生态学的英文专业术语
生态学专业英语词汇

《生态学专业英语词汇》一、生态学基础词汇1. 生态系统(Ecosystem)2. 生物多样性(Biodiversity)3. 生态位(Niche)4. 食物链(Food Chain)5. 食物网(Food Web)6. 生物量(Biomass)7. 生产者(Producer)8. 消费者(Consumer)10. 环境因子(Environmental Factor)二、生态学过程与现象1. 竞争(Competition)2. 捕食(Predation)3. 共生(Symbiosis)4. 生物入侵(Biological Invasion)5. 生物放大(Biological Magnification)6. 生态演替(Ecological Succession)7. 生物地球化学循环(Biogeochemical Cycle)8. 碳循环(Carbon Cycle)9. 氮循环(Nitrogen Cycle)10. 水循环(Water Cycle)三、生态学分支与研究方向1. 景观生态学(Landscape Ecology)2. 生态系统生态学(Ecosystem Ecology)3. 行为生态学(Behavioral Ecology)4. 进化生态学(Evolutionary Ecology)5. 环境生态学(Environmental Ecology)6. 应用生态学(Applied Ecology)7. 恢复生态学(Restoration Ecology)8. 城市生态学(Urban Ecology)9. 乡村生态学(Rural Ecology)10. 海洋生态学(Marine Ecology)四、生态学实验与技术研究1. 生态调查(Ecological Survey)2. 样方调查(Quadrat Sampling)3. 实验设计(Experimental Design)4. 遥感技术(Remote Sensing)5. 地理信息系统(GIS)6. 生态模型(Ecological Model)7. 生态模拟(Ecological Simulation)8. 环境监测(Environmental Monitoring)9. 生态修复(Ecological Restoration)10. 生物指示物(Bioindicator)五、生态学政策与管理1. 生态保护(Ecological Conservation)2. 生态红线(Ecological Red Line)3. 生态补偿(Ecological Compensation)4. 生态规划(Ecological Planning)5. 生态风险评估(Ecological Risk Assessment)6. 可持续发展(Sustainable Development)7. 生态文明建设(Ecological Civilization Construction)8. 环境影响评价(Environmental Impact Assessment)9. 生态系统服务(Ecosystem Services)10. 自然保护区(Nature Reserve)六、生态学理论与概念深化1. 生态效率(Ecological Efficiency)描述能量或物质在生态系统中从一个营养级传递到下一个营养级的效率。
生态学专业术语英汉对照2

Ecology 生态学individuals 个体population 种群communities 群落ecosystems 生态系统behavioral ecology 行为生态学physiological ecology 生理生态学evolutionary ecology 进化生态学molecular ecology 分子生态学fitness 适合度natural selection 自然选择adaptation 适应genotype 基因型phenotype 表型phenotypic plasticity 表型可塑性offspring 后代genes 基因nongenetic factors 非遗传因素not inherited 不遗传conditions 条件resources 资源environmental variation 环境变异internal regulation 内调节homeostasis 稳态negative feedback 负反馈tolerance 耐受性temperature 温度not depletable 不能耗掉solar radiation 太阳辐射decouple 退耦niche 生态位habitat 栖息地multidimensional niche space多维生态位空间Fundamental niche基础生态位Realized niche 实际生态位Prey 猎物Foraging 觅食Dimension 轴或维Global wind pattern 地球的风型The circulation of oceans 洋流Rain 降雨Havoc['hævək]灾害Hurricane 飓风Latitude 纬度Irradiance[i'reidiəns,-si]辐射度Summer solstice 夏至Winter solstice 冬至Adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却Scale 尺度Coriolis effect 科里奥利效应Intertropical convergence zone热带辐合带Jet streams 急流Albedo 反照率Gulf stream 墨西哥湾流Lee of a continent 背风面Upwelling 上涌流Adiabatic lapse rate 绝热温度递减率Inversion 逆温Heat of condensation 凝结热Heat 热Temperature profiles温度剖面Relative humidity 相对湿度Saturated water 饱和水water vapor 水蒸汽microclimate 微气候thermal['θə:məl]conductivity 热传导chemical properties of water 水的化学特性penetration of light through water光线穿透水Energy transfer and water phases能量转化和水相Deplete 耗竭Ions 离子Electropositive 正电性的Electronegative 负电性的Beer’s law 比尔定律Heat capacity 热容量Maximum density 最大密度Latent heat of vaporization增发潜热Heat of fusion 溶解热Sublimation 升华Soil water 土壤水Field capacity 田间持水量The uptake of water by roots根对水的吸收Aquatic plants 水生植物Water availability 水的可利用性Plant productivity 植物生产力Permanent wilting point 永久萎焉点Potential evapotranspiration rate潜在蒸发蒸腾速率Capillary pores 毛细管孔隙Resource depletion zone 资源枯竭区Halophytes 盐生植物Water balance in fish 鱼类的水平衡Amphibians 两栖类Water conservation by terrestrial animals 陆生动物的水保持Mammalian 哺乳动物Kidneys 肾脏Bladder 膀胱Beavers 河狸Osmoregulation 渗透调节Countercurrent exchange 逆流调节Hypertonic 高渗的Homeotherms 恒温动物Poikilotherms 变温动物Ectotherms 外温动物Endotherms 内温动物Temperature thresholds 温度阀Mechanisms 机理Enzyme 酶The thermoneutral zone 热中性区Dehydration 脱水Rates of development and growth发育和生长速度Acclimation and acclimatization 驯化和气候驯化Developmental threshold Temperature 发育温度阀Physiological time 生理时间Vernalization 春化Species distribution 物种分布Evolved response 进化反应Mean temperature 平均温度Isotherm 等温线Radiant energy 辐射能Photosynthesis 光合作用Efficiency of radiant energy conversion 辐射能的转换效率Changes in the intensity of radiation 辐射强度的变化Strategic and tactical response of plants to radiation 植物对辐射的战略和战术响应Compensation point 补偿点Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)光和活性辐射Efficiency of Photosynthesis 光合作用效率Photosynthetic capacity 光合能力Diurnal and annual rhythms of solar radiation 太阳辐射日节律和年节律Resource depletion zone 资源耗竭带Strategic difference 战略差异Tactical response 战术响应Transpiration 蒸腾Net assimilation 净同化量Nutrient sources 营养物资源Nutrient budgets 营养预算Terrestrial communities 陆地群落Aquatic communities 水生群落Geochemistry 地球化学Global biogeochemical cycles 全球生物地球循环Mechanical weathering 机械风化Chemical weathering 化学腐蚀Wetfall 湿降落Dryfall 干降落Rainout component 雨水冲失成分Washout component 水冲失成分Streamflow 溪流Denitrification 脱氮Endorheic内陆湖泊Biogeochemistry 生物地球化学Hydrosphere carbon 水圈的碳Weathering 风化作用Nitrogen cycle 氮循环Phosphorus 氮Sediment 沉积型Lithospheric 岩石圈Sulfur 硫The fate of matter in the community群落中物质的命运Producers 生产者Consumers 消费者Decomposers 分解者Autotrophs 自养生物Grazing mammals 草食哺乳动物Phytoplankton 浮游植物Zooplankton 浮游动物Bacteria 细菌Fungi 真菌Nonliving 无生命Food chains 食物链Primary and secondary production 初级和次级生产力Net Primary production 净初级生产力Aphotic zone 无光区Photic zone 透光区Primary consumers 初级消费者Secondary consumer 次级消费者Soil formation 土壤形成The soil profile 土壤剖面Primary classification:the great soil groups 主要分类:大土壤群Higher vegetation 高等植物Dynamic mixture 动态混合物Organic matter 有机质Cells 细胞Pedology 土壤学Subsoil 亚土壤Mineral soil 矿物质土壤Parent material 母质Soil series 土系Soil surveyor 土壤勘测员Succession 演替Ecosystem patterns 生态系统格局Soil horizons 土层Humic acids 腐植酸Great soil groups 土壤群Population size 种群大小Age and stage structure 年龄和时期结构Zygote 受精卵Unitary organism 单体生物Modular organism 构件生物Ramets 无性系分株Clone 无性系Genet 基株Evolutionary individuals 进化个体Immediate ecological impact 直接生态作用Stable age distribution 稳定年龄分布Age pyramid 年龄金字塔Stationary age distribution 固定的年龄分布Stage structure 时期结构Sizes classes 个体大小群Natality 出生率Mortality 死亡率Survivorship 存活率Life tables 生命表K-factor analysis k-因子分析The fecundity schedule 生殖力表Population growth 种群增长Density-independent Population growth 非密度制约性种群增长Density-dependent growth-the logistic equation 密度制约性种群增长:逻辑斯缔方程Life expectancy 生命期望Survivorship curve 存活曲线Cohort 同生群Age-specific survival rate 特定年龄存活率Key factors 关键因子Killing factor 致死因子Basic reproduction rate 基础繁殖率Carrying capacity 环境容纳量Estimating density 估计密度Mark release recapture 标记重捕法H3Density dependence密度制约Equilibrium population density 平衡种群密度Relative density相对密度Allee effect阿利效应Exactly compensating准确补偿Undercompensating补偿不足Overcompensating过度补偿H4Population fluctuations 种群波动Chaos 混沌Expanding and contracting populations 增长种群和收缩种群Stable limit cycle 稳定极限环I1Competition 竞争Predation 捕食Parasitism 寄生Mutualism互利共生Intraspecific competition种内竞争Interspecific competition种间竞争Exploitation competition利用性竞争Interference competition干扰性竞争Cannibalism 自相残杀Altruism 利他主义Commensualism 偏利共生Amensualism偏害共生I2Dispersal扩散Territoriality领域性Niche shift生态位转移Allelopathy异株克生Competive asymmetry 竞争不对称Scramble competition争夺竞争Contest competition格斗竞争Zero net growth isocline零增长等斜线Self-thinning自疏Inbreeding近亲繁殖Reproductive value繁殖价值Leks 求偶场I3Competitive exclusion 竞争排斥Limiting similarity 极限相似性Competitive release 极限释放Character displacement 性状替换Apparent competition 表观竞争Enemy-free space 无敌空间Highly heterogeneous 高度异质性Gaps 断层Probability refuge 隐蔽机率J1Herbivores 食草动物Carnivores 食肉动物Omnivores 杂食动物Chemical defences 化学防御Behavioral strategies 行为对策Specialists 特化种Generalist 泛化种Monophagous单食者Oligophagous寡食者Polyphagous 多食者Parasites 寄生者J2Predator switching 捕食者转换Profitability of prey 猎物收益率Plant defence 植物防御The ideal free distribution 理想自由分布Functional response 功能反应Superpredation 超捕食K1Parasites 寄生物Modes of transmission 传播方式Social parasites 社会性寄生物Helminth worms 寄生蠕虫Insects 昆虫Necrotrophs 食尸动物Parasitoids 拟寄生物The cellular immune response 细胞免疫反应Vectors 媒介Optimal habitat use 最佳生境利用Brood parasitism 窝寄生Evolutionary constraint 进化约束K2Immunity 免疫Cevolution协同进化Gene for gene 基因对基因Mimics 模仿Herd immunity 群体免疫Antigenic stability 抗原稳定L1Pollination 传粉Symbiotic 共生性Obligate 专性Lichens 地衣Outcrossing 异型杂交Mitochondria 线粒体Chloroplasts 叶绿体M1Reproductive values 生殖价Hypothetical organism 假定生物Migration 迁移Senescence衰老Diapause 滞育Dormancy 休眠Longevity 寿命Enormous variation 巨大变异Energy allocation 能量分配Semelparity 单次生殖Iteroparity 多次生殖Carrying capacity 容纳量Current/future reproduction当前/未来繁殖Habitat disturbance 环境干扰The current/future reproductive output 当前/未来繁殖输出A high/low cost of reproduction 高/低繁殖付出Seed bank 种子库Torper蛰伏Hibernation 冬眠Cryptobiosis 隐生现象Aestivation 夏眠Migration 迁徙Morphological forms 形态学性状Generations世代Mechanistic level 机制水平N1Cooperation 合作Grouping-benefits 集群-好处Altruism 利他行为Group defens e 群防御Inclusive fitness 广义适合度Eusociality 真社会性Hymenoptera 膜翅目Haplodiploid 单倍二倍体Venomous sting毒刺N2Sex 性The costs of inbreeding 近交的代价Self-fertilization 自体受精Sexual versus asexual reproduction 有性和无性生殖Sex ratio 交配体制Monogyny 单配制Polygyny 一雄多雌制Polyandry 一雌多雄制Inbreeding depression 近交衰退Hermaphrodite 雌雄同体Recombine 重组Rare type advantage 稀少型有利Equal investment 相等投入Local mate competition局域交配竞争Epigamic 诱惑性Intrasexual selection 性内选择Intersexual selection 性间选择O1Alleles 等位基因Polymorphism 多型Genetic drift 遗传漂变Genetic bottleneck 遗传瓶颈Rare species 稀有物种Extinction 灭绝Chromosome染色体Genotype 遗传型Phenotype 表现型Gene pool 基因库Gel electrophoresis 凝胶电泳O2Gene flow 基因流Differentiation 分化Sibling species 姊妹种Genetic revolution 遗传演变Peripheral isolates 边缘隔离PTransfer efficiencies 转换效率(net)primary productivity (净)初级生产力Respiratory heat 呼吸热Grazer system 牧食者系统Food chains 食物链Pathways of nutrient flow营养物流Food webs 食物网QCommunity structure 群落结构Community boundaries 群落边界Guilds同资源种团Community organization 群落组织Species diversity 物种多样性Energy flow 能量流Superorganism 超有机体Species-poor/rich 物种贫乏/丰富Biomass stability 生物量稳定性Tundra 冻原Island biogeography 岛屿生物地理学Turnover rate 周转率Source of colonists 移植者源Relaxation松弛Edgespecies 边缘物种Interior species 内部物种Corridor 走廊Greenways 绿色通道Community assembly群落集合Grazers 食草动物Carnivores 食肉动物Keystone species 关键物种Dominance control 优势控制Habitat affinity生境亲和力Prey switching 猎物转换RSuccession 演替Climax Community 顶级群落Pioneer species 先锋物种Primary succession 原生演替Alluvial deposit 冲积层Secondary succession 次生演替Acidifying effect 酸化作用Opportunistic机会主义Cellulose 植物纤维素Lignin 木质素Resource ratio hypothesis 资源比假说Fluctuations 波动Cyclic succession 循环演替Disturbance 干扰Patch dynamics板块动态Mini-succession 微型演替Cambium 形成层Neotropical forest 新热带雨林Priority effect 优先效应SVegetation 植被Ecotones 群落交错区Climate map 气候图Biomes 生物群系Heat budget 热量预算Zonation 分带Grassland 草地Primary regions 基本区域Desertification 荒漠化Arctic tundra 北极冻原Alpine tundra 高山冻原Permafrost 永冻层Coniferous boreal forest北方针叶林Temperature forest 温带森林Tropical forest 热带森林Salinization 盐渍化Primary saltwater regions 基本盐水区域Opens oceans 开阔海洋Continental shelves 大陆架The intertidal zone 潮间带Salt marsh 盐沼Mudflats淤泥滩Mangroves 红树林Pelagic 浮游生物Photic zone 有光带Phyto plankton 浮游植物Nekton 自泳动物Benthic 底栖Rocky shore 岩岸Zonation 分带Streams 溪流Ponds 池塘Environmental concerns 环境关系Catchment area 集水区Temperature inversion 温度逆转Biomanipulation 生物处理TThe goals of harvesting 收获目标Quota limitation 配额限制Environmental fluctuation环境波动Maximum possible yiel最大可能产量Net recruitment 净补充量Surplus yield 过剩产量Age structure 年龄结构Population data 种群数据Stable equilibrium 稳定平衡Harvesting effort 收获努力Gun licences 猎枪执照Rod licences钓鱼许可证Upwelling of cold water冷水上升流Fisheries 渔业Ocean productivity 大洋生产力The tragedy of the common公共灾难Overexploitation 过捕Pollution 污染Global decline 全球性下降By-catch 附带收获Community perturbations 群落扰动Oil spills 原油泄漏Eutrophication 富营养化Algal blooms 水华Red tides 赤潮Biomagnification 生物放大作用UPest 有害生物Natural enemies 天敌Ruderal 杂草型Economic/aesthetic injury level 经济/美学损害水平Cultural 栽培Biological control 生物防治‘Silent spring’寂静的春天Chemical toxicity 化学毒性Evolution of resistance抗性进化Microbial insecticide微生物杀虫剂Inoculation接种Augmentation扩大Inundation 爆发VRare species 稀有种Genetic diversity 遗传多样性Extinction 灭绝Endemic species 特有种Habitat fragmentation 生境片段化Insularization 岛屿化Biodiversity 生物多样性Strategies for conservation保育对策Antarctic treaty 南极协议Ecotourism生态旅游WAir pollution空气污染Acid rain 酸雨Water pollutants 水体污染物Soil pollution 土壤污染Acid deposition 酸降Pathogens病源体Chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量Anaerobes 厌氧菌The greenhouse effect 温室效应Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Ozone 臭氧Photochemical smog 光化学烟雾XOverview 概述Soil erosion 土壤侵蚀Soil compaction 土壤硬结Contour ploughing等高耕作Cover crops 覆盖作物No-till farming 免耕农业。
《普通生态学》专英词汇

《普通生态学》专英词汇Ecology生态学Interaction相互作用Individual个体Population种群Community群落Ecosystem生态系统Assemblage集合Mixture混合体Biosphere生物圈Scale尺度Field approach野外研究法Experimental approach实验研究法Theoretical approach理论研究法Environment环境Macro environment大环境Micro environment小环境Marco climate大气候Micro climate小气候Biome生物群系Ecological factor生态因子Habitat生境Density dependent factor密度制约因子Density independent factor非密度制约因子Coevolution协同进化Liebig’s “law of minimum”利比希最小因子定律Law of limiting factors限制因子定律Limiting factor限制因子Law of tolerance耐受性定律Ecological amplitude生态幅Ecological valence生态价Eury-广,steno-狭Eurythermal广温性stenothermal 狭温性Euryhydric 广水性stenohydric 狭水性Euryhaline 广盐性stenohaline 狭盐性Euryphagic 广食性stenophagic 狭食性Euryphotic 广光性stenophot ic 狭光性Euryecious 广栖性stenoecious 狭栖性Euryedapic 广土性stenoedapic 狭土性Homeostasis 内稳性Epilimnion 上湖层Thermocline 斜温层、温梯层Hypolimnion 下湖层Photosynthetically active radiation 光合有效辐射Etiolation phenomenon 黄化现象Photosynthetic capacity 光合任用Daily rhythm 昼夜节律Photoperiodism 或photoperiodicity 光周期现象Long day plant 长日照植物Short day plant 短日照植物Day intermediate plant 中日照植物Day neutral plant 日中性植物Long day animal 长日照动物Short day animal 短日照动物Diaqause 滞育Homeotherm 常温动物Poikilothem 变温动物Ectotherm 外温动物Endotherm 内温动物The thermoneutral zone 热中性区Temperature coefficient 温度系数Freeze injury 冻害Chilling injury 冷害Developmental threshold temperature 发育阈温度Biological zero 生物学零度Sum of heat 总积温Sum of effective temperature 有效积温Phtsiological time 生理时间Vernalization 春化Acclimation 驯化Acclimatization 气候驯化Bergmann`s rule 贝格曼规律Allen`s rule 阿伦规律Countercurrent heat cxchange 逆流热交换Nonshivering thermogenesis 非颤抖性产热Brown adipose tissue 褐色脂肪组织Heterothermy 异温性Daily torpor 日麻痹Hibernation 冬眠Estivation 夏眠Heterotherm 异温动物Adaptive hypothermia 适应性低体温Polar nature 极性性质High heat capacity 高热容量Precipitation 降雨量Atmosphere humidity 大气湿度Relative humidity 相对湿度Transpiration 蒸腾Field capacity 田间持水量Hygrophyte 湿生植物Mesad 中生植物Siccocolous 旱生植物Apuatic plant 水生植物Water balance 水平衡Hypertonic 高渗性的Hypotonic 低渗性的Isotonic 等渗的Water loss 失水Countercurrent exchange 逆流交换Urea 尿素Uricacid 尿酸Humidity 湿度Snow cover 雪被Energy metabolism 能量代谢Hypoxia adaptation 高海拔低氧的适应2、3-diphosphoglycreate,DPG 2、3-二磷酸甘油酸Pco2 分压Green-house effect 温室效应Texture 土壤质地Soil structure 土壤结构Soil moisture 土壤水分Fossorial mammal 地下兽Soil temperature 土壤Soil acidity 土壤酸度Humus 腐殖质Psammophyte 沙生植物Crown fire 林冠火Surface fire 地面火Population 种群Unilary organism 单体生物Modular organism 构件生物Ramets 无性系分株Species 物种Size 大小Evolutionary individual进化个体Internal distribution pattern 内分布型Dispersion 分布Random 随机的Uniform 均匀的Clumped 成群的Architecture 建筑学结构Natality 出生率Mortality 死亡率Demography 种群统计学Age pyramid 年龄锥体Stage structure 时期结构Size classes个体大小群Sex ratio 性比Life table 生命表Cohort 同生群Cohort analysis 同生群分析Agespecific survival rate 特定年龄存活率Life expectancy 生命期望Killing power致死力Net reproductive rate净生产率Key factors关键因子k-factor analysis K-因子分析killing factor致死因子survivorship curve存活曲线generation time世代时间innate rate of increase内禀增长率density-independent growth与密度无关的种群增长per-capita rate of population growth每员增长率density-dependent growth 与密度有关的种群增长carrying capacity环境容纳量logistic equation逻辑斯谛方程minimum viable population最小可存活种群ecological invasion生态入侵nutrient recovery hypothesis营养物恢复学说Wyune-Edwards 行为调节学说(温-爱德华学说) Christian内分泌调节学说(克里斯琴学说) Chitty奇蒂学说Metapopulation集合种群Local population局域种群Patch斑块Local scale局域尺度Metapopulation scale集合种群尺度Geographical scale地理尺度Local breeding population局域繁殖种群Turnover周转Genotype基因型Phenotype表现型Diploid二倍体Homologous同源Gene基因Allele等位基因Locus座位Homozygous纯合的Herterozygous杂合的Codominant共显性的Dominant显性的Recessive隐性Polygenic多基因的Gene pool基因库Genotypic frequency基因型频率Gene frequency基因频率Hardy-Weinberg Law哈代-魏伯格定律Variation变异Gelelectrophoresis凝胶电泳Allozyme别构酶Polymorphism多态现象Geopraphic variation地理变异Cline渐变群Subspecies地理亚种Natural selection自然选择Fitness适合度Selective coefficient选择系数Genetic drift遗传漂变Fixation固定Evolutionary forces进化动力Founder effect建立者效应Founder population建立者种群Stabilizing selection稳定选择Directional selection定向选择Disruptive selection分裂选择Gamete selection配子选择Kin selection亲属选择Group selection群体选择Sexual selection性选择Speciation物种形成Gene flow基因流Geographical theory of speciation地理物种形成学说Reproductive isolating mechanism繁殖隔离机制Polyploidy多倍体Adaptive radiation适应辐射Life history生活史Body size身体大小Growth rate生长率Reproduction繁殖Longevity寿命Bionomic strategy生态对策Life history strategy生活史对策Darwinian demons达尔文魔鬼Trade-off权衡Energy allocation能量分配Semelparity单次繁殖Parental care亲体关怀Current reproduction当前繁殖Future reproduction未来的繁殖Reproductive value生殖价Bet—hedging两面下注Diapause滞育Dormancy休眠Seed bank种子库Crytobiosis潜生现象Torper蛰伏Hibernation冬眠Aestivation夏眠Migration迁徙Dispersal扩散Morphological form形态学形状Generation世代Metamorphosis变态Optimization in habitat utilization生境利用最优化Mechanistic level 机械水平Mutation-accumulation突变积累Antagonistic pleiotropy拮抗性多效Competition竞争Cannibalism自相残杀Predation捕食Parasition寄生Mutualism互利共生Parasitoidism拟寄生Commensualism偏利共生Amensualism偏害共生Intraspecific relationship种内关系Intraspecific competition 种内竞争Territoriality领域性Law of constant final yield最后产量法则Self-thinning自疏Ecology of ***性别生态学Parental investment亲代投入Hermaphrodite雌雄同体Self-compatibility自我兼容Cleistogamous闭花受精Recombine重组Red Queen effect红皇后效应Fisher’s *** ratio theory Fisher氏性比理论Rare typeadvantage稀少型有利Equal investment相等投入Local resource competition局域资源竞争Local mate competition局域交配竞争Sexual selection性选择Intra***ual selection性内选择。
生态学专业名词3

状态, 困境, 盟誓(婚姻) intact完整无缺的, 尚未被人碰过的ranch大农场grain谷物, 谷类, 谷粒, 细粒, 颗粒, 粮食vulnerable易受攻击的, 易受...的攻击exploitation开发, 开采, 剥削, 自私的利用, 宣传, 广告devastation毁坏restore恢复, 使回复, 归还, 交还, 修复, 重建scatter分散, 散开, 撒开, 驱散dotted有点的, 星罗棋布的equator赤道, 赤道似的圈.圆herbivore草食动物periodic周期的, 定期的woody多树木的, 木本的, 木头般的, 木制的extend扩充, 延伸, 伸展, 扩大swath狭长的条或片Venezuela委内瑞拉(南美洲北部国家) Columbia哥伦比亚Indus印度河Pakistan巴基斯坦(南亚国家) alternating交互的drought干旱, 缺乏accompany陪, 伴, 陪着; 陪衬, 伴随tinder易燃物, 火绒sprout使发芽, 使生长resprout 再发芽persist坚持, 持续permeability透过性, 可透[渗]性, 渗透(性, 度, 率) dense密集的, 浓厚的subsoil底土, 下层土, 天然地基retain保持, 保留waterlogged浸满水的, 涝的drain 排出沟外, 喝干, 耗尽dominate支配, 占优势proportion比例, 均衡, 面积, 部分flock羊群, (禽、畜等的)群, 大量, 众多mobile可移动的, 易变的, 机动的wildebeest【动】角马giraffe 长颈鹿lion狮子forge稳步前进, 铸造, 伪造indelible去不掉的, 不能拭除的hominid原始人类purpose目的, 意图, 用途, 效果, 决心, 意志manipulation处理, 操作, 操纵, 被操纵subsist生存, 存在, 供养生存, 维持生活(on, upon) pastoralism田园主义, 牧歌体domestic家庭的, 国内的, 与人共处的, 驯服的grazer吃草的动物browser浏览器, 吃嫩叶的动物, 浏览书本的人livestock家畜, 牲畜livelihood生计, 谋生millennia millennium的复数millennium 太平盛世, 一千年Sahara撒哈拉沙漠(非洲北部大沙漠), sahel荒漠草原(西非) spare多余的, 剩下的, 高而瘦的人的, 少量的, 贫乏的, 备用的sculpt雕刻, 造型geology地质学, 地质概况hydrology水文学, 水文地理学flash闪光的, 火速的bitter强烈的, 厉害的, 刺骨的, 严酷的betray不自觉地露出, 暴露, 表现出卖, 背叛, 泄露(秘密), 露出...迹象luxuriant丰产的, 丰富的, 肥沃的, 奢华的dormant睡眠状态的, 静止的, 隐匿的休眠的, 蛰伏的; 处于睡眠状态的acacia【植】金合欢属; 金合欢gravel砂砾, 砂砾层plain平原, 草原dune(由风吹积而成的)沙丘harsh粗糙的, 荒芜的, 苛刻的, 刺耳的, 刺目的flourish繁荣, 茂盛, 活跃, 手舞足蹈, 兴旺, 处于旺盛时期meager兆ration定量, 配给量, 定量配给saline盐的; 含盐的; 咸的; 盐渍的perspective透视画法, 透视图, 远景, 前途, 观点, 看法, 观点, 观察inhabitant栖息的动物peer出现, 隐约出现cactus[植]仙人掌viper毒蛇, 毒蛇一样的家伙threshold开始, 开端, 极限on the threshold of在...的开头, 在...快要开始的时候, 在...的前夕ring包围, 套住, 按铃, 敲钟subtropical亚热带的descend下来, 下降, 遗传interior内部内部的, 内的Gobi 戈壁shadow阴影, 影子, 影像, 预兆, 庇护, 隐蔽处, 阴暗, 少许fog雾, 烟雾, 尘雾, 迷惑, 苔藓considerable相当(大,多)的,可观的stereotype旧框框; 陈规, 老套, 固定的形象evaporation蒸发(作用) transpiration蒸发(物), 散发,[生]蒸腾作用,[物]流逸exceed超越, 胜过diagram图表prevail流行, 盛行, 获胜, 成功mosaic镶嵌, 镶嵌图案, 镶嵌工艺lithosol[地]石质土fertility肥沃, 丰产, 多产, 人口生产, 生产力rat老鼠texture结构; 质地elevate举起, 提高, 抬高euphorbia大戟属植物, 大戟burrow挖地洞hoard储藏porcupine[动]豪猪, 箭猪isopod等足目(Isopoda)动物property性质, 特性evaporate(使)蒸发, 消失dissolve使溶解; 使融化; 使熔化; 使液化aridity干旱; 贫瘠, 荒芜extract 析取, 吸取calcium[化]钙carbonate[化]碳酸盐hardpan)硬质地层, 粘土层, 砂砾层caliche钙质层; 钙积层formation组织, 构造; 形态; 形成物, 组成物expose使暴露, 受到, 使曝光sparse稀少的, 稀疏的cloak用外衣遮蔽, 披斗篷mantle覆盖物斗蓬, 覆盖物, 壁炉架intervene干涉, 干预, 插入, 介入, (指时间)介于其间germinate发芽, 发育, 使生长infrequent稀少的, 很少发生的, 罕见的abundance丰富, 充裕, 丰富充裕dusk薄暮, 黄昏dawn黎明, 拂晓, 破晓orientation方向, 方位, 定位, 倾向性, 向东方minimize将...减到最少stingy吝啬的, 小气的, 缺乏的, 有刺的profligate挥霍浪费的oasis(沙漠中)绿洲,舒适的地方irrigate灌溉, 修水利, 冲洗伤口, 使潮湿expense费用,代价, 损失, 开支, 费钱之物safeguard维护, 保护, 捍卫Mediterranean地中海的, 地中海民族的woodland森林地, 林地tribe部落, 部族flora[罗神]花神folk民间的chorus合唱, 合唱队, 齐声aromatic芬芳的rosemary[植]迷迭香thyme【植】百里香(属), 麝香草laurel[植]月桂树, Antarctica南极洲herbaceous草本的, 似绿叶的moderate中等的, 适度的, 适中的chaparral丛林, 茂密的树丛Spain西班牙(欧洲南部国家) basin盆, 盆地, 水池reputation名誉, 名声fragile易碎的, 脆的exceptional例外的, 异常的erosion腐蚀, 侵蚀overgraze过度放牧strip剥, 剥去stewardship 管理integrity正直, 诚实, 完整, 完全, 完整性conserve保存, 保藏mutualist[生]依生生物intermittent间歇的, 断断续续的thick厚的, 粗的, 稠的, 浓的bark 树皮, 吠声cork软木塞, 软木, (用塞子)塞住用软木制成的oak[植]橡树, 橡木substantial坚固的, 实质的, 真实的, 充实的Portugal葡萄牙(欧洲西南部国家graze放牧, 吃草, 擦伤, 擦过acorn[植]橡树果, 橡子crop农作物, 产量, 平头, 短发wheat小麦, 小麦色, 淡黄色, 朴实的人fallow休耕地(田地) 休耕的.未种的, 荒芜的cultivation培养, 教养, 耕作, 中耕couple连合, 连接, 结合be coupled with和...联合,结合indelible去不掉的, 不能拭除的brush刷子, 毛刷, 画笔pronghorn叉角羚unobstructed无阻的, 不受阻拦的prairie大草原, 牧场dome 圆盖; 穹窿; 丘evoke唤起, 引起, 博得bison野牛deciduous每年落叶的, 非永久性的Idaho 爱达荷州(美国州名) foothill山麓小丘, 丘陵地带Eurasia欧亚大陆virtual虚的, 实质的, [物]有效的, 事实上的parent母体的, 来源的neutral中立的, 中立国的, 中性的arid干旱的, 贫瘠的(土地等), 无趣的, 沉闷的thorough十分的, 彻底的exclude拒绝接纳, 把...排除在外, 排斥margin边缘部分; 页边的空白; 栏外striking打击的, 显著的, 惊人的, 罢工的grace优美, 雅致, 优雅装饰, 使优美(with) anemone[植]银莲花showy浮华的, (过分)艳丽的, 炫耀的, 卖弄的ranunculus[植]毛茛属植物iris鸢尾, 蝴蝶花simultaneously同时地forb非禾本草本植物sod草地invasion入侵; 侵略; 闯入plow犁herd兽群, 牧群roving粗纱herbivore草食动物saiga赛加羚羊,高鼻羚羊antelope羚羊attendant伴随的, 附随的服务员predator掠夺者, 食肉动物steppe大草原grasshopper蚱蜢, 蝗虫, 小型侦察机inconspicuous不显眼的, 不引人注意的convert使转变, 转换...,使...改变信仰nomadic游牧的herder牧者, 牧人tap into接进fertilizer肥料(特指化肥) sustainable可以忍受的, 足可支撑的, 养得起的harbor海港realm领域区[领]域; 界; 类; 门; 范围shrink收缩, (使)皱缩, 缩短Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称) Iberia伊比利亚半岛coniferous结球果的,松柏科的conifer[植]松类, 针叶树Oregon俄勒冈州(美国州名) streamside河滨,河边地带prone有...倾向的, 易于...的(to) conservative守恒的,保持的保守的,守旧的dynamic动力的, 动力学的, 动态的biomass【生】生物量stratify(使)成层使成层, 使分层, 层叠, 按层排列herb草, 草本植物; 香草, 药草tolerant阴性的understory下层矮生植被林下叶层beneath在...之下invertebrate无脊椎的, 无骨气的无脊椎动物, 无骨气的人clearing空旷地(森林中)空旷地,开垦地massive 厚重的, 大块的, 魁伟的, 结实的ax斧头saw锯tract广阔的土地[森林] virgin 原始的, 处于原耒状态的disparate(根本)不相同的; (种类)全异的; 无联系的; fate天数, 命运, 运气结局boreal北的; 北方的; 北风的monotony单音, 单调, 千篇一律topple倾倒trunk干线, 树干, 躯干, 箱子, 主干duffpenetrate穿透, 渗透, 看穿, 洞察berry浆果, 肉质聚合果; 悬钩子; 莓pause停顿符号, 顿号willow柳树, 柳木制品splash溅, 飞溅, 斑点solitude幽静(的地方), 人迹罕到之处, 荒僻的地方confine限制, 禁闭把...限制在(某范围内)tundra苔原, 冻土地带spine脊骨, 书脊, 地面隆起地带, 中心, 剌slope斜坡, 斜面, 倾斜brief简短的, 短暂的impede阻止carpet把(花草等)复盖在...上mycorrhizal fungi菌根真菌topsoil上层土, 表层土permafrost[地]永久冻结带larch【植】落叶松aspen白杨mature成熟的, 到期的, 充分考虑的, (票据等)到期的blueberry越橘的一种shrubby灌木的, 灌木一般的juniper【植】桧属植物, 杜松migratory迁移的, 流浪的caribou北美的驯鹿reindeer驯鹿moose[动] 驼鹿(产于北。
生态学专业名词

《生态学专业名词》•Ecology生态,•biodiversity生物多样性•environment 环境•ecological factor 生态因子,•adaptation 适应•atmosphere大气圈 , •hydrosphere水圈, •lithosphere岩石圈•Law of the minimum 最小因子定律,•Law of tolerance耐受限度定律•Limiting factors 限制因子,ecological valence 生态效应•organisms 有机体, •Bergmann’s rule 贝格曼法则,•Allen’s rule艾伦法则•osmotic pressure 渗透压•cartilaginous fish 软骨鱼 ,•isosmotic 等渗•population community种群; •ecosystem 生态系统•biosphere 生物圈 , •edificator 建群种, •phototropism光周期 , •biological zero characteristic发育起始温度(生物学零度) , •Effective accumulated temperature 有效积温, •population dynamics 种群动态,•sampling method 取样法• quadrat method 样方法,•mark-recapature method, 标志重捕法•life cycle 生命表 , •survivorship curve存活曲线• Gause principle高斯原则 , •niche生态位•Trophic level 营养级 , •ecological efficiency生态效率•grazing food chain捕食食物链•detrital food chain碎屑食物链•balance of nature 自然平衡, •ecological balance 生态平衡•primary production初级生产者•secondary production次级生产者•gross primary production总初级生产量•net primary production净初级生产量•Logistic equation 逻辑斯谛方程••nitrifying bacteriu硝化细菌,•producers生产者 , •consumers 消费者,•decomposers 分解者,•latent period 开始期•accelerating period 加速期•transition period 转折期•declining period 减速期 , •saturating period饱和期. •sustainable development可持续发展•equilibrium 平衡,•eruption 爆发,•extinction 灭绝, •dispersion 分散,• orchard果园• water eutrophication 水体富营养化• monoclimax hypothesis单元顶级学说• climatic climax 顶级气候•zootic climax 动物演替顶级•Competition竞争 , •predation 捕食 ,• paralitism 寄生•Commensalisms共生 , •illumination 光照,•age pyramid 年龄锥体• terrestrial ecosystem陆地生态系统••ecological succession 生态演替,•biomass 生物量• nutrient 营养,•density 密度,•thermodynamics热力学。
生态学与陆地生态系统专业词汇

生态学与陆地生态系统专业词汇英汉对照表absorption.吸收abundance n.丰度abundance ratio丰度比aerophyte n.附生植物air current 气流airdry weight 风干重量airslake vt.风化algea n.藻类, 海藻alpine vegetation高山植被anandrous adj.无雄蕊的anatomise v.解剖, 解析animalcule 微生物anthotaxy /n./植/花序anthropogenic succession 人为演替aquatic macrophyte vegetation水生大型aquatic vegetation水生植物群(落)arbor /5B:b[/ n. 乔木arctic grassland北极草地aridity n.干旱; 贫瘠, 荒芜,干燥性association 群从autoecious adj.[植] 寄生的,(雌雄)异苞同株autotrophic organism 自养生物azotobacteria;hitrgenfixing 固氮作用azotobaction nitrogenfixation 固氮菌bark n.树皮bed rock 基岩billabong n.死水,洼地blue-green algae 蓝藻broadleaf n.阔叶烟草, 阔叶树bud n.芽, 蓓蕾vi.发芽, 萌芽camellia n.[植]茶属, 茶花, 山茶camphor n.[化]樟脑,樟category 种类cay 珊瑚礁chamaephyt 地上芽植物chlorophyll 叶绿素climatic climax vegetation气候顶极植被climatogenic succession 气候性演替climax 演替顶级climax vegetation顶极植被climber n.【植】攀缘植物closed vegetation郁闭植被cloudage n.云量unlight 日照clump n.土块v.丛生coenotype群落类型community n. (生物)群落comparability 相似性component n.成分adj.组成的, 构成的conifer forest 针叶林coniform adj.圆锥形的corrade v.侵蚀craggedness n.陡峭, 崎岖crown of a tree 树冠crust vegetation【生态】结皮植被cupule [5kju:pju:l] n.杯状凹, 壳斗, 吸盘demonstrator 指示性dicotyledon n.双子叶植物difference in temperature 温差dominance 优势种downy adj.绒毛的, 柔和的, 多丘岗的, 丘原的ecological age 生态年龄ecological balance 生态平衡ecological indicator生态指示种ecological stability 生态稳定性ecological succession生态演替ecotype n. /生/生态型effective radiation 有效辐射ellipse n.[数]椭圆, 椭圆形environmental gradient 环境梯度epal n.【植】萼片epiphytic vegetation附生植被eucalypt n.[植]桉树fecundation n.受胎作用, 受精, 受胎flora n. 植物群(某一地区或某一时代的一切植物)植物区系; 植物志florescence n.开花, 开花期forest vegetation森林植物群落framework 组织frigid zone 寒带fungoid n.菌类genus n.种, 类geophytes n.地下芽植物geographic distribution地理分布germ n.微生物, 细菌germinate vi. 发芽, 发育gradient 梯度grass n.【植】禾本科植物grassland n. 草原, 草地, 牧场grassland vegetation草本植被ground vegetation地面植被groundling n. 匍匐植物habitat 生境halophytic vegetation盐生植物hectare n.公顷(等于1万平方米)herbaceous 草本的herbaceous aquatic vegetation草本水生植被herbage n.草本, 草heterotrophy 【生】异养(性)hill n.小山, 丘陵, 斜坡, 山岗humus n.腐殖质hungriness n.饥饿, 荒漠, 渴望hydrophilous vegetation喜水植被indicator vegetation指示植被inlay n.镶嵌intrazonal vegetation隐域植被isotherm n.[地球物理]等温线kittul n.[植] 棕榈leaf layer叶层leaf stalk叶柄sliane n.[植] (=liana) 藤本植物, 蔓生植物liane n./植/ 藤本植物, 蔓生植物lichen 地衣苔藓lichen vegetation地衣植被life intensity 生活强度lowland n.低地magnolia n.木兰, 玉兰类的mangrove vegetation红树植被marine vegetation海洋植物群(落) maritime vegetation海岸植被matted vegetation铺地植被meadow n. 草甸, 草地, 牧场;mesophyll 叶肉monsoon n.季候风, (印度等地的)雨季,季风native vegetation原生植被; 乡土植被nectar gland 蜜腺net Productivity 净生产力nitrate plant 硝盐植物nitrobacteria 硝化细菌noxious aquatic vegetation有毒水生植物群落open vegetation开阔植被ovary n.子房ovule n.胚珠, 卵子parasitic 寄生的peel off 剥落petan.【植】花瓣photosynthesis 光合作用phreatophyte n.[植]( 根深达地下潜水层的) 地下水湿生植物phyllome n. 【植】叶丛; 初始叶;叶原physiological drought 生理干旱phytocoenosis 植物群落pollen n.花粉prairie vegetation草原植被precipitation rain fall 雨量prematurity n.早熟, 过早, 早开花primary production 第一性生产primary succession 原生演替productivity 生产力(率)protist 原生生物pyiogenic succession 火成演替quama n.鳞片, 鳞, 鳞状物recent vegetation现代植被redox 氧化还原regeneration of vegetation 植被再生relative humidity 相对湿度reproduce vi.繁殖, 生殖robur n.[植] 栎树(一种中大型的乔木)root system 根系rosebush n.蔷薇, 灌木sand dune n.[地]沙丘saturation [n] 使饱和,secondary environment次生环境secondary forest 次生林sedge n.[植]莎草shrubbery n.灌木, 灌木林shrubbery mass 灌木群social dominance 群落优势sparseness n.稀疏, 稀少spicebus n.[植]山胡椒, 洋腊梅,stable vegetation【生态】稳定植被straitness n.狭, 狭窄, 狭隘structure 结构submerged vegetation沉水植被substrate ,[生]基质succession 演替succession of community 群落演替summergreen broad-leaf forest 夏绿阔叶林supplant vt.排挤掉, 代替swamp n.沼泽, 湿地,swampland n. 沼泽地temperate grassland温带草原temperate zone n.[地]温带texture n. 质地;纹理;结构;构造theca n.[动][解]囊, 膜, 鞘thorn n.[植]刺, 棘, 荆棘topsoil 上层土,表层土transition n.转变, 转换, 跃迁, 过渡, 变调tropic n.[天](天球的)回归线, 热带tundra n.苔原, 冻土地带turves n.泥炭unstable vegetation不稳定植被upgrowth n.生长, 发育, 发达, 成长物upland grassland高原草原vegetable cover 植物覆盖层vegetation n.[植]植被, (总称)植物、草木vegetation period 植物生长期viviparity n.胎生, 母体发芽water table 潜水面waxen adj.蜡的, 蜡制的, 似蜡的, 柔weathering n.侵蚀, 风化woody 木本的xeromorphic vegetation旱生植被zonal vegetation显域植被, 地带性植被absorption.吸收adaptability 适应性adaptation 适应,amino acid氨基酸, 胺anther.花粉囊autotrophic organism自养生物autotrophic plant自养植物autotrophism 自然氧化biochemistry 生化breath.呼吸, 气息carbon element碳素coenosium群落coenotype群落类型corolla花冠dormancy睡眠, 冬眠ecology 生态学entomoplily[植]虫媒environmental factors环镜因素enzyme[生化]酶fungorum真菌状的,geographic distribution地理分布halophyte盐土植物heliophyte阳生植物heterotroph[生]异养生物homolohydric plant定水植物horny substance 角质hygrophyte湿生植物idiotrophic自养型illumination conditions 光照条件infiltrate渗透inflorescence开花, [植]花, 花序intimidate 胁迫malacophyllous xerophyte软叶植物mesophyte.[植]中生植物metabolism.新陈代谢, 变形metallophyte[生化]金属蛋白moisture content水分net illumination 净光合作用net productivity 净生产力nitrobacteria.硝化细菌perianth [植] 花被photochemical action 光化作用Photosynthesis 光合作用physiology 生理学phytochrome[生化](植物的)光敏色素pistil雌蕊poikilohydric plant变水植物pollination授粉pore气孔protoplasm [生]原生saturation point 开花, [植]花, 花序饱和点sciophyte[植]阴地植物sclerophyllous xerophyte硬叶植物shrub layer灌木层shrubbery灌木丛灌木群shrub灌木, 灌木丛stamen雄蕊, 雄性花蕊stigma (植物)柱头stipule[植]托叶succulent肉质植物terrestrial 陆地transpire 蒸发water potential 水势xerophyte plant旱生植物zonality地带分布。
生态学专业英语词汇总结

生态学专业英语词汇总结摘要生态学是研究生物与其所处环境之间的相互关系和作用的科学。
生态学专业是培养具有生态学基础理论和方法,能够从事生态系统管理、保护和恢复等工作的高级人才的专业。
生态学专业的本科核心课程包括基础生态学、代谢生态学、种群生态学、群落生态学、保护生物学、进化生物学、生态系统生态学和生态学研究技术等。
本文旨在为生态学专业的学习和教学提供参考。
1. 基础生态学基础生态学是介绍生态学基本概念、原理和方法的课程,主要内容包括生态系统结构和功能、能量流动和物质循环、环境因子对生物分布和适应的影响、种间关系和群落动态等。
该课程涉及的专业英语词汇如下表所示:中文英文生态学ecology生物organism种species种群population群落community生境habitat生态位niche生物多样性biodiversity物种多样性species diversity物种丰富度species richness物种均匀度species evenness物种相似性species similarity物种区系flora and fauna物种地理分布biogeography生物圈biosphere生态系统ecosystem生产者producer消费者consumer分解者decomposer能量流动energy flow物质循环nutrient cycling碳循环carbon cycle氮循环nitrogen cycle磷循环phosphorus cycle环境因子environmental factor光照light温度temperature水分moisture土壤soilpH值pH value盐度salinity适应性adaptation突变mutation自然选择natural selection遗传漂变genetic drift基因流gene flow物种形成speciation物种灭绝extinction种间关系interspecific interaction共生关系symbiosis寄生关系parasitism共利关系mutualism共栖关系commensalism捕食关系predation2. 代谢生态学代谢生态学是研究生物体在不同环境条件下的能量代谢和物质转化过程及其规律的课程,主要内容包括代谢类型、代谢率、代谢平衡、代谢效率、代谢策略等。
生态学考试之名词解释

专业名词解释。
Ecology生态学,研究生物及其生存环境之间的关系的学科。
Biosphere生物圈(或全球生物系统),地球及其大气中有生物生存或能够维持生命的部分,也指全球生态系统。
Ecosystem生态系统,生物群落与影响该群落的所有非生物因素形成的统一整体。
Nutrient养分,生物体发展、维持和再合成需要的化学物质。
Epiphyte附生植物,一种可能自己获取食物但附生在其他植物的顶端以获得更多阳光和水分的植物。
Ecotone群落过渡带(或群落交错区),从一种类型的生态系统到另一类型的空间过渡带,例如:从草原到树林的过渡区。
Climate diagram航候图,表示气候特征和气象要素等时空分布、变化、相互关系等的图示。
Biomes生物群系,主要由其主导植被区分并与特定气候紧密相连,例如:热带雨林,荒漠群落。
Tropical rain fores热带雨林,一般认为热带雨林是指阴凉、潮湿多雨、高温、结构层次不明显、层外植物丰富的乔木植物群落。
Tropical savann热带稀树草原,分布在干湿季比较明显的热带地区,树木稀少而草很多的草原。
Temperate forest温带森林,Tundra苔原,是生长在寒冷的永久冻土上的生物群落,是一种极端环境下的生物群落。
Kelp forest海藻林,是由海藻所构成的海底森林,主要分布于温带到两极地区的岩岸海域。
海藻林主要由海带目(Laminariales)的大型褐藻所构成。
Coral reef珊瑚礁,指造礁石珊瑚群体死后其遗骸构成的岩体。
Salt marshes盐沼,地表过湿或季节性积水、土壤盐渍化并长有盐生植物的地段。
Mangrove forest红树林,是一种热带、南亚热带特有的海岸带植物群落,因主要由红树科的植物组成而得名。
Salinity盐分(或盐度),水中溶解物质质量与水的质量比值。
Dissolved oxyge溶解氧,指溶解在水里氧的量。
Microclimate小气候,因下垫面性质不同,或人类和生物的活动所造成的小范围内的气候。
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Abiotic
Factors
in an environment that are not or never were alive. Examples: rock island, gases, water, sun, minerals and temperature.
Climate
Definition? The
Levels of Organization Cont.
No
individual organism lives completely on its own. It may live with other individuals of the same species to form a population. Several populations living together make up a community. Several communities in a given area make up a biome.
Habitat
Competition is the struggle between two organisms within their habitat. If a species can avoid competing they may co-exist. But if they compete, one will eventually drive the other out of the habitat, unless they have slightly different niches. Example: times of activity
Levels of Biological Organization
It is important to remember that all parts of an ecosystem are interrelated. Each part is affected by all other parts.
Climate cont.
If
the climate is hot and moist, then there will be many trees, characteristic of a Rainforest. Some animals and insects will be adapted for living in trees. They are called arboreal and include monkeys and spiders.
A
niche may be described in terms of space utilization, food consumption, temperature range and mating requirements. An organism’s niche would also take into account its behavior. You can think of an organism’s niche as its job/role in the environment.
Migration
– moving from one area to another to use resources
Hibernation
– reducing activity severely for a period of time.
Bibliography
Pictures
by Microes to avoid competiton:
Nocturnal Diurnal
– active at night
- active during the day
Crepuscular
dusk
– active at dawn and
Different Niches to avoid competiton: cont…
Organization Cont.
Collectively, all the biomes of the planet earth make up the biosphere. Again, the most basic level of ecological organization is the individual/species. A group of individuals of the same species make up a population. A community is all the populations of living organisms in an area.
Levels of organization
Organization Cont.
The boundary of a community is determined by the distribution of its members. The boundary of one community is not necessarily the boundary of another community. We say these communities overlap.
Ecology
The
study of organisms and their interrelationships with their environment (biotic and abiotic) upon which determine distribution and abundance of organisms.
Introduction to Ecology
Organism
An
individual living thing
Species
A
group of the same organisms that are able to breed and produce fertile organisms.
Organism
Organization Cont.
A
biome is a large geographical area with a similar climate.
Biosphere
The
biosphere is the region on Earth where all life exists.
If we remove one species from an ecosystem, there could be severe consequences for that ecosystem.
Cont.
If
we remove all the spiders from a given ecosystem, the insect population will grow rapidly and destroy forest and crops.
Who
do you think would benefit? What would happen to their population? Who would be affected then?
Levels of Organization
Ecologists
tend to label groups of organisms. Let’s look at a familiar setting for example: Your house is part of a town, this is part of a state, which is part of a country, which is part of a continent.
overriding factor that determines the general nature of an ecosystem. If the climate is always hot and dry, the soil will be sandy. The plants, animals and other life will be specially adapted for survival in a desert.
Two parts of an Ecosystem Biotic and Abiotic
Biotic
–
– factors that are or were alive/living in an ecosystem.
Examples:
animals, plants, insects, bacteria, fungi, and dead organisms.
Habitat and Niche
Each
organism confronts the challenge of survival in a different way. The niche an organism occupies is the sum of all the ways it utilizes the resources of its environment. Part of this role may be played as the predator and part may be played as the prey.
Niche
Example:
Snakes eat mice and other birds and rodents but snakes are also eaten by birds of prey and mice eat grasshoppers and other insects.
Niche
Habitat
Niche is not synonymous with habitat. Habitat is a place, niche is a pattern of living. Habitat is the address and niche is the job or occupation. If two organisms have the same habitat and similar niches, they will compete with each other over the available resources. (food- water -shelter)