部件请求总线接口部件访问总线时，总线接口部件正在将某个指令字节取到指令队列中，此时总线接口部件将首先完成这个取指令的操作，然后再去响应执行部件发出的访问总线的请求。
ch01命题逻辑(第一讲)
命题2：今天下雨 “今天是星期五且今天下雨”怎么表示？ “今天是星期五或者今天下雨”怎么表示？ 例如：“如果今天下雨，我们就不去踢球”怎么表示？
03:06:43
9
➢ 否定词“¬”（或“”）
否定词（Negation） 是一元联结词。相当于自 然语言中的“非”、“不”等， 真值表如右图。
命题的真值是具有客观性质的，而不是由人的主观
决定的。
03:06:43
3
命题与真值
1.1 命题与联结词
命题的真值：作为命题的陈述句所表示的判断结果称为命题的 真值。
真值的取值：真值只取两个值：真或假。通常用1（或字母T） 表示真，用0（或字母F）表示假。
真命题与假命题：凡是与事实相符的陈述句是真命题，而与事 实不符合的陈述句是假命题。
数理逻辑概述
➢ 数理逻辑是用数学的方法研究思维规律的一门学 科。由于它使用了一套符号，简洁的表达出各种 推理的逻辑关系，因此数理逻辑一般又称为符号 逻辑。
➢ 数理逻辑和计算机的发展有着密切的联系，它为 机器证明、自动程序设计、计算机辅助设计等计 算机应用和理论研究提供必要的理论基础。
03:06:43
1
(2) 2 + 2 ＝ 4 当且仅当 3 是偶数.
0
(3) 2 + 2 ＝ 4 当且仅当 太阳从东方升起.
1
(4) 2 + 2 ＝ 4 当且仅当 美国位于非洲.
0
(5) 函数 f (x) 在 x0 可导的充要条件是 它在 x0 连续.
0
03:06:43
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1.2 合式公式及分类
1.命题变元
在命题逻辑中，又有命题常元和命题变元之分。如果 P代表一个确定的具体的命题，称P为命题常元；若 P代表一个不确定的泛指的任意命题，称P为命题变 元。显然，命题变元P不是命题，只有用一个特定的 命题或一个真值取代P才能成为命题。这时也说对P 指派或解释，记为I(P)。
模拟电路-CH01
2018/9/6
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《模拟电路》——（电子技术基础 模拟部分）
1. 绪论
1.7. 习题
1.5.放大电路的主要性能指标(P17)
1.5.2 当负载电阻RL=1kΩ时，电压放大电路输出
☆ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇
1V （ 有效值） ，如果直接将它与10 Ω 扬声器相 接 ，扬声 器上的电压为多少 ？
如果在拾音头和扬声器之间接入一个放大电路，它的
输入电阻R=1MΩ，输出电阻Ro＝10Ω，电压增益为1， 试求这时扬声器上的电压 。该放大电路使用哪类电 路模型最方便？
2018/9/6
☆ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇
2018/9/6
22
《模拟电路》——（电子技术基础 模拟部分）
1. 绪论
1.5. 放大电路的主要性能指标
频率失真或线性失真
☆ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇
2018/9/6
23
《模拟电路》——（电子技术基础 模拟部分）
1. 绪论
1.5. 放大电路的主要性能指标
增益
电压增益=20*lg|Av|dB 电流增益=20*lg|Ai|dB 功率增益=10*lg Ap dB 使用对数的原因
扩大视野，方便计算
☆ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇
2018/9/6
20
《模拟电路》——（电子技术基础 模拟部分）
1. 绪论
1.5. 放大电路的主要性能指标
频率响应——举例
《模拟电路》——（电子技术基础 模拟部分）
1. 绪论
1.4. 放大电路模型
模拟信号放大
放大、衰减、增益；线性放大、对数放大 能量问题；参考点和地
网络安全理论与应用Ch01网络安全面临的威胁课件
2. 网络入侵者和病毒
恶意软件的分类
2. 网络入侵者和病毒
恶意软件的分类－3
陷门：进入程序的秘密入口而不通过通常的安全 访问程序逻辑炸弹：特定条件下激活特洛伊木马：包含在有用程序中的隐藏码，随有 用条件被调用，间接实现未被授权功能病毒：其或副本通过修改其他程序而将其感染蠕虫：通过网络关系，利用网络载体从一个系统 蔓延到另一系统，可伪装细菌：自我复制，占据空间
内 容 回 顾
网络安全面临的威胁网络入侵者和病毒网络安全的模型
10、你要做多大的事情，就该承受多大的压力。11、自己要先看得起自己，别人才会看得起你。12、这一秒不放弃，下一秒就会有希望。13、无论才能知识多么卓著，如果缺乏热情，则无异纸上画饼充饥，无补于事。14、我只是自己不放过自己而已，现在我不会再逼自己眷恋了。
a. 获取消息的内容b. 进行业务流分析：获得消息的格式、通信双方的位置和身份、通信的次数和消息的长度等
1. 网络安全面临的威胁
攻击类型的分类：主动攻击和被动攻击
2>主动攻击 —— 对数据流的某些篡改或产生某些假的数据流。
a.假冒：假冒合法实体通过防线；b.重放：截获合法数据后进行拷贝或重新发送c.消息的篡改：通信数据在传输过程中被改变、删除 或替代d.业务拒绝：对通信设备的使用和管理被无条件的拒 绝（访问拒绝）。
安全网络通信所考虑的内容：
加密算法用于加密算法的秘密信息秘密信息的分布和共享使用加密算法和秘密信息以获得安全服务所需的协议
3. 网络安全的模型
信息系统的保护模型
3. 网络安全的模型
信息系统保护模型的安全机制
防线1～守卫者： 基于通行字的登录程序：用于拒绝非授权用户的 访问、检测 屏蔽逻辑程序：用于拒绝病毒防线2～由内部控制部件构成：检测内部是否有入 侵者
【Lua程序设计第四版练习题答案】ch01Lua语言入门
【Lua程序设计第四版练习题答案】ch01Lua语⾔⼊门
联系1.1: 运⾏阶乘的⽰例并观察，如果输⼊负数，程序会出现什么问题？试着修改代码来解决问题。
-- 定义⼀个计算阶乘的函数
function fact (n)
if n == 0 then
return 1
else
return n * fact(n-1)
end
end
print("enter a number:")
a = io.read("*n") -- 读取⼀个数字
print(fact(a))
这是本章最开始提到的阶乘⽰例程序，通过实际的运⾏，我们了解到由于程序没有对负数形式进⾏校验的逻辑，因此程序会⼀直迭代递归下去，没有终⽌条件lua编译器报出堆栈溢出的错误才结束。
在进⾏修改之后的代码如下：
opefunction fact(n)
n = n or 0
if n < 0 then
error("Cannot calculate the factorial of a negative number")
elseif n == 0 then
return 1
else
return n * fact(n-1)
end
end
print("Enter a number: ")
a = io.read("*n")
print("Answer is: ", fact(a))
这⾥加⼊对输⼊负数的终⽌条件的判断，因此不会再出现堆栈溢出的错误。
阿伦斯 审计学：一种整合方法 课后习题答案ch01
Chapter 1The Demand for Audit and Other Assurance Services Review Questions1-1The relationship among audit services, attestation services, and assurance services is reflected in Figure 1-3 on page 13 of the text. An assurance service is an independent professional service to improve the quality of information for decision makers. An attestation service is a form of assurance service in which the CPA firm issues a report about the reliability of an assertion that is the responsibility of another party. Audit services are a form of attestation service in which the auditor expresses a written conclusion about the degree of correspondence between information and established criteria.The most common form of audit service is an audit of historical financial statements, in which the auditor expresses a conclusion as to whether the financial statements are presented in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. An example of an attestation service is a report on the effe ctiveness of an entity’s internal control over financial reporting. There are many possible forms of assurance services, including services related to business performance measurement, health care performance, and information system reliability. 1-2 An independent audit is a means of satisfying the need for reliable information on the part of decision makers. Factors of a complex society which contribute to this need are:1.Remoteness of informationa.Owners (stockholders) divorced from managementb.Directors not involved in day-to-day operations ordecisionsc.Dispersion of the business among numerous geographiclocations and complex corporate structures2.Biases and motives of providerrmation will be biased in favor of the providerwhen his or her goals are inconsistent with thedecision maker's goals.3.Voluminous dataa.Possibly millions of transactions processed daily viasophisticated computerized systemsb.Multiple product linesc.Multiple transaction locationsplex exchange transactionsa.New and changing business relationships lead toinnovative accounting and reporting problemsb.Potential impact of transactions not quantifiable,leading to increased disclosures1-3 1. Risk-free interest rate This is approximately the rate the bank could earn by investing in U.S. treasury notes for thesame length of time as the business loan.2.Business risk for the customer This risk reflects thepossibility that the business will not be able to repay itsloan because of economic or business conditions such as arecession, poor management decisions, or unexpectedcompetition in the industry.rmation risk This risk reflects the possibility thatthe information upon which the business risk decision wasmade was inaccurate. A likely cause of the information riskis the possibility of inaccurate financial statements.Auditing has no effect on either the risk-free interest rate or business risk. However, auditing can significantly reduce information risk.1-4The four primary causes of information risk are remoteness of information, biases and motives of the provider, voluminous data, and the existence of complex exchange transactions.The three main ways to reduce information risk are:er verifies the information.er shares the information risk with management.3.Audited financial statements are provided.The advantages and disadvantages of each are as follows:1-5 To do an audit, there must be information in a verifiable form and some standards (criteria) by which the auditor can evaluate the information. Examples of established criteria include generally accepted accounting principles and the Internal Revenue Code. Determining the degree of correspondence between information and established criteria is determining whether a given set of information is in accordance with the established criteria. The information for Jones Company's tax return is the federal tax returns filed by the company. The established criteria are found in the Internal Revenue Code and all interpretations. For the audit of Jones Company's financial statements the information is the financial statements being audited and the established criteria are generally accepted accounting principles.1-6The primary evidence the internal revenue agent will use in the audit of the Jones Company's tax return include all available documentation and other information available in Jones' office or from other sources. For example, when the internal revenue agent audits taxable income, a major source of information will be bank statements, the cash receipts journal and deposit slips. The internal revenue agent is likely to emphasize unrecorded receipts and revenues. For expenses, major sources of evidence are likely to be cancelled checks, vendors' invoices and other supporting documentation.1-7This apparent paradox arises from the distinction between the function of auditing and the function of accounting. The accounting function is the recording, classifying and summarizing of economic events to provide relevant information to decision makers. The rules of accounting are the criteria used by the auditor for evaluating the presentation of economic events for financial statements and he or shemust therefore have an understanding of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), as well as auditing standards. The accountant need not, and frequently does not, understand what auditors do, unless he or she is involved in doing audits, or has been trained as an auditor.1-81-9Five examples of specific operational audits that could be conducted by an internal auditor in a manufacturing company are:1.Examine employee time cards and personnel records todetermine if sufficient information is available to maximizethe effective use of personnel.2.Review the processing of sales invoices to determine if itcould be done more efficiently.3.Review the acquisitions of goods, including costs, todetermine if they are being purchased at the lowest possiblecost considering the quality needed.4.Review and evaluate the efficiency of the manufacturingprocess.5.Review the processing of cash receipts to determine if theyare deposited as quickly as possible.1-10 When using a strategic systems auditing approach in an audit of historical financial statements, an auditor must have a thorough understanding of the client and its environment. This knowledge should include the client’s regulatory and operating environment, business strategies and processes, and measurement indicators. The strategicsystems approach is also useful in other assurance or consulting engagements. For example, an auditor who is performing an assurance service on information technology would need to understand the client’s business strategies and processes related to information technology, including such things as purchases and sales via the Internet. Similarly, a practitioner performing a consulting engagement to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of a cli ent’s manufacturing process would likely start with an analysis of various measurement indicators, including ratio analysis and benchmarking against key competitors.1-11 The major differences in the scope of audit responsibilities are:1.CPAs perform audits in accordance with auditing standards ofpublished financial statements prepared in accordance withgenerally accepted accounting principles.2.GAO auditors perform compliance or operational audits inorder to assure the Congress of the expenditure of publicfunds in accordance with its directives and the law.3.IRS agents perform compliance audits to enforce the federaltax laws as defined by Congress, interpreted by the courts,and regulated by the IRS.4.Internal auditors perform compliance or operational auditsin order to assure management or the board of directors thatcontrols and policies are properly and consistentlydeveloped, applied and evaluated.1-12 The four parts of the Uniform CPA Examination are: Auditing and Attestation, Financial Accounting and Reporting, Regulation, and Business Environment and Concepts.1-13 It is important for CPAs to be knowledgeable about e-commerce technologies because more of their clients are rapidly expanding their use of e-commerce. Examples of commonly used e-commerce technologies include purchases and sales of goods through the Internet, automatic inventory reordering via direct connection to inventory suppliers, and online banking. CPAs who perform audits or provide other assurance services about information generated with these technologies need a basic knowledge and understanding of information technology and e-commerce in order to identify and respond to risks in the financial and other information generated by these technologies.Multiple Choice Questions From CPA Examinations1-14 a. (3) b. (2) c. (2) d. (3)1-15 a. (2) b. (3) c. (4) d. (3)Discussion Questions And Problems1-16 a. The relationship among audit services, attestation services and assurance services is reflected in Figure 1-3 on page 13of the text. Audit services are a form of attestationservice, and attestation services are a form of assuranceservice. In a diagram, audit services are located within theattestation service area, and attestation services arelocated within the assurance service area.b. 1. (1) Audit of historical financial statements2.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice; or(3) An assurance service that is not an attestationservice (WebTrust developed from the AICPASpecial Committee on Assurance Services, but theservice meets the criteria for an attestationservice.)3.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice4.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice5.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice6.(2) An attestation service that is not an auditservice (Review services are a form ofattestation, but are performed according toStatements on Standards for Accounting andReview Services.)7.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice8.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice9.(3) An assurance service that is not an attestationservice1-17 a. The interest rate for the loan that requires a review report is lower than the loan that did not require a review becauseof lower information risk. A review report provides moderateassurance to financial statement users, which lowersinformation risk. An audit report provides further assuranceand lower information risk. As a result of reduced information risk, the interest rate is lowest for the loan with the audit report.b.Given these circumstances, Vial-tek should select the loanfrom City First Bank that requires an annual audit. In this situation, the additional cost of the audit is less than the reduction in interest due to lower information risk. The following is the calculation of total costs for each loan:1-17 (continued)c. Vial-tek may desire to have an audit because of the manyother positive benefits that an audit provides. The auditwill provide Vial-tek’s management with assurance aboutannual financial information used for decision-makingpurposes. The audit may detect errors or fraud, and providemanagement with information about the effectiveness ofcontrols. In addition, the audit may result inrecommendations to management that will improve efficiencyor effectiveness.d. Under a strategic systems audit approach, the auditor musthave a thorough understanding of the client and itsenvironment, including the client’s e-commerce technologies,industry, regulatory and operating environment, suppliers,customers, creditors, and business strategies and processes.This thorough analysis helps the auditor identify risksassociated with the client’s strategies that may affectwhether the financial statements are fairly stated. Whenapplying the strategic systems audit approach, the auditoroften discovers ways to help the client improve businessoperations, thereby providing added value to the auditfunction.1-18 a. The services provided by Consumers Union are very similar to assurance services provided by CPA firms. The servicesprovided by Consumers Union and assurance services providedby CPA firms are designed to improve the quality ofinformation for decision makers. CPAs are valued for theirindependence, and the reports provided by Consumers Union are valued because Consumers Union is independent of the products tested.b.The concepts of information risk for the buyer of anautomobile and for the user of financial statements are essentially the same. They are both concerned with the problem of unreliable information being provided. In the case of the auditor, the user is concerned about unreliable information being provided in the financial statements. The buyer of an automobile is likely to be concerned about the manufacturer or dealer providing unreliable information.c.The four causes of information risk are essentially the samefor a buyer of an automobile and a user of financial statements:(1)Remoteness of information It is difficult for a userto obtain much information about either an automobilemanufacturer or the automobile itself withoutincurring considerable cost. The automobile buyer doeshave the advantage of possibly knowing other users whoare satisfied or dissatisfied with a similarautomobile.(2)Biases and motives of provider There is a conflictbetween the automobile buyer and the manufacturer. Thebuyer wants to buy a high quality product at minimumcost whereas the seller wants to maximize the sellingprice and quantity sold.(3)Voluminous data There is a large amount of availableinformation about automobiles that users might like tohave in order to evaluate an automobile. Either that information is not available or too costly to obtain.1-18 (continued)(4)Complex exchange transactions The acquisition of anautomobile is expensive and certainly a complexdecision because of all the components that go intomaking a good automobile and choosing between a largenumber of alternatives.d.The three ways users of financial statements and buyers ofautomobiles reduce information risk are also similar:(1)User verifies information him or herself That can beobtained by driving different automobiles, examiningthe specifications of the automobiles, talking toother users and doing research in various magazines.(2)User shares information risk with management Themanufacturer of a product has a responsibility to meetits warranties and to provide a reasonable product.The buyer of an automobile can return the automobilefor correction of defects. In some cases a refund maybe obtained.(3)Examine the information prepared by Consumer ReportsThis is similar to an audit in the sense thatindependent information is provided by an independentparty. The information provided by Consumer Reports iscomparable to that provided by a CPA firm that auditedfinancial statements.1-19 a. The following parts of the definition of auditing are related to the narrative:(1)Virms is being asked to issue a report aboutqualitative and quantitative information for trucks.The trucks are therefore the information with which the auditor is concerned.(2)There are four established criteria which must beevaluated and reported by Virms: existence of the trucks on the night of June 30, 2005, ownership of each truck by Regional Delivery Service, physical condition of each truck and fair market value of each truck.(3)Susan Virms will accumulate and evaluate four types ofevidence:(a)Count the trucks to determine their existence.(b)Use registrations documents held by Oatley forcomparison to the serial number on each truck todetermine ownership.(c)Examine the trucks to determine each truck'sphysical condition.(d)Examine the blue book to determine the fairmarket value of each truck.(4)Susan Virms, CPA, appears qualified, as a competent,independent person. She is a CPA, and she spends most of her time auditing used automobile and truck dealerships and has extensive specialized knowledge about used trucks that is consistent with the nature of the engagement.1-19(continued)(5)The report results are to include:(a)which of the 35 trucks are parked in Regional'sparking lot the night of June 30.(b)whether all of the trucks are owned by RegionalDelivery Service.(c)the condition of each truck, using establishedguidelines.(d)fair market value of each truck using thecurrent blue book for trucks.b.The only parts of the audit that will be difficult for Virmsare:(1)Evaluating the condition, using the guidelines of poor,good, and excellent. It is highly subjective to do so.If she uses a different criterion than the "bluebook," the fair market value will not be meaningful.Her experience will be essential in using thisguideline.(2)Determining the fair market value, unless it isclearly defined in the blue book for each condition.1-20 a. The major advantages and disadvantages of a career as an IRS agent, CPA, GAO auditor, or an internal auditor are:1-20 (continued)EMPLOYMENT ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGESINTERNAL AUDITOR 1.Extensive exposure to allsegments of theenterprise with whichemployed.2.Constant exposure to oneindustry presentingopportunity for expertisein that industry.3.Likely to have exposureto compliance, financialand operational auditing.1.Little exposure totaxation and the auditthereof.2.Experience is limited toone enterprise, usuallywithin one or a limitednumber of industries.(b)Other auditing careers that are available are:Auditors within many of the branches of the federalgovernment ., Atomic Energy Commission)Auditors for many state and local government units .,state insurance or bank auditors)1-21 The most likely type of auditor and the type of audit for each of the examples are:1-22 a. The conglomerate should either engage the management advisory services division of a CPA firm or its own internalauditors to conduct the operational audit.b.The auditors will encounter problems in establishingcriteria for evaluating the actual quantitative events andin setting the scope to include all operations in whichsignificant inefficiencies might exist. In writing thereport, the auditors must choose proper wording to state that no financial audit was performed, that the procedures were limited in scope and that the results reported do not necessarily include all the inefficiencies that might exist.1-23 a. The CPA firm for the Internet company described in this problem could address these customer concerns by performinga WebTrust attestation engagement. The WebTrust assuranceservice was created by the profession to respond to thegrowing need for assurance resulting from the growth ofbusiness transacted over the Internet.b.The appropriate WebTrust principle for each of the customerconcerns noted in the problem is as follows:1.Accuracy of product descriptions and adherence tostated return policies: (3) Processing Integrity.2.Credit card and other personal information: (1) OnlinePrivacy and (2) Security.3.Selling information to other companies: (1) OnlinePrivacy and (2) Security.4.System failure: (4) Availability.Internet Problem Solution: Assurance Services1-1 This problem requires students to work with the AICPA assurance services Web site.1.Considering the assurance needs of customers and thecapabilities of CPAs, the Special Committee on AssuranceServices developed business plans for six assurance services.Chapter 1 of the textbook discussed several of theseservices. Go to the service description for the assuranceservice that most interests you (any one of the six). Whatare the major aspects or sections of the associated businessplan ., does the plan address market potential, competition,etc.)Answer: Each business plan provides background information,describes the service, assesses market potential, discussesissues such as competition and why CPAs should offer theservice, identifies practice tools available and steps thatCPAs must take to begin offering the services.2.The Special Committee's report on Assurance Servicesdiscusses competencies needed by assurance providers todayand in the coming decade. Briefly describe the 5 generalcompetencies needed in the next decade (Hint: See the“About Assurance Services” link. Then follow the“Assurance Services and Academia” link.)Answer:The Committee identified the following five majorimperatives regarding future competencies, each of whichimplies increasing emphasis on the competencies noted:1-1 (continued)Customer focus.Assurance service providers need tounderstand user decision processes and how informationshould enter into those processes. Increased emphasis isneeded on: understanding user needs, communication skills,relationship management, responsiveness and timeliness.Migration to higher value-added information activities. To provide more value to client/decision makers and others, assurance service providers need to focus less on activities involved in the conversion of business events into information ., collecting, classifying, and summarizing activities) and more on activities involved in the transformation of information into knowledge ., analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating activities) that effectively drives decision processes. This will require: analytical skills, business advisory skills, business knowledge, model building (including sensitivity analysis), understanding the client’s business processes, measurement theory (development of operational definitions of concepts, design of appropriate measurement techniques, etc.).Information technology (IT).Assurance services deal in information. Hence, the profound changes occurring in information technology will shape virtually all aspects of assurance services. As information specialists, assurance service providers need to embrace information technology in all of its complex dimensions. Embracing IT means understanding how it is transforming all aspects of business. It also means learning how to effectively use new developments in hardware, software, communications, memory, encryption, etc., in everything assurance service providers do as information specialists, not only in dealing with clients, but also in dealing with each other as individuals,teams, firms, state societies, and national professionalorganizations.Pace of change and complexity. Assurance services will takeplace in an environment of rapid change and increasingcomplexity. Assurance service providers need to investheavily in life-long learning in order to maintain up-to-date knowledge and skills. They will require: intellectualcapability, learning and rejuvenation.Competition.Growth in new assurance services will dependless on franchise/regulation and more on market forces.Assurance service providers need to develop their marketingskills —the ability to see clients’ latent informationand assurance needs and rapidly design and deploy cost-effective services to meet those needs —in order toeffectively compete for market-driven assurance services.Required skills include: marketing and selling,understanding customer needs, designing and deployingeffective solutions.1-1 (continued)(Note: Internet problems address current issues using Internet sources. Because Internet sites are subject to change, Internet problems and solutions are subject to change. Current information on Internet problems is available at。
Ch01-1 市场营销与市场营销学
第1章市场营销与市场营销学（1）（一）单项选择题（在下列每小题中，选择一个最适合的答案。
）1、市场是一个由消费者决定并由推动的过程。
A．生产者B．中间商C．政府D．零售商2、市场营销的核心是_________。
A．生产B．分配C．交换D．促销3、从市场营销的角度看，市场就是。
A．买卖的场所B．商品交换关系的总和C．交换过程本身D．具有购买欲望和支付能力的消费者4、在交换双方中，如果一方比另一方更主动、更积极地寻求交换，我们就将前者称之为_________，后者称为潜在顾客。
A．厂商B．市场营销者C．推销者D．顾客5、市场营销学作为一门独立的经营管理学科诞生于20世纪初的_________。
A．欧洲B．日本C．美国D．中国6、市场营销学第二次“革命”的标志是提出了_________的观念。
A．以消费者为中心B．以生产者为中心C．市场营销组合D．网络营销7、站在经营者角度，人们常常把卖方称之为_________，而将买方称之为市场。
A．企业B．厂商C．供货者D．行业8、从营销理论的角度而言，企业市场营销的最终目标是_________。
A．满足消费者的需求和欲望B．获取利润C．求得生存和发展D．把商品推销给消费者9、消费者未能得到满足的感受状态称为。
A．欲望B．需要C．需求D．愿望10、与顾客建立长期合作关系是_________的核心内容。
A．关系营销B．绿色营销C．公共关系D．相互市场营销11、当买卖双方都表现积极时，我们就把双方都称为_________，并将这种情况称为相互市场营销。
A．市场营销者B．相互市场营销者C．生产者D．推销者12、在20世纪30年代以前，市场营销的研究领域还主要局限于_________，真正的市场营销观念尚未形成。
第01章市场营销与市场营销学．2．A．生产领域B．流通领域C．交换领域D．消费领域13、营销理论的基础是_________和价值实现论。
A．价值来源论B．生产目的论C．交换目的论D．消费者主权论14、我国现存最早的市场营销学教材，是由丁馨伯教授编译、复旦大学1933年出版的_________。