现代办公建筑发展趋势中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
现代建筑结构设计的发展趋势(英文中文双语版优质文档)
现代建筑结构设计的发展趋势（英文中文双语版优质文档）As people's requirements for architectural design are getting higher and higher, modern architectural structure design is developing in many aspects. These development trends include new materials, intelligent technology, sustainability, and humanization.1. Application of new materialsWith the advancement of technology, there are more and more types of building materials. The application of new materials can not only enhance the durability of the building, but also bring more beauty to the appearance of the building. For example, the application of high-strength materials such as carbon fiber in building structures can not only improve the earthquake resistance and wind resistance of the building, but also reduce the weight of the building. In addition, the application of transparent materials such as plexiglass can not only make the building more modern, but also improve the lighting effect of the building.2. Application of intelligent technologyWith the development of artificial intelligence and Internet of Things technology, intelligent buildings have gradually become a trend of modern architecture. The application of intelligent technology can make buildings more efficient, safe and comfortable. For example, the intelligent temperature control system can automatically adjust the temperature according to the entry and exit of people and the changes of indoor and outdoor environments, so as to achieve energy saving effect. The intelligent lighting system can automatically adjust the light brightness according to the light intensity, thereby improving the lighting effect and energy saving effect.3. Sustainability ConsiderationsSustainability is an important direction of modern architectural design. The sustainable design of buildings can not only protect the environment, but also improve the economy and society of buildings. For example, energy-efficient design in buildings can reduce energy consumption and reduce building operating costs. The design of waste disposal in buildings can reduce environmental pollution and protect the environment. The application of renewable energy in buildings, such as solar energy, wind energy, etc., can realize the self-sufficiency of buildings.4. Humanized designHumanization is another important direction of modern architectural design. Architectural design should be people-oriented and meet people's living needs and emotional needs. For example, people's activities and living habits should be fully considered in the space design of buildings. People's aesthetic needs and cultural background should be fully considered in architectural decoration design. In the environmental design of buildings, people's health and comfort needs should be fully considered, such as ventilation, lighting, noise control, etc.To sum up, modern building structure design is developing in many aspects. The application of new materials, intelligent technology, sustainability, and humanization can not only improve the quality of buildings, but also better meet people's needs for buildings. At the same time, we should also realize that the development of architecture also needs to consider environmental and social sustainability, and it is necessary to balance economic and social benefits. Only under the comprehensive consideration of all aspects can we realize the sustainable development of buildings and create a better living environment for people.随着人们对建筑设计的要求越来越高，现代建筑结构设计正朝着多方面发展。
建筑结构设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Create and comprehensive technology in the structure globaldesign of the buildingThe 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous motive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architect's leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concept not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there aren't external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology to combine together.The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality between architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity andreduce whole expenses of project.The comprehensive new technology is to give full play to the technological specialty of every discipline , create and use the new technology, and with outside space , dimension of the building , working in coordination with in an all-round way the building component, thus reduce equipment investment and operate the expenses.Each success , building of engineering construction condense collective intelligence and strength; It is intelligence and expectation that an architect pays that the building is created; The engineering design of the building is that architecture , structure , equipment speciality compose hardships and strength happenning; It is the diligent and sweat paid in design and operation , installation , management that the construction work is built up .The initial stage of the 1990s, our understanding that the concept of global design is a bit elementary , conscientious to with making some jobs in engineering design unconsciously , make some harvest. This text Hangzhou city industrial and commercial bank financial comprehensive building and Hangzhou city Bank of Communications financial building two building , group of " scientific and technological progress second prize " speak of from person who obtain emphatically, expound the fact global design - comprehensive technology that building create its , for reach global design outstanding architect in two engineering design, have served as the creator and persons who cooperate while every stage design and even building are built completely.Two projects come into operation for more than 4 years formally , run and coordinate , good wholly , reach the anticipated result, accepted and appreciated by the masses, obtain various kinds of honor .outstanding to design award , progress prize in science and technology , project quality bonus , local top ten view , best model image award ,etc., the ones that do not give to the architect and engineers without one are gratified and proud. The building is created Emphasizing the era for global design of the building, the architects' creation idea and design method should be broken through to some extent, creation inspirations is it set up in analysis , building of global design , synthesize more to burst out and at the foundation that appraise, learn and improve the integration capability exactly designed in building , possess the new knowledge system and thinking method , merge multi-disciplinary technology. We have used the new design idea in above-mentioned projects, have emphasized the globality created in building .Is it is it act as so as to explain to conceive to create two design overview and building of construction work these now.1) The financial comprehensive building of industrial and commercial bank of HangZhou,belong to the comprehensive building, with the whole construction area of 39,000 square meters, main building total height 84, 22, skirt 4 of room, some 6 storeys, 2 storeys of basements.Design overall thinking break through of our country bank building traditional design mode - seal , deep and serious , stern , form first-class function, create of multi-functional type , the style of opening , architecture integrated with the mode of the international commercial bank.The model of the building is free and easy, opened, physique was made up by the hyperboloid, the main building presented " the curved surface surrounded southwards ", skirt room presents " the curved surface surrounded northwards ", the two surround but become intension of " gathering the treasure ".Building flourishing upwards, elevation is it adopt large area solid granite wall to design, the belt aluminium alloy curtain wall of the large area and some glass curtain walls, and interweave the three into powerful and vigorous whole , chase through model and entity wall layer bring together , form concise , tall and straight , upward tendency of working up successively, have distinct and unique distinctions.Building level and indoor space are designed into a multi-functional type and style of opening, opening, negotiate , the official working , meeting , receiving , be healthy and blissful , visit combining together. Spacious and bright two storeys open in the hall unifiedly in the Italian marble pale yellow tone , in addition, the escalator , fountain , light set off, make the space seem very magnificent , graceful and sincere. Intelligent computer network center, getting open and intelligent to handle official business space and all related house distribute in all floor reasonably. Top floor round visit layer, lift all of Room visit layer , can have a panoramic view of the scenery of the West Lake , fully enjoy the warmth of the nature. 2) The financial building of Bank of Communications of Hangzhou, belong to the purely financial office block, with the whole construction area of 19,000 square meters, the total height of the building is 39.9 meters, 13 storeys on the ground, the 2nd Floor. Live in building degree high than it around location , designer have unique architectural appearance of style architectural design this specially, its elevation is designed into a new classical form , the building base adopts the rough granite, show rich capability , top is it burn granite and verticality bar and some form aluminum windows make up as the veneer to adopt, represent the building noble and refined , serious personality of the bank.While creating in above-mentioned two items, besides portraying the shape of the building and indoor space and outside environment minister and blending meticulously, in order to achieve the outstanding purpose of global design of the building , the architect , still according to the region and project characteristic, put forward the following requirement to every speciality:(1) Control the total height of the building strictly;(2) It favorable to the intelligent comfortable height of clearances to create; (3) Meet thefloor area of owner's demand;(4)Protect the environment , save the energy , reduce and make the investment;(5) Design meticulously, use and popularize the new technology; (6)Cooperate closely in every speciality, optimization design.Comprehensive technologyThe building should have strong vitality, there must be sustainable development space, there should be abundant intension and comprehensive new technology. Among above-mentioned construction work , have popularized and used the intelligent technology of the building , has not glued and formed the flat roof beam of prestressing force - dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technology, baseplate temperature mix hole , technology of muscle and base of basement enclose new technology of protecting, computer control STL ice hold cold air conditioner technology, compounding type keeps warm and insulates against heat the technology of the wall , such new technologies as the sectional electricity distribution room ,etc., give architecture global design to add the new vitality of note undoubtedly.1, the intelligent technology of the buildingIn initial stage of the 1990s, the intelligent building was introduced from foreign countries to China only as a kind of concept , computer network standard is it soon , make information communication skeleton of intelligent building to pursue in the world- comprehensive wiring system becomes a kind of trend because of 10BASE-T. In order to make the bank building adapt to the development of the times, the designer does one's utmost to recommend and design the comprehensive wiring system with the leading eyes , this may well be termed the first modernized building which adopted this technical design at that time.(1) Comprehensive wiring system one communication transmission network, it make between speech and data communication apparatus , exchange equipment and other administrative systems link to each other, make the equipment and outside communication network link to each other too. It include external telecommunication connection piece and inside information speech all cable and relevant wiring position of data terminal of workspace of network. The comprehensive wiring system adopts the products of American AT&T Corp.. Connected up the subsystem among the subsystem , management subsystem , arterial subsystem and equipment to make up by workspace subsystem , level.(2) Automated systems of security personnel The monitoring systems of security personnel of the building divide into the public place and control and control two pieces of systemequipment with the national treasury special-purposly synthetically.The special-purpose monitoring systems of security personnel of national treasury are in the national treasury , manage the storehouse on behalf of another , transporting the paper money garage to control strictly, the track record that personnel come in and go out, have and shake the warning sensor to every wall of national treasury , the camera, infrared microwave detector in every relevant rooms, set up the automation of controlling to control.In order to realize building intellectuality, the architect has finished complete indoor environment design, has created the comfortable , high-efficient working environment , having opened up the room internal and external recreation space not of uniform size, namely the green one hits the front yard and roofing, have offered the world had a rest and regulated to people working before automation is equipped all day , hang a design adopt the special building to construct the node in concrete ground , wall at the same time.2, has not glued and formed the flat roof beam of prestressing force- dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technologyIn order to meet the requirement with high assurance that the architect puts forward , try to reduce the height of structure component in structure speciality, did not glue and form the flat roof beam of prestressing force concrete - dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technology after adopting.(1) Adopt prestressing force concrete roof beam board structure save than ordinary roof beam board concrete consumption 15%, steel consumption saves 27%, the roof beam reduces 300mm high.(2) Adopt flat roof beam structure save concrete about 10% consumption than ordinary roof beam board, steel consumption saves 6.6%, the roof beam reduces 200mm high.Under building total situation that height does not change , adopt above-mentioned structure can make the whole building increase floor area of a layer , have good economic benefits and social benefit.3, the temperature of the baseplate matches muscle technologyIn basement design , is it is it is it after calculating , take the perimeter to keep the construction technology measure warm to split to resist to go on to baseplate, arrange temperature stress reinforcing bar the middle cancelling , dispose 2 row receives the strength reinforcing bar up and down only, this has not only save the fabrication cost of the project but also met the basement baseplate impervious and resisting the requirement that splits.4, the foundation of the basement encloses and protects the new technology of design and operationAdopt two technological measures in enclosing and protecting a design:(1) Cantilever is it is it hole strength is it adopt form strengthen and mix muscle technology to design to protect to enclose, save the steel and invite 60t, it invests about 280,000 to save.(2) Is it is it protect of of elevation and keep roof beam technology to enclose , is it protect long to reduce 1.5m to enclose all to reduce, keep roof beam mark level on natural ground 1.5m , is it is it protect of lateral pressure receive strength some height to enclose to change, saving 137.9 cubic meters of concrete, steel 16.08t, reduces and invests 304,000 yuan directly through calculating.5, ice hold cold air conditioner technologyIce hold cold air conditioner technology belong to new technology still in our country , it heavy advantage that the electricity moves the peak and operates the expenses sparingly most. In design, is it ice mode adopt some (weight ) hold mode of icing , is it ice refrigeration to be plane utilization ratio high to hold partly to hold, hold cold capacity little , refrigeration plane capacity 30%-45% little than routine air conditioner equipment, one economic effective operational mode.Hold the implementation of the technology of the cold air conditioner in order to cooperate with the ice , has used intelligent technology, having adopted the computer to control in holding and icing the air conditioner system, the main task has five following respects:(1) According to the demand for user's cold load , according to the characteristic of the structure of the electric rate , set up the ice and hold the best operation way of the cold system automatically, reduce the operation expenses of the whole system;(2) Fully utilize and hold the capacity of the cold device, should try one's best to use up all the cold quantity held basically on the same day;(3) Automatic operation state of detection system, ensure ice hold cold system capital equipment normal , safe operation;(4) Automatic record parameter that system operate, display system operate flow chart and type systematic operation parameter report form;(5) Predict future cooling load, confirm the future optimization operation scheme.Ice hold cold air conditioner system test run for some time, indicate control system to be steady , reliable , easy to operate, the system operates the energy-conserving result remarkably.6, the compounding type keeps in the wall warm and insulates against heat To the area of Hangzhou , want heating , climate characteristic of lowering the temperature in summer in winter, is it protect building this structural design person who compound is it insulate against heat the wall to keep warm to enclose specially, namely: Fit up , keep warm , insulate against heat the three not to equal to the body , realize building energy-conservation better.Person who compound is it insulate against heat wall to combine elevation model characteristic , design aluminium board elevation renovation material to keep warm, its structure is: Fill out and build hollow brick in the frame structure, do to hang the American Fluorine carbon coating inferior mere aluminium board outside the hollow brick wall.Aluminium board spoke hot to have high-efficient adiabatic performance to the sun, under the same hot function of solar radiation, because the nature , color of the surface material are different from coarse degree, whether can absorb heat have great difference very , between surface and solar radiation hot absorption system (α ) and material radiation system (Cλ ) is it say to come beyond the difference this. Adopt α and Cλ value little surface material have remarkable result , board α、Cλ value little aluminium have, its α =0.26, Cλ =0.4, light gray face brick α =0.56, Cλ =4.3.Aluminium board for is it hang with having layer under air by hollow brick to do, because aluminium board is it have better radiation transfer to hot terms to put in layer among the atmosphere and air, this structure is playing high-efficient adiabatic function on indoor heating too in winter, so, no matter or can well realize building energy-conservation in winter in summer.7, popularize the technology of sectional electricity distribution roomConsider one layer paves Taxi " gold " value , the total distribution of the building locates the east, set up voltage transformer and low-voltage distribution in the same room in first try in the design, make up sectional electricity distribution room , save transformer substation area greatly , adopt layer assign up and down, mixing the switchyard system entirely after building up and putting into operation, the function is clear , the overall arrangement compactness is rational , the systematic dispatcher is flexible . The technology have to go to to use and already become the model extensively of the design afterwards.ConclusionThe whole mode designed of the building synthetically can raise the adaptability of the building , it will be the inevitable trend , environmental consciousness and awareness of saving energy especially after strengthening are even more important. Developing with the economy , science and technology constantly in our country, more advanced technology and scientific and technical result will be applied to the building , believe firmly that in the near future , more outstanding building global design will appear on the building stage of our country. We will be summarizing, progressing constantly constantly, this is that history gives the great responsibility of architect and engineer.译文：建筑结构整体设计-建筑创作和综合技术21世纪将是多种学科技术并存的时代，它必将形成推动建筑发展的巨大动力，建筑结构整体设计也就越来越重要，建筑师必须把握时机，充分发挥建筑师的主导作用，主持好各项建筑工程设计。
高层建筑展望及建筑结构外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
The future of the tall building and structure of buildings Zoning effects on the density of tall buildings and solar design may raise ethical challenge. A combined project of old and new buildings may bring back human scale to our cities. Owners and conceptual designers will be challenged in the 1980s to produce economically sound, people-oriented buildings.In 1980 the Level House, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merril1 (SOM) received the 25-year award from the American Institute of Architects “in recogn ition of architectural design of enduring significance”. This award is given once a year for a building between 25and 35 years old .Lewis Mumford described the Lever House as “the first office building in which modern materials, modern construction, modern functions have been combined with a modern plan”. At the time, this daring concept could only be achieved by visionary men like Gordon Bunshaft, the designer , and Charles Luckman , the owner and then-president of Lever Brothers . The project also include d a few “first” : (1) it was the first sealed glass tower ever built ; (2) it was the first office building designed by SOM ;and (3) it was the first office building on Park Avenue to omit retail space on the first floor. Today, after hundreds of look-alike and variations on the grid design, we have reached what may be the epitome of tall building design: the nondescript building. Except for a few recently completed buildings that seem to be people-oriented in their lower floors, most tall buildings seem to be arepletion of the dull, graph-paper-like monoliths in many of our cities. Can this be the end of the design-line for tall buildings? Probably cannot. There are definite signs that are most encouraging. Architects and owners have recently begun to discuss the design problem publicly. Perhaps we are at the threshold of a new era. The 1980s may bring forth some new visionaries like Bunshaft and Luckman. If so, what kinds of restrictions or challenges do they face?Zoning Indications are strong that cities may restrict the density of tall buildings, that is, reduce the number of tall buildings per square mile. In 1980 the termgrid-lock was used for the first time publicly in New York City. It caused a terror-like sensation in the pit of one’s stomach. The t erm refers to a situation in which traffic comes to a standstill for many city blocks in all directions. The jam-up may even reach to the tunnels and bridges .Strangely enough, such as event happened in New York in a year of fuel shortages and high gasoline prices. If we are to avoid similar occurrences, it is obvious that the density of people, places, and vehicles must be drastically reduced. Zoning may be the only long-term solution.Solar zoning may become more and more popular as city residents are blocked from the sun by tall buildings. Regardless of how effectively a tall building is designed to conserve energy, it may at the same time deprive a resident or neighbor of solar access. In the 1980s the right to see the sun may become a most interesting ethical question that may revolutionize the architectural fabric of the city. Mixed-use zoning became a financially viable alternative during the 1970s, may become commonplace during the 1980s, especially if it is combined with solar zoning to provide access to the sun for all occupants.Renovation Emery Roth and Sons designed the Palace Hotel in New York as an addition to a renovated historic Villard house on Madison Avenue. It is a striking example of what can be done with salvageable and beautifully detailed old buildings. Recycling both large and small buildings may become the way in which humanism and warmth will be returned to buildings during the 80s’. If we must continue to design with glass and aluminum in stark grid patterns, for whatever reason, we may find that a combination of new and old will become the great humane design trend of the future.Conceptual design it has been suggested in architectural magazines that the Bank of America office building in San Francisco is too large for the city’s scale. It has also been suggested that the John Hancock Center in Boston in not only out of scale but also out of character with the city. Similar statements and opinions have been made about other significant tall buildings in cities throughout the world. Thesecomments raise some basic questions about the design process and who really make the design decisions on important structures-and about who will make these decisions in the 1980s.Will the forthcoming visionaries-architects and owners-return to more humane designs?Will the sociologist or psychologist play a more important role in the years ahead to help convince these visionaries that a new, radically different, human-scaled architecture is long overdue? If these are valid questions, could it be tha t our “best” architectural designers of the 60s’ and 70s’ will become the worst designers of the 80s’ and 90s’? Or will they learn and respond to a valuable lesson they should have learned in their “History of Architecture” course in college that “architec ture usually reflects the success or failure or failure of a civilized society”? Only time will tell.A building is closely bound up with people, for it provides people with the necessary space to work and live in. As classified by their use, buildings are mainly of two types: industrial buildings and civil buildings. Industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling, emplovment, education and other social activities.The construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings. However, industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used, and in the structural forms or systems they are used.Considering only the engineering essentials, the structure of a building can be defined as the assemblage of those parts which exist for the purpose of maintaining shape and stability. Its primary purpose is to resist any loads applied to the building and to transmit those to the ground.In terms of architecture, the structure of a building is and does much more than that. It is an inseparable part of the building form and to varying degrees is a generator of that form. Used skillfully, the building structure can establish or reinforce orders and rhythms among the architectural volumes and planes. It can bevisually dominant or recessive. It can develop harmonies or conflicts. It can be both confining and emancipating. And, unfortunately in some cases, it cannot be ignored. It is physical.The structure must also be engineered to maintain the architectural form. The principles and tools of physics and mathematics provide the basis for differentiating between rational and irrational forms in terms of construction. Artists can sometimes generate shapes that obviate any consideration of science, but architects cannot.There are at least three items that must be present in the structure of a building: stability, strength and stiffness, economy.Taking the first of the three requirements, it is obvious that stability is needed to maintain shape. An unstable building structure implies unbalanced forces or a lack of equilibrium and a consequent acceleration of the structure or its pieces.The requirement of strength means that the materials selected to resist the stresses generated by the loads and shapes of the structure(s) must be adequate. Indeed, a “factor of safety” is usually provided so that under the anticipated loads, a given material is not stressed to a level even close to its rupture point. The material property called stiffness is considered with the requirement of strength. Stiffness is different from strength in that it directly involves how much a structure strain or deflects under load .A material that is very strong but lacking in stiffness will deform too much to be of value in resisting the forces applied.Economy of building structure refers to more than just the cost of the materials used.Construction economy is a complicated subject involving raw materials ,fabrication ,erection ,and maintenance .Design and construction labor costs and the costs of energy consumption must be considered .Speed of construction and the cost of money (interest) are also factors .In most design situations ,more than one structural material requires pletive alternatives almost always exist ,and the choice is seldom obvious .Apart from these three primary requirements ,several other factors are worthy ofemphasis .First ,the structure or structural system must relate to the building’s function .It should not be in conflict in terms of form .For example ,a linear function demands a linear structure ,and therefore it would be improper to roof a bowling alley with a dome .Similarly ,a theater must have large , unobstructed spans but a fine restaurant probably should not .Stated simply , the structure must be appropriate to the function it is to shelter .Second, the structure must be fire-resistant. It is obvious that the structural system must be able to maintain its integrity at least until the occupants are safely out. Building codes specify the number of hours for which certain parts of a building must resist the heat without collapse. The structural materials used for those elements must be inherently fire-resistant or be adequately protected by fireproofing materials. The degree of fire resistance to be provided will depend upon a number of items, including the use and occupancy load of the space, its dimensions, and the location of the building.Third, the structure should integrate well with the buil ding’s circulation systems. It should not be in conflict with the piping systems for water and waste, the ducting systems for air, or (most important) the movement of people. It is obvious building systems must be coordinated as the design progresses. One can design in a sequential step-by-step manner within any one system, but the design of all of them should move in a parallel manner toward completion. Spatially, all the various parts of a building are interdependent.Fourth, the structure must be psychologically safe as well as physically safe. A high-rise frame that sways considerably in the wind might not actually be dangerous but may make the building uninhabitable just the same. Lightweight floor systems that are too “bouncy” can make the users very u ncomfortable. Large glass windows, uninterrupted by dividing motions, can be quite safe but will appear very insecure to the occupant standing next to on 40 floors above the street.Sometimes the architect must make deliberate attempts to increase the apparentstrength or solidness of the structure. This apparent safety may be more important than honestly expressing the building’s structure, because the untrained viewer cannot distinguish between real and perceived safety.The building designer needs to understand the behavior lf physical structures under load. An ability to intuit or “feel” structural behavior is possessed by those having much experience involving structural analysis, both qualitative and quantitative. The consequent knowledge of how forces, stresses, and deformations build up in different materials and shapes is vital to the development of this “sense”.Structural analysis is the process of determining the forces and deformations in structures due to specified loads so that the structure can be designed rationally, and so that the state of safety of existing structures can be checked.In the design of structures, it is necessary to start with a concept leading to a configuration which can then be analyzed. This is done so members can be sized and the needed reinforcing determined, in order to: a) carry the design loads without distress or excessive deformations (serviceability or working conditions); and b)to prevent collapse before a specified overload has been placed on the structure(safety or ultimate condition).Since normally elastic conditions will prevailly undue working loads, a structural theory based on the assumptions of elastic behavior is appropriate for determining serviceability conditions. Collapse of a structure will usually occur only long after the elastic range of the materials has been exceeded at critical points, so that an ultimate strength theory based on the inelastic behavior of the materials is necessary for a rational determination of the safety of a structure against collapse. Nevertheless, an elastic theory can be used to determine a safe approximation to the strength of ductile structures (the lower bound approach of plasticity), and this approach is customarily followed in reinforced concrete practice. For this reason only the elastic theory of structures is pursued in this chapter.Looked at critically, all structures are assemblies of three-dimensional elements,the exact analysis of which is a forbidding task even under ideal conditions and impossible to contemplate under conditions of professional practice. For this reason, an important part of the analyst’s work is the simplification of the actual structure and loading conditions to a model which is susceptible to rational analysis.Thus, a structural framing system is decomposed into a slab and floor beams which in turn frame into girders carried by columns which transmit the loads to the foundations. Since traditional structural analysis has been unable to cope with the action of the slab, this has often been idealized into a system of strips acting as beams. Aldo, long-hand method has been unable to cope with three-dimensional framing systems, so that the entire structure has been modeled by a system of planar subassemblies, to be analyzed one at a time. The modern matrix-computer methods have revolutionized structural analysis by making it possible to analyze entire systems, thus leading to more reliable predictions about the behavior of structures under loads.Actual loading conditions are also both difficult to determine and to express realistically, and must be simplified for purposes of analysis. Thus, traffic loads on a bridge structure, which is essentially both of dynamic and random nature, is usually idealized into statically moving standard trucks, or distributed loads, intended to simulate the most severe loading conditions occurring in practice.The most important use of structural analysis is as a tool in structural design. As such, it will usually be a part of a trial-and error procedure, in which an assumed configuration with assumed dead loads is analyzed, and the members designed in accordance with the results of the analysis. This phase is called the preliminary designed; since this design is still subject to change, usually a crude, fast analysis method is adequate. At this stage, the cost of the structure is estimated, loads and member properties are revised, and the design is checked for possible improvements. The changes are now incorporated in the structure, a more refined analysis is performed, and the member design is revised. This project is carried to convergence,the rapidity of which will depend on the capability of the designer. It is clear that a variety of analysis methods, ranging from” quick and dirty to exact”, is needed for design purposes.An efficient analyst must thus be in command of the rigorous methods of analysis, must be aware of available design and analysis aids, as well as simplifications permitted by applicable building codes. An up-to-date analyst must likewise be versed in the bases of matrix structural analysis and its use in digital computers as well as in the use of available analysis programs or software高层建筑展望及建筑结构区域规划对高层建筑物的密度和对自然采光设计可能引起道德问题将产生影响。
现代建筑发展趋势外文文献翻译+中文
【此文档为word版本可任意编辑】外文文献：Modern ArchitectureModern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means ofarchitectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from 1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant StyleBy the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernismbecame the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living", but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the box." Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a "style" that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion." At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question "Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?" In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of "air rights",[1] In criticism by AdaLouise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to "sever" the Park Avenue streetscape and "tarnish" the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and the builders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.中文译文：现代建筑现代建筑,不被混淆与'当代建筑' , 是一个词给了一些建筑风格有类似的特点, 主要的简化形式,消除装饰等. 虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并大量造就了一些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品,很少有现代的建筑物,建于20世纪上半叶. 第二次大战后的三十年, 但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源一些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为一个社会问题, 息息相关的工程中的现代性,从而影响了启蒙运动,导致社会和政治革命.另一些人认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和工程学的发展, 那就是获得新的建筑材料,如钢铁, 混凝土和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术,它作为工业革命的一部分. 1796年, shrewsbury查尔斯bage首先用他的'火'的设计, 后者则依靠铸铁及砖与石材地板. 这些建设大大加强了结构,使它们能够容纳更大的机器. 由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,一些早期建筑失败. 直到1830年初,伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁, 导致广泛使用钢架建设，工业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的面貌,英国北部领导的描述, "黑暗魔鬼作坊"的地方如曼彻斯特和西约克郡. 水晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重大展览, 1851年,是一个早期的例子,钢铁及玻璃施工; 可能是一个最好的例子,就是1890年由William乐男爵延长和路易沙利文在芝加哥附近发展的高层钢结构摩天楼. 早期结构采用混凝土作为行政手段的建筑表达(而非纯粹功利结构) ,包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近,劳埃德赖特的统一宫, 建于1926年瑞士巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第二哥特堂,.但无论原因为何, 约有1900多位建筑师,在世界各地开始制定新的建筑方法,将传统的先例(比如哥特式)与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利文和赖特在芝加哥工作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔,安东尼高迪在巴塞罗那, 奥托瓦格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳,其中之一可以看作是一个新与旧的共同斗争.2现代主义风格由1920年代的最重要人物,在现代建筑里确立了自己的名声. 三个是公认的柯布西耶。
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献On the other hand, there is a significant amount ofliterature in the field of architecture design that is writtenin foreign languages. While it may not be as readily accessible for non-native speakers, there are many benefits to exploring literature in other languages. For example, architects who are fluent in multiple languages can have a broader understanding of different cultural approaches to architecture. By reading literature in foreign languages, architects can gain insights into design concepts and practices that may not be covered in English-language sources. This can lead to a more diverse and innovative approach to design.However, one challenge with accessing literature in foreign languages is the accuracy of translations. Architecture is a technical field with specific terminology, and it is important to ensure that translations accurately convey the intended meaning. In some cases, the translation of technical terms and concepts may not accurately convey their full meaning, which can lead to misunderstandings or confusion. Architects who rely on translated literature should be cautious and ensure they verify the accuracy of the translations with experts in the field.Despite these challenges, it is essential for architects to explore literature in multiple languages to stay informed and to gain a global perspective on architecture design. By consideringboth English and foreign language translated literature, architects can access a wider range of resources and insights. Additionally, architects should consider collaborating with colleagues who are fluent in different languages to ensure accurate translation and interpretation of foreign language sources.In conclusion, architecture design is a field that benefits from accessing literature in multiple languages. English provides a wealth of resources and is the global language of academia. However, architects who can access and read literature in foreign languages can gain new perspectives and insights into different cultural approaches to design. While caution should be taken to verify the accuracy of translations, architects should explore literature in multiple languages to broaden their understanding and enhance their creative problem-solving skills.。
现代建筑的英文作文
现代建筑的英文作文Title: The Evolution of Modern Architecture。
Introduction:Modern architecture is a testament to human creativity and ingenuity, reflecting the evolving needs, technologies, and aspirations of society. From towering skyscrapers to innovative sustainable designs, modern architecture encompasses a wide array of styles and approaches thatshape our urban landscapes and define our built environment. Historical Background:The roots of modern architecture can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, marked by a departure from the ornate styles of the past, such asGothic and Baroque, towards a more functional andminimalist aesthetic. Architects like Frank Lloyd Wright,Le Corbusier, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe pioneered newdesign principles that emphasized simplicity, functionality, and the use of modern materials such as steel and glass.Key Characteristics:One of the defining characteristics of modern architecture is its emphasis on clean lines, geometric forms, and open spaces. Buildings are often characterizedby their simplicity and lack of ornamentation, with an emphasis on functionality and efficiency. This can be seenin iconic structures such as the Seagram Building in New York City, designed by Mies van der Rohe, which features a sleek glass and steel façade devoid of any unnecessary embellishments.Another important aspect of modern architecture is its focus on innovation and experimentation. Architects are constantly pushing the boundaries of design, exploring new materials, construction techniques, and sustainable practices. This has led to the development of groundbreaking structures such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the tallest building in the world, which showcases thelatest advancements in engineering and technology.Sustainability:In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on sustainability in modern architecture, driven by concerns about climate change and resource depletion. Architects are increasingly incorporating eco-friendly design principles into their projects, such as passive solar heating, green roofs, and recycled materials. This can be seen inbuildings like the One Central Park in Sydney, which features vertical gardens that help reduce energy consumption and improve air quality.Cultural Influence:Modern architecture is also influenced by cultural factors, reflecting the values, traditions, and aspirations of different societies around the world. In cities like Tokyo and Shanghai, futuristic skyscrapers dominate the skyline, symbolizing economic prosperity and technological advancement. Meanwhile, in cities like Barcelona andCopenhagen, contemporary designs blend seamlessly with historic architecture, creating a sense of continuity and identity.Challenges and Future Trends:Despite its many achievements, modern architecture also faces challenges and criticisms. Some argue that it prioritizes aesthetics over functionality, leading to buildings that lack human scale and fail to integrate with their surroundings. Others raise concerns about the social and environmental impact of large-scale development projects, which can contribute to urban sprawl and exacerbate inequality.Looking to the future, modern architecture is likely to continue evolving in response to changing needs and technologies. Advances in digital design tools, robotics, and 3D printing are opening up new possibilities for architects to create innovative and sustainable structures. At the same time, there is a growing recognition of the importance of community engagement and inclusive designprinciples, ensuring that architecture serves the needs of all people, regardless of background or ability.Conclusion:In conclusion, modern architecture is a dynamic and multifaceted field that reflects the complexities of the modern world. From its origins in the early 20th century to the present day, it has continually evolved in response to cultural, technological, and environmental changes. While facing challenges and criticisms, modern architecture remains a powerful expression of human creativity and a testament to our ongoing quest to shape the world around us.。
现代主义建筑中英文作文
现代主义建筑中英文作文Modernist architecture, also known as modernism, is a style of architecture that emerged in the early 20th century and became dominant after World War II. It is characterized by its rejection of ornamentation and traditional design elements, and its emphasis on functionality, simplicity, and the use of new materials such as glass, steel, and concrete.One of the most famous modernist architects is Le Corbusier, a Swiss-French architect who is known for his pioneering work in modernist architecture. He believed that architecture should be based on the needs of the people who would be using the building, and that a building's form should follow its function. This idea is a key principle of modernist architecture, and it can be seen in many of Le Corbusier's most famous buildings, such as the Villa Savoye and the Unité d'Habitation.Another important figure in modernist architecture is Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, a German-American architect who is known for his use of simple geometric forms and his famous phrase "less is more." Mies van der Rohe's designs,such as the Barcelona Pavilion and the Seagram Building,are characterized by their clean lines, open spaces, anduse of modern materials.Modernist architecture has had a significant impact onthe design of buildings around the world, and its influence can be seen in everything from skyscrapers to residential homes. Many of the principles of modernist architecture, such as the use of industrial materials and the emphasis on functionality, continue to influence architects and designers today.现代主义建筑，也称为现代主义，是一种在20世纪初出现并在二战后变得占主导地位的建筑风格。
建筑外文文献及翻译(参考模板)
外文原文Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of ProjectsLin Jingjing , Zhou GuohuaSchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm.Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority .1.INTRODUCTIONMore and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference [1] designed an iterative algorithm and proposeda mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project scheduling .Basedon work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in [2] . References [3,4]discussed the resource-constrained project scheduling based on Branch Delimitation method .Reference [5] put forward the framework of human resource allocation in multi-project in Long-term ,medium-term and short-term as well as research and development(R&D) environment .Basedon GPSS language, simulation model of resources allocation was built to get the project’s duration time and resources distribution, as in [6]. Reference [7] solved the engineering project’s resources optimization problem using Genetic Algorithms. These literatures reasonably optimized resources allocation in multi-project, but all had the same prerequisite that the project’s importance is the same to each other .This paper will analyze the effects of project’s priority on human resource allocation ,which is to be introduced into a mathematical model ;finally ,a Genetic Algorithm is used to solve the model.2.EFFECTS OF PROJECTS PRIORITY ON HUMAN RESOUCE ALLOCATIONAND THE AFFECTING FACTORS OF PROJECT’S PRIORITYResource sharing is one of the main characteristics of multi-project management .The allocation of shared resources relates to the efficiency and rationality of the use of resources .When resource conflict occurs ,the resource demand of the project with highest priority should be satisfied first. Only after that, can the projects with lower priority be considered.Based on the idea of project classification management ,this paper classifies the affecting factors of project’s priority into three categories ,as the project’s benefits ,the complexity of project management and technology , and the strategic influence on the enterprise’s future development . The priority weight of the project is the function of the above three categories, as shown in (1).W=f(I,c,s…) (1)Where w refers to project’s priority weight; I refers to the benefits of th e project; c refers to the complexity of the project, including the technology and management; s refers to the influence of the project on enterprise .The bigger the values of the three categories, the higher the priority is.3.HUMAN RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL IN MULTI-PROJECTENVIRONMENT3.1Problem DescriptionAccording to the constraint theory, the enterprise should strictly differentiate the bottleneck resources and the non-bottleneck resources to solve the constraint problem of bottleneck resources .This paper will stress on the limited critical human resources being allocated to multi-project with definite duration times and priority.To simplify the problem, we suppose that that three exist several parallel projects and a shared resources storehouse, and the enterprise’s operation only involves one kind of critical human resources. The supply of the critical human resource is limited, which cannot be obtained by hiring or any other ways during a certain period .when resource conflict among parallel projects occurs, we may allocate the human resource to multi-project according to project’s priorities .The allocation of non-critical independent human resources is not considered in this paper, which supposes that the independent resources that each project needs can be satisfied.Engineering projects usually need massive critical skilled human resources in some critical chain ,which cannot be substituted by the other kind of human resources .When the critical chains of projects at the same time during some period, there occur resource conflict and competition .The paper also supposes that the corresponding network planning of various projects have already been established ,and the peaks of each project’s resources demand have been optimized .The delay of the critical chain will affect the whole project’s duration time .3.2 Model HypothesesThe following hypotheses help us to establish a mathematical model:(1)The number of mutually independent projects involved in resourceallocation problem in multi-project is N. Each project is indicated withQ i,while i=1,2, … N.(2)The priority weights of multi-project have been determined ,which arerespectively w1,w 2…w n .(3) The total number of the critical human resources is R ,with r k standingfor each person ,while k=1,2, …,R(4) Δk i = ⎩⎨⎧others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01(5) Resources capturing by several projects begins on time. t E i is theexpected duration time of project I that needs the critical resources tofinish some task after time t ,on the premise that the human resourcesdemand can be satisfied .tAi is the real duration time of project I thatneeds the critical resource to finish some task after time t .(6) According to the contract ,if the delay of the project happens the dailycost loss due to the delay is △c i for pro ject I .According to the project’simportance ,the delay of a project will not only cause the cost loss ,butwill also damage the prestige and status of the enterprise .(while thelatent cost is difficult to quantify ,it isn’t considered in this articletemporarily.)(7) From the hypothesis (5) ,we can know that after time t ,the time-gapbetween the real and expected duration time of project I that needs thecritical resources to finish some task is △t i ,( △t i =t A i -t E i ). For thereexists resources competition, the time –gap is necessarily a positivenumber.(8) According to hypotheses (6) and (7), the total cost loss of project I is C i(C i = △t i * △C i ).(9) The duration time of activities can be expressed by the workload ofactivities divided by the quantity of resources ,which can be indicatedwith following expression of t A i =ηi / R i * ,.In the expression , ηi refersto the workload of projects I during some period ,which is supposed tobe fixed and pre-determined by the project managers on project planningphase ; R i * refers to the number of the critical human resources beingallocated to projects I actually, with the equation Ri * =∑=Rk ki 1δ existing. Due to the resource competition the resourcedemands of projects with higherPriorities may be guarantee, while those projects with lower prioritiesmay not be fully guaranteed. In this situation, the decrease of theresource supply will lead to the increase of the duration time of activitiesand the project, while the workload is fixed.3.3 Optimization ModelBased on the above hypotheses, the resource allocation model inmulti-project environment can be established .Here, the optimizationmodel is :F i =min Z i = min∑∑==Ni i N i Ci 11ω =min i i Ni i N i c t ∆∆∑∑==11ω (2) =min ∑∑==N i i N i 11ω )E i R i ki i t - ⎝⎛∑=1δη i c ∆ 2F =min Z 2=min ()i t ∆=min )E i R i ki i t -⎝⎛∑=1δη (3) Where wj=max(wi) ,(N j i 3,2,1,=∀) (4)Subject to : 0∑∑==≤R k ki N i 11δ=R (5)The model is a multi-objective one .The two objective functions arerespectively to minimize the total cost loss ,which is to conform to theeconomic target ,and to shorten the time delay of the project with highestpriority .The first objective function can only optimize the apparenteconomic cost ;therefore the second objective function will help to makeup this limitation .For the project with highest priority ,time delay will damage not only the economic benefits ,but also the strategy and the prestige of the enterprise .Therefore we should guarantee that the most important project be finished on time or ahead of schedule .4.SOLUTION TO THE MULTI-OBJECTIVE MODEL USING GENETICALGORITHM4.1The multi-objective optimization problem is quite common .Generally ,eachobjective should be optimized in order to get the comprehensive objective optimized .Therefore the weight of each sub-objective should be considered .Reference [8] proposed an improved ant colony algorithm to solve this problem .Supposed that the weights of the two optimizing objectives are αand β ,where α+β=1 .Then the comprehensive goal is F* ,where F*=αF1+βF2.4.2The Principle of Genetic AlgorithmGenetic Algorithm roots from the concepts of natural selection and genetics .It’s a random search technique for global optimization in a complex search space .Because of the parallel nature and less restrictions ,it has the key features of great currency ,fast convergence and easy calculation .Meanwhile ,its search scope is not limited ,so it’s an effective method to solve the resource balancing problem ,as in [9].The main steps of GA in this paper are as follow:(1)EncodingAn integer string is short, direct and efficient .According to thecharacteristics of the model, the human resource can be assigned to be acode object .The string length equals to the total number of humanresources allocated.(2)Choosing the fitness functionThis paper choose the objective function as the foundation of fitnessfunction .To rate the values of the objective function ,the fitness of then-th individual is 1/n。
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中英文对照资料外文翻译文献中英文对照资料外文翻译文献现代办公建筑发展新趋势绿色决定价值个性赢得市场进入二十一世纪后，美国人做过一项统计，发现美国税收来源的83.5%来自于写字楼，而不是工厂。
中国的比例估计还没那么高，但同样，写字楼已经不再像二十世纪工业文明时代那样，仅仅是工厂的管理附属，仅仅是企业的接待站，仅仅是管理者的门面，而真正成为了财富的聚集地。
因为写字楼性质的这一种根本性变化，写字楼开发，自然也越来越关注使用者，尤其是创造最大价值的员工本身的舒适、健康、个性化需求，能否激发使用者的灵感，进行更有效率的脑力创造，成为衡量新时代写字楼的主要标准。
现代办公建筑开发，因而出现了以下一些新的趋势。
生态办公：绿色决定价值好几年前，IBM就因为环境因素从中关村搬了出去，因为IBM的全球写字楼都要遵循22摄氏度的办公温度标准，用养热带鱼的标准养人、养设备，而中关村达不到这个要求。
大企业的挑剔显示了现代写字楼的最大特征———生态办公成为一种趋势，最贵的楼不再是最高的楼，而是环境最好、最舒适的楼。
当然，生态办公不仅意味着小环境的绿色舒适，还意味着针对大环境的节能环保，既让员工快乐工作，提高效率，更能节省使用费用，让老板快乐赚钱。
高层生态写字楼对于依赖市中心商务圈的高层写字楼而言，大环境无法选择，小环境的生态环保还是有很多作为的。
比如，通过薄板楼体、外遮阳设备、呼吸幕墙、隔热玻璃、新型空调、立体绿化等方式，来营造生态写字楼。
外遮阳设备在国外的高档写字楼中应用非常广泛，像英国的诺丁汉国内税务中心，就采用轻质遮阳板和自动控制的遮阳百叶，使整组建筑既能充分利用白天的自然光，有可以有效地遮挡室外的直射光线，避免室内炫光。
国内的高档写字楼，也开始慢慢采用外遮阳设备，如北京顶级写字楼新保利大厦，则在大楼的西侧和南侧采用了竖向石材遮阳百页，按照北京的四季光照设置最佳角度，确保夏天最大的遮阳效果和冬天最佳的日照效果。
墙体的保温隔热是建筑节能的重要部分，在现代办公建筑中，比一般幕墙更为保温、通风的可呼吸幕墙和LOW—E玻璃等带有特殊功能的玻璃成为首选。
号称北京长安街收官王座的顶级写字楼凯晨广场，采用的就是双层呼吸式玻璃幕墙。
整个玻璃幕墙由三层玻璃构筑，最外层的玻璃采用夹层玻璃，厚度10.76毫米，平整度好，减少变形，减少折射；内层玻璃则采用了LOW—E玻璃，隔热性能强，可将外部热量反射，阻止热量进入；在内外两层幕墙之间留有一个宽180毫米的空间，室外空气通过位于外幕墙玻璃窗上部和下部的开缝形成外循环。
同时还在两层幕墙之间内设80毫米宽的带穿孔的铝合金百叶遮阳，先进的楼宇自控系统(BA)连接电脑总控中心，可以根据季节和气候条件自动改变遮阳角度，既保证采光，又杜绝日晒。
萍板楼体也是一种绿色生态的结构。
北京的德胜置业大厦选用薄板楼体，每一个使用单元拥有的面宽至少在8米以上，单间的进深却只有7.2米，再搭配大面积的全开落地玻璃窗，通风和采光效果自然显著。
北京中关村最好的写字楼融科资讯A座，每间隔3米就可以开启1.5米的外窗，结合建筑的板式结构，自然风可以在大厦内轻松对流；建筑与三个三角形的绿化庭园结合，为大厦双面均提供了富有生机的绿色空间，让人感觉就像在园林中办公一样。
空调系统是生态写字楼的重要组成部分。
像北京世纪财富中心、北京新保利大厦和深圳顶级写字楼华润大厦，都采用了VAV变风量空调系统，通过高效的空气处理设备、VAV分风箱以及高精度的DDC控制器（直接数字控制器），并配以初效、中效双级过滤设备，令楼内的空气更加清新、舒适。
在杭州，生态写字楼的建设刚刚起步，像黄龙世纪广场用的是呼吸幕墙，滨江区的UT斯达康新大楼大面积采用LOW—E玻璃，而黄龙区的公元大厦，则可以算得上是一个较为全方位的生态写字楼，采用了开放式幕墙、外遮阳板、内充氩气的LOW—E中空玻璃、新冷媒超级变频多联中央空调、全热交换器、节能水龙头等一系列材料、设备，还有一个7000平方米的绿色中央庭院，非常难得。
生态低层庭院式商务楼生态办公更彻底一些，自然是直接搬到郊外的景观办公区，趴在地面上，跟绿化结合，这在欧美已渐渐成为趋势，尤其是高科技、需要头脑创意的企业。
景观办公区来源于霍华德的“花园城市”理念，一般坐落于大城市边缘的新城，低密度、小体量的办公楼与优美的绿色园林景观有机结合，使工作者能在休闲的环境中产生更多的灵感。
最典型的景观办公区是美国的硅谷，由各种各样的商务花园群落组成，像著名的甲骨文公司就沿湖建造，整个建筑群在湖边徐徐展开，景观如画。
美国科罗拉多州奥罗拉市的水园办公园区，人工湖、小水池、瀑布、溪流，营造出梦幻般的水园景色，在里面办公，自然是神清气爽。
另外，位于美国西雅图市的微软总部也是一个景观办公区，内有110座小型办公楼，从任何一个办公房间的窗口望出去，均可看到绿草树木。
受到硅谷建筑形态的启发，北京搞了个“BDA国际企业大道”，整个项目由43栋三四层高的小独栋构成，每栋办公楼的总面积为3000-5000平方米左右。
低层、低密度满足使用者对阳光和空气的追求；企业独门独户，又可以自行决定自己物业的装饰风格、内部布局；独享冠名权利显示实力又能展示自己的品牌。
北京海淀区则提出了一个生态办公区EOD （EconomicalOfficeDistrict）的全新建设计划。
按照该设计规划，EOD区域里的建筑全部为最高两层的单体小楼，有仿古建筑、欧式农家小屋式建筑、通体以玻璃结构为主的通透式建筑等，强调采光与绿化，选材上则注重环保，雨水收集渗漏系统、太阳能利用系统、可循环利用再生材料、绿化防晒墙、自然通风系统等一应俱全。
杭州最接近生态办公区概念的是浙大科技园，虽然不是独栋建筑，但建筑也是低低地趴在地上，通风采光良好，边上就是老和山，园区内称得上是鸟语花香，休闲味十足。
另外，公元大厦的东南西北边上各有一个四层的独栋角楼，面积在2000平方米左右，既可以享受7000平方米的中央庭院，又可独立进出和使用，颇有独栋办公的味道。
近日，中河边、万松林脚下的一个向阳庭院，高高的杉树依然竖立在深深的庭院里，数幢白色低密度洋楼宛如一个私家别墅群落，这是一个由旧院落改建的庭院式商务楼，3000平方米的办公区域都在两到三层的小洋楼里，享受的是6000平方米的户外绿色空间，南北通透的大开间，绿色景观尽入有限空间———万凯商务楼独特的建筑定位思路开拓出一个全新的办公理念，“贴近自然，让员工在绿色生态中工作”。
无疑，庭院式商务楼呼应了杭州这样一个有山有水的园林大都市，吸引国内外顶级公司入驻。
个性办公：为少数人考虑产业分化，个性化的企业越来越多，个性化的写字楼自然也成为一种开发趋势，写字楼开发，不再应该是50-2000平方米的客户统统笑纳，眉毛胡子一把抓，而根据区域市场特点和目标客户的行为模式进行定位，更应该在功能上有所创新，以充分满足客户的个性化需求。
有时候，为少数人考虑的办公空间，反而更能赢得市场。
LOFT办公空间LOFT原来指的是工业厂房和仓库的大型开放空间。
LOFT成为办公时尚应追溯到二十世纪四十年代的纽约，艺术家们迫于生计聚集在了曼哈顿的苏霍区(SoHo)，因为这里有着纽约最密集的废弃仓库厂房，空间开阔而又廉价。
西方艺术家把空旷的废旧厂房改造成工作室，在里面进行艺术创作，高空间、明亮的采光和真实自然的生态环境，有助于其能量的释放，提高工作效率。
北京的798、上海的“苏州河艺术家仓库”、昆明的“上河创库”、杭州杭印路的“LOFT49”号等，都属于对老建筑的艺术化、个性化加工。
而北京的现代城LOFT写字间，则是通过5米以上的层高，刻意营造出高大宽敞的办公空间。
杭州的星河商务大厦、越都商务大厦和环城北路的财富中心，都有部分的LOFT商务空间，文晖路上的现代领地，是杭州第一个纯LOFT 商务楼。
MORE写字楼另一种个性化办公模式是MORE。
MORE原是指在社区组团中集中提供居住者办公、对外商务的资源支持。
其特点是资源集中配置，并可全体共享。
定位于MORE概念的写字楼客户需要大量的信息源和对外的交流和联系，同时需经常加班，需要为他们提供更多的配套支持。
因此，MORE写字楼中配置了共用厨房、共用会议室、共用客房和商务中心等丰富的共享资源，能够使客户享受到更宽泛的特色服务和资源支持。
像森根国际TOWNHOUSE写字楼，号称“独联体高级办公基地”，就有这些功能。
外文文献：The new trend of the development of modern office building green determines the value of personality to win the marketEnter after twenty-first Century, the Americans made a statistics, found the United States tax source 83.5% from office, not the factory. China estimates the proportion is not so high, but equally, office no longer twentieth Century industrial civilization times, only the factory management subsidiary, is the only business reception, only managers facade, and truly become the accumulation of wealth.Because the office properties of this kind of fundamental change, office development, nature also pay more and more attention to the user, in particular to create the greatest value and employee comfort, health, the personalized needs of users, can stimulate the inspiration, more efficient mental creation, become new era office main standard. Modern office building development, thus appeared the following new trend.Ecological office: green valueSeveral years ago, IBM because of environmental factors from Zhongguancun moved out, because the IBM global office should abide by22 degrees Celsius temperature standard for office, keep tropical fish standard to raise a person, raise equipment, while Zhongguancun is not up to the requirements.Big business critical showing modern office buildings feature -- Ecological Office has become a trend, the most expensive house no longer is the tallest building, but the environment is best, the most comfortable building.Of course, the ecological office not only means the small environmentgreen and comfortable, also means the environmental energy saving and environmental protection, not only let the staff happy work, improveefficiency, can save more costs, let the boss happy to make money.Ecological high-rise office buildingThe dependence of the downtown business circle of high-rise office buildings, the environment can not choose, small environmental protection of the ecological environment there are still many as. For example, through the sheet body building, external shading device, respiratory curtain wall, thermal insulation glass, air conditioning, three-dimensional greening mode, to create ecological office building.External shading devices in foreign high-grade office buildings in a wide range of applications, such as British Nottingham internal revenue center, on the use of lightweight visor and automatic control of the shutter, the entire group of buildings can not only make full use of natural light in daytime, there can be effectively shielded outdoor straight rays, avoid indoor glare. Domestic high-grade office buildings, began using external shading devices, such as Beijing 's top office new Poly Plaza, in the building's west side and on the south side of the vertical stone sunshade louver, according to Beijing's four seasons light settings to ensure the best angle, the biggest summer shading effect and winter best sunshine effect.Wall thermal insulation energy-saving construction is the important part of the modern office building, curtain wall, than the general more insulation, ventilation breathable wall and LOW - E glass with special function glass became the preferred. Known as the Beijing Chang'an Avenue ending throne in the top office Chemsunny Plaza, used is the two-tier breathing type glass curtain wall. The whole glass curtain wall iscomposed of three layers of glass structure, the outer glass is laminatedglass, thickness10.76 mm, good flatness, decrease the deformation, reduced refraction; the inner layer of glass is used in LOW, E glass, thermal insulation properties strong, the external heat reflection, prevent the heat into the two layer; curtain wall is arranged between the a180 mm wide space, outdoor air through the outer curtain wall glass window located in the upper and lower portions of the slit to form circulation. While still in the two layer is arranged in the wall between80mm wide perforated aluminum alloy louver sunshade, advanced building automation system ( BA ) connected computer control center, according to seasonal and climatic conditions automatically change the sunshade angle, not only guarantee the lighting, and put an end to the sun. Ping Banlou body is also a kind of green and ecological architecture. Beijing Desheng home on the selection of thin body building, every unit has a width of at least in 8 meters of above, single depth only 7.2meters, with a large area of the full glass windows, ventilation and lighting effect remarkable.Beijing Zhongguancun best office Raycom information A, every3 meters to be able to open 1.5meters outside the window, combining architectural type structure, natural wind can easily convection inside of the building; building and three triangular green garden, building on both sides with the life of green space, let a person feel like in the garden of office.Air conditioning system is an important part of the ecological office building. Like the Beijing Century Fortune Center, Beijing new Poly Plaza and Shenzhen 's top office China Resources Building, use the VAV variable air volume air conditioning system, through the efficient air treatment equipment, VAV bellows and high accuracy controller of DDC ( direct digital controller ), and with the beginning of efficiency, in effect of two-stage filtration equipment, make the building in the air more fresh, comfortable.In Hangzhou, the ecological office building has just started, like DragonCentury Square with the breathing wall, Binjiang District UT Starcom new building large area by LOW - E glass, and Huanglong area the building, it can be considered a more comprehensive ecological office building, the open curtain wall, the outer visor, argon gas filling LOW - E hollow glass, new refrigerant super multi-evaporator inverter central air conditioning, heat exchanger, energy-saving water tap and a series of materials, equipment, and a7000square meters of green central courtyard, very rare.Ecological low layer courtyard business buildingEcological office more thoroughly, nature is directly to the countryside landscape office area, lying on the ground, with green binding, which in Europe and the United States has gradually become a trend, especially high-tech, need the mind creative enterprises.Landscape office derives from Howard's" garden city" concept, generally located in the city of big city brim, low density, small volume of office building with beautiful green landscape organic union, make the worker in the leisure environment to produce a more inspiration.The most typical landscape district office is the United States Silicon Valley, by various business Garden community composition, like the famous Oracle Corp built along the lake, the entire building at the lake started slowly, with picturesque landscape.The United States of Colorado Aurora City Water Park Office Park, artificial lakes, waterfalls, streams, small pool, create a dreamy water garden scenery, in office, nature is refreshed.In addition, in the United States Seattle City Microsoft headquarters is also a landscape office area, there are110 small office building, fromany one office room window, can see green trees.By the Silicon Valley architectural inspiration, Beijing got a" BDA international enterprise Avenue", the project consists of 43building three or four storey small standing pose, every office building covers an area of3000-5000 square meters. Low level, low density satisfies the user to the sunlight and air pursuit; enterprise further, and can determine its own property decorative style, internal layout; exclusive naming rights to show strength and can display their brand.Beijing Haidian District provides an ecological office district EOD ( EconomicalOfficeDistrict ) of the new building plans. According to the design and planning, EOD area construction for all the top two layers of single building, with antique architecture, European architecture, the cottage to glass structure consisting mainly of transparent type construction, emphasizing lighting and greening, material selection, pay attention to environmental protection, rainwater leakage system, solar energy utilization system, circulating use of recycled materials, green sun wall, natural ventilation system and other goods are available in all varieties.The closest to Hangzhou ecological office district concept is scientific and Technological Park, although not a building, but the building is also low to the ground, ventilated daylighting is good, the edge is old and hill, park was an idyllic scene, snack flavor. In addition, the building's southeast northwest edge of each have a four layer of single-family turret, in the area of 2000 square meters, can enjoy the7000 square meters of the central garden, and independent import and use, a single-family office.Recently, in the river, pine million feet of a sunny courtyard, tall fir still erected in the deep courtyard, a few big white low density housesas a private villa community, it is a by the old courtyard alterationsin the courtyard building,3000 square meters of office area in two to the three layer the small houses, enjoy the6000 square meters of outdoor green space, north-south permeability of large bay, green landscape to the limited space -- Kai million business building unique building location ideas open up a brand-new office concept," close to nature, let the staff in the green ecological work". Undoubtedly, garden-style office in response to the Hangzhou such a mountain and water garden cities, to attract domestic and foreign top company settled.Personality: to a few people consider officeIndustrial Differentiation, personalized business more and more, personalized office also has become a development trend, the development office, should no longer is 50-2000 square meters of customers all heart, beard Yibazhua eyebrows, and according to the regional market characteristics and target customer behavior pattern should be in the function of positioning, to innovate, to fully to meet customer demand for personalized. Sometimes, for a few people consider the office space, but more to win the market.LOFT office spaceThe original LOFT refers to the industrial plant and warehouse in large open space. LOFT become the office fashion should be traced back to the nineteen forties New York artists under the livelihood, gathered in the Manhattan area ( SoHo soohoo ), because there is in New York with the most intensive unused workshop, open space and cheap. Western artists to open waste plant into a studio, in which art, high space, bright lighting and the true nature of the ecological environment, contributes to the release of energy, improve work efficiency.798 Beijing, Shanghai "Suzhou River artists warehouse", Kunming's "riverof Hangzhou", hang Yinlu "LOFT49" etc., all belong to the old buildingart, personalized processing. And the modern city of Beijing LOFT offices, is through more than 5 meters tall, deliberately create a spacious office space.Hangzhou Xinghe building business, more business building and the around the city north of the center of wealth, are part of the LOFT business space, Wenhui Road modern territory, Hangzhou is the first pure LOFT business building.The MORE office buildingAnother kind of personalized office mode is MORE. The original MORE refers to a community group to concentrate on providing the resident office, foreign business resources support. Its characteristic is the centralized resource allocation, and can be shared. Positioning in the MORE concept office customers need a lot of information sources and foreign exchanges and contacts, at the same time, often work overtime, they need to provide more support. Therefore, MORE office configuration of the common kitchen, common room, common rooms and business centre rich shared resources, to allow customers to enjoy more general characteristics of services and resources to support. Like the Schengen international TOWNHOUSE office building, known as the" CIS senior office base", have the function of.。