吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解(自然主义)【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解（9-16章）【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解（9-16章）【圣才出品】第9章1945年之前的现代小说9.1复习笔记Ⅰ.Overview1.Background2.Lost Generation3.Modern FictionⅡ.Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅢ.Francis Scott Fitzgerald(1896-1940)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅣ.Sinclair Lewis(1885-1951)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅤ.John Steinbeck(1902-1968)1.Life2.Literary Career3.The Grapes of WrathⅠ.Overview1.Background①After the war,the voices of new groups of Americans were heard.They were poor,or immigrants,or Jews,or blacks.②During this period there occurred in America areexamination of the structure of literature and of the nature of the critical activity itself.Ⅰ.概述1.背景①战后，很多美国的新作家来自穷人，移民，犹太人或黑人。
②这一时期，美国重新审视了文学结构和评论活动本身。
Lost Generation were cut off from their past.Without a meaningful future to fall on,they were lost in disillusionment and existential voids.2.迷惘的一代迷惘的一代与过去分割。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和典型题(含考研真题)详解(战后的现实主义小说)【圣才出品】
第10章战后的现实主义小说10.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Emergence2. Major ConceptsⅡ. John Cheever (1912-1982)1. Life and Career2. CommentⅢ. James Thurber (1894-1961)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅣ. Truman Capote (1924-1984)1. Life and Career2. CommentⅤ. Jerome David Salinger (1919-2010)1. Life and Career2. CommentⅥ. John Updike (1932-2009)1. Life2. Career3. CommentⅠ. Overview1. Emergence①Modernist fiction declined during and after the Second World War. Famous writers like Scott Fitzgerald, Sherwood Anderson, and Gertrude Stein died one after another.②Postwar realism represents a general literary temper which conforms to the transformation of the new postwar world.Ⅰ. 概述1. 出现①现代主义小说在二战期间和战后逐渐衰落。
菲茨杰拉德，舍伍德和格特鲁德等优秀作家相继去世。
②战后现实主义代表了一般的文学倾向，符合战后社会的观点的转变。
2. Major Concepts①Postwar realism combines the time-honored realism with the effective achievements of various literary trends, including modernism.②Postwar realism embodies the great changes in literature along with the great changes in society.2. 主要概念①战后现实主义把历史悠久的现实主义和包括现代主义在内的多种文学趋势结合在一起。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 美国的女性作家)【圣才出品】
第12章美国的女性作家Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Author:_____Title:_____（南京大学2007研）Well,and what if she was?She still had ears.It was like Cornelia to whisper around doors.She always kept things secret in such a public way.She was always being tactful and kind.Cornelia was dutiful;that was the trouble with her.Dutiful and good:“So good and dutiful.”said Granny,“that I’d like to spank her.”【答案】Katherine Anne Porter;The Jilting of Granny Weatherall【解析】题目节选自凯瑟琳的《被遗弃的老祖母》。
2.The Southern Renaissance was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature that began in the1920s and1930s with the appearance of,among others, novelist_____,playwright_____,and short-story writer Katherine Anne Porter.（天津外国语2010研）【答案】journalist,essayist【解析】南方文艺复兴开始于20世纪20年代，代表作家包括福克纳，凯瑟琳·安·波特，尤多拉·韦尔蒂，卡森·麦卡勒斯等。
3.The New Criticism first emerged in1920s as a reaction against the prevailing time-honored critical tendency to focus on the theme often in disregard of the form of the work.The name is given by John Crowe Ransom’s collection ofcritical essays_____.【答案】The New Criticism【解析】“新批评”一词，源于美国文艺批评家约翰·克劳·兰塞姆（John Crowe Ransom）1941年出版的《新批评》（The New Criticism）一书。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 垮掉的一代)【圣才出品】
第11章垮掉的一代Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.Gary Snyder has been placed next to Allen Ginsberg among the Beat Generation. He seems to think that the job of the poet is to catch sight of_____,which resides nowhere but in_____.【答案】the poetic;the natural world【解析】加里·斯奈德（Gary Snyder），二十世纪美国著名诗人、“垮掉派”代表人物之一。
他喜欢沉浸于自然，在大自然中，他既是劳动者也是思考者，因此他的诗“更加接近于事物的本色以对抗我们时代的失衡、紊乱及愚昧无知”。
2.Such literary and cultural developments in the early twentieth century,as “Angry Young Men”in England,“__________”in America and“Nouveau Roman”in France seem to share the belief that the world is absurd and life meaningless,which may be labeled as______developments.（人大2001研）【答案】Beat Generation;counter-cultural【解析】20世纪早期，随着文学和文化的发展，在英国出现了“愤怒的青年”，美国出现了“垮掉的一代”，在法国出现了“新小说派”。
他们都认为世界是荒诞的，而生命则毫无意义。
因此，他们被贴上了“反文化”的标签。
3.Write down the name of the author of the following work.（厦门大学2011研）“In my hungry fatigue,and shopping for images,I went into the neon fruitsupermarket,dreaming of your enumerations!”【答案】Alan Ginsberg【解析】该段引自美国“垮掉的一代”的诗人金斯堡的《加利福尼亚超市》，并首次发表在其作品集Howl and Other Poems（《嚎叫和其他诗》）中，诗中描述了作者经过加利福尼亚一家超市时的所见所想。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 后现代小说)【圣才出品】
第16章后现代小说Ⅰ.Explain the following terms1.Postmodernism（北航2010研）Key:Postmodernism is a disputed term that has occupied much recent debate about contemporary culture since the early1980s.It is said to be a culture of fragmentary sensations,eclectic nostalgia,disposable simulacra,and promiscuous superficiality,in which the traditionally valued qualities of depth, coherence,meaning,originality,and authenticity are evacuated or dissolved amid the random swirl of empty signals.It seems to have no relevance to modern poetry,and little to drama,but is used widely in reference to fiction,notably to the novels(or anti-novels)and stories of Thomas Pynchon,Kurt Vonnegut,Italo Calvino,Vfadimir Nabokov,William S.Burroughs,and Angela Carter.2.MetafictionKey:Metafiction is a literary term popularized by Robert Scholes to describe novels that specifically and self-consciously examine the nature and status of fiction itself and that often contain experiments to test fiction as a form in one way or another.Postmodernist writers tend to apply metafiction in their works,for instance,John Barth’s Lost in the Funhouse and John Fowles’s The French Lieutenant’s Woman.3.Postcolonial literatureKey:①Literature of the settler colony and invade colony.②We use the term post-colonial to cover all the culture affected by the imperial process from the moment of colonization to the present day.③What each of these literatures has in common beyond their special and distinctive regional characteristics is that they emerged in their present form out of the experience of colonization and asserted themselves by foregrounding the tension with the imperial power.4.OrientalismKey:①Orientalism is“a manner of regularized(or orientalized)writing,vision, and study,dominated by imperatives,perspectives,and ideological biases ostensibly suited to the Orient.”②It is the image of the“Orient”expressed as an entire system of thought and scholarship.Ⅱ.Short answer questionsWhat is“hybrid”in postcolonialism?Key:①The term“hybrid”used above refers to the concept of hybridity,an important concept in post-colonial theory,referring to the integration(or,mingling) of cultural signs and practices from the colonizing and the colonized cultures (“integration”may be too orderly a word to represent the variety of stratagems, desperate or cunning or good-willed,by which people adapt themselves to the necessities and the opportunities of more or less oppressive or invasive culturalimpositions,live into alien cultural patterns through their own structures of understanding,thus producing something familiar but new).②The assimilation and adaptation of cultural practices,the cross-fertilization of cultures,can be seen as positive,enriching,and dynamic,as well as oppressive.③“Hybridity”is also a useful concept for helping to break down the false sense that colonized cultures—or colonizing cultures for that matter—are monolithic,or have essential,unchanging features.Ⅲ.Essay questionsHow is the poetry of Postmodernism different from that of Modernism?Key:In terms of the idea of art,in the1890s and the first years of the20th century art and poetry were regarded as the finished products of the creative process, closed in form,with rhymes and stanzas,coherent images and figures,and completed in plot enacted.While art and poetry of Postmodernism are seen as open,on-going,not as the end of thought,but as the process of the mind thinking, stressing motion,created on the impulse of the moment,and not previously well-planned.And there is not much of the finely metered Modernist poem in the new verse that,instead of aiming at an elite readership,endeavors to the common people as much as possible.Thematically,the new poetry normally portrays everyday experiences,events, and emotions.It envisions man as vulnerable and helpless and at the mercy of overwhelming odds.It accepts life for what it is,feeling resigned,painfully aware ofits inability to control and contain life.Instead of trying to“give shape and significance to the immense panorama of futility and anarchy that is contemporaneous history”(as Eliot puts it),the new verse tries to represent life as it is with its strengths and weaknesses,as something inconsistent,ever changing, and never wholly knowable.The poets’job is,seen by some people,to seize the moment and make the best of it for themselves as well as for the world at large.As regards formal considerations,the new verse embraces open form,“the perfect,easy discipline of the swallow’s dip and swoop,without east to west”(as Gary Snyder puts it).It repudiates the Eliotic,New Critical values of impersonality and objectivity as distancing art from life.It refuses to use“persona”as they feel it separates the writers from their readers.In the new verse,there is very often autobiographical;the tone is personal and emotional;the emotions are often intense though qualifies:there is ambivalence and humor amid remorse,disgust of anguish.The diction of the new verse is mostly from daily speech,its style is conversational,colloquial,discursive and meditative,and its mood generally casual and relaxed.It is necessary to note here that contemporary American poetry is not always easy to read.In fact,much of this poetry is very hard to understand.Possible reasons for this may include the private nature of the poet’s thinking and expression,and their self-indulgence encouraged by the postmodern tendency of extreme individualization.。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解（现代诗歌）【圣才出品】
吴定柏《美国⽂学⼤纲》笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解（现代诗歌）【圣才出品】第8章现代诗歌8.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Modernism3. Imagism(1) Emergence(2) Major features(3) CommentⅡ. Ezra Loomis Pound (1885-1972)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅢ. Thomas Stearns Elliot (1888-1968)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅣ. Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Views of Poetry4. Major FeaturesⅤ. E. A. Robinson (1869-1935)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CharacteristicsⅥ. Robert Lee Frost (1874-1963)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CommentⅦ. Contemporary American PoetryⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundIn the 20th century, two characteristic strains in American poetry are introspection and social criticism. But they were often combined together.Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景20世纪，美国诗歌有两⼤类型，即内省和社会批判。
但是两种类型经常结合在⼀起。
2. Modernism(1) Modernism dramatized severance from the past while using the past, its valuesand artistic forms in new literary production.(2) Modernists had a sense of fragmentation in social communities and the individual himself.(3) The distinctive feature of literary modernism was its strong break withtraditional forms and techniques of expression.2. 现代主义(1) 现代主义与过去相隔离，但同时也在新的⽂学作品中使⽤过去的观点和艺术形式。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 现代诗歌)【圣才出品】
第8章现代诗歌Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.The most significant American poem of the twentieth century was_____.【答案】The Waste Land【解析】《荒原》（The Waste Land）是现代英美诗歌的里程碑，是象征主义文学中最有代表性的作品，是艾略特的成名作和影响最深远的作品。
2.Edwin Arlington Robinson produced a large body of works and was honored with the_____Prize in1922,1925and1928.【答案】Pulitzer【解析】美国诗人埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊(Edwin Arlington Robinson)一生创作了很多作品，他于1922年、1925年和1928年三次赢得普利策奖。
3.Robert Frost’s second volume of poems was_____.【答案】North of Boston【解析】罗伯特·弗罗斯特（Robert Frost）是20世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人，1914年他出版了他个人的第二部诗集《波士顿以北》（North of Boston）这本诗集获得很高的评价。
4.In1915,_____published his Prufrock and Other Observations.【答案】Thomas Stearns Eliot【解析】1917年T·S·艾略特（Thomas Stearns Eliot）出版了他的第一本诗集《普鲁弗洛克及其他观感》（Prufrock and Other Observations）。
Ⅱ.Multiple Choice1.The following excerpt is taken from a poem by_______.（大连外国语2007研）A.Carl SandburgB.Wallace StevensonC.T.S.EliotD.Ezra PoundWhile my hair was still cut straight across my foreheadI played about the front gate,pulling flowers.You came by on bamboo stilts,playing horse,You walked about my seat,playing with blue plums.And we went on living in the village of Chokan:Two small people,without dislike or suspicion.At fourteen I married My Lord you.I never laughed,being bashful.Lowering my head,I looked at the wall.Called to,a thousand times,I never looked back.【答案】D【解析】题中诗句选自美国著名诗人Ezra Pound的诗歌The River-Merchant’s Wife:ALetter。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(考研真题精选 作品分析)【圣才出品】
四、作品分析Passage1（北二外2017研）Read the following poem and write an essay based on your analysis of the poem. Remember to start your essay with a statement,then support your ideas with-supporting details,and finally come to a conclusion.NatureKey:(1)It is the opening verse of Nature published in1849.This opening verse revealsEmerson’s approach,in both philosophy and his writing,of starring from one point and moving outward.It also introduces many of the themes and images to follow in Nature and throughout his other writings,such as the circle of“chain of countless rings”and“the eye”to represent continuity and vision,the interconnectedness of all things in nature,and humanity as nature’s highest “form.”Nature is,according to biographer Richardson,“a modern version of Plato,and American version of Kant.”(2)As an exhibition of Emerson’s philosophical tenets,Emerson’s sense ofmankind’s destined arrival in the evolutionary process and the affinity of man’s still emerging mind with the laws of universe.The principal motif of thispoem,as previously mentioned,harkens all the way through Nature,which provides the evidence that Emerson’s endorsement of the theory of evolution.Along with other poems,such as“Wealth”,and“Fate”,Emerson expressed his trust in entire universe.As the following text of“nature”has ascribed to the notions mentioned in this poem,such as“an original relation to the universe”,“transparent eye-ball”and a person who striving to be a“great man”.(3)However,the idea of Emerson’s Nature,was criticized as the epitome ofTranscendentalist individualism and self-absorption.Despite such criticisms, both the message of ones with nature and the first-person stream of consciousness style defined a new literary genre as well as a new philosophy and would later be echoed in the works of other writers of the era,such as Emily Dickinson or Walt Whitman.Passage2（南开大学2012研）Questions1to4are based on the several stanzas from Edgar Allen Poe’s poem The Raven.Questions:1.In stanzaⅠ,what is the speaker doing when he first hear the tapping?What does he seek to borrow,’in stanza2?2.What does the speaker say“to still the beating”of his heart?What does the speaker see when he open the door?3.What does the speaker whisper?4.Paraphrase the first five stanzas of the poem.Key:1.He is thinking deeply about some“quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore”weakly and wearily,nodding and nearly napping.He seeks to borrow sorrow from his books,because that his lover dies and he is very sad and painful.2.Because that he is extremely frightened by the knocking,he decides to have a look at the door.He holds his breath and goes to the door.When he opens the door,he sees nothing except the darkness.3.The speaker whispers“Lenore”,which is the name of his deceased lover.4.When I was in deep thought at night,nodding and napping,I heard the knocking at my chamber door.I was frightened by such sound,so I decided to see who it was.And when I opened the door,there was nothing but darkness.In the darkness,I whispered my lover’s name“Lenore”.Passage3（北航2011研）It made me shiver.And I about made up my mind to pray,and see if I couldn’t try to quit being the kind of a boy I was and be better.So I kneeled down.But the words wouldn’t come.Why wouldn’t they?It warn’t no use to try and hide it from Him.Nor from ME,neither.I knowed very well why they wouldn’t come.It was because my heart warn’t right;it was because I warn’t square;it was because I was playing double.I was letting ON to give up sin,but away inside of me I was holding on to the biggest one of all.I was trying to make my mouth SAY I would do the right thing and the clean thing,and go and write to that nigger’s owner and tell where he was;but deep down in me I knowed it was a lie,and He knowed it.You can’t pray a lie—I found that out.So I was full of trouble,full as I could be;and didn’t know what to do.At last I had an idea;and I says,I’ll go and write the letter—and then see if I can pray.Why, it was astonishing,the way I felt as light as a feather right straight off,and my troubles all gone.So I got a piece of paper and a pencil,all glad and excited,and set down and wrote：Miss Watson,your runaway nigger Jim is down here two mile below Pikesville, and Mr Phelps has got him and he will give him up for the reward if you send.HUCK FINN.I felt good and all washed clean of sin for the first time I had ever felt so in my life.and I knowed I could pray now.But I didn’t do it straight off,but laid the paper down and set there thinking—thinking how good it was all this happened so,and how near I come to being lost and going to hell.And went on thinking.And got to thinking over our trip down the river;and I see Jim before me all the time:in the day and in the night-time,sometimes moonlight,sometimes storms,and we a-floating along,talking and singing and laughing.But somehow I couldn’t seem to strike no places to harden me against him,but only the other kind.I’d see him standing my watch on top of his’n,stead of calling me,so I could go on sleeping; and see him how glad he was when I come back out of the fog;and when I come to him again in the swamp,up there where the feud was;and such-like times;and would always call me honey,and pet me and do everything he could think of for me, and how good he always was;and at last I struck the time I saved him by telling the men we had small-pox aboard,and he was so grateful,and said I was the bestfriend old Jim ever had in the world,and the ONLY one he’s got now;and then I happened to look around and see that paper.It was a close place.I took it up,and held it in my hand.I was a-trembling, because I’d got to decide,forever,betwixt two things,and I knowed it.I studied a minute,sort of holding my breath,and then says to myself:“All right,then,I’ll GO to hell”—and tore it up.Questions:a.Identify the author of the work from which the passage is selected.b.Define the literary school/trend to which the author belongs?ment on the selection.Key:a.This passage is selected from The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain.b.Mark Twain belongs to the American Realism and local colorism.By definition, realism is broadly defined as“the faithful representation of reality”or “verisimilitude which is a literary technique practiced by many schools of writing. In American,the term“realism”encompasses the period of time from the Civil War to the turn of the century.Writers like Mark Twain wrote fiction devoted to accurate representation and an exploration of American lives in various contexts. In his works,the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting,dialect, customs,dress any ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第7章自然主义
7.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Overview
1. Background
2. Emergence
3. Major Features
4. American Naturalists
Ⅱ. Stephen Crane (1871-1900)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
3. Major Features
Ⅲ. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
3. Major Features
Ⅳ. Frank Norris (1870-1902)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
Ⅴ. Jack London (1876-1916)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
Ⅵ. Summary
Ⅰ. Overview
1. Background
Since people were interested in Darwinian thought, the writers found a way to explain human behavior according to Darwin’s natural selection.
Ⅰ. 概述
1. 背景
人们对达尔文思想感兴趣，作家们用达尔文的自然选择论来解释人类的行为。
2. Emergence
Under the French influence, some writers ushered in a literary movement called Naturalism in America.
2. 出现
受法国的影响，一些作家在美国开始发起一场自然主义的文学运动。
3. Major Features
(1) Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.
(2) The universe is godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.
3. 主要特征
(1) 人类受遗传法则和环境的控制。
(2) 宇宙是无神的，冷漠的，对人类的愿望有敌意。
4. American Naturalists
Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser are often used as two examples of American literary naturalism.
4. 美国的自然主义作家
斯蒂芬·克莱恩和西奥多·德莱塞是美国自然主义作家的代表。
Ⅱ. Stephen Crane (1871-1900)
Ⅰ. Life
Stephen Crane was a famous naturalism writer and had many excellent works in his short life.
Ⅱ. 斯蒂芬·克莱恩(1871-1900)
1. 生平
斯蒂芬·克莱恩是一位著名的自然主义作家，短暂的一生中留下了很多佳作。
2. Literary Career
①In 1893 Crane published his first novel called Maggie, A Girl of the Streets, which was the first naturalistic novel written by an American.
②In 1895 he published his most famous book about the American Civil War called
T he Red Badge of Courage.
2. 文学生涯
①1893年，克莱恩发表了他的第一部小说《街头女郎玛吉》，是美国人写的第一部自然主义小说。
②1895年，他发表了最著名的有关美国内战的作品《红色英勇勋章》。
3. Major Features
(1) His syntax is direct and simple.
(2) Crane was very much influenced by impressionistic painters.
(3) He used symbols and irony.
3. 主要特点
(1) 他的句法直接，简单。
(2) 克莱恩深受印象派画家的影响。
(3) 他采用象征和讽刺手法。
Ⅲ. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)
1. Life
He became one of the first American writers to come from the lower level of society.
Ⅲ. 西奥多·德莱塞(1871-1945)
1. 生平
他是从底层社会跻身成功人士的美国作家之一。
2. Literary Career
Sister Carrie won Dreiser population in America. His masterpiece is An American Tragedy.
2. 文学生涯
《嘉莉妹妹》使德莱塞获得欢迎。
他的杰作是《美国悲剧》。
3. Major Features
(1) As a naturalistic writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels.
(2) He developed the capacity for photographic and relentless observation.
3. 主要特点
(1) 作为一名自然主义作家，德莱塞在小说中强调宿命论。
(2) 他发展了逼真，残酷的观察能力。
Ⅳ. Frank Norris (1870-1902)
1. Life
Norris was born in Chicago. He has lived in western America for most of his life. 2. Literary Career
Norris had many excellent works, such as McTeague, The Pit and The Responsibilities of the Novelist. His most impressive work is the prose epic The Octopus.
Ⅳ. 弗兰克·诺里斯(1870-1902)
1. 生平
诺里斯出生于芝加哥。
一生中的大部分时间都居住在美国西部。
2. 文学生涯
诺里斯有很多杰出作品，比如《麦克提格》《交易所》和《小说家的责任》。
他最著名的作品是散文史诗《章鱼》。
Ⅴ. Jack London (1876-1916)
1. Life
Jack London was one of the most articulate and militant spokesmen of the working class.
2. Literary Career
In 1903 he wrote The Call of the Wild, an all-time best seller. His major works include, The Sea Wolf and White Fang, etc.
Ⅴ. 杰克·伦敦(1876-1916)
1. 生平
杰克·伦敦是口才好、好斗的工人阶级的发言人之一。
2. 文学生涯
1903年，他创作了《野性的呼唤》，成为畅销书。
他的主要作品包括《海狼》和《白牙》等。
Ⅵ. Summary
American naturalists shared similarities in theme and technique. They ventured the。