工程建筑电气文献与外文翻译
(完整版)建筑电气文献及外文翻译
建筑电气电气工程设计包括两个主要的设计方面。
主要是一部分的电能的转换及分配和电力的供配、照明系统、防雷接地系统。
一般来说,建筑主要的变化包括:高压和低压配电系统、变压器、备用电源系统。
电力系统包括配电和控制，室内和室外照明系统包括所有类型的照明，防雷系统包括入侵波防护、闪电传感器、接地、等电位连接和局部等电位连接等。
辅助等电位连接等。
在短短的20年里,系统在技术和产品的面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化。
许多的设计理念也发生了巨大的变化。
开关设备如高压系统的第一个断路器油断路器，后来油断路器的逐步发展,不仅规模大,但是一般都包含油物质。
由于开关设备尺寸较大,我们还必须建立独立的设备房间,占据了大量的建筑面积。
现在真空断路器和六氟化硫断路器,不仅体积小,而且短路容量大，外壳尺寸远小于原来的橱柜，并且断路器没有任何油,防火性能大大提高。
而且断路器和其他低压设备在一个房间里,这样即节省空间又方便管理。
过去大容量的低压断路器,短路电流容量逐渐变大,规模也逐渐变小,而且更加稳定,使系统运行更加安全可靠,为设计带来了方便。
向着智能化低压断路器方向发展,断路器各种参数可以通过总线工业控制,信号直接传输到计算机。
干式变压器的出现,对建筑电气设计带来了极大的方便,因为没有变压器油泄漏和火灾的可能性,以便它可以很容易地安装在建筑本身,甚至直接到负荷中心。
它还消除变压器对油的需求限制,构建大容量设备时可以使用干式变压器。
在实际工程设计中曾应用四个台湾2500kVA干式变压器。
在使用紧急发电机方面,从性能和尺寸的角度来看,比过去进步很多。
除了使用柴油发电机；应急照明使用EPS备用电源；中断供电在一个毫秒以内的设备,可以使用UPS。
电力设备的控制从单一元件的控制到控制继电器控制变化。
除了更好的性能的各种组件的规模较小,也降低控制箱的规模。
由于数字技术更多的运用于控制能达到最佳的控制状态来控制设备。
进一步提高了节能的效果。
照明系统从过去单一光源、灯具和低效率的状态向更广泛的前景发展。
建筑电气外文文献
建筑电气外文文献Increasing an individual’s quality of life via theirintelligent homeThe hypothesis of this project is: can an individual’s quality of life be increased by integrating ?intelligent technology? into theirhome environment. This hypothesis is very broad, and hence the researchers will investigate it with regard to various, potentiallyover-lapping, sub-sections of the population. In particular, the projectwill focus on sub-sections with health-care needs, because it isbelieved that these sub-sections will receive the greatest benefit fromthis enhanced approach to housing. Two research questions flow from this hypothesis: what are the health-care issues that could be improved via?intelligenthousing?, and what are the technological issues needing to be solvedto allow ?intelligent housing? to be constructed? While a small numberofinitiatives exist, outside Canada, which claim to investigate thisarea, none has the global vision of this area. Work tends to be in smallareas with only a limited idea of how the individual pieces contributetowards a greater goal. This project has a very strong sense of what itis trying to attempt, and believes that without this global directionthe other initiatives will fail to address the large important issuesdescribed within various parts of this proposal, and that with thecorrect global direction the sum of the parts will produce much greater rewards than the individual components. This new field has manyparallels with the fieldof business process engineering, where many products fail due toonly considering a sub-set of the issues, typically the technologysubset. Successful projects and implementations only started flow when people started to realize that a holistic approach was essential. Thisholis tic requirement also applies to the field of ?smart housing?; if we genuinelywant it to have benefit to the community rather than justtechnological interest. Having said this, much of the work outlinedbelow is extremely important and contains a great deal of novelty within their individual topics.Health-Care and Supportive housing:To date, there has been little coordinated research on how ?smarthouse? technologies can assist frail seniors in remaining at home,and/or reduce the costs experienced by their informal caregivers. Thus,the purpose of the proposed research is to determine the usefulness of a variety of residential technologies in helping seniors maintain their independence and in helping caregivers sustain their caring activities.The overall design of the research is to focus on two groups of seniors. The first is seniors who are being discharged from an acutecare setting with the potential for reduced ability to remainindependent. An example is seniors who have had hip replacement surgery.This group may benefit from technologies that would help them becomeadapted to their reduced mobility. The second is seniors who have achronic health problem suchas dementia and who are receiving assistance from an informalcaregiver living at a distance. Informal caregivers living at a distancefrom the cared-for senior are at high risk of caregiver burnout.Monitoring the cared-for senior for health and safety is one of theimportant tasks done by such caregivers. Devices such as floor sensors(to determine whether the senior has fallen) and access controls toensure safety from intruders or to indicate elopement by a senior withdementia could reduce caregiver time spent commuting to monitor thesenior.For both samples, trials would consist of extended periods ofresidence within the ‘smart house’. Samples of seniors beingdischarged from acute care would be recruited from acute care hospitals.Samples of seniors being cared for by informal caregivers at a distancecould be recruited through dementia diagnosis clinics or through requestfrom caregivers for respite.Limited amounts of clinical and health service research has beenconducted upon seniors (with complex health problems) in controlled environments such as that represented by the ?sm art house?. For example, it is known that night vision of the aged is poor but there is verylittle information regarding the optimum level of lighting afterwakening or for night activities. Falling is a major issue for olderpersons; and it results in injuries, disabilities and additional healthcare costs. For those with dementing illnesses, safety is the key issue during performanceof the activities of daily living (ADL). It is vital for us to beable to monitor where patients would fall during ADL. Patients and caregivers activities would be monitored and data will be collected inthe following conditions.Projects would concentrate on sub-populations, with a view to collecting scientific data about their conditions and the impact of technology upon their life styles. For example:-Persons with stable chronic disability following a stroke and their caregivers: to research optimum models, types and location of various sensors for such patients (these patients may have neglect, hemiplegia, aphasia and judgment problems); to research pattern of movements during the ambulation, use of wheel chairs or canes on various type of floor material; to research caregivers support through e-health technology; to monitor frequencies and location of the falls; to evaluate the value of smart appliances for stroke patients and caregivers; to evaluate information and communication technology set up for Tele-homecare; to evaluate technology interface for Tele-homecare staff and clients; to evaluate the most effective way of lighting the various part of thehouse; to modify or develop new technology to enhance comfort and convenience of stroke patients and caregivers; to evaluate the value of surveillance systems in assisting caregivers.- Persons with Alzheimer’s disease and their caregivers: to evaluate theeffect of smart house (unfamiliar environment) on their ability to conduct self-care with and without prompting; to evaluate their abilityto use unfamiliar equipment in the smart house; to evaluate and monitor perso ns with Alzheimer’s disease movement pattern; to evaluate and monitor falls or wandering; to evaluate the type and model of sensors to monitor patients; to evaluate the effect of wall color for patients andcare givers; to evaluate the value of proper lighting.Technology - Ubiquitous Computing:The ubiquitous computing infrastructure is viewed as the backbone of the ?intelligence? within the house. In common with all ubiquitous computing systems, the primary components with this system will be: the array of sensors, the communication infrastructure and the software control (based upon software agents) infrastructure. Again, it is considered essential that this topic is investigated holistically.Sensor design: The focus of research here will be development of (micro)-sensors and sensor arrays using smart materials, e.g. piezoelectric materials, magneto strictive materials and shape memory alloys (SMAs). In particular, SMAs are a class of smart materials thatare attractive candidates for sensing and actuating applicationsprimarily because of their extraordinarily high work output/volume ratio compared to other smart materials. SMAs undergo a solid-solid phase transformation when subjected to an appropriate regime of mechanical andthermal load, resulting in a macroscopic change in dimensions and shape; this change is recoverable by reversing the thermo mechanical loading and is known as a one-way shape memory effect. Due to this material feature, SMAs can be used as both a sensor and an actuator. A very recent development is an effort to incorporate SMAs in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) so that these materials can be used as integral parts of micro-sensors and actuators.MEMS are an area of activity where some of the technology is mature enough for possible commercial applications to emerge. Some examples are micro-chemical analyzers, humidity and pressure sensors, MEMS for flow control, synthetic jet actuators and optical MEMS (for the nextgeneration internet). Incorporating SMAs in MEMS is a relatively neweffort in the research community; to the best of our knowledge, only one group (Prof. Greg Carman, Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles) has successfully demonstrated the dynamic properties of SMA-based MEMS. Here, the focus will be to harness the sensing and actuation capabilities of smart materials to design and fabricate useful and economically viable micro-sensors and actuators.Communications: Construction and use of an ?intelligent house?offersextensive opportunities to analyze and verify the operation ofwireless and wired home-based communication services. While some of these are already widely explored, many of the issues have receivedlittle or noattention. It is proposed to investigate the following issues: - Measurement of channel statistics in a residential environment: knowledge of the indoor wireless channel statistics is critical forenabling the design of efficient transmitters and receivers, as wellas determining appropriate levels of signal power, data transferrates,modulation techniques, and error control codes for the wirelesslinks.Interference, channel distortion, and spectral limitations thatarises as a result of equipment for the disabled (wheelchairs, IVstands, monitoring equipment, etc.) is of particular interest. -Design, analysis, and verification of enhanced antennas for indoor wireless communications. Indoor wireless communications present the need for compact and rugged antennas. New antenna designs, optimized for desired data rates, frequency of operation, and spatialrequirements, could be considered.- Verification and analysis of operation of indoor wireless networks:wireless networking standards for home automation have recently been commercialized. Integration of one or more of these systems into thesmart house would provide the opportunity to verify the operation ofthese systems, examine their limitations, and determine whether thestandards are over-designed to meet typical requirements. - Determination o f effective communications wiring plans for ?smart homes.?: there exist performance/cost tradeoffs regarding wired andwireless infrastructure. Measurement and analysis of variouswireless network configurations will allow for determination ofappropriate network designs.- Consideration of coordinating indoor communication systems with larger-scale communication systems: indoor wireless networks are local to the vicinity of the residence. There exist broader-scalenetworks, such as the cellular telephone network, fixed wirelessnetworks, and satellite-based communication networks. The viability and usefulness of compatibility between these services for thepurposes of health-care monitoring, the tracking of dementia patients,etc needs to be considered.Software Agents and their Engineering: An embedded-agent can be considered the equivalent of supplying a friendly expert with a product. Embedded-agents for Intelligent Buildings pose a number of challenges both at the level of the design methodology as well as the resulting detailed implementation. Projects in this area will include:- Architectures for large-scale agent systems for human inhabited environment: successful deployment of agent technology inresidential/extended care environments requires the design of new architectures for these systems. A suitable architecture should be simple and flexible to provide efficient agent operation in realtime.At the same time, it should be hierarchical and rigid to allowenforcement of rules and restrictions ensuring safety of the inhabitants of the building system. These contradictory requirements have to be resolved by designing a new architecture that will be sharedby all agents in the system.- Robust Decision and Control Structures for Learning Agents: to achieve life-long learning abilities, the agents need to be equippedwith powerful mechanisms for learning and adaptation. Isolated use of some traditional learning systems is not possible due to high-expected lifespan of these agents. We intend to develop hybrid learning systems combining several learning and representation techniques in an emergent fashion. Such systems will apply different approaches based on their own maturity and on the amount of change necessary to adapt to a new situation or learn new behaviors. To cope with high levels of non-determinism (from such sources as interaction with unpredictable human users), robust behaviors will be designed and implemented capable of dealing with different types of uncertainty (e.g. probabilistic andfuzzy uncertainty) using advanced techniques for sensory and data fusion, and inference mechanisms based on techniques of computational intelligence.- Automatic modeling of real-world objects, including individual householders: The problem s here are: ?the locating and extracting?of information essential for representation of personality andhabitsof an individual; development of systems that ?follow and adopt to?individual’s mood and behavior. The solutions, based on data miningand evolutionary techniques, will utilize: (1) clustering methods,classification tress and association discovery techniques for theclassification and partition of important relationships among differentattributes for various features belonging to an individual, this is anessential element in finding behavioral patterns of an individual; and(2) neuro-fuzzy and rule-based systems with learning and adaptation capabilities used to develop models of an individual’s characteristics, this is essential for estimation and predictionof potential activities and forward planning.- Investigation of framework characteristics for ubiquitouscomputing: Consider distributed and internet-based systems, whichperhaps have the most in common with ubiquitous computing, here again,the largest impact is not from specific software engineering processes,but is from available software frameworks or ‘toolkits’, which allow the rapidconstruction and deployment of many of the systems in these areas. Hence, it is proposed that the construction of the ubiquitous computing infrastructure for the ?smart house? should also be utilized as asoftware engineering study. Researchers would start by visiting thefew genuine ubiquitous computing systems in existence today, to try tobuild up an initial picture of the functionality of the framework.(This approach has obviously parallels with the approach of Gamma,Helm, Johnson and Vlissides deployed for their groundbreaking work on?design patterns?. Unfortunately, in comparison to their wo rk, the sample size here will be extremely small, and hence, additional workwill be required to produce reliable answers.) This initial frameworkwill subsequently be used as the basis of the smart house’s software system. Undoubtedly, this initial framework will substantiallyevolve during the construction of the system, as the requirements ofubiquitous computing environment unfold. It is believed that such close involvement in the construction of a system is a necessary component in producing a truly useful and reliable artifact. By the end of theconstruction phase, it is expected to produce a stable framework, whichcan demonstrate that a large number of essential characteristics (orpatterns) have been found for ubiquitous computing.- Validation and Verification (V&V) issues for ubiquitous computing:it is hoped that the house will provide a test-bed for investigatingvalidation and verification (V&V) issues for ubiquitous computing. Thehouse will be used as an assessment vehicle to determine which, if any,V&V techniques, tools or approaches are useful within this environment. Further, it is planned to make this trial facility available toresearchers worldwide to increase the use of this vehicle. In thelong-term, it is expected that the facilities offered by thisinfrastructure will evolve into an internationally recognized?benchmarking? site for V&V activities in ubiquitous computing.Other technological areas:The project also plans to investigate a number of additional areas,such as lighting systems, security systems, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, etc. For example, with regard to energy efficiency, theproject currently anticipates undertaking two studies:- The Determination of the effectiveness of insulating shutters:Exterior insulating shutters over time are not effective because ofsealing problems. Interior shutters are superior and could be usedto help reduce heat losses. However, their movement and positioning needs appropriate control to prevent window breakage due to thermal shock. The initiation of an opening or closing cycle would be basedon measured exterior light levels; current internal heating levels;current and expected use of the house by the current inhabitants,etc. - A comparison of energy generation alternatives: The energy use patterns can easily be monitored by instrumenting each appliance.Natural gas and electricity are natural choices for the main energysupply. The conversion of the chemical energy in the fuel to heatspace and warm water can be done by conventional means or by use ofa total energy system such as a Volvo Penta system. With this system,the fuel is used to power a small internal combustion engine, whichin turn drives a generator for electrical energy production. Waste heatfrom the coolant and the exhaust are used to heat water for domestic use and space heating. Excess electricity is fed back into the power grid or stored in batteries. At a future date, it is planned to substitute afuel cell for the total energy system allowing for a direct comparison of the performance of two advanced systems.。
电气外文文献及翻译
24.437 电力电子正弦脉宽调制如图1所示，电压源逆变器的开关可以按要求打开和关闭。
用最简单的方法，顶部的开关打开，如果每个周期打开和关闭，则方波的波形结果只有一次。
但是如果改进谐波的数据则在个周期内可以实现多次打开关闭。
图1 简单的电压源逆变器 如图2所示，用最直接的执行方式，所期望的输出电压是通过比较预期的参考波形与高频率的三角载波(调制信号) 生成的，无论直流电压是正还是负，信号电压的输出只根据信号电压是否大于或小于载波波形，要注意的是，在此期间一个三角载波周期的平均电压即信号的振幅加到负载形成正比(假定不变)。
经过一段时间，三角载波的负荷是正比于幅值的信号，在这期间，由此产生的方波包含有在它低频元件所需波形的幅值，也具有较高频率分量在一个载波临近频率的幅值。
需要注意的是，由于PWM 使得总谐波不失真，均方根的平均交流电压波形幅值仍与直流电压相等。
谐波分量只是转移到了更高的平率范围，并由电感式交流系统自动过滤。
当正弦波调制信号的振幅为Am ，三角载波的振幅为Ac 时，它们的调制指数就是m=Am/ Ac 。
因此，控制调制指数控制着输出电压的幅值。
如图3所示，fc/fm=21 ，t=L/R=T/3，T 为基本周期，由于感性元件的存在，高频成分不能明显的传播到交流网络(或负载)，所以具有足够高的载波频率。
然而，由于具有较高的载波频率，从而导致在更多的功率损耗。
所以，在电力系统的应用中，通常认为使用2-15kHz 的开关频率最为合适。
此外，在三相系统中，建议使用)(,3N k k f f mc ∈=，使得三个波形对称。
图2 主要的脉宽调制图3 SPWM的fc/fm=48，L/R=T/3如图4所示，该过程是比较合适的，因为在该图中有三角载波，其中没有交集的载体作为信号周期。
然而，这种“超调”在一定量的范围内往往是允许获得更大的交流电压，使电压频谱呈现出差异。
需要注意的是，使用一个额外的比率形成一个反周期超过360°的对称波形。
电气工程及其自动化专业外文文献英文文献外文翻译方面
1、 外文原文（复印件）A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerT h e sin gle -ch ip mi c ro co m p u t e r is t h e cu lm in at io n of b ot h t h e d e ve lo p me nt of t h e d ig ita l co m p u t e r a n d t h e i nte g rated c ircu it a rgu ab l y t h e to w mo st s ign if i cant i nve nt i o n s of t h e 20t h c e nt u ry [1].T h ese to w t yp e s of arch ite ct u re are fo u n d in s in gle -ch ip m i cro co m p u te r. S o m e e mp l oy t h e sp l it p ro gra m /d at a m e m o r y of t h e H a r va rd arch ite ct u re , s h o wn in -5A , ot h e rs fo l lo w t h e p h i lo so p hy, wid e l y ad a p ted fo r ge n e ral -p u rp o se co m p u te rs an d m i cro p ro ce ss o rs , of m a kin g n o l o g i ca l d i st in ct i o n b et we e n p ro gra m an d d ata m e m o r y as in t h e P rin c eto n a rch ite ct u re , sh o wn in -5A.In ge n e ra l te r m s a s in g le -ch ip m ic ro co m p u t e r is ch a ra cte r ized b y t h e in co r p o rat io n of all t h e u n its of a co mp u te r into a s in gle d e vi ce , as s h o w n in F i g3-5A-3.-5A-1A Harvard type-5A. A conventional Princeton computerProgrammemory Datamemory CPU Input& Output unitmemoryCPU Input& Output unitResetInterruptsPowerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).RO M is u su a l l y fo r t h e p e r m an e nt , n o n -vo lat i le sto rage of an ap p l i cat io n s p ro g ram .M a ny m i c ro co m p u te rs a n d m i cro co nt ro l le rs are inte n d ed fo r h i gh -vo lu m e ap p l i cat io n s a n d h e n ce t h e e co n o m i cal man u fa c t u re of t h e d e vi ces re q u ires t h at t h e co nt e nts of t h e p ro gra m me mo r y b e co mm i ed p e r m a n e nt l y d u r in g t h e m a n u fa ct u re of c h ip s . C lea rl y, t h i s imp l ies a r i go ro u s ap p ro a ch to ROM co d e d e ve lo p m e nt s in ce ch an ges can n o t b e mad e af te r m an u fa ct u re .T h i s d e ve l o p m e nt p ro ces s m ay i nvo l ve e mu l at i o n u sin g a so p h ist icated d e ve lo p m e nt syste m wit h a h ard wa re e mu l at i o n capab i l it y as we ll as t h e u s e of p o we rf u l sof t war e to o l s.So m e m an u fa ct u re rs p ro vi d e ad d it i o n a l ROM o p t io n s b y in clu d in g in t h e i r ran ge d e v ic es w it h (o r inte n d ed fo r u s e wit h ) u se r p ro g ram m a b le m e mo r y. T h e s im p lest of t h e se i s u su a l l y d e v i ce wh i ch can o p e rat e in a m i cro p ro ce s so r mo d e b y u s in g s o m e of t h e in p u t /o u t p u t l in es as an ad d res s a n d d ata b u s fo r a cc es sin g exte rn a l m e m o r y. T h is t yp e o f d e vi ce can b e h ave f u n ct i o n al l y as t h e s in gle ch ip m i cro co m p u t e r f ro m wh i ch it i s d e ri ved a lb e it wit h re st r icted I/O an d a m o d if ied exte rn a l c ircu it. T h e u s e of t h e se RO M le ss d e vi ces i s co mmo n e ve n in p ro d u ct io n circu i ts wh e re t h e vo lu m e d o e s n ot ju st if y t h e d e ve lo p m e nt co sts of cu sto m o n -ch ip ROM [2];t h e re ca n st i ll b e a si gn if i cant sav in g in I/O an d o t h e r ch ip s co m pared to a External Timing components System clock Timer/ Counter Serial I/O Prarallel I/O RAM ROMCPUco nve nt io n al m i c ro p ro ces so r b ased circ u it. M o re exa ct re p l a ce m e nt fo rRO M d e v ice s can b e o b tain ed in t h e fo rm of va ria nts w it h 'p i g g y-b a c k'E P ROM(E rasab le p ro gramm ab le ROM )s o cket s o r d e v ice s w it h E P ROMin stead of ROM 。
电气工程的外文文献(及翻译)
电气工程的外文文献(及翻译)文献一：Electric power consumption prediction model based on grey theory optimized by genetic algorithms本文介绍了一种基于混合灰色理论与遗传算法优化的电力消耗预测模型。
该模型使用时间序列数据来建立模型，并使用灰色理论来解决数据的不确定性问题。
通过遗传算法的优化，模型能够更好地预测电力消耗，并取得了优异的预测结果。
此模型可以在大规模电力网络中使用，并具有较高的可行性和可靠性。
文献二：Intelligent control for energy-efficient operation of electric motors本文研究了一种智能控制方法，用于电动机的节能运行。
该方法提供了一种更高效的控制策略，使电动机能够在不同负载条件下以较低的功率运行。
该智能控制使用模糊逻辑方法来确定最佳的控制参数，并使用遗传算法来优化参数。
实验结果表明，该智能控制方法可以显著降低电动机的能耗，节省电能。
文献三：Fault diagnosis system for power transformers based on dissolved gas analysis本文介绍了一种基于溶解气体分析的电力变压器故障诊断系统。
通过对变压器油中的气体样品进行分析，可以检测和诊断变压器内部存在的故障类型。
该系统使用人工神经网络模型来对气体分析数据进行处理和分类。
实验结果表明，该系统可以准确地检测和诊断变压器的故障，并有助于实现有效的维护和管理。
文献四：Power quality improvement using series active filter based on iterative learning control technique本文研究了一种基于迭代研究控制技术的串联有源滤波器用于电能质量改善的方法。
外文翻译-建筑电气专业毕业设计英文翻译-变压器外文文献翻译-中英文对照翻译
中文2795字第一部位译文部分变压器摘要：变压器是变电所的主要设备，功能是实现电网电压的等级变换，基本工作原理是电磁感应。
变配电所是实现电压等级变换和电能分配的场所。
对供电电源进行电压等级变换，应对电能进行重新分配的场所称为变电所。
建筑变电所是供配电系统的枢纽，供电电源由电网引到变电所，在变电所完成降压，电能分配等功能。
关键词:变电所；变压器；继电保护；1. 介绍要从远端发电厂送出电能，必须应用高压输电。
因为最终的负荷，在一些点高电压必须降低。
变压器能使电力系统各个部分运行在电压不同的等级。
本文我们讨论的原则和电力变压器的应用。
2. 双绕组变压器变压器的最简单形式包括两个磁通相互耦合的固定线圈。
两个线圈之所以相互耦合，是因为它们连接着共同的磁通。
在电力应用中，使用层式铁芯变压器(本文中提到的)。
变压器是高效率的，因为它没有旋转损失，因此在电压等级转换的过程中，能量损失比较少。
典型的效率范围在92到99%，上限值适用于大功率变压器。
从交流电源流入电流的一侧被称为变压器的一次侧绕组或者是原边。
它在铁圈中建立了磁通φ，它的幅值和方向都会发生周期性的变化。
磁通连接的第二个绕组被称为变压器的二次侧绕组或者是副边。
磁通是变化的；因此依据楞次定律，电磁感应在二次侧产生了电压。
变压器在原边接收电能的同时也在向副边所带的负荷输送电能。
这就是变压器的作用。
3. 变压器的工作原理当二次侧电路开路是，即使原边被施以正弦电压Vp ，也是没有能量转移的。
外加电压在一次侧绕组中产生一个小电流Iθ。
这个空载电流有两项功能：（1）在铁芯中产生电磁通，该磁通在零和±φm 之间做正弦变化，φm 是铁芯磁通的最大值；（2）它的一个分量说明了铁芯中的涡流和磁滞损耗。
这两种相关的损耗被称为铁芯损耗。
变压器空载电流Iθ一般大约只有满载电流的2%—5%。
因为在空载时，原边绕组中的铁芯相当于一个很大的电抗，空载电流的相位大约将滞后于原边电压相位90º。
电气外文文献及翻译---高层建筑供配电系统设计 精品
Power supply system of high-rise building designAbstract: With the continuous development of city size, more and more high-rise buildings, therefore, high-rise building electrical design to the designers had to face. In this paper, an engineering example, describes the electrical design of high-rise buildings and some of the more typical issues of universal significance, combined with the actual practice of an engineering solution to the problem described.Key words: high-rise building; electrical design; distribution; load calculation1 Project OverviewThe commercial complex project, with a total construction area of 405570m2, on the ground floor area of 272330m2, underground construction area of 133240m2, the main height of 99m. Project components are: two office buildings, construction area is 70800m2, 28 layers, the standard story is 3.2m.2 Load Calculation1) Load characteristics: electric load, much larger than the "national civil engineering technical measures" Large 120W/m2 indicators, especially in the electricity load more food, and different types of food and beverage catering different cultural backgrounds also high.2) the uncertainty of a large load, because the commercial real estate rents are often based on market demand, and constantly adjust the nature of the shops, making the load in the dynamic changes.3) There is no specification and technical measures in the different types of commercial projects refer to the detailed parameters of the shops, engineering design load calculation in the lack of data, in most cases to rely on staff with previous experience in engineering design calculations. Load the selection of parameters: for the above problems, the load calculation, the first developer of sales and good communication, to determine the form of layers of the forms and nature of floor area, which is calculated on the basis of electrical load basis; followed to determine parameter index within the unit area of shops is also very important and complex because there is no clear indicator of the specification can refer to; and different levels of economic development between cities is not balanced, power indices are also different; will be in the same city, different regions have different consumer groups .3) the need to factor in the choice: parameters determined, the need for load calculation. Need to factor commonly used method, the calculation will not repeat them. Need to explore is the need for coefficient selection, which in the current specifications, manuals and the "unified technical measures" is also not clear requirements, based on years of design experience that most end shops in the distribution or level within the household distribution box with case Kx generally take a while, in the calculation of the loop route to take 0.7 to 0.8, the distribution transformers in the substation calculations take 0.4 to 0.6.3 substations setLoad calculation based on the results of this project the total installed capacity of transformer 43400Kv.A, after repeated consultations with the power company, respectively, in the project innorthern, central and southern three sections set the three buildings into three power substations, 1 # set 6 sets 2500Kv.A transformer substation, take the northern section of power supply; 2 # 4 1600Kv.A transformer substations located, plus 6 sets 2000Kv.A transformers, take the middle of the power supply, in addition to 5 Taiwan 10Kv.A high-pressure water chillers (total 4000Kv.A); 3 # substation located 2 units plus 2 units 1000Kv.A 2000Kv.A transformers, take the southern section of A, B two office supply. 10Kv power configuration of this project into two points, each at the two 10Kv lines, the power company under the provisions of 10Kv power capacity: maximum load per channel is about to 11000Kv.A, two is the 22000Kv.A, design # 1 , 3 # combination of a substation 10Kv, power line, with a total capacity of 21000Kv.A; 2 # substation transformers and 10Kv, 10Kv chillers sharing a power line, with a total capacity of 22400Kv.A. The design of the substation layout, in addition to meeting regulatory requirements, it also need to consider the high-pressure cabinets, transformers and low voltage power supply cabinet by order of arrangement, especially in low voltage distribution cabinet to feed the cable smooth and easy inspection duty problems are not seriously consider the construction of the cable crossing will cause more long detour, a waste of floor space, and convenient inspections and other issues.4 small fire load power supplyIn the design of large commercial projects often encounter small fire load of electrical equipment and more dispersed distribution, if fed by a substation, a substation will be fed a lot of low-voltage low-current counter circuit breaking capacity circuit breaker and conductor of the dynamic and thermal stability in a certain extent. According to GB50045-1995 "fire protection design of tall buildings," rule "should be used in Fire Equipment dedicated power supply circuit, the power distribution equipment shall be provided with clear signs." Interpretation of the provisions of the power supply circuit means "from the low-voltage main distribution room (including the distribution of electrical room) to last a distribution box, and the general distribution lines should be strictly separated." In this design, the use of methods to increase the level of distribution, that is different from the substation bus segments, respectively, a fire fed a special circuit, set in place two distribution cabinets, distribution cabinets and then the resulting radial allocated to the end of the dual power to vote each box, so that not only meets the specification requirements for dedicated power supply circuit, but also to avoid feeding the substation level of many small current loop.5, the choice of circuit breaker and conductorCommercial real estate projects use the room as the uncertainty in the choice of circuit breakers and conductors must be considered in a certain margin to meet the needs caused by adjustment of the load changes. According to this characteristic, increased use in the design of the plug bus-powered, not only meet the requirements of large carrying capacity, and also allows the flexibility to increase supply and distribution, are reserved in each shaft in the plug-box backup in order to change, according to changes in upper and lower load, to adjust. For example: a bus is responsible for a shaft 1 to 3 layers of power, when a layer due to the change in capacity increases, while the 3-layer capacity is reduced, you can use a spare plug box layer off the 3-layer 1 layer capacity rationing . This level distribution in the substation, select the circuit breaker to choose the setting value when the circuit breaker to adjust to changes at the end to adjust the load setting value; in the bus and the transformer circuit breaker according to the choice of the general framework of values to select . For example: Route certain equipment capacity 530Kv, Kx take 0.7 to calculate current of 704A, select the frame circuit breaker is 1000A, tuning is 800A; currenttransformer for the 1000/50; bus carrying capacity for the 1000A, this road can meet the maximum 1000A current load requirements, even if there is adjustment, power distribution switches and circuit can not make big changes.6 layer distribution box setAccording to the division of layers of fire protection district, respectively numbered as A ~ K layers within the set level shaft for the retail lighting power distribution box, with one on one power supply shops in radial power. Should be noted that the forms of the complex layers of layers of fire partition, does not correspond to the lower, making some of shaft power in charge of the fire district at the same time, also responsible for the power supply adjacent to the fire district. At design time, using the principle of proximity, while also taking into account the burden of the whole trunk load conditions, so that each shaft as far as possible a more balanced load.7 public area distribution box setTaking into account the future needs of the business re-decoration of public areas must be reserved for power. Here the design needs to consider the following points: ①question of how much reserve power, lighting and electricity, which according to GB50034-2004"Architectural Lighting Design Standards" table of Article 6.1.3 and 6.1.8, commercial building lighting power density value, high-end supermarkets, business offices as 20W/m2, under the "decorative lighting included 50% of the total lighting power density calculation" requirements, using the reserved standard 40W/m2. ②In order to facilitate the decoration in each partition set fire lighting in public areas and emergency lighting distribution box distribution box, in order to identify the electrical power distribution decoration cut-off point.③the staircase, storage rooms and other parts of the decoration does not need to do, set the power distribution circuit or a separate distribution box, try not to be reserved from the public area of electricity distribution board fed hardcover out.④control of lighting in public areas, the majority in two ways, namely, C-BUS control system or the BA system, the use of C-BUS has the advantage of more flexible control, each road can be fed out of control, adjustable light control; shortcomings is a higher cost. BA system control advantages of using low cost, simple control; disadvantage is that the exchanges and contacts for the three-phase, three-way control may be related both to open, or both, in the decoration of the contacts required to feed the power supply circuit diverge to avoid failure blackouts.Design of distribution box 8In the commercial real estate design, shop design is often only a meter box, and outlet route back to the needs of the user according to their second design, but the shops are difficult to resolve within the power supply fan coil units, air-conditioning system as a whole can not debug. The project approach is to add a circuit breaker in the meter box for the coil power supply, another way for users to use the second design, as shown below.User distribution box design9 distribution cabinet / box number and distribution circuitsLarge-scale projects are often low voltage distribution cabinet / box number, low-voltage circuits to feed the more often there will be cabinet / box number and line number duplication, resulting in the design and the future looks difficult maintenance and overhaul. The project has three 10Kv substations, 20 transformer, hundreds of low-voltage fed out of the closet, fed the circuit more. Accordance with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Chinese nationalstandard requirements: ①All the distribution number to be simple and clear, not too box and line numbers are not repeated. ②number to simple and clear, not too long. ③distinction between nature and type of load. ④law was easy to find, make viewer at a glance. Based on the above requirements and on the ground, fire district and the underground construction industry form the different conditions, using two slightly different ways. Essential for the underground garage, uses a single comparison, also relatively fire district neat, according to fire district number, such as AL-BL-1 / 1, AP and APE, the meaning of the letters and numbers: AL on behalf of lighting distribution (AP on behalf of Power distribution box, APE on behalf of the emergency power distribution box); BI on behalf of the basement; 1 / 1 for partition 1, I fire box. Above ground is more complex, more fire district, and on the fire district does not correspond to the lower, according to shaft number is better, such as AL-1-A1, AP, and APE, letters and numbers mean: 1 represents a layer; A1 on behalf of A, No. 1 shaft fed a distribution box. Fed a low-voltage circuits, such as the number of uses: W3-6-AL-1-A1, W3-6) indicates that the route back to power supply transformer 3, 6, feed the power distribution cabinet, AL-1-A1, said the then the first loop of the distribution box for the AL-1-A1 and so on, and so on.10 ConclusionWith more and more complex commercial design projects, designers need to continually improve the design level, designed to make fine. These are only bits of the design in the business lessons learned, and the majority of designers want to communicate高层建筑供配电系统设计摘要：随着城市规模的不断发展，高层建筑越来越多，因此，高层建筑电气设计就成为设计者不得不面对的问题。
一篇电气专业英语文献与翻译
The Load Estimation and Power Tracking Integrated Control Strategy for Dual-Sides Controlled LCC Compensated WirelessCharging SystemABSTRACT In this paper, the wireless power transfer (WPT) system with dynamic loads such as batteries is studied comprehensively. An integrated control technology of load estimation and power tracking of LCC compensated is proposed, which realizes load estimation, mode judgment and charging control at the transmitter, and standard load setting and decoupling control at the receiver. Based on the inflfluence of reflflection impedance on the output current of the inverter, a method of identifying coupling coeffificient and equivalent load is proposed and a mathematical model is established. Receiver controller provides standard reference load for load estimation. Transmitter controller judges battery status according to the estimation of equivalent load and adopts double closed-loop control to regulate power and current. Receiver decouples control when battery charging voltage reaches the threshold, and providing mode conversion sign for transmitter controller to realize constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging of battery.The Dual-sides integrated control scheme has no data communication between transmitter and receiver, so it can control independently, which reduces the complexity of the system and is suitable for different charging modes. The proposed controller is more effificient as it maintains a track current, and dynamically alters the pick-up characteristics to suit the load demand. Finally, the simulation and experimental results validate the feasibility of proposed control method, which realizes the estimation of the load and CC/CV charging of the battery. The proposed WPT system achieved the effificiency at 91.16% while delivering 2 kW to the load with a vertical air gap of 150 mm.INDEX TERMS Wireless power transfer, integrated control, load estimation, constant current/voltage charging, LCC compensation, phase shift control.Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) or Contactless Power Transmission (CPT) achieves the power transmission without physical connection, which makes up for the shortcomings of traditional power transmission methods . Wireless charging will promote the development of electric vehicles (EVs), because it provides more convenient, reliable and safer charging options than conductive charging . There are many research fields in WPT for EVs, especially the WPT system is sensitive to coupling coefficient, air gap, resonant frequency, and load change, which makes it hard for There are many research fields in WPT for EVs, especially the WPT system issensitive to coupling coefficient, air gap,resonant frequency, and load change, which makes it hard for robust control, and most scholars focus on the steady state of the WPT systems .When the resonant frequency, position, parameters and load of the wireless charging system change, which result in a higher volt-ampere rating and lower power transfer efficiency. Therefore, resonant compensation is an important part at the transmitter and receiver of the system. Different compensation topologies have been proposed and implemented to tune the two coils working at a resonant frequency in a wide range of applications. there are four basic compensation topologies, namely Series-Series (SS), SeriesParallel (SP), Parallel-Series (PS) and Parallel-Parallel (PP),are widely adopted for EV applications.Many other novel compensation topologies are also used to improve the power transfer efficiency and to simplify the control of WPT systems. Literatures show that LCL topology and series LC topology are the commonly used primary compensation networks for WPT. Compared with series LC, LCL performs better in power conversion efficiency over the full range of coupling and loading imposed, and its constant current source characteristic make its closed-loop control implementation easier. More advantageous compensation topologies are put forward in . The double-sided LCC compensation topology is outstanding since not only is its resonant frequency independent of coupling coefficient and load condition, but also its advantages of facilitating zero voltage switch (ZVS) or zero current switch (ZCS) of the inverter, realize CC charging at zero phase angle (ZPA) condition, increasing lateral misalignment tolerance, and improving WPT efficiency have been demonstrated.The other problem with WPT charger systems is implementing a charge process for EV batteries.Since batteries are considered to be varying loads during charging, the charge converter needs to regulate its output precisely to implement the constant current (CC) charge and constant voltage (CV) mode charge. Thus, meticulous control and tuning of the inverter is necessary since the load varies violently as the receive coil moves with the online EV.This adds to the control complexity and may reduce systematic reliability. In order to improve battery life and charging efficiency, it is necessary for a charger to provide accurate charge current and voltage through stable operations. In recent years, various control strategies have been studied to provide the required output currentorvoltagefortime-varyingloadsatdifferentcharging stages.The traditional control method is to use wireless communication to send the load state information to the transmitter controller to adjust the output power of the inverter to achieve CC/CV charging in . In order to simplify the control of an WPT charger system and avoid the above drawbacks of conventional control methods under wide variations of the load in implementing the CC/CV charge, some researchers have started to utilize the load-independent characteristics of the compensation topologies at their resonant frequencies proposes a design method which makes it possible to implement the CC/CV mode charge with minimum frequency variation during the entire charge process by using the load-independent characteristics of an WPT system under the ZPA condition without any additional switches. But, frequency variation may result in a bifurcation phenomenon,where the control ability and stability of the system are lost.In order to realize ZPA condition in the whole charging process, a switchablehybrid topology is proposed in [19], and [20]. CC and CV charging are realized in different compensation topologies. However, the addition of switches complicates the system, and changes in system parameters can also lead to instability.In[21], a new control technique was proposed, which only employs the controller at transmitting and and load identification approach to adjust charging voltage/current for SS and SP compensated WPT systems. The advantages are that dual-side wireless communication for real-time charging current/voltage adjustment is avoided as well as it is suitable for different charging modes. However, switching between two kinds of topologies is still needed. For the CC/CV charging control at constant frequency, some approaches employ a DC/DC converter to control the output current or voltage while the front-end converter operates at the resonant frequency to achieve the ZPA condition in [22] and [23]. However, this increases the component counts, losses and complexity. In [24], DC/DC converters are used for decoupling control rather than CC or CV charging.In [25]and [26], a single primary-side controller based on phase shift H-bridge inverter are proposed to adjust the charging current or charging voltage against various load, may make it hard for the High frequency inverter to achieve ZVS in full load range, especially with light load condition. Then, the primary-side control method that realizes CC/CV charging for battery is analyzed, which is the main contribution of this paper.The objective of this research is to study and develop a new integrated control strategy for load and power tracking that realizes CC/CV charging for LCC compensation through the double-loop controlled phase shift H-bridge inverter and load identification approach. The system adopts dual-side controller to avoid wireless communication, and the mathematical models of load estimation and mode judgment are derived by using the topological compensation characteristics of double-sided LCC. The working state of the battery is fed back to the transmitter controller by reflecting the impedance of the receiver, and the coupling coefficient of coils and load value are estimated.The transmitter judges the charging mode according to the estimated load, adjusts the output power of the inverter, and maintains CC/CV charging by phase-shifting control. In CC mode, the transmitter can transfer more power and prevents overloading. In CV mode, the output power can be adjusted according to the charging curve. The receiver control circuit adopts Buck-Boost structure. Different from the traditional impedance matching or CC/CV charging control mode, the receiver controller sets the standard reference value of load estimation control by impedance matching. Buck-Boost converter operates in switching mode during charging. When the charging voltage reaches the reference value, the switching action changes the reflection impedance and provides the mode conversion mark for the transmitter. Based on the feedback signal and the amount of transferred power, the controlling module continuously adjusts the transmitting coil current during the charging.The rest of the sections are organized as follows:Section II gives the system structure and basic theoretical analysis. Section III proposes the integrated control method of load estimation and power tracking, and then the double closed-loop PIcontroller of transmitter and receiver is designed. Section IV validates the proposed method with simulations and experiments.Finally,last section summarizes the conclusions drawn from the investigation.II. SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND THEORETICAL ANALYSISIn this section, the system structure and methodology for analyzing the WPT system are discussed. Then, basic output characteristics for LCC compensation are analyzed to propose the Integrated control method on the transmitting side and the receiving side.A.WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TRUCTURE In this paper, the most widely used variable impedance load battery is taken as the research object.Charging characteristic curve of the battery is shown in Figure 1. Charging process includes CC/CV charging. In CC stage, the output power of the power supply increases with the increase of the battery terminal voltage, while the equivalent impedance of the battery increases with little change. In the CV stage, the charge current and power decrease,and the equivalent impedance of the battery increases rapidly.B. LOAD ESTIMATE AND MODEL RECOGNITION The transmitter controller measures Iinv to estimate the load and mutual inductance changes, and judges the working state of the receiver. The inverter operates at ZPA resonant frequency and the controller adjusts fro m 180◦ phase shift, which means that the minimum input voltage is applied to the transmitting coil. According to the requirement of the receiver, the power control unit uses phase shift control to adjust the It and VC to keep the CC and CV working modes at the receiver.The transmitter can control the power output according to the working mode of the receiver and the load demand. In order to achieve this function, the designed controller should be able to estimate mutual inductance and equivalent load, and then judge the charging mode of the receiving end. The control block diagram of load estimation and mode judgment strategy is shown in Figure 5. Where, Rx is the standard reference load of the receiver.CONCLUSION An integrated control method of load estimation and power tracking is proposed in this paper to achieve CC/CV charging.of LCC compensation WPT system. Firstly, through theoretical analysis, the LCC compensation topology can realize the charge of CC mode under ZPA condition, and get the relationship between the equivalent load and the current of the inverters. Then, a standard reference load is set at the receiver so that the transmitter can estimate the equivalent load by calculating the refection impedance and detecting the output current of the inverter. Finally, according to the estimated load value and the conversion mark given by the decoupling control of the receiver, the CC/CV charging for LCC compensation are realized by PI controlled phase shift full-bridge inverter. The simulation and experimental results validate the feasibility of the proposed control method for whole load changes. The proposed WPT system can achieve a high effenciency at 91.16% with a 20-cm air gap when delivering 0.2−2kW to the load in different charging stages.双边控制的LCC补偿型无线充电系统的负载估计与功率跟踪集成控制策略摘要本文对电池等动态负载下的无线电能传输（WPT）系统进行了全面的研究。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
建筑电气电气工程设计包括两个主要的设计方面。
主要是一部分的电能的转换及分配和电力的供配、照明系统、防雷接地系统。
一般来说,建筑主要的变化包括:高压和低压配电系统、变压器、备用电源系统。
电力系统包括配电和控制，室内和室外照明系统包括所有类型的照明，防雷系统包括入侵波防护、闪电传感器、接地、等电位连接和局部等电位连接等。
辅助等电位连接等。
在短短的20年里,系统在技术和产品的面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化。
许多的设计理念也发生了巨大的变化。
开关设备如高压系统的第一个断路器油断路器，后来油断路器的逐步发展,不仅规模大,但是一般都包含油物质。
由于开关设备尺寸较大,我们还必须建立独立的设备房间,占据了大量的建筑面积。
现在真空断路器和六氟化硫断路器,不仅体积小,而且短路容量大，外壳尺寸远小于原来的橱柜，并且断路器没有任何油,防火性能大大提高。
而且断路器和其他低压设备在一个房间里,这样即节省空间又方便管理。
过去大容量的低压断路器,短路电流容量逐渐变大,规模也逐渐变小,而且更加稳定,使系统运行更加安全可靠,为设计带来了方便。
向着智能化低压断路器方向发展,断路器各种参数可以通过总线工业控制,信号直接传输到计算机。
干式变压器的出现,对建筑电气设计带来了极大的方便,因为没有变压器油泄漏和火灾的可能性,以便它可以很容易地安装在建筑本身,甚至直接到负荷中心。
它还消除变压器对油的需求限制,构建大容量设备时可以使用干式变压器。
在实际工程设计中曾应用四个台湾2500kVA干式变压器。
在使用紧急发电机方面,从性能和尺寸的角度来看,比过去进步很多。
除了使用柴油发电机；应急照明使用EPS备用电源；中断供电在一个毫秒以内的设备,可以使用UPS。
电力设备的控制从单一元件的控制到控制继电器控制变化。
除了更好的性能的各种组件的规模较小,也降低控制箱的规模。
由于数字技术更多的运用于控制能达到最佳的控制状态来控制设备。
进一步提高了节能的效果。
照明系统从过去单一光源、灯具和低效率的状态向更广泛的前景发展。
建筑中使用的光源可供选择的品种数量很多。
光的发光效率和色调在向着高效的方向发展,灯具不断地改进其效率和不同形式的灯具运用于不同场合。
例如,普通的荧光灯镇流器由普通的镇流器向节能型镇流器方向发展。
还对谐波组件的大小进行精简,生产低谐波电子镇流器。
许多措施如配件和灯具的使用,可以满足设计要求,同时能实现不同的体系结构、照明要求的各种场所。
无论照明和室内装饰照明还是道路照明和户外庭院建筑的光照明,所有的都展示了照明技术的发展和建筑照明的好处与便利。
另一个设计使用于电气设备和其他设备,如双电源开关的互投。
与传统的专业生产产品相比,除了传统的功率切换外,双电源还能满足每个其他电子设备的需要,极大地提高供电的可靠性和连续性。
电力电缆和电线是被广泛使用的产品。
过去的电线电缆,种类稀少。
现在引入各种电缆,从普通阻燃PVC电缆到耐火、少烟无卤、防电磁干扰环境的电缆等。
导线材料从普通的矿物绝缘绝缘材料到总线绝缘,高效绝缘等分支机构。
电力建设中这些技术是安全、可靠、方便的,提供了一个有效的环境保护。
针对特殊需求分布、建设的一些新设备得到了广泛的应用。
例如大型医院手术室医疗机构漏电保护、漏电监测系统等。
技术的发展强大在很多地方都有显现如实际工程和技术人员,以及我们自己的经验。
如此巨大的发展为中国的电力建设和电力建设安全使用奠定了良好的基础也创造了条件。
随着建筑智能化技术的深入应用,一些设备、系统控制和控制系统已逐渐成为一个专业性的监控,并具有开放建筑设备监控系统通信协议、互联网和通信系统。
建筑物内如自动功率控制系统,采用现场总线技术的数据采集和处理,集中控制变量分配系统实现远程监控和远程控制以及远程无人变电站的实现。
连续收集和分析系统能提前给出建议或警告,以方便系统的安全运行。
自动功率控制系统利用计算机技术、信息技术、控制技术、传感器技术、通信网络技术、电力电子技术等综合技术,它基本上可以取代传统的二次回路而且接线简单、性能可靠、易于维护。
与此同时,根据建筑的能耗进行的第二次重大节能照明控制系统也会逐步实现。
专业照明控制系统已经广泛应用于许多建筑物。
照明控制由一个实时传感器控制定时控制。
此外,现场控制、远程控制和控制多种灵活的控制现场,达到最大的能量利用,同时实现功能和人性化的舒适的照明系统。
各种建筑标准也相应出台，如1980年代末《标准建筑设计防火规范》GBJ16-87；1990年代《民用建筑照明设计标准》GBJ133-90；《民用建筑电气设计规范》JGJ/ T16 - 92；《工业企业照明设计标准》GB50034 - 92；《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》GB50045 - 95；《供配电系统设计规范》GB50052 - 95；《l0kV及以下变电所设计规范》GB50053 - 94；《低压配电设计规范》GB50054 - 95；《通用用电设备设计规范》GB50055 - 93；《建筑物防雷设计规范》GB50057-94等等。
紧随后的是建筑电气设计基础建设电气设计的标准化。
智能建筑技术只是一种手段，配备智能功能、强调效率、能耗低、更干净,真正实现以人为本。
在实现节能的前提下,提高建筑的功能、环境保护和可持续发展的目标。
构建可持续发展的实现从战略的角度来看,注重环境保护，保持生态系统稳定。
可持续发展是一个永恒的主题，经过多年的实践,在一个理性和务实的态度下,以实际需要和实际应用为标准,不是盲目地追随片面而是追求全面、先进的智能系统,在技术上做到领先。
设计需做了合理的投资,使用不同的功能。
根据投资和管理需求的具体情况来确定先进的、可靠的、经济合理的和最优的方案，这个概念现在已经成为智能建筑行业的共识。
建筑智能技术使所有的学院和大学的建设开辟了这一技术相应的专业课程和促进了相关专业学生的发展。
智能建筑技术包括:建筑设备自动控制系统、安全系统、停车场管理系统、火灾自动报警和消防系统、通信和计算机网络系统、综合布线系统、广播系统、有线电视系统、视频会议系统等,超过10个子系统的集成。
是我国第一个独立于国内建筑智能技术系统集成子系统的开发。
1、20世纪的建筑设备监控系统的发展由1980年代的集中监控开始,由于可靠性差、速度慢，1990年代后已经很少使用,并取代了分布式控制。
在1990年代末,随着计算机技术、控制技术、网络和通信技术开发和集成,监控施工设备技术发展迅速。
2、安全技术和安全措施也逐步发展,包括中央监控、入侵警报、访问控制(门)、巡逻削减等更多的周边防御和其他子系统。
安全系统从最初的子系统相互独立的到各子系统之间相互联系。
大大增加了安全性、可靠性和实时为人们的工作、学习和生活安全保障。
闭路电视监控系统从模拟到数字的方向发展,整个安全系统的规模也在运动数字系统、集成的方向发展。
3、运用通信网络技术的智能建筑通信网络,包括计算机网络、双向有线电视传输网络和电话通讯网络。
前两个智能网络作为一个宽带主干网络把几乎所有的信息技术和信息资源管理的几乎所有的用户连接到一起。
在1990年代中期之前，有一个为所有类型的网络和用户的市场。
但在1990年代末,由于以太网连接的灵活性和优越的性能、易于维护和使用等优点,ICT网络逐渐在列表中。
以太网传输速率,从最初的10Mbps,100Mbps 到1 Gbps,10Gbps甚至更高的利率。
智能建筑电话网络(ISDN,SL)目前用于语音通信、数据和图像的窄带宽数据通信,它让人们通过通信网络、电视、电话会议等功能实现相互交流。
智能访问技术的关键是与外界建立联系,它使世界变得越来越小。
人们的工作、生活发生了剧大的变化。
智能建筑访问网络或互联网,越来越多的高带宽需求的接收,满足日益增长的用户需求数据通信。
在有线电视网络的发展同时,无线网络由于其灵活性,也进入了一个快速发展阶段。
从2003年的基于最初的路线的轮询策略的研究到现在超过100兆赫。
移动互联网正为人们提供很大的方便,并在许多领域发展潜力巨大，网络正在成为趋势。
4、综合布线技术PDS是智能建筑数据、语音和多媒体的通信平台。
综合布线技术进入中国市场以来,因其优异的性能,并且对于智能建筑的国内市场来说是一个新概念、新技术,在建筑业立即引起了巨大的反响。
该技术已广泛应用于所有类型的智能建筑。
为了满足网络传输带宽和新产品的开发速度，PDS引入3线、5线到6线,甚至提高标准到七线系统的产品,以满足千兆网络的需求。
提高网络的传输速率,以适应已经投入10G网络市场的发展。
新的多模和单模光纤传输媒介作为一个很好的材料将被广泛使用。
从铜线、光纤电缆、技术和产品的不断更新，PDS充分反映了智能建筑的快速发展,新技术的应用和广阔的发展前景。
5、智能建筑系统集成技术一般连接各个子网络。
每个子系统的操作预计将完成他们的工作,但尚未达到共享信息资源。
为了实现有效的管理,各个子系统之间的信息资源共享、系统集成。
在系统集成过程中,选择平台集成、网络结构、集成子系统的范围是不同的、集成模型也是不同的。
随着计算机技术、网络技术、控制技术、显示技术的发展,建筑设备监控系统和其他系统通过计算机网络连接。
完成基于建筑设备监控系统的系统集成模式。
平等的在各自的系统集成,建立一个网络管理系统集成。
作为一个子系统可以降低现场控制网络集成。
实时数据子系统、开放、行业标准接口,转换成统一的格式存储在数据库或服务器系统集成。
综合网络管理系统实现统一管理子系统程序、监控和信息交换系统集成, 系统集成实现协议的各个子系统之间的联系有关控制和信息共享。
提高管理效率,增强处理突发事件的能力和节约能源的目的、节省人力。
这是建筑设备管理系统(BMS)。
系统集成不是我们的目的,而是为了增强建筑的功能和技术手段,提高管理效率,整合内容不是更好,但根据使用和管理的需要,以及成熟的技术,该系统是可靠和合理的投资。
有效管理的前提是集成的需求。
(6)智能住宅区1990年代国际电子智能住宅提出的理念。
智能建筑技术逐渐蔓延到居民区,在最初几个经济较发达的沿海城市已经成功。
智能技术开始建设居住小区的住宅和公共建筑。
智能建筑智能技术迅速扩展,已成为智能建筑发展的一个重要市场。
公共建筑和住宅智能化,这是市场的需求,也是实际的发展需求。
智能设计研究所将中国住宅将放在一个重要位置,为住宅提供一个智能平台。
住宅的智能设计是先进的和具有挑战性的领域。
住宅小区智能化技术的发展可以分为以下方面:系统设计强调以人为本的设计理念,应该迎合居民所有级别的方便、安全、舒适和处理功能的要求，处理好先进和实用之间的关系和合理的投资。
安全系统从一个单独的安全子系统为家庭和社区结合防御到国防安全的技术体系。
从单个运营商宽带访问信息、通信模式选项、xD-SL宽带接入网络、一个双向有线电视网络,形成地区计算机网络发展。