大学英语语法与练习

大学英语语法及练习第一讲虚拟语气I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。

虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。

考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。

虚拟语气的考查要点有：1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。

2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。

例如：If I were invited, I would come.If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things.3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。

例如：Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad.Could I do it, I would surely do it.Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时）又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)；If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如：I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.);A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.)6. 注意介词短语without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。

例如：Without electricity, there would be no modern industry.没有电就不会有现代工业。

But for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment.没有你们的帮助，我们的实验时不可能成功的。

7.“Were it not for/Had it not been for+宾语”或“But that+从句”表示假设条件。

例如：Were it not for their assistance, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties.Had it not been for the reservoir, we’d never have been able to beat the drought.But that he saw it (=If he had not seen it), he could not have believed it.8.providing, providing (that), on condition that, suppose, supposing引导的条件从句中，根据语意，可以用虚拟语气，有可以用述语气。

9.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词有：advice, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, direct（命令）insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, move(提议，动议)等；例如：The United Nations urged that he (should) withdraw his troops. （联合国敦促他撤军。

）10．常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词有：advice, command, desire, determination, idea, motion, order, preference, recommendation, suggestion, insistence, proposals, request, requirement等；例如：The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. (用于同位语从句)邀请他的建议被否决了。

Their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%. (用于表语从句)他们的要工资增加20%。

11．用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“It is/was + 形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）”，例如：It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.你有必要参加讨论。

It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane. 根据命令，那些药品必须空运到这儿。

常见的这类形容词、分词还有：advisable（合理的）, anxious(急切的), appropriate（合适的）, compulsory （强制的）, crucial(紧要关头的)，desirable（理想的）, eager, essential（必要的）, imperative(迫切的), important （重要的）, impossible（不可能的）, improper（不合适的）, natural（自然的）, obligatory(必须履行的)，preferable（更好的）, proper（合适的）, strange（奇怪的）urgent（紧迫的）, vital（至关重要的）, demanded （要求的）, required（要求的）, suggested（建议的）, desired（希望的）等。

II. 历届四级试题中的虚拟语气：1. That tree looked as if it ______ for a long time. (93/1/52)A) hasn’t watered B) didn’t water C) hadn’t been watered D) wasn’t watered2. It’s necessary ______ the dictionary im mediately. (93/1/68)A) that he will return B) that he returned C) that he return D) that he has to return3. We desire that the tour leader ______ us immediately of any change in plans. (93/6/48)A) inform B) informs C) informed D) has informed4. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ______ your advice. (93/6/70)A) follow B) had followed C)would follow D) have followed5.The manager of the hotel requests that their guests______ after 11:00 p.m. (94/1/65)A) not to play loud music B) shouldn’t play loud musicC) don’t play loud music D) couldn’t play music6.______for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (95/1/47)A) Not being for B) Had it not been C) Without being D) Not having been7.To be frank, I’d rather you______ in the case. (95/1/61)A) will not be involved B) not involved C) not to be involved D) were not involved8.It is recommended that the project _____until all the preparations have been made. (95/6/44)A) is not started B) will not be started C) not be started D) is not to be started9.I wish I _____longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. (95/6/45)A) could have slept B) slept C) not be started D) have slept10.Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she _____ a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often.(96/1/44)A) has to get B) were to get C) had got D) could have got11. It is politely requested by the total management that radio ______ after 11 o’clock at (96/1/28)A) were not played B) not to play C) not be played D) did not play12. ______ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96/6/42)A) Would she leave B) If she leaves C) Were she to leave D) If she had left13. It’s already 5 o’clock now. Don’t you think it’s about time ______? (96/6/43)A) we were going home B)we go home C) we went home D) we can go home14. ______ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner (97/1/34)A) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive C) Were they arriving D) Were they to arrive15. Had he worked harder, he ______ the exams. (97/6/42)A)must have got through B) would have got throughC) would get through D) could get through16. I don’t think it advisable that Tim ______ to the job since he has no experience.(97/6/55)A) is assigned B) will be assigned C) be assigned D) has been assigned17. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ______ himself. (98/1/38)A) injure B) had injured C) injured D) would injure18. You don’t have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you______on business first. (98/1/59)A) would go B) will go C) went D) have gone19. I’d rather you______make any comment on the issue for the time being. (98/6/48)A) don’t B) wouldn’t C) didn’t D) shouldn’t20. We were all for your proposal that the discussion ______. (98/6/68)A) be put off B) was put off C) should put off D) is to put off21. “You are very selfish. It’s high time you ______ that you are not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily. (99/1/57)A) realized B) have realized C) realize D) should realize22. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _______ now. (99/1/60)A) wouldn’t be smiling B) couldn’t have smiled C) won’t smile D) didn’t smile23. Frankly speaking, I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being. (99/1/66)A) didn’t do B) haven’t done C) don’t do D) have done24. If the whole operation ______ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (99/6/43)A) was not planned B) has not been C) were not planned D) had not been planned25. As Commander-in-Chief on the armed forces, I have directed that all measures ______for our defense.(99/6/62)A) be taken B) would be taken C) to be taken D) had been taken26. Wouldn’t you rather your child ______ to bed e arly? (00/1/49)A) went B) goes C) go D) would go27. Mike’s uncle insists ______ in this hotel. (00/1/52)A) that he not stay B) staying not C) that he would not stay D) not to stay28. Sometimes I wish I_____ in a different time and a different place. (00/1/58)A) were living B) would live C) would have lived D) be living29. It is essential that these application forms ______ back as early as possible. (00/1/64)A) must be sent B) will be sent C) be sent D) are sent30. The suggestion that the mayor ______ the prizes was accepted by everyone. (00/6/32)A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present31. The manager would rather his daughter ______ in the same office. (00/6/48)A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work32. It is important that the hotel receptionist ______ that guests are registered correctly. (01/1/41)A) make sure B) has made sure C) made sure D) must make sure33.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______ all practical value by the time they were finished. (01/6/53 )A) had lost B) would lose C) would have lost D) should have lost34. Jack wishes that he ______ business instead of history when he was in university. (01/6/50)A) had studied B) study C) studied D) had been studying35. The article suggests that when a person ______ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet. (02/1/57)A) be B) was C) is D) were36. Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee ______ to investigate the incident. (02/1/58)A) was set up B) were set up C) set up D) be set up37. Things might have been much worse if the mother ______ on right to keep the baby. （02/1/59）A) had insisted B) has been insisting C) insisted D) would insistIII. 答案及详解:1. C) 题意：那棵树看上去好象很久没浇水了。