翻译研究入门3.2-3.4奈达翻译科学、纽马克、科勒(柯勒)
奈达纽马克翻译对比

奈达纽马克翻译对比为了达到相似的反应, 动态对等要求对译文进行相应的调整以满足不同接受者的要求。
对于对源语信息一无所知的读者, 面对晦涩难懂的翻译腔, 就如同看天书一般。
所以要完成翻译的任务, 即再现并传递信息,奈达的翻译理论是其在翻译《圣经》过程中总结而来, , 那么要有效地检验译文质量, 就必须看原文与译文接受者的反应是否一致。
因此奈达的翻译理论对其翻译实践来说是非常行之有效的。
纽马克的翻译理论核心是语义翻译和交际翻译。
这一理论是在翻译界长期围绕着直译和意译争论不休的奈达和纽马克相比较, 奈达的翻译理论过于集中在解决译文的可懂性和交际性问题上, 从而限制了自己的适用范围。
在翻译《圣经》以及类似的以信息或呼唤功能为主的原作时, 强调译文的可懂性是很有道理的。
但如果用于文学翻译, 则势必导致语言的简单化, 形式上的非文学化, 失去文学应有的魅力。
而纽马克在阐述具体使用哪种翻译方法时指出, 要视不同的文本类型来定。
他把文本分为表达功能、信息功能和呼唤功能。
以表达功能为主的文本中,如文学作品、私人信件等, 其核心是表情达意, 语言形式和内容同等重要, 应主要采用语义翻译; 以信息功能为主的文本, 如教科书、学术论文等, 其核心是语言之外的现实世界, 应采用交际法; 以呼唤功能为主的文本, 如通知、广告等, 其核心是号召读者去行动, 去思考, 应采用交际法。
因此不难看出, 纽马克的翻译理论适用范围更广。
三、不断发展的理论奈达和纽马克是名副其实的理论大家。
在自身的翻译实践和理论界的评论中, 他们不断地改进和完善着自己的理论。
奈达在最初阐释动态对等时, 突出了“内容为主, 形式为次”的思想。
这引起了人们的误解, 认为翻译只是翻译内容, 不必顾及语言表达形式。
因此各种各样的自由译都被冠以动态对等。
为此, 他在《从一种语言到另一种语言: 论圣经翻译中的功能对等》一书中, 把“动态对等”改为“功能对等”。
在功能对等中, 奈达对“信息”作了进一步的界定, 声明信息不仅包括思想内容, 还包括语言形式。
翻译理论学习知识.docx

《翻译理论与实践》考试理论部分复习提纲一、翻译定义:1.张培基——翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
3.刘宓庆——翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。
4.王克非——翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。
5.泰特勒——好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言,以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。
6.费道罗夫——翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。
7. 卡特福德——翻译的定义也可以这样说:把一种语言(Source Language)中的篇章材料用另一种语言(Target Language)中的篇章材料来加以代替。
8.奈达——翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语信息最切近的自然对等物,首先就意义而言,其次就是文体而言。
“ Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” ---Eugene Nida纽马克——通常(虽然不能说总是如此),翻译就是把一个文本的意义按作者所想的方式移译入另一种文字(语言)。
“ Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language”. --- Peter Newmark10. “ Translation is the expression in one language (or target language 译入语 ) of what has been expressed in another language (source language 原语), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.” --- Dubois12.13.Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text.二、翻译标准1.翻译的标准概括为言简意赅的四个字:“忠实(faithfulness)、通顺( smoothness)”。
尤金·奈达和彼得·纽马克的翻译理论研究

尤金·奈达和彼得·纽马克的翻译理论研究尤金·奈达和彼得·纽马克是西方两位杰出的翻译理论家。
将从他们的研究方法,对可译性的认识等六个方面梳理比较两人的翻译理论,以期对两住大师有个深刻的认识。
标签:翻译;动态对等;语义翻译和交际翻译尤金·奈达(Eugine A·Nida,1914-)是著名的美国翻译理论家,当代西方翻译理论语言学派的创始人之一。
他的翻译思想从20世纪80年代初开始介绍到中国大陆,在国内译界曾一度形成“言必称奈达”的局面。
可以说,“它是旗帜位置美国翻译理论最著名的代表,也是当代整个西方翻译理论界最具影响的人物之一。
”彼得·纽马克(PeterNewmark,1916-)是英国当代翻译家,著名的翻译理论家。
他潜心研究西方翻译的过去和现在,坦诚各家之言,广泛论述翻译与其他学科的关系,并在此基础上提出自己的见解。
八十年代初,王宗炎教授和刘重德教授分别把纽马克的《翻译理论和技巧》介绍到中国,其后二十多年,其翻译思想不断的被译介列国内。
同作为颇具影响的翻译理论家,笔者认为有必要对两人的翻译思想进行一番梳理与比较。
本文将从他们的研究方法,关于可译性的认识等六个方面进行探讨。
1关于研究方法无论是奈达还是纽马克,他们从事翻译研究的研究方法是一致的,即他们的研究都摆脱了评点式、印象式的传统翻译研究的束缚,本着对语言结构研究的科学态度,运用现代语言学的理论来分析和解决翻译中的具体问题。
奈达认为,“最可靠的方法是语言学的方法,因为它可以描述分析不同语言的相应信息间的关系”。
他的翻译理论中创造性地运用了乔姆斯基的转换生成语法理论,所指意义与内涵意义理论。
同时他的动态对等和读者反映理论也使人感受到有文艺理论中阐释学和接受美学的影子。
而纽马克坚持认为翻译理论”源于比较语言学,在语言学的范畴内,主要涉及语义学。
所有语义学的问题都与翻译理论有关”。
因此他将格语法,文体论,话语分析以及符号学理论融入了翻译研究。
奈达诺德与纽马克翻译理论之比较

奈达诺德与纽马克翻译理论之比较奈达,诺德和纽马克是译界卓有成就的翻译理论家,他们从不同的角度对翻译提出了不同的观点和看法,虽然探索的途径不同,表达方式各异,但是有些基本原理是一致的,既可以互通,又可以互相否定还可以互相补充,值得比较研究。
一、翻译定义比较奈达指出:“所谓翻译就是指从语义到语体,在译语中用最贴近而又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息,首先是意义上的对等,其次是风格上的对等。
”纽马克对翻译下了这样的定义:“翻译就是把文本的意义按照原作者所意想的方式译入另一种语言。
”而诺德作为目的论的代表人物则认为:“翻译是一种有目的的行为,在翻译中要遵循功能+忠诚的原则。
”在这里可以看出奈达是从语义学和信息论出发,强调翻译的交际功能;纽马克强调的是“文本意义”;诺德则是从目的论的角度提出对翻译的看法。
从定义上看,奈达和纽马克都是以忠实原作为前提,但在翻译效果上,侧重点是反向的。
诺德的功能派是从认得行为理论的角度出发,视翻译为跨文化的交际活动,原文只是信息的提供者。
二、理论核心比较(一)奈达的“功能对等”理论在奈达看来,翻译的本质和任务是用译语再现源语信息,翻译的方法是使用最贴近,而又最自然的对等语。
奈达认为信息对等优于形式对立,主张从译文接受者角度,而不是译文形式看待翻译,要实现动态对等,后来将动态对等改为功能对等。
功能对等提出了一个全新的翻译原则,把原文和译文读者的感受是否相同作为衡量译文的标准。
(二)诺德的“功能+忠诚”原则诺德作为第二代目的论者,对原来的目的论进行了修正,提出了功能+忠诚的原则。
“忠诚”指的是目的语与原作者的意图一致,属于一种人际范畴,指人与人之间的社会关系。
忠诚原则限制了某一原文的译文功能范围,增加了译者与客户之间对翻译任务的商议,纠正了激进功能主义的倾向,进一步完善了目的论。
(三)纽马克的“语义翻译”和“交际翻译” 纽马克认为,在众多翻译方法中,只有交际翻译和语义翻译能够做到准确和简练。
★当代西方翻译理论流派评述及代表人物

翻译学必读1语文和诠释学派二十世纪之前的翻译理论被纽马克(1981)称为翻译研究的‘前语言学时期’,人们围绕‘word-for-word’和‘sense-for-sense’ 展开激烈的讨论,核心是‘忠实’,‘神似’和‘真理’。
典型的代表有John Dryden, Tytler等,而Barnard, Steiner等人则是在他们的基础上进一步发展。
2语言学派Jacobson(1959)提出意义对等的问题,随后的二十多当年,学界围绕这个问题进行了研究。
奈达(1969)采取了转换语法模式,运用“科学(奈达语)”的方法来分析他翻译《圣经》过程中的意义处理问题。
奈达提出的形式对等说、动态对等说和等效原则都是将注意力集中在受众一方。
纽马克信奉的是语义翻译和交际翻译,即重视翻译中的语义和交际方面。
3话语分析Discourse Analysis(critical discourse analysis批评话语分析functional discourse analysis功能语篇分析Discourse analysis theory话语分析理论Discourse Analysis for Interpreters翻译专业演说分析Pragmatics & Discourse Analysis语用学positive discourse analysis积极话语分析rhetorical or discourse analysis语篇分析Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis语用学Mediated discourse analysis中介话语分析二十世纪七十年代到九十年代,作为应用语言学领域的一个分支,话语分析经历了产生和发展壮大的过程,其理论背景来自(韩礼德)的系统功能语法。
今天,话语分析的方法已经逐步运用到翻译研究中。
House(1997)提出的翻译质量模型就是基于韩礼德的理论,他吸收了其中的语域分析方法;Baker(1992) 则为培养译员提供了话语分析和语用分析的范本;Hatim 和 Mason(1997)将语域研究拓展到语用和符号学角度4目的学派目的学派于二十世纪七、八十年代在德国兴起,是从静态的语言学、语言类型学中剥离出来的。
翻译研究入门3.2-3.4奈达翻译科学、纽马克、科勒(柯勒)

近核心句的表达形式为孔子说:求学之人在家应 该孝敬父母,在外读书要尊敬师长,说话要谨慎,做 事要讲究信用,要热爱群众,多与仁德之人交往。 只有做 到这些,才有资格学习文化知识。”
传 译 重 组 后 的 译 文 为 : The master of
Confucius said, “a student when at home, should be filial, and when at school, respectful to his teachers and elders. He should be earnest in remark and truthful in behavior , he should show his love to all people, and cultivate the friendship with the kind. If only he could put all those features into practice, he would be qualified to learn the science and knowledge.”
说明各个核心句子的关系
A.核心句3修饰1的受事者way,核 心句2修饰核心句3实施者
B.核心句5与7是并列关系,核心句 6是5的目的
核 心 句 5 和 7 是 4 的 所 指 , 指 this land
C.核心句1和4是对比关系
连接各个核心句,重述为近核心句表达形式
Once, this land barred the way of travelers who was weary, while now this land becomes magical and wonderful and is a good land for travelers to spend their summer and winter vacations.
奈达翻译理论研究 第一章 笔记

奈达翻译理论研究A Study on Nida’s Translation Theory 马会娟著English AbstractThis book makes a systematic research on Nida’s translation theory, clarify some misunderstandings concerning his theory, disclose its true nature and explore its validity and limitations in literary translations. Examples from Today’s English V ersion and Today’s Chinese V ersion of the Bible, which were translated, following Nida’s translation theory, demonstrate that Nida’s theory, contrary to some popular wrong assumptions, is applicable to translation practice between foreign languages and Chinese. A comparative study of Nida’s theory and Jin Di’s theory is made to reveal the similarities and differences between the two theories, and the reasons for their discrepancies are also explored. Examples from Jin’s Chinese translation of Ulysses are examined against the principle of “equivalent effect”. This book also explores the limitations of Nida’s theory in literary translation, pointing out that his theory fails to address the issue of transference of aesthetic values of literary work into another language. Attempts have been made to amend Nida’s theory in respect of transferring aesthetic values of literary work by means of “formal aesthetic markers”and “non-formal aesthetic markers”, with aim of marking it more suitable for literary translation between Chinese and English.CHAPTER ONE Introduction1.1 Reasons for further research on Nida’s translation theoryHis works on translation set off the study of modern translation as an academic field ( Snell—Hornby, Heylen, Baker)Before his theory was introduced into China in the 1980s, people mainly focused attention on traditional Chinese theories, especially Y an Fu’sthree—character principle of translation: faithfulness, smoothness and elegance.Since Nida’s theory was grounded solidly on contemporary developments of linguistics, communication theory, information theory, semiotics andanthropology, Chinese translation scholars took great interest in his theory.Chang Namfung summarizes 4 kinds of misunderstandings regarding Nida’s theory in China:1)“Dynamic equivalence” is only an ideal translation ctiterion2)Nida’s theory is unfit to guide translation practice between Chinese andEnglish because it grows out of translation experience amongIndo—European language3)Nida’s takes “reader’s response” as a translation criterion in evaluatingtranslation4)Nida doesn’t respect the cultural factors in the source language and hismaintenance of complete naturalization in translating is a kind ofcultural hegemonism.The term “equivalence” in Nida’s theory never means “identical”, but only “substantially the same”.“dynamic equivalence” is founded on information theory, and is has on directrelationship with “reception aesthetics” or “reader-response theory” at all.Nida’s discussion about kernels and deep structures is based on semantic level while Chomsky focuses on syntactical level.Nida’s “science of translation” is totally different from the debates of the debate of whether “translation is a science or an art” occurring among some Chinese scholars. When Nida talks about “science of translation”, what he means is that he tends to “deal with the process of translation in a scientific manner”, drawing on the theoriesof linguistics, information and communication, etc.1.2 A profile of Nida1.2.3 His academic contributions to modern linguistics and translationEric M. North, the former General Secretary of the American Bible Society of the American Bible society, divides Nida’s academic activity into 4 phases on his writings in chronological order:1)the phase of descriptive linguistics, 1943—19512)the phase of cross—cultural communication. 1952—19603)the translation phase, 1961—19734)the semantic phase, 1974—Message and Mission was the most significant book of the second phase. Gentzler suggested that it was in this book that Nida first outlined his translation theory. This book marked the beginning of the third phase.In the third phase, in the book, Toward a Science of Translating, Nida firsta dvanced the proposition of “dynamic equivalence”, and the three-stage model of the translation process:“analysis, transfer and restructuring”. It is commonly agreed that Toward a Science of Translating best summarizes the various aspects of his translation theory.For Nida, translating means translating meaning.The most representative book of this phase was From One Language to Another. In this book, Nida not only further explored the issues of meaning of adopting a sociosemiotics approach, but substituted “functional equivalence” for “dynamic equivalence” just to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings.1.3 A survey of Nida’s translation theoryWe will review Nida’s translation theory from two important aspects:1)the scientific study of translating2)the principle of “ dynamic equivalence”1.3.1 Nida’s scientific study of translating“Science of translating” means “for just as linguistics may be classified as a descriptive science, so the transference of a message from one language to another is likewise a valid subject for scientific description. He suggests that it is more effective to transfer the meaning from the source language to the receptor language on the kernel lever, because on this lever the linguistic meaning of the original test is structurally the simplest and semantically most evident.Nida advances a three-step translation process: ○1to analyze source-languageexpressions in terms of basic kernel sentences ○2to transform the kernel forms of the source language into the equivalent kernel forms of the receptor language ○3to transform the kernel utterances of the receptor language into the stylistically appropriate expressionThis process of translating helps the translator consciously avoid literal translation.The principle of “dynamic equivalence” (which was later modified into “functional equivalence”) has a scientific basis as well. It is solidly founded on information theory or communication theory.Nida sees translation as a communication event.Nida holds that in translating, the first thing one should do is to understand thoroughly the meaning of the source text. Inadequate understanding of the original text is the major cause for failures in translation. In describing referential meaning of words or phrases, he uses various techniques of semantic theories such as chain analysis, hierarchical analysis and componential analysis.It is evident that Nida’s theory of translation is not merely linguistic—oriented, but sociolinguistic—oriented.1.3.2 The principle of dynamic equivalenceTranslating consists in producing in the receptor language the closet natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in meaning and secondly in style.In his 1969 textbook The Theory and Practice of Translation, “dynamic equivalence” is defined “in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language”.In From One Language to Another, the expression “dynamic equivalence” is superseded by “functional equivalence”. The substitution of “functional equivalence”is just to stress the concept of function and to avoid misunderstandings of the term “dynamic”.In Language, Culture and Translation, “functional equivalence” is further divided into categories on two levels: the minimal level and the maximal level.The minimal level is defined as “the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend in to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”. The maximal level is stated as “the essentially the same manner as the original readers did”.In Nida’s theory, “dynamic equivalence” is defined with “receptors’ response”as its nature.Nida’s concept of translating shifts from “the form of message” to “the response of the receptor”.In Nida’s view, when determining whether a translation is faithful to the original text or not, the critic should not compare the formal structures between the source text and its translation, but compare the “receptors’ response”. If he finds that the the reader in the receptor language understands and appreciates the translated text in essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the reader inthe source language did, such a translation can be evaluated as a dynamic equivalent translation.Nida’s theory of “reader s’ response” emphasizes the importance of the acceptance of a translated text by the intended reader in the receptor language, and avoids the subjective evaluation of the critic.Nida’s theory has practical significance for literary translation in some aspects, but it is a fact that it fails to address the issue of transferring aesthetic values of literary work in literary translation.The inadequacy of Nida’s theory for literary translation is made manifest in 3 aspects: ○1Nida pays little attention to the transference of style in his translation process: ○2Nida’s discussion of style is very general and superficial: ○3Nida’s functional approach to style does not provide effective means to transfer aesthetic values of literary work.1.4 The guiding principles of the researchThe task of translation theory is to study translation problems, no translation problems, no translation theory (Newmark 1998).1.5 The methodological approachDifferent views of translation are determined by different views of language and culture.In Nida’s view, each language has its own genius, and there are no such things as superior or inferior languages. Anything that can be said in one language can be said in another, and human languages have more in common than in difference. It is this view of language that provides the theoretical basis for his belief in translatability.Nida insists that language and culture are closely related. Language is a part of culture, and the meaning of word or phrase cannot be determined out of linguistic and cultural contexts.。
奈达和纽马克翻译理论对比的初探

奈达和纽马克翻译理论对比的初探奈达和纽马克是翻译领域内两位杰出的学者,他们对翻译理论的贡献也是不容忽视的。
而在翻译理论方面,奈达和纽马克也有很多的相似和不同之处。
本文将对奈达和纽马克的翻译理论进行对比,从中探讨他们的差异性和相同之处。
奈达和纽马克的相似之处奈达的翻译理论强调语文之间的文化差异性,同时也重视译者个人的文化背景和经验等因素。
纽马克也提出了类似的翻译理论,强调跨文化交流的重要性,认为翻译的过程中要考虑目的语族的文化因素,译者要对源语言和目的语言背后的文化背景有深入的了解。
奈达和纽马克的这一观点是类似的,都认为翻译不仅仅是语言的转化,更是跨文化的交流,必须要考虑到文化差异性。
奈达和纽马克的不同之处除了相似之处,奈达和纽马克的翻译理论上也有不少的不同点。
奈达强调的是文字的翻译,注重的是语言的精准性和准确性,而他认为语言的翻译不仅仅是词语的转化,更是语境的转化,要考虑到词语在不同语境下的意义和含义,因此他提出了“语用”翻译理论。
纽马克则注重的是翻译的话语和交流效果,他认为翻译是一种重要的社会行为,其目的是为了促进跨文化的交流,因此他强调“功能”翻译理论。
纽马克认为话语的意义建立在特定的社会背景和话语交际情境下,而翻译应该把原文的话语和目的语的话语交际归属联系起来,以实现有效的翻译交流。
奈达和纽马克的优点和缺点奈达的“语用”翻译理论强调语境的重要性,认为翻译不仅仅是单词的转化,更是语境的转化,这样可以使翻译更准确更精确。
但是,奈达的这一理论有时候会导致翻译过于依赖原文语境,忽略了翻译的实际效果。
纽马克的“功能”翻译理论强调的是译文的效果,重视翻译的言语交际效果。
这种理论可以确保翻译品质更加高效,但有时候难以保持原文的准确性。
结论在对奈达和纽马克的翻译理论进行比较研究后,可以看出两位学者的翻译理论都有其独到之处,也有其不足之处。
从实际翻译应用的角度来看,应该综合运用两种理论,尤其是在跨文化的翻译领域中,不能仅仅关注语言的准确性和语用的完美性而忽略了言语交际的效果。
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确定核心句
1. this land barred the way 2. travelers were weary 3. travelers was on the way 4. this land becomes a land 5. this land is for winter and summer vacation 6. travelers spend winter and summer vacation 7. this land is magic and wonderful
Chomsky’s generative-transformational gr成语法把语言看作 是“一组有限或无限的语 句,每个语句都是有限长 的,由一组有限的语句成 分所构成。
转换生成语法的规则为:一 部分生成语言的核心句,即 那些基本的初级的语句;一 部分则可通过转换规则从核 心句转换成无数的派生句。
Chapter 3.2 - 3.4
3.2
Nida and ‘the science of translation’
Eugene A. Nida (1914–2011)
美国著名翻译家、翻译理论家和语言学家,长 期在圣经学会主持翻译工作,任语言学会主席
倡导用科学的方法研究翻译
Bible Translating (1946) Toward a Science of Translating (1964) The Theory and Practice of Translation (1969)
转换生成语法以句法描 写为单位,包括三部分: 句法部分、语义部分和 语音部分。
The influence of Chomsky
奈达将乔姆斯基的转换生成语法融入了他的“翻译科学”之中。奈达认为 转换生成语法为翻译者提供对原语文本进行解码的技巧,以及对目的语文 本进行编码的程序。
不过在分析原语文本时,奈达却将转换生成语法倒序进行,即著名的“逆 转换”(back-transformation)。因此,原语文本的表层结构被分析为深层 结构基本成分;这些成分在翻译过程中被“转移”了,然后根据语义和文体
将例句的近核心句表达形式传译后,得到译文1,重组后得到更佳的译文2。
译文1:以前,筋疲力尽的旅游者到此就被挡去了去路,这地方现在已经成了冬 夏两季休假圣地,风光景物蔚为壮观。
译文2:以前,每当筋疲力尽的游客们走到这个地方,就得止步,不能前行;而现 在这里已经山河绮丽,景色迷人,是他们冬夏度假的首选之地。
The influence of Chomsky
事件(events) :通过但并 非总是由动词执行;
实体(objects) :通过但并 非总是由名词执行,
四种功能词
抽象概念(abstracts) :数 量和质量,包括形容词;
关系词(relations) :包 括性别、介词和连接词。
This land, which once barred the way of weary travelers, now has become a land for winter and summer vacations, a land of magic and wonder.
的特点重新构建成目的语文本的表层结构。
The influence of Chomsky
例: 表层结构: 神的旨意(will of God) 逆向转换:B (实体,God)执行A (事 件,wills )
奈达认为翻译是“在对原文进 行语法语义分析的基础上,将 其从表层结构逆转换为深层结 构,然后传译到译文深层结构, 最后再从译文深层结构传译到 译文的深层结构,最后再从译 文的深层结构转换为译文的表 层结构。”
说明各个核心句子的关系
A.核心句3修饰1的受事者way,核 心句2修饰核心句3实施者
B.核心句5与7是并列关系,核心句 6是5的目的
核 心 句 5 和 7 是 4 的 所 指 , 指 this land
C.核心句1和4是对比关系
连接各个核心句,重述为近核心句表达形式
Once, this land barred the way of travelers who was weary, while now this land becomes magical and wonderful and is a good land for travelers to spend their summer and winter vacations.
This land, which once barred the way of weary travelers, now has become a land for winter and summer vacations, a land of magic and wonder.
说明内隐成分之间的关系 Bar 的 受 事 者 是 travelers' way, 而 winter and summer vacations的受事者是travelers,且是this land的现存目的。
子曰:弟子入则孝,出则弟谨而信,凡爱众,而亲仁。行有余力,则以学文。
核心句 1.孔子说 2求学之人在家应该孝敬父母 3求学者在外读书应该尊敬师长 4.求学者说话要谨慎,做事要诚信 5求学者要热爱群众 6求学者要多与有仁得之人交往 7.只有做到这些,才有资格学习文化知识
核心句2、3、4、5、6、7都是(1)的宾语。 2、3、4、5、6是并列关系。 3、4、5、6又是7的前提。