浙大2011考博英语部分题目及答案

听力第一篇Among my experiences as a college president is the all-too-frequent phone call in the night that begins: "One of your students is in the emergency room with alcohol poisoning." The whole country got a similar wake-up call in June when it was reported that alcohol abuse on college campuses is on the rise, especially for women, and that college students drink far more than nonstudents. One statistic showed that college students spend more money on alcohol while in college than on books. Alcohol abuse, although tragic, is but one symptom of a larger campus crisis. A generation has come to college quite fragile, not very secure about who it is, fearful of its lack of identity and without confidence in its future. Many students are ashamed of themselves and afraid of relationships.Students use alcohol as an escape. It's used as an excuse for bad behavior: the insanity defense writ large on campus. This diminished sense of self has caused a growth in racism, sexism, attempted suicide, theft, property-damage and cheating on most campuses.This is not the stuff of most presidents' public conversations. Nor can it be explained away as an "underclass" problem; it is found on our most privileged campuses. It is happening because the generation now entering college has experienced few authentic connections with adults in its lifetime. I call this the "Culture of Neglect," and we — parents, teachers, professors and administrators — are the primary architects.It begins at home, where social and economic factors — such as declining incomes requiring longer work hours — result in less family time. Young people have been allowed to or must take part-time jobs rather than spending time in school, on homework or with their families. More children and youths are being reared in a vacuum, with television as their only supervisor, and there is little expectation that they learn personal responsibility. Immersed in themselves, they are left to their peers.31. The main idea of the first paragraph is that ( ) . ×正确答案为C[A] it is easy to be a college president[B] a college president has to sit up till midnight[C] alcohol abuse is quite common on campus[D] it is harmful for college students to drink alcohol32. According to the author, college students turn to alcohol as a(n) ( ). ×正确答案为C[A] inspiration[B] stimulation[C] escape[D] relaxation33. The word "architects" in Para. 2 can be best replaced by ( ). ×正确答案为D[A] artists[B] experts[C] discoverers[D] designers34. How do parents react to the "Culture of Neglect"?( ) ×正确答案为B[A] Parents have lowered their expectations on children.[B] Parents take little care of the growth of their children.[C] Parents spend too much time watching television.[D] Parents fail to cooperate with teachers and administrators.35. What is the main problem with the children brought up in the " Culture of Neglect?"( ) ×正确答案为C[A] They can't read or write well.[B] They can hardly find a good job.[C] They don't have the sense of responsibility.[D] They are more likely to commit crimes.第二篇Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led topoor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpretedthese results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators.In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.31.In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflictis________.A) wrongB) oversimplifiedC) misleadingD) unclear注：文章第一句32.Professor Charles R. Schwenk's research shows________.A) the advantages and disadvantages of conflictB) the real value of conflictC) the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflictD) the complexity of defining the roles of conflict注：文章第二段33.We can learn from Schwenk's research that________.A) a person’s view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organizationB) conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizationsC) different people resolve conflicts in different waysD) it is impossible for people to avoid conflict注：文章第三段 34.The passage suggests that in for - profit organizations_______. A) there is no end of conflict B) expression of different opinions is encouraged C) decisions must be justifiable D) success lies in general agreement 注：文章第四段，justifiable合法化35.People working in a not - for - profit organization________.A) seem to be difficult to satisfyB) are free to express diverse opinionsC) are less effective in making decisionsD) find it easier to reach agreementB C A D B第三篇Children live in a world in which science has tremendous importance. During their lifetimes it will affect them more and more. In time, many of them will work at jobs that depend heavily on science --- for example, concerning energy sources, pollution control, highway safety, wilderness conservation, and population growth, and population growth. As taxpayers they will pay for scientific research and exploration. And, as consumers, they will be bombarded (受到轰击) by advertising, much of which is said to be based on science.Therefore, it is important that children, the citizens of the future, become functionally acquainted with science---- with the process and spirit of science, as well as with its facts and principles. Fortately, science has a natural appeal for youngsters. They can relate it to so many things that they encounter ---- flashlights, tools, echoes, and rainbows.Besides, science is an excellent medium for teaching far more than content. It can help pupils learn to think logically, to organize and analyse ideas. It can provide practice in communication skills and mathematics. In fact, there is no area of the curriculum to which science cannot contribute, whether it be geography, history, language arts, music, or art!Above all, good science teaching leads to what might be called a “scientific attitude.” Those who possess it seek answers through observing, experimenting, and reasoning, rather than blindly accepting the pronouncements of others. They weigh evidence carefully and reach conclusions with caution. While respecting the opinions of others, they expect honesty, accuracy, and objectivity and are on guard against hasty judgments and sweeping generalizations. All children should bedeveloping this approach to solving problems, but it cannot be expected to appear automatically with the mere acquisition of information. Continual practice, through guided participation, is needed. (293 words)36. One of the reasons why science is important for children is that many of them will _____.A. work in scientific research institutionsB. work at jobs closely related to scienceC. make the final decision in matters concerning scienceD. be fund-raisers for scientific research and exploration37. There is no doubt that children like learning science because_____.A. science is linked with many of the things they meetB. science isa very easy subject for them to learnC. they encounter the facts and principles of science dailyD. they are familiar with the process and spirit of science38. Pupils can learn logical thinking while _____.A. practicing communication skillsB. studying geographyC. taking art coursesD. learning science 39. People witha scientific attitude ____.A. are ready to accept the pronouncements of othersB. tend to reach conclusions with certaintyC. are aware that others are likely to make hasty judgmentsD. seek truth through observation , experimentation and reasoning 40. In the passage the writer seems to ______.A. prove that science is a successful course in schoolB. point out that science as a course is now poorly taught in schoolC. suggest that science should be included in the school curriculumD. predict that children who learn science will be good scientists36-40 B A D D C完型填空The United States has historically had higher rates of marriage than thoseof other industrialized countries. The current annual marriage 56 inthe United States—about 9 new marriages for every 1,000 people—is 57 higher than it is in other industrialized countries. However, marriageis 58 as widespread as it was several decades ago. 59 of American adults who are married 60 from 72 percent in 1970 to 60 percent in 2002. This does not mean that large numbers of people will remain unmarried 61 their lives. Throughout the 20th century, about 90 percent of Americans married at some 62 in their lives. Experts 63 that about the same proportion of today’s young adults will eventually marry.The timing of marriage has varied 64 over the past century. In 1995the average age of women in the United States at the time of their first marriage was 25. The average age of men was about 27. Men and women inthe United States marry for the first time an average of five years later than people did in the 1950s. 65 , young adults of the 1950s married younger than did any previous 66 in U.S. history. Today’s later age of marriage is 67 the age of marriage between 1890 and 1940. Moreover, a greater proportion of the population was married (95 percent) during the 1950s than at any time before 68 . Experts do not agree on why the “marriage rush” of the late 1940s and 1950s occurred, but most social scientists believe it represented a 69 to the return of peaceful and prosperity after 15 years of severe economic 70 and war.56. A. rate B. ratio C percentageD. poll57. A. potentially B intentionally C. randomlyD.substantially58 A. not any longer B. no more C. no longer D.not any more59 A. A proportion B. The proportion C. The number D.A number60 A. declined B .deteriorated C deducedD demolished61 A past B passing C throughout D through62 A period B level C pointD respect63 A project B plan C promise D propose64 A unexpectedly B irregularly C flexiblyD consistently65 A Beside B However C Whereas D Nevertheless66 A descendants B ascendants C populationD generation67 A according to B in line with C basedD caused by68 A and after B or after C or sinceD ever since69 A refusal B realization C responseD reality70 A repression B aggression C restrictionD depression答案：ADCBA CACBB DBACB【19】 Tattoos(纹身记)TattoosTattoos didn't spring up with the dawn of biker gangs and rock 'n' roll bands.They've been around for a long time and had many different meanings overthe course of history. Let's sketch out some interesting anecdotes about tattoos for you now.How tattoos were created and developed?For years, scientists believed that Egyptians and Nubians3 were the first people to tattoo their bodies. Then, in 1991, a mummy was discovered, dating back to the Bronze Age of about 3,300 B.C.."The Iceman," as the specimen was dubbed, had several markings on his body,including a crosson the inside of his knee and lines on his ankle and back. It is believed these tattoos were made in a curative effort.Being so advanced, the Egyptians reportedly spread the practice of tattooing throughout the world. The pyramid-building third and fourthdynasties of Egypt developed international nations with Crete, Greece, Persia and Arabia. The art of tattooing stretched out all the way to Southeast Asia by 2,000 B.C..Around the same time, the Japanese became interested in the art but only for its decorative attributes, as opposed to magical ones. The Japanese tattoo artists were the undisputed masters. Their use of colors, perspective, and imaginative designs gave the practice a whole new angle. During the first millennium A.D., Japan adopted Chinese culture in many aspects and confined tattooing to branding wrongdoers.In the Balkans, the Thracians had a different use for the craft. Aristocrats, according to Herodotus, used it to show the world their social status.Although early Europeans dabbled with tattooing, they truly rediscovered the art form when the world exploration of the post-Renaissance made them seek out new cultures. It was their meeting with Polynesian10 that introduced them to tattooing. The word, in fact, is derived from the Polynesian word tattau, which means "to mark."Why tattoo?Most of the early uses of tattoos were ornamental. However, a number of civilizations had practical applications for this craft. The Goths, a tribe of Germanic barbarians famous for pillaging Roman settlements, used tattoos to mark their slaves. Romans did the same with slaves and criminals.In Tahiti, tattoos were a rite of passage and told the history of the person's life. Reaching adulthood, boys got one tattoo to commemorate the event. Men were marked with another style when they got married.Later, tattoos became the souvenir of choice for globetrotting sailors. Whenever they would reach an exotic locale, they would get a new tattoo to mark the occasion. A dragon was a famous style that meant the sailor had reached a "China station." At first, sailors would spend their free time on the ship tattooing themselves and their mates. Soon after, tattoo parlorswere set up in the area, surrounding ports worldwide.In the middle of the 19th century, police officials believed that half of the criminal underworld in New York City had tattoos. Port areas were renowned for being rough places full of sailors that were guilty of some crime or another. This is most likely how tattoos got such a bad reputation and became associated with rebels and delinquents.How did they do it?In the Americas, native tribes used simple prickingto tattoo their bodies or faces. In California, specifically, some groups injected color into the scratches. Some northern tribes living in and around the Arctic Circle (mostly Inuit) made punctures with a needle and ran a thread coated with soot through the skin. The South Pacific community would tap pigment into the pricked skin using a small rake-like instrument.In New Zealand, the native, using a small bone-cutting tool, would carve intricate shallow grooves on the face and buttocks,and infuse them with color. Thanks to trading with Europeans, they were able to use a metal apparatus and apply more traditional puncture methods.In 1891, an American by the name of Samuel O'Reilly patented the modern tattoo machine. This hand-held contraption21, as we know it today, makes a needle vibrate up and down very rapidly (approximately several hundred vibrations per minute). The needle penetrates the skin around one millimeter in depth and injects ink into the skin at the dermis level.Pop stars have them, as do lawyers, professional athletes, soldiers, and mechanics ?there's no social stigma attached to people with tattoos. Today, tattoos are a fashion statement more than a means of intimidation. And it's only natural that people want to discover how this trend started.Samuel O'Reilly was the first famous contemporary tattoo artist. He set up a shop in New York's Chatham Square and was very popular in his time. Tattoos were all the rage, all the way to the financial crash of 1929. They became trendy in America again around World War II, with the introduction of new designs like cartoon characters. Tattooing made another leap for the mainstream in the '70s and '80s, when celebritiesbegan sporting them.In the last decade, the policy of global acceptance and worldwide communication has not only made tattoos popular, but also omnipresent. With 5,000 years of tattooing tradition, nothing indicates that this is a vanishing fad.1． spring up：涌现； the dawn: 开端起始；biker:<美>骑摩托车的人（尤指属某一团伙者）2． sketch out：简要地叙述；anecdote：轶事奇闻3． Nubian：努比亚人生活在古代东北非的一个地区即今埃及南部和苏丹北部古代努比亚人曾统治整个埃及并创造了灿烂的文化4．这一被命名为“冰人”的标本身上有几处记号5．Crete: 克利特岛(位于地中海东部,属希腊）；Persia：波斯今伊朗；Arabia：阿拉伯半岛6．日本人对这种艺术形式也渐渐萌生了兴趣但仅仅是针对其装饰性而非其神秘色彩7．日本人在很多方面吸收了中国文化规定文身只能被用来给违法犯罪者作标记8．Thracian：色雷斯人巴尔干半岛最早的居民之一曾创造过独特而璀璨的文化如今已消亡古罗马时期著名的奴隶起义领袖斯巴达克斯就是色雷斯人9． Herodotus：古希腊历史学家希罗多德（约484 - 425B.C.）被称为“历史之父”所著的《历史》为西方第一部历史著作10． Polynesian：波利尼西亚人指太平洋岛屿居民11． the Goths: 哥特族（日耳曼族的一支在３至５世纪侵入罗马帝国）； barbarian: 未开化的人野蛮人；pillage: （尤指战争中的）掠夺12． Tahiti: 塔希提岛位于南太平洋；rite of passage:通过礼仪（指为人生进入一个新阶段如出生、成年等举行的仪式）13. souvenir: 纪念品；of choice : 特别的；globetrot:周游世界[globe-trotter的逆构］14. parlor: <美>（接待顾客的）店堂15. underworld: 下流社会以犯罪活动为生的人们16. delinquent: 违法者17. pricking: 刺戳18. 生活在北极圈内及其附近的一些北方部落的人（主要是因纽特人）用针刺破皮肤再把染成炭黑色的线穿进去Inuit：生活在北极地区的因纽特人即爱斯基摩人； soot: 炭黑色19. pigment: 颜料； rake-like: 齿叉形的20. bone-cutting: 用骨头削成的；groove: 沟纹（道）；buttocks：臀部21. hand-held: 手持的便携式的； contraption：装置22. dermis: 真皮23.直到1929年经济危机爆发前文身一直十分风靡all the rage: <口>风靡一时的事物时尚24. sport: <口> 惹人注目地穿戴25. omnipresent: 无所不在的26. fad: （穿着、行为、言谈等方面）一时的风尚。