微观经济学英文课件-第 章0
合集下载
《微观经济学》PPT课件
〔1〕静态分析法： 只分析某 一时点上经济变量的状况
〔2〕比较静态分析法：只分析 始点和终点的经济变量的 状 况
〔3〕动态分析法 引入时间因 素,分析某一时期内经济变量 的过程状况 .
三、经济模型
1、 经 济 模 型 〔economic
model>：用来表述经济
P price
变量之间的依存关系的理
李嘉图发展了亚当、斯密的思想,建立起了以劳动价 值论为基础,以分配论为中心的理论体系.并提出了 比较成本学说.他认为：每个国家都可以通过生产具 有相对优势的商品,通过国际贸易获得利益.
３、萨伊<Say>〔法〕 〔1767-1832〕
让·巴蒂斯特·萨伊
代表作《政治经济学概论》1803年
他认为：供给创造需求,储蓄必然转化 为投资,生产就是消费,供给就是需求, 生产过剩的危机是不会发生的.一个 国家生产者越多,产品越多,企业越多, 贸易越多社会财富越多.主张发展生 产.
2、按研究经济问题判断标准的不同可分为：
• 实证经济学<positive economics>：用事 实说明经济现象的现状如何？回答是什么 〔What is>如：某一时期的经济增长率为 8%,失业率是6%.
•规范经济学<normative economics>：以一 定的判断标准为出发点,力求回答应该是 什么〔What ought to be>.如：要实现8%的 年经济增长速度,政府应采取什么样的财 政政策和货币政策.某国的收入分配是不 是公平.
亚当、斯密的《国富论》
在《国富论》的序论中的第一句话就是： "被看作政治家或立法家的一门政治经济学 提出两个目标： 第一,给人民提供充足的收入或生计, 第二,给国家或社会提供充足的收入. 总之,其目的在于富国裕民".
〔2〕比较静态分析法：只分析 始点和终点的经济变量的 状 况
〔3〕动态分析法 引入时间因 素,分析某一时期内经济变量 的过程状况 .
三、经济模型
1、 经 济 模 型 〔economic
model>：用来表述经济
P price
变量之间的依存关系的理
李嘉图发展了亚当、斯密的思想,建立起了以劳动价 值论为基础,以分配论为中心的理论体系.并提出了 比较成本学说.他认为：每个国家都可以通过生产具 有相对优势的商品,通过国际贸易获得利益.
３、萨伊<Say>〔法〕 〔1767-1832〕
让·巴蒂斯特·萨伊
代表作《政治经济学概论》1803年
他认为：供给创造需求,储蓄必然转化 为投资,生产就是消费,供给就是需求, 生产过剩的危机是不会发生的.一个 国家生产者越多,产品越多,企业越多, 贸易越多社会财富越多.主张发展生 产.
2、按研究经济问题判断标准的不同可分为：
• 实证经济学<positive economics>：用事 实说明经济现象的现状如何？回答是什么 〔What is>如：某一时期的经济增长率为 8%,失业率是6%.
•规范经济学<normative economics>：以一 定的判断标准为出发点,力求回答应该是 什么〔What ought to be>.如：要实现8%的 年经济增长速度,政府应采取什么样的财 政政策和货币政策.某国的收入分配是不 是公平.
亚当、斯密的《国富论》
在《国富论》的序论中的第一句话就是： "被看作政治家或立法家的一门政治经济学 提出两个目标： 第一,给人民提供充足的收入或生计, 第二,给国家或社会提供充足的收入. 总之,其目的在于富国裕民".
迈克尔版本微观经济第一章ppt (英文版)
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
Two Big Economic Questions
Figure 1.1 shows the trends in what the Canadian economy has produced over the past 60 years. It shows the decline of agriculture, mining, construction, and manufacturing, and the expansion of services.
Chapter 1
What is Economics?
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
In this lecture, we will learn:
• What is Economics all about? • What are the two major branches of economics?
Choices that individuals, businesses and the entire society make in order to allocate their limited resources, determine their economic future and their economic well-being.
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
The Economic Way of Thinking
Choosing at the Margin
People make choices at the margin, which means that they evaluate the consequences of making incremental changes in the use of their resources. The benefit from pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal benefit. The opportunity cost of pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal cost.
Two Big Economic Questions
Figure 1.1 shows the trends in what the Canadian economy has produced over the past 60 years. It shows the decline of agriculture, mining, construction, and manufacturing, and the expansion of services.
Chapter 1
What is Economics?
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
In this lecture, we will learn:
• What is Economics all about? • What are the two major branches of economics?
Choices that individuals, businesses and the entire society make in order to allocate their limited resources, determine their economic future and their economic well-being.
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
The Economic Way of Thinking
Choosing at the Margin
People make choices at the margin, which means that they evaluate the consequences of making incremental changes in the use of their resources. The benefit from pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal benefit. The opportunity cost of pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal cost.
平狄克微观经济学课件英文01精品文档19页
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
4 of 18
1.1 THE THEMES OF MICROECONOMICS
Theories and Models
In economics, explanation and prediction are based on theories. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions.
Workers Workers also face constraints and make trade-offs. First, people must decide whether and when to enter the workforce. Second, workers face trade-offs in their choice of employment. Finally, workers must sometimes decide how many hours per week they wish to work, thereby trading off labor for leisure.
In a market economy, prices are determined by the interactions of consumers, workers, and firms. These interactions occur in markets—collections of buyers and sellers that together determine the price of a good.
《微观经济学英》PPT课件
Edited by Yong, E.L.
精选ppt
15
Continuously,
Microeconomics is also used for evaluating broad question in regards to government policy (although this is more to macroeconomics).
Edited by Yong, E.L.
精选ppt
8
Continuously,
If the firm produces 10 units of apple and 6 units of apple pie wants to increase the production of apple pie by one unit to the 7th unit. It has to forgo 1 unit of apple so that resources can be shifted to produce the additional apple pie; Opportunity Cost is thus 1.
3) Give a point to how this might be disturbed.
- If Health Ministry imposes a new law to reduce apple pie due to obesity in children and increase apple production, the producer may not be able to find the best combination of resources for the new plan of production set by the government.
微观经济学课件英文版 En-micro01
Economics
Relationship Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Different e.g.object of study ,method of analysis Contact Microeconomics is the foundation of macroeconomics Complementary Both of them can research the same economy phenomenon from different visual angle .
01:14
5
An object of study
In short, Economics studies optimal allocation and full use of resources. In detail ：
Microeconomics What ,how,for whom Macroeconomics Resources are used fully or idly? How does inflation affect purchasing power? Can economy grow?
01:14
8
Theory System of Economics
Two branches：Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics Another name Theory base Basic assumptions Founder Subject Key theory Major aim Individual Economics Macroeconomics Overall Economics
Relationship Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Different e.g.object of study ,method of analysis Contact Microeconomics is the foundation of macroeconomics Complementary Both of them can research the same economy phenomenon from different visual angle .
01:14
5
An object of study
In short, Economics studies optimal allocation and full use of resources. In detail ：
Microeconomics What ,how,for whom Macroeconomics Resources are used fully or idly? How does inflation affect purchasing power? Can economy grow?
01:14
8
Theory System of Economics
Two branches：Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics Another name Theory base Basic assumptions Founder Subject Key theory Major aim Individual Economics Macroeconomics Overall Economics
微观经济学原理英文--Thinking Like an Economist ppt课件
Some Familiar Models
A model of human anatomy from high school biology class
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© Accord/
5
Some Familiar Models
© Olga Rosi/
A model airplane
6
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© ittipon/
7
Our First Model:
The Circular-Flow Diagram
The Circular-Flow Diagram: a visual model of the economy, shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms
范里安微观经济学英文课件Ch01
Then p = $490 QD = 2.
Modeling Apartment Demand
The lower is the rental rate p, the larger is the quantity of close apartments demanded
p QD .
The quantity demanded vs. price graph is the market demand curve for close apartments.
Modeling the Apartment Market
How are apartment rents determined? Suppose
apartments are close or distant, but otherwise identical
distant apartments rents are exogenous and known
Market Supply Curve for Apartments
p
100
QS
Competitive Market Equilibrium
“low” rental price quantity demanded of close apartments exceeds quantity available price will rise.
--- John Maynard Keynes
Economic Modeling
What causes what in economic systems?
At what level of detail shall we model an economic phenomenon?
Modeling Apartment Demand
The lower is the rental rate p, the larger is the quantity of close apartments demanded
p QD .
The quantity demanded vs. price graph is the market demand curve for close apartments.
Modeling the Apartment Market
How are apartment rents determined? Suppose
apartments are close or distant, but otherwise identical
distant apartments rents are exogenous and known
Market Supply Curve for Apartments
p
100
QS
Competitive Market Equilibrium
“low” rental price quantity demanded of close apartments exceeds quantity available price will rise.
--- John Maynard Keynes
Economic Modeling
What causes what in economic systems?
At what level of detail shall we model an economic phenomenon?
微观经济学英文版PPT课件
Or, the opportunity cost that use a certain resource is the highest price of abandoning other uses of this resource
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
depending on whether impact on bystander is adverse or beneficial.
Introduction
▪ Self-interested buyers and sellers neglect the
external costs or benefits of their actions, so the market outcome is not efficient.
▪ Noise pollution from
construction projects
▪ Health risk to others from
second-hand smoke
▪ Talking on cell phone while driving makes the
roads less safe for others
▪ One type of market failure:
externality, the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.
▪ Externalities can be negative or positive,
Recap of Welfare Economics
P $5
4
3 $2.50
The market for gasoline
The market eq’m maximizes consumer + producer surplus.
Supply curve shows private cost, the costs directly incurred by sellers.
P The market for gasoline
$5
4
external
cost
Social cost = private + external cost
Supply (private cost)
3
External cost
= value of the
2
negative impact
on bystanders
▪ What is an externality? ▪ Why do externalities make market outcomes
inefficient?
▪ What public policies aim to solve the problem of
externalities?
▪ How can people sometimes solve the problem of
Social optimal quantity
cost is 20 gallons.
4
S
3
At any Q < 20,
value of additional gas
2
exceeds social cost.
D At any Q > 20,
1
social cost of the
last gallon is
externalities on their own? Why do such private solutions not always work?
3
Introduction
▪ One of the principles from Chapter 1:
Markets are usually a good way to organize economy activity. In absence of market failures, the competitive market outcome is efficient, maximizes total surplus.
1
= $1 per gallon
(value of harm
0
from smog,
0
10
20
30 Q greenhouse gases)
(gallons)
Analysis of a Negative Externality
P The market for gasoline
The socially
$5
2 Demand curve shows
1
private value, the value to buyers (the prices they
are willing to pay).
0
0
10 20 25 30 Q
(gallons)
Analysis of a Negative Externality
Examples of Negative Externalities
▪ Air pollution from a factory
▪ The neighbor’s barking dog
▪ Late-night stereo blasting from
the dorm room next to yours
4
S
is greater thanቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
social optimum
▪ Another principle from Chapter 1:
Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes. In presence of externalities, public policy can improve efficiency.
0
greater than its value
0
10 20 25 30 Q to society.
(gallons)
Analysis of a Negative Externality
P The market for gasoline
$5
Social Market eq’m
cost
(Q = 25)
20XX年复习资料
大学复习资料
专 业： 班 级： 科目老师： 日 期：
10
Externalities
Economics P R I N C I P L E S O F N. Gregory Mankiw
Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
Introduction
▪ Self-interested buyers and sellers neglect the
external costs or benefits of their actions, so the market outcome is not efficient.
▪ Noise pollution from
construction projects
▪ Health risk to others from
second-hand smoke
▪ Talking on cell phone while driving makes the
roads less safe for others
▪ One type of market failure:
externality, the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.
▪ Externalities can be negative or positive,
Recap of Welfare Economics
P $5
4
3 $2.50
The market for gasoline
The market eq’m maximizes consumer + producer surplus.
Supply curve shows private cost, the costs directly incurred by sellers.
P The market for gasoline
$5
4
external
cost
Social cost = private + external cost
Supply (private cost)
3
External cost
= value of the
2
negative impact
on bystanders
▪ What is an externality? ▪ Why do externalities make market outcomes
inefficient?
▪ What public policies aim to solve the problem of
externalities?
▪ How can people sometimes solve the problem of
Social optimal quantity
cost is 20 gallons.
4
S
3
At any Q < 20,
value of additional gas
2
exceeds social cost.
D At any Q > 20,
1
social cost of the
last gallon is
externalities on their own? Why do such private solutions not always work?
3
Introduction
▪ One of the principles from Chapter 1:
Markets are usually a good way to organize economy activity. In absence of market failures, the competitive market outcome is efficient, maximizes total surplus.
1
= $1 per gallon
(value of harm
0
from smog,
0
10
20
30 Q greenhouse gases)
(gallons)
Analysis of a Negative Externality
P The market for gasoline
The socially
$5
2 Demand curve shows
1
private value, the value to buyers (the prices they
are willing to pay).
0
0
10 20 25 30 Q
(gallons)
Analysis of a Negative Externality
Examples of Negative Externalities
▪ Air pollution from a factory
▪ The neighbor’s barking dog
▪ Late-night stereo blasting from
the dorm room next to yours
4
S
is greater thanቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
social optimum
▪ Another principle from Chapter 1:
Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes. In presence of externalities, public policy can improve efficiency.
0
greater than its value
0
10 20 25 30 Q to society.
(gallons)
Analysis of a Negative Externality
P The market for gasoline
$5
Social Market eq’m
cost
(Q = 25)
20XX年复习资料
大学复习资料
专 业： 班 级： 科目老师： 日 期：
10
Externalities
Economics P R I N C I P L E S O F N. Gregory Mankiw
Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: