英语语言学 语域定义 中英文

英语语言学 语域定义 中英文

Discourse analysis, belongs to applied linguistics, came to prominence in translation studies in the 1990s.

Text analysis: normally concentrates on describing the way in which texts are organized( sentence structures, cohesion, etc.

Discourse analysis: looks at the way language communicates meaning and social and power relations.

Register(语域: the style of a piece of writing or speech (colloquial, formal, literary, etc. usually used in particular circumstances.

语域(Register)是语言使用的场合或领域的总称。英国语言学家韩礼德(M. A. K. Halliday)将语域定义为,语言变体可以按照使用的情况划分为语域。语言使用的领域的种类很多,例如:新闻广播、演说语言、广告语言、课堂用语、办公用语、家常谈话、与幼童谈话、与外国人谈话、口头自述等。在不同的领域使用的语言会有不同的语体。

语域的三个社会变量:语场(field),语旨(tenor)和语式(mode)。具有某种具体用途的语言变体,它与社会或区域(因说话者的不同而异)相对。使语言行为适应于某一特定活动类型、正式程度等的一种倾向。语域是由多种情境特征------特别是指语篇语场、语篇方式和语篇基调------相联系的语言特征构成的。语域是语篇针对特定的交际场合,为达到某一交际目的而产生的一种功能变体,它是多种参数------语篇语场、方式和基调------的综合体现,不只是一种单纯的语篇方式变体。

英语语言文学专业基础

英语语言文学专业基础 本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容,总分150分,其中英语语言学基础15分,英美文学基础知识70分,英语国家概况15分,英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础(15分) 一、考试要求和内容 该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。 二、考试题型 填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《新编简明英语语言学教程》,戴炜栋、何兆熊主编,上海外语教育出版社,2002。 II、英美文学基础知识(70分) 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况,以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。 二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1)古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2)英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3)英国文艺复兴时期的文学:“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4)新古典主义时期(十八世纪)英国文学:启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5)浪漫主义时期(十九世纪早期)英国文学:英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6)维多利亚时期(十九世纪中后期)英国文学:英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7)现代时期(二十世纪)英国文学:英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1)早期的美国文学:清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2)浪漫主义时期的美国文学:早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3)现实主义时期的美国文学:美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4)现代时期的美国文学:美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。 三、考试题型 填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。 四、参考书 《英国文学简史》(新增订本),刘炳善,河南人民出版社,2007; 《美国文学简史》(第2版),常耀信,南开大学出版社,2003 III、英语国家概况(15分) 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。 二、考试题型 填空题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《英美概况》(上、下册),张奎武主编,吉林科学技术出版社,2003 IV、英汉互译(50分)

高一初等函数定义域值域

函数 例1、 已知函数f (x )=3+x + 21+x , (1) 求函数的定义域; (2) 求f (-3),f (32)的值; (3) 当a>0时,求f (a ),f (a-1)的值。 例2、中哪个与函数y=x 相等( )x 3 A 、y=(x )2 B 、y=33 x C 、y=2x D 、y=x x 2 例3、求下列函数的定义域 (1)f (x )= 741+x (2)f(x)=x -1+ 3+x -1 例4、已知函数f (x )=x 2+2x (1) 求f (2),f (-2),f (2)+f (-2)的值 (2) 求f (a ),f (-a ),f (a )+f (-a )的值 例5、某种笔记本的单价是5元,买x (x ∈{1,2,3,4,5})个笔记

本需要y元,试用函数的三种表示法表示函数y=f(x)。 例6、画出函数y=|x|的函数图象。 例7、如图,把截面半径为25cm的圆形木头锯成矩形木材,如果矩形木材的一边长为xcm,面积为ycm2,把y表示为x的函数。

1、求下列函数的定义域 (1)f (x )= 43-x x (2)f (x )=2x (3)f (x )= 2 362+-x x (4)f (x )=14--x x 2、下列那组中的函数f (x )与g (x )相等 (1)f (x )=x-1,g (x )=x x 2 -1; (2)f (x )=x 2,,g (x )=(x )4 (3)f (x )=x 2,g (x )=36x 3、已知函数f (x )=3x 2-5x+2,求f (-2),f (-a ),f (a+3),f (a )+f (3)的值. 4、已知函数f (x )=6 2-+x x (1)点(3,14)在f (x )的图象上吗 (2)当x=4时,求f (x )的值; (3)当f (x )=2,求x 的值。

高中数学函数的解析式和抽象函数定义域练习题

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待定系数法 (4)已知()x f 是一次函数,且满足()()1721213+=--+x x f x f ,求()x f 。 (复合函数的解析式)---代入法 (5)已知1)(2-=x x f ,1)(+=x x g ,求)]([x g f ]和)]([x f g 的解析式。 5、抽象函数的定义域的求解 1、若函数)(x f 的定义域为]2,1[-,则函数)1(-x f 的定义域为 。 2、若函数)1(2-x f 的定义域为]2,1[-,则函数)1(+x f 的定义域为 。 练习:1、若x x x f 2)1(+=+,求)(x f 。 2、函数)(x f 满足条件10)()(+-=x xf x f ,求)(x f 的解析式。 3、已知)(x f 是二次函数,且满足()10=f ,()()x x f x f 21=-+,求()x f 的表达式。 4、若()32+=x x f ,)()2(x f x g =+,求函数)(x g 的解析式 5、已知二次函数()h x 与x 轴的两交点为(2,0)-,(3,0),且(0)3h =-,求()h x ;

《英语语言学》答案完整版

《英语语言学概论》答案完整版 考核方法:闭卷考试 时间:100分钟 题型: I. 单项选择(15×1?=15?) II.判断(15×1?=15?) III.填空(10×1?=10?) IV.术语解释(5×2? =10?) V.简答题(4×5? =20?) VI. 分析题(30’) 重点掌握的术语: 1. Linguistics语言学 The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. 2. design features设计特点 They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality. 3. Displacement移位 Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places. 4. Duality二元性 It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously. 5. Arbitrariness任意性 It is generally the case that there is no …natural? connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. 6. Manner of articulation发音方法 It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated. 7. Place of articulation发音部位 It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated. 8. articulatory phonetics发音语言学 The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or …articulated? is articulatory phonetics. 9. Phonology音系学 The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language. 10. Assimilation同化 It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or …copied? by the other. For example, the word …can? in the sentence …I can go.?may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g]. 11. Back-formation逆构法,逆序构词 A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word …donation? first came into use and then the verb …donate? was created from it.

五大基本初等函数性质及其图像

五、基本初等函数及其性质和图形 1.幂函数 函数称为幂函数。如,, ,都是幂函数。没有统一的定义域,定义域由值确定。如 ,。但在 总是有定义的,且都经过(1,1)点。当时,函数在上是单调增加的,当时,函数在内是单调减少的。下面给出几个常用的幂函数: 的图形,如图1-1-2、图1-1-3。 图1-1-2

图1-1-3 2.指数函数 函数称为指数函数,定义域 ,值域;当时函数为单调增加的;当时为单调减少的,曲线过点。高等数学中常用的指数函数是时,即。以与 为例绘出图形,如图1-1-4。 图1-1-4 3.对数函数

函数称为对数函数,其定义域 ,值域。当时单调增加,当时单调减少,曲线过(1,0)点,都在右半平面内。与互为反函数。当时的对数函数称为自然对数,当时,称为常用对数。 以为例绘出图形,如图1-1-5。 图1-1-5 4.三角函数有 ,它们都是周期函数。对三角函数作简要的叙述: (1)正弦函数与余弦函数:与定义域都是,值域都是。它们都是有界函数,周期都是,为奇函数,为偶函数。图形为图1-1-6、图1-1-7。

图1-1-6正弦函数图形 图1-1-7余弦函数图形 (2)正切函数,定义域,值 域为。周期,在其定义域内单调增加的奇函数,图形为图1-1-8 图1-1-8 (3)余切函数,定义域,值域为 ,周期。在定义域内是单调减少的奇函数,图形如图1-1-9。

图1-1-9 (4)正割函数,定义域,值域为,为无界函数,周期的偶函数,图形如图1-1-10。 图1-1-10 (5)余割函数,定义域,值域为,为无界函数,周期在定义域为奇函数,图形如图1-1-11。

抽象函数定义域问题的教学反思

抽象函数定义域问题的教学反思 【摘要】抽象函数定义域问题一直是学生学习的难点,如何行之有效的解决此类问题是值得我们反思的,故笔者从四个方面提出一点自己的教学思考,以期与同行齐思共想。 【关键词】抽象概念形象化具体化逐步渗透 函数出现在苏教版必修一第二章节,作为高考的必考内容,函数占了相当大的比例和分量,而其中抽象函数是指没有明确给出具体解析式的函数,其有关问题对同学们来说具有一定难度,特别是初学时求其定义域,许多同学解答起来总感觉到棘手.所以如何行之有效的解决此类问题是值得我们反思的,故笔者提出一点自己的教学思考,以期与同行齐思共想。 1、理解函数概念,追溯问题源头 新课改以来,概念教学的重要性日益提高,李邦河院士说:“数学根本上是玩概念的,不是玩技巧,技巧不足道也!”但在实际的一线教学中,许多教师并不重视概念教学,一到概念教学就觉得“没意思,没用,难教”等等,往往就走走过场,既没有在概念的背景上下工夫,也不让学生经历概念的概括生成过程,以解题教学代替概念教学。 抽象函数定义域问题归根结底还是要回归到函数概念上。抽象函数通常指一类没有给出具体解析式的函数,其概念是非常简单的形式定义,它的意象表征抽象而又比较灵活,学生理解有相当难度,很难明确概念的内涵,并对概念的本质属性 准确揭示。而抽象概念学习是整个抽象函数的基础,概念不清就谈不上进一步讨论抽象函数的其它问题。一般地,设A、B是非空的数集,如果按照某种确定的对应关系f,使对于集合A中的每一个数x,在集合B中都有唯一确定的数f(x)和它对应,那么就称f:A→B为集合A到集合B的一个函数,其中x叫做自变量,x的取值范围也就是集合A叫做函数的定义域.因此任何函数的定义域都是指自变量x 的取值范围.正是由于定义域中自变量x的首先变化,引起了函数值的变化,所以,函数的定义域确切的说是函数中首先变化的那个量的所有取值组成的集合。 2、抽象知识形象化,激发学生的学习兴趣 本人任教农村中学的高中数学,学生基础较差,接受能力较弱。绝大多数同学学不好数学,在于上课听不懂,对抽象知识难以理解。这就需要教师时时刻刻地站

(完整版)六大基本初等函数图像及其性质

六大基本初等函数图像及其性质一、常值函数(也称常数函数)y =C(其中C 为常数); α

1)当α为正整数时,函数的定义域为区间为),(+∞-∞∈x ,他们的图形都经过原点,并当α>1时在原点处与x 轴相切。且α为奇数时,图形关于原点对称;α为偶数时图形关于y 轴对称; 2)当α为负整数时。函数的定义域为除去x=0的所有实数; 3)当α为正有理数 n m 时,n 为偶数时函数的定义域为(0, +∞),n 为奇数时函数的定义域为(-∞,+∞),函数的图形均经过原点和(1 ,1); 4)如果m>n 图形于x 轴相切,如果ma ,1≠a ),定义域是R ; [无界函数] 1.指数函数的图象: 2. 1)当1>a 时函数为单调增,当10<

3.(选,补充)指数函数值的大小比较* N ∈a ; a.底数互为倒数的两个指数函数 x a x f =)(, x a x f ? ? ? ??=1)( 的函数图像关于y 轴对称。 b.1.当1>a 时,a 值越大,x a y = 的图像越靠近y 轴; b.2.当10<∈>=n Z n m a a a n m n m (2)) 1,,,0(1 1*>∈>= =- n Z n m a a a a n m n m n m y x f x x x x g ? ? ?=1)(

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