线性代数重要知识点及典型例题答案

线性代数-章节知识点及习题

第一章行列式一、教学要求1、了解行列式定义；2、掌握行列式的性质和展开法则；3、会利用化三角法和行列式展开法则计算低阶行列式以及简单n 阶行列式；4、了解克莱姆法则；重点、难点：熟练运用行列式性质，掌握行列式计算方法二、主要知识点及练习 1、行列式性111213111112132122232121222331323331313233223=1223=223a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ，则。

练习：若行列式---311234=1303=101313a b c a b c ，则。

练习：若行列式+++2、代数余子式13122,112D x x D=则中的系数为。

练习：设行列式11111111x x 是关于的一次多项式，该式中的一次项系数是。

练习：--- 3、行列式计算1）对角线法------计算二阶、三阶行列式212103214111213212223313233--、a a a a a a a a a 练习：计算三阶行列式2）利用行列式性质计算行列式------将行列式化为上三角、下三角、对角行列式222222222(1)(2)(1)(2)(2)(1)(2)11231123(3)(4)11131121(1)ab b b x x x ba b b y y y bb a b z z z b b b ax ab ac aex bd cdde x bf cfefx 练习：计算下列行列、式、、的值+++++++-+-+-+3）利用行列式展开法计算行列式------将行列式降阶0110100111011110练习：四阶行列式。

=11121314313233441111123456224816123434D A A A A A A A A 练习：已知行列式，则，。

==+++=++--+=123,1,3D A A 练习：设三阶行列式的第二行元素分别为,,第一行元素的代数余子式的值分别为,,则。

线代参考答案(完整版)

线性代数练习题第一章行列式系专业班姓名学号第一节行列式的定义一．选择题1．若行列式x52231521- = 0，则=x [ C ] （A ）2 （B ）2- （C ）3 （D ）3- 2．线性方程组⎩⎨⎧=+=+473322121x x x x ，则方程组的解),(21x x = [ C ]（A ）（13，5）（B ）（13-，5）（C ）（13，5-）（D ）（5,13--）3．方程093142112=x x根的个数是 [ C ] （A ）0 （B ）1 （C ）2 （D ）34．下列构成六阶行列式展开式的各项中，取“+”的有 [ A D ] （A ）665144322315a a a a a a （B ）655344322611a a a a a a （C ）346542165321a a a a a a （D ）266544133251a a a a a a 5．若55443211)541()1(a a a a a l k l k N -是五阶行列式ij a 的一项，则l k ,的值及该项的符号为[ B ]（A ）3,2==l k ，符号为正；（B ）3,2==l k ，符号为负；（C ）2,3==l k ，符号为正；（D ）2,3==l k ，符号为负6．下列n （n >2）阶行列式的值必为零的是 [ B ] (A) 行列式主对角线上的元素全为零 (B) 三角形行列式主对角线上有一个元素为零 (C) 行列式零的元素的个数多于n 个 (D) 行列式非零元素的个数小于n 个二、填空题 1．行列式1221--k k 0≠的充分必要条件是 3,1k k ≠≠-2．排列36715284的逆序数是 133．已知排列397461t s r 为奇排列，则r = 2,8,5 s = 5,2,8 ，t = 8,5,2 4．在六阶行列式ij a 中，623551461423a a a a a a 应取的符号为负。

《线性代数》知识点-归纳整理

《线性代数》知识点归纳整理诚毅学生编01、余子式与代数余子式 .................................................................. 2-02、主对角线............................................................................ 2-03、转置行列式.......................................................................... 2-04、行列式的性质........................................................................ 3-05、计算行列式.......................................................................... 3-06、矩阵中未写出的元素 .................................................................. 4-07、几类特殊的方阵...................................................................... 4-08、矩阵的运算规则...................................................................... 4-09、矩阵多项式.......................................................................... 6-10、对称矩阵............................................................................ 6-11、矩阵的分块.......................................................................... 6-12、矩阵的初等变换...................................................................... 6-13、矩阵等价............................................................................ 6-14、初等矩阵............................................................................ 7-15、行阶梯形矩阵与行最简形矩阵......................................................... 7-16、逆矩阵 ............................................................................. 7-17、充分性与必要性的证明题 .............................................................. 8-18、伴随矩阵............................................................................ 8-19、矩阵的标准形：........................................................................ 9-20、矩阵的秩：........................................................................... 9-21、矩阵的秩的一些定理、推论............................................................. 9-22、线性方程组概念..................................................................... 10-23、齐次线性方程组与非齐次线性方程组(不含向量) .......................................... 10-24、行向量、列向量、零向量、负向量的概念................................................ 11-25、线性方程组的向量形式 ............................................................... 11-26、线性相关与线性无关的概念......................................................... 12-27、向量个数大于向量维数的向量组必然线性相关 ........................................... 12-28、线性相关、线性无关；齐次线性方程组的解；矩阵的秩这三者的关系及其例题................. 12-29、线性表示与线性组合的概念......................................................... 12-30、线性表示；非齐次线性方程组的解；矩阵的秩这三者的关系其例题........................... 12-31、线性相关(无关)与线性表示的3个定理................................................ 12-32、最大线性无关组与向量组的秩.......................................................... 12-33、线性方程组解的结构…………………………………………………………………………………………12-01、余子式与代数余子式(1)设三阶行列式, 则①元素an,ai,au的余子式分别为：对Mi的解释：划掉第1行、第1列，剩下的就是一个二阶行列式,这个行列式即元素au的余子式Mi。

大学数学线性代数题库及答案解析

大学数学线性代数题库及答案解析1. 求解方程组a) 3x + 2y - z = 7-x + 3y + 2z = -112x - y + 4z = 5解析：首先，我们可以使用增广矩阵表示方程组：[ 3, 2, -1, 7;-1, 3, 2, -11;2, -1, 4, 5 ]接下来，通过行初等变换将矩阵化为阶梯形：[ 3, 2, -1, 7;0, 7/4, 3/4, -21/4;0, 0, 9/7, 4/7 ]从第三行可以得到 z = 4/7，代入第二行可得 y = -21/7，再代入第一行可以得到 x = 3。

因此，方程组的解为 x = 3, y = -3, z = 4/7。

b) 2x + 3y + 2z = 10x - y + z = 44x + 2y + z = 12解析：同样，我们使用增广矩阵表示方程组：[ 2, 3, 2, 10;1, -1, 1, 4;4, 2, 1, 12 ]通过行初等变换将矩阵化为阶梯形：[ 2, 3, 2, 10;0, -5, -1, -6;0, 0, 0, 0 ]从第二行可以得到 -5y - z = -6，即 z = -6 + 5y。

我们可以令 y = t，其中 t 为任意常数。

则得到 z = -6 + 5t。

将 z 的值代入第一行可以得到x = 4 - 3t。

因此，方程组的解可以表示为 x = 4 - 3t, y = t, z = -6 + 5t。

2. 求解线性方程组的向量空间a) 给定矩阵 A = [1, 2, -1; 2, 4, -2; 3, 6, -3]，求解 A 的列空间。

解析：列空间由矩阵 A 的列向量张成。

我们可以计算矩阵 A 的列向量组的极简形式：[ 1, 2, -1;2, 4, -2;3, 6, -3 ]通过初等行变换得到：[ 1, 2, -1;0, 0, 0;0, 0, 0 ]可以看出，第一列是主列，而第二列和第三列都是自由列。

因此，矩阵 A 的列空间可以表示为 Span{[1, 2, -1]}。

线性代数课后习题答案全解.pdf

第一章行列式1. 利用对角线法则计算下列三阶行列式: (1)381141102−−−;解 381141102−−−=2×(−4)×3+0×(−1)×(−1)+1×1×8 −0×1×3−2×(−1)×8−1×(−4)×(−1) =−24+8+16−4=−4. (2)b a c a c b cb a ;解 ba c a cb cb a=acb +bac +cba −bbb −aaa −ccc =3abc −a 3−b 3−c 3. (3)222111c b a c b a ;解 222111c b a c b a=bc 2+ca 2+ab 2−ac 2−ba 2−cb =(a −b )(b −c )(c −a ). 2(4)y x y x x y x y yx y x +++.解 yx y x x y x y yx y x +++=x (x +y )y +yx (x +y )+(x +y )yx −y 3−(x +y )3−x =3xy (x +y )−y 3 3−3x 2 y −x 3−y 3−x =−2(x 3 3+y 3 2. 按自然数从小到大为标准次序, 求下列各排列的逆序数:).(1)1 2 3 4; 解逆序数为0 (2)4 1 3 2;解逆序数为4: 41, 43, 42, 32. (3)3 4 2 1;解逆序数为5: 3 2, 3 1, 4 2, 4 1, 2 1. (4)2 4 1 3;解逆序数为3: 2 1, 4 1, 4 3. (5)1 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n −1) 2 4 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n );解逆序数为2)1(−n n : 3 2 (1个) 5 2, 5 4(2个) 7 2, 7 4, 7 6(3个)⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n −1)2, (2n −1)4, (2n −1)6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n −1)(2n −2) (n −1个)(6)1 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n −1) (2n ) (2n −2) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 2. 解逆序数为n (n −1) : 3 2(1个) 5 2, 5 4 (2个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n −1)2, (2n −1)4, (2n −1)6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n −1)(2n −2) (n −1个) 4 2(1个) 6 2, 6 4(2个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n )2, (2n )4, (2n )6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n )(2n −2) (n −1个) 3. 写出四阶行列式中含有因子a 11a 23 解含因子a 的项. 11a 23(−1)的项的一般形式为t a 11a 23a 3r a 4s 其中rs 是2和4构成的排列, 这种排列共有两个, 即24和42. ,所以含因子a 11a 23 (−1)的项分别是t a 11a 23a 32a 44=(−1)1a 11a 23a 32a 44=−a 11a 23a 32a 44 (−1), t a 11a 23a 34a 42=(−1)2a 11a 23a 34a 42=a 11a 23a 34a 42 4. 计算下列各行列式:.(1)71100251020214214; 解 71100251020214214010014231020211021473234−−−−−======c c c c 34)1(143102211014+−×−−−= 143102211014−−=01417172001099323211=−++======c c c c .(2)2605232112131412−; 解 2605232112131412−26053212213041224−−=====c c 041203212213041224−−=====r r 0000003212213041214=−−=====r r . (3)efcf bf de cd bd aeac ab −−−;解 ef cf bf de cd bd ae ac ab −−−ec b e c b ec b adf −−−=abcdef adfbce 4111111111=−−−=.(4)dc b a 100110011001−−−. 解d c b a 100110011001−−−dc b aab ar r 10011001101021−−−++===== d c a ab 101101)1)(1(12−−+−−=+01011123−+−++=====cd c ada ab dc ccdad ab +−+−−=+111)1)(1(23=abcd +ab +cd +ad +1. 5. 证明:(1)1112222b b a a b ab a +=(a −b )3 证明;1112222b b a a b ab a +00122222221213a b a b a a b a ab a c c c c −−−−−−=====ab a b a b a ab 22)1(22213−−−−−=+21))((a b a a b a b +−−==(a −b )3 (2) . y x z x z y zy x b a bz ay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bx az bz ay by ax )(33+=+++++++++;证明bzay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bxaz bz ay by ax +++++++++bz ay by ax x by ax bx az z bxaz bz ay y b bz ay by ax z by ax bx az y bx az bz ay x a +++++++++++++=bz ay y x by ax x z bxaz z y b y by ax z x bx az y z bz ay x a +++++++=22z y x y x z xz y b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=y x z x z y zy x b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=y x z x z y zy x b a )(33+=.(3)0)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(2222222222222222=++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a ; 证明 2222222222222222)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a (c 4−c 3, c 3−c 2, c 2−c 1 得) 5232125232125232125232122222++++++++++++=d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a (c 4−c 3, c 3−c 2得)022122212221222122222=++++=d d c c b b a a . (4)444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a =(a −b )(a −c )(a −d )(b −c )(b −d )(c −d )(a +b +c +d ); 证明 444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a )()()(0)()()(001111222222222a d d a c c a b b a d d a c c a b b ad a c a b −−−−−−−−−=)()()(111))()((222a d d a c c a b b dc b ad a c a b +++−−−= ))(())((00111))()((a b d b d d a b c b c c bd b c a d a c a b ++−++−−−−−−= )()(11))()()()((a b d d a b c c b d b c a d a c a b ++++−−−−−= =(a −b )(a −c )(a −d )(b −c )(b −d )(c −d )(a +b +c +d ). (5)12211 000 00 1000 01a x a a a a x x xn n n+⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−−− =x n +a 1x n −1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n −1x +a n .证明用数学归纳法证明.当n =2时, 2121221a x a x a x a x D ++=+−=, 命题成立. 假设对于(n −1)阶行列式命题成立, 即 D n −1=x n −1+a 1 x n −2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n −2x +a n −1则D , n 按第一列展开, 有 11100 100 01)1(11−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−−+=+−x x a xD D n n n n =xD n −1+a n =x n +a 1x n −1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n −1x +a n 因此, 对于n 阶行列式命题成立. .6. 设n 阶行列式D =det(a ij ), 把D 上下翻转、或逆时针旋转90°、或依副对角线翻转, 依次得n nn n a a a a D 11111 ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=, 11112 n nnn a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= , 11113 a a a a D n n nn ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=,证明D D D n n 2)1(21)1(−−==, D 3 证明因为D =det(a =D .ij ), 所以 nnn n n n nnnn a a a a a a a a a a D 2211111111111 )1( ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=−⋅⋅⋅=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−=−− )1()1(331122111121nnn n nn n n a a a a a a a a D D n n n n 2)1()1()2( 21)1()1(−−+−+⋅⋅⋅++−=−=.同理可证 nnn n n n a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−=− )1(11112)1(2D D n n T n n 2)1(2)1()1()1(−−−=−=. D D D D D n n n n n n n n =−=−−=−=−−−−)1(2)1(2)1(22)1(3)1()1()1()1(.7. 计算下列各行列式(D k (1)为k 阶行列式): aa D n 1 1⋅⋅⋅=, 其中对角线上元素都是a , 未写出的元素都是0; 解 aa a a a D n 010 000 00 000 0010 00⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=(按第n 行展开) )1()1(10 000 00 000 0010 000)1(−×−+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−=n n n aa a )1()1(2 )1(−×−⋅⋅⋅⋅−+n n n a a an n n n n a a a+⋅⋅⋅−⋅−=−−+)2)(2(1)1()1(=a n −a n −2=a n −2(a 2−1).(2)xa aa x a a a xD n ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= ; 解将第一行乘(−1)分别加到其余各行, 得 ax x a ax x a a x x a aa a x D n −−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅=000 0 00 0, 再将各列都加到第一列上, 得ax ax a x aaa a n x D n −⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−+=0000 0 000 00 )1(=[x +(n −1)a ](x −a )n −1 (3). 111 1 )( )1()( )1(1111⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−=−−−+n a a a n a a a n a a a D n n n n nn n ; 解根据第6题结果, 有 nnn n n n n n n n a a a n a a a n a a aD )( )1()( )1( 11 11)1(1112)1(1−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−=−−−++此行列式为范德蒙德行列式.∏≥>≥++++−−+−−=112)1(1)]1()1[()1(j i n n n n j a i a D∏≥>≥++−−−=112)1()]([)1(j i n n n j i∏≥>≥++⋅⋅⋅+−++−⋅−⋅−=1121)1(2)1()()1()1(j i n n n n n j i∏≥>≥+−=11)(j i n j i .(4)nnnnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112; 解nnnnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112(按第1行展开) nn n n n nd d c d c b a b a a 00011111111−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=0)1(1111111112c d c d c b a b a b nn n n n nn −−−−+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−+. 再按最后一行展开得递推公式D 2n =a n d n D 2n −2−b n c n D 2n −2, 即D 2n =(a n d n −b n c n )D 2n −2于是 . ∏=−=ni i i i i n D c b d a D 222)(.而 111111112c b d a d c b a D −==,所以 ∏=−=ni i i i i n c b d a D 12)(.(5) D =det(a ij ), 其中a ij 解 a =|i −j |; ij =|i −j |, 043214 01233 10122 21011 3210)det(⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅==n n n n n n n n a D ij n 04321 1 11111 11111 11111 1111 2132⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅−−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−=====n n n n r r r r15242321 0 22210 02210 00210 0001 1213−⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅−−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−+⋅⋅⋅+=====n n n n n c c c c =(−1)n −1(n −1)2n −2 (6).nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 1 1111121, 其中a 1a 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ a n≠0.解nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 1 1111121 nn n n a a a a a a a a a c c c c +−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−=====−−100001 000 100 0100 0100 0011332212132 1111312112111000011 000 00 11000 01100 001 −−−−−−+−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=nn n a a a a a a a a∑=−−−−−−+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=n i i n n a a a a a a a a 1111131******** 00010 000 00 10000 01000 001)11)((121∑=+=ni i n a a a a .8. 用克莱姆法则解下列方程组: (1) =+++−=−−−−=+−+=+++01123253224254321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解因为 14211213513241211111−=−−−−=D , 142112105132412211151−=−−−−−−=D , 284112035122412111512−=−−−−−=D , 426110135232422115113−=−−−−=D , 14202132132212151114=−−−−−=D , 所以 111==D D x , 222==D Dx , 333==DD x , 144−==D D x .(2)=+=++=++=++=+150650650651655454343232121x x x x x x x x x x x x x .解因为 665510006510006510065100065==D , 15075100165100065100065000611==D , 114551010651000650000601000152−==D , 703511650000601000051001653==D , 39551601000051000651010654−==D , 2121100005100065100651100655==D , 所以66515071=x , 66511452−=x , 6657033=x , 6653954−=x , 6652124=x .9. 问λ, µ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组 =++=++=++0200321321321x x x x x x x x x µµλ有非零解？解系数行列式为µλµµµλ−==1211111D .令D =0, 得 µ=0或λ=1.于是, 当µ=0或λ=1时该齐次线性方程组有非零解.10. 问λ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组 =−++=+−+=+−−0)1(0)3(2042)1(321321321x x x x x x x x x λλλ有非零解？解系数行列式为λλλλλλλ−−+−−=−−−−=101112431111132421D=(1−λ)3 =(1−λ)+(λ−3)−4(1−λ)−2(1−λ)(−3−λ) 3+2(1−λ)2 令D =0, 得+λ−3. λ=0, λ=2或λ=3.于是, 当λ=0, λ=2或λ=3时, 该齐次线性方程组有非零解.第二章矩阵及其运算1. 已知线性变换:++=++=++=3213321232113235322y y y x y y y x y y y x , 求从变量x 1, x 2, x 3到变量y 1, y 2, y 3 解由已知:的线性变换.= 221321323513122y y y x x x ,故= −3211221323513122x x x y y y−−−−=321423736947y y y ,−+=−+=+−−=321332123211423736947x x x y x x x y x x x y .2. 已知两个线性变换++=++−=+=32133212311542322y y y x y y y x y y x ,+−=+=+−=323312211323z z y z z y z z y , 求从z 1, z 2, z 3到x 1, x 2, x 3 解由已知的线性变换.−= 221321514232102y y y x x x−− −=321310102013514232102z z z−−−−=321161109412316z z z ,所以有 +−−=+−=++−=3213321232111610941236z z z x z z z x z z z x .3. 设 −−=111111111A ,−−=150421321B , 求3AB −2A 及A T 解 B .−−− −− −−=−1111111112150421321111111111323A AB−−−−= −−− −=2294201722213211111111120926508503,−= −− −−=092650850150421321111111111B A T.4. 计算下列乘积: (1)−127075321134;解 −127075321134 ×+×+××+×−+××+×+×=102775132)2(71112374=49635.(2)123)321(;解123)321(=(1×3+2×2+3×1)=(10).(3))21(312−;解 )21(312−×−××−××−×=23)1(321)1(122)1(2−−−=632142. (4)−−−−20413121013143110412 ; 解−−− −20413121013143110412 −−−=6520876. (5)321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x ;解321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x=(a 11x 1+a 12x 2+a 13x 3 a 12x 1+a 22x 2+a 23x 3a 13x 1+a 23x 2+a 33x 3321x x x )322331132112233322222111222x x a x x a x x a x a x a x a +++++=.5. 设 =3121A ,=2101B , 问: (1)AB =BA 吗? 解 AB ≠BA . 因为=6443AB ,=8321BA , 所以AB ≠BA .(2)(A +B )2=A 2+2AB +B 2 解 (A +B )吗? 2≠A 2+2AB +B 2 因为.=+5222B A ,=+52225222)(2B A=2914148,但 + +=++43011288611483222B AB A=27151610,所以(A +B )2≠A 2+2AB +B 2 (3)(A +B )(A −B )=A . 2−B 2 解 (A +B )(A −B )≠A 吗? 2−B 2 因为.=+5222B A ,=−1020B A ,==−+906010205222))((B A B A ,而= −=−718243011148322B A ,故(A +B )(A −B )≠A 2−B 2 6. 举反列说明下列命题是错误的:.(1)若A 2 解取=0, 则A =0;=0010A , 则A 2 (2)若A =0, 但A ≠0. 2 解取=A , 则A =0或A =E ;=0011A , 则A 2 (3)若AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 则X =Y .=A , 但A ≠0且A ≠E . 解取=0001A , −=1111X ,=1011Y , 则AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 但X ≠Y .7. 设=101λA , 求A 2, A 3, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, A k 解 . ==12011011012λλλA , ===1301101120123λλλA A A , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,=101λk A k . 8. 设=λλλ001001A , 求A k 解首先观察. =λλλλλλ0010010010012A=222002012λλλλλ,=⋅=3232323003033λλλλλλA A A ,=⋅=43423434004064λλλλλλA A A ,=⋅=545345450050105λλλλλλA A A , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,=k A k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ0002)1(121−−−−. 用数学归纳法证明:当k =2时, 显然成立.假设k 时成立，则k +1时，−=⋅=−−−+λλλλλλλλλ0010010002)1(1211k k k k k k k k k k k k A A A+++=+−+−−+11111100)1(02)1()1(k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ, 由数学归纳法原理知:−=−−−k k k k k k k k k k k A λλλλλλ0002)1(121. 9. 设A , B 为n 阶矩阵，且A 为对称矩阵，证明B T 证明因为A AB 也是对称矩阵.T (B =A , 所以T AB )T =B T (B T A )T =B T A T B =B T 从而B AB ,T 10. 设A , B 都是n 阶对称矩阵，证明AB 是对称矩阵的充分必要条件是AB =BA .AB 是对称矩阵.证明充分性: 因为A T =A , B T (AB )=B , 且AB =BA , 所以 T =(BA )T =A T B T 即AB 是对称矩阵.=AB ,必要性: 因为A T =A , B T =B , 且(AB )T AB =(AB )=AB , 所以T =B T A T 11. 求下列矩阵的逆矩阵:=BA .(1)5221; 解=5221A . |A |=1, 故A −1 存在. 因为−−= =1225*22122111A A A A A ,故 *||11A A A =−−−=1225. (2)−θθθθcos sin sin cos ; 解−=θθθθcos sin sin cos A . |A |=1≠0, 故A −1 存在. 因为−= =θθθθcos sin sin cos *22122111A A A A A , 所以 *||11A A A =−−=θθθθcos sin sin cos . (3)−−−145243121; 解−−−=145243121A . |A |=2≠0, 故A −1 存在. 因为−−−−−= =214321613024*332313322212312111A A A A A A A A A A , 所以 *||11A A A =−−−−−−=1716213213012. (4)n a a a 0021(a 1a 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅a n ≠0) .解=n a a a A 0021, 由对角矩阵的性质知=−n a a a A 10011211 . 12. 解下列矩阵方程:(1) −=12643152X ; 解 −=−126431521X − −−=12642153 −=80232. (2) −=−−234311*********X ; 解 1111012112234311−−− −=X−−− −=03323210123431131 −−−=32538122. (3) −= − −101311022141X ;解 11110210132141−− − − −=X− −=210110131142121 =21010366121=04111. (4)−−−= 021102341010100001100001010X . 解 11010100001021102341100001010−−−−− =X −−− =010100001021102341100001010 −−−=201431012. 13. 利用逆矩阵解下列线性方程组:(1) =++=++=++3532522132321321321x x x x x x x x x ; 解方程组可表示为= 321153522321321x x x , 故 = = −0013211535223211321x x x ,从而有 ===001321x x x . (2) =−+=−−=−−05231322321321321x x x x x x x x x . 解方程组可表示为=−−−−−012523312111321x x x , 故 =−−−−−= −3050125233121111321x x x , 故有 ===305321x x x . 14. 设A k =O (k 为正整数), 证明(E −A )−1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1 证明因为A . k =O , 所以E −A k E −A =E . 又因为k =(E −A )(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1所以 (E −A )(E +A +A ),2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1由定理2推论知(E −A )可逆, 且)=E ,(E −A )−1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1.证明一方面, 有E =(E −A )−1 另一方面, 由A (E −A ).k E =(E −A )+(A −A =O , 有2)+A 2−⋅ ⋅ ⋅−A k −1+(A k −1−A k )=(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1故 (E −A ))(E −A ),−1(E −A )=(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1两端同时右乘(E −A ))(E −A ),−1 (E −A ), 就有−1(E −A )=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1.15. 设方阵A 满足A 2−A −2E =O , 证明A 及A +2E 都可逆, 并求A −1及(A +2E )−1 证明由A .2 A −A −2E =O 得2或 −A =2E , 即A (A −E )=2E ,E E A A =−⋅)(21, 由定理2推论知A 可逆, 且)(211E A A −=−. 由A 2 A −A −2E =O 得2或 −A −6E =−4E , 即(A +2E )(A −3E )=−4E ,E A E E A =−⋅+)3(41)2( 由定理2推论知(A +2E )可逆, 且)3(41)2(1A E E A −=+−.证明由A 2−A −2E =O 得A 2 |A −A =2E , 两端同时取行列式得 2即 |A ||A −E |=2,−A |=2,故 |A |≠0,所以A 可逆, 而A +2E =A 2, |A +2E |=|A 2|=|A |2由 A ≠0, 故A +2E 也可逆. 2 ⇒A −A −2E =O ⇒A (A −E )=2E−1A (A −E )=2A −1)(211E A A −=−E ⇒,又由 A 2 ⇒ (A +2E )(A −3E )=−4 E ,−A −2E =O ⇒(A +2E )A −3(A +2E )=−4E所以 (A +2E )−1(A +2E )(A −3E )=−4(A +2 E )−1 ,)3(41)2(1A E E A −=+−.16. 设A 为3阶矩阵, 21||=A , 求|(2A )−1 解因为−5A *|.*||11A A A =−, 所以 |||521||*5)2(|111−−−−=−A A A A A |2521|11−−−=A A=|−2A −1|=(−2)3|A −1|=−8|A |−1 17. 设矩阵A 可逆, 证明其伴随阵A *也可逆, 且(A *)=−8×2=−16.−1=(A −1 证明由)*.*||11A A A =−, 得A *=|A |A −1 |A *|=|A |, 所以当A 可逆时, 有n |A −1|=|A |n −1从而A *也可逆.≠0,因为A *=|A |A −1 (A *), 所以−1=|A |−1又A .*)(||)*(||1111−−−==A A A A A , 所以(A *)−1=|A |−1A =|A |−1|A |(A −1)*=(A −1 18. 设n 阶矩阵A 的伴随矩阵为A *, 证明:)*.(1)若|A |=0, 则|A *|=0;(2)|A *|=|A |n −1 证明.(1)用反证法证明. 假设|A *|≠0, 则有A *(A *)−1 A =A A *(A *)=E , 由此得 −1=|A |E (A *)−1所以A *=O , 这与|A *|≠0矛盾，故当|A |=0时, 有|A *|=0.=O ,(2)由于*||11A A A =−, 则AA *=|A |E , 取行列式得到 |A ||A *|=|A |n 若|A |≠0, 则|A *|=|A |.n −1 若|A |=0, 由(1)知|A *|=0, 此时命题也成立.;因此|A *|=|A |n −1.19. 设−=321011330A , AB =A +2B , 求B . 解由AB =A +2E 可得(A −2E )B =A , 故− −−−=−=−−321011330121011332)2(11A E A B −=011321330. 20. 设 =101020101A , 且AB +E =A 2+B , 求B .解由AB +E =A 2 (A −E )B =A +B 得 2即 (A −E )B =(A −E )(A +E ).−E , 因为01001010100||≠−==−E A , 所以(A −E )可逆, 从而=+=201030102E A B .21. 设A =diag(1, −2, 1), A *BA =2BA −8E , 求B . 解由A *BA =2BA −8E 得 (A *−2E )BA =−8E , B =−8(A *−2E )−1A =−8[A (A *−2E )]−1 =−8(AA *−2A )−1 =−8(|A |E −2A )−1 =−8(−2E −2A )−1 =4(E +A )−1 =4[diag(2, −1, 2)]−1−1)21 ,1 ,21(diag 4−==2diag(1, −2, 1).22. 已知矩阵A 的伴随阵−=8030010100100001*A , 且ABA −1=BA −1+3E , 求B .解由|A *|=|A |3 由ABA =8, 得|A |=2. −1=BA −1 AB =B +3A ,+3E 得 B =3(A −E )−1A =3[A (E −A −1)]−1 A 11*)2(6*)21(3−−−=−=A E A E−=−−=−1030060600600006603001010010000161. 23. 设P −1 −−=1141P AP =Λ, 其中,−=Λ2001, 求A 11 解由P . −1AP =Λ, 得A =P ΛP −1, 所以A 11= A =P Λ11P −1 |P |=3, .−=1141*P ,−−=−1141311P ,而−= −=Λ11111120 012001,故−− −−−=31313431200111411111A −−=68468327322731. 24. 设AP =P Λ, 其中−−=111201111P ,−=Λ511,求ϕ(A )=A 8(5E −6A +A 2 解 ϕ(Λ)=Λ). 8(5E −6Λ+Λ2 =diag(1,1,5)8)[diag(5,5,5)−diag(−6,6,30)+diag(1,1,25)]=diag(1,1,58 ϕ(A )=P ϕ(Λ)P )diag(12,0,0)=12diag(1,0,0).−1 *)(||1P P P Λ=ϕ−−−−−− −−−=1213032220000000011112011112=1111111114.25. 设矩阵A 、B 及A +B 都可逆, 证明A −1+B −1 证明因为也可逆, 并求其逆阵.A −1(A +B )B −1=B −1+A −1=A −1+B −1而A ,−1(A +B )B −1是三个可逆矩阵的乘积, 所以A −1(A +B )B −1可逆, 即A −1+B −1 (A 可逆.−1+B −1)−1=[A −1(A +B )B −1]−1=B (A +B )−1 26. 计算A .−−−30003200121013013000120010100121. 解设 =10211A , =30122A , −=12131B ,−−=30322B ,则 2121B O B E A O E A+=222111B A O B B A A ,而 −= −−+−=+4225303212131021211B B A ,−−= −− =90343032301222B A , 所以 2121B O B E A O E A +=222111B A O B B A A−−−=9000340042102521, 即−−−30003200121013013000120010100121−−−=9000340042102521. 27. 取==−==1001D C B A , 验证|||||||| D C B A D C B A ≠.解 4100120021010*********0021010010110100101==−−=−−=D C B A , 而 01111|||||||| ==D C B A ,故 ||||||||D C B A D C B A ≠. 28. 设 −=22023443O O A , 求|A 8|及A 4解令. −=34431A ,=22022A , 则=21A O O A A ,故 8218=A O O A A=8281A O O A ,1682818281810||||||||||===A A A A A .= =464444241422025005O O A O O A A . 29. 设n 阶矩阵A 及s 阶矩阵B 都可逆, 求 (1)1−O B A O ; 解设 =−43211C C C C O B A O , 则O B A O 4321C C C C = =s n E O O E BC BC AC AC 2143. 由此得====s n EBC OBC O AC E AC 2143⇒ ====−−121413B C O C O C A C ,所以= −−−O A B O O B A O 111. (2)1−B C O A . 解设 =−43211D D D D B C O A , 则 = ++= s nE O O E BD CD BD CD AD AD D D D D B C O A 4231214321.由此得=+=+==s nEBD CD O BD CD O AD E AD 423121⇒ =−===−−−−14113211B D CA B D O D A D ,所以−= −−−−−11111B CA B O A BC O A . 30. 求下列矩阵的逆阵: (1)2500380000120025; 解设 =1225A , =2538B , 则−−= =−−5221122511A ,−−==−−8532253811B .于是 −−−−= = =−−−−850032000052002125003800001200251111B A B A .(2)4121031200210001. 解设 =2101A ,=4103B ,=2112C , 则−= =−−−−−−1111114121031200210001B CA B O A BC O A−−−−−=411212458103161210021210001.第三章矩阵的初等变换与线性方程组1. 把下列矩阵化为行最简形矩阵: (1)−−340313021201;解−−340313021201(下一步: r 2+(−2)r 1, r 3+(−3)r 1 ~. )−−−020*********(下一步: r 2÷(−1), r 3 ~÷(−2). )−−010*********(下一步: r 3−r 2 ~. )−−300031001201(下一步: r 3 ~÷3. )−−100031001201(下一步: r 2+3r 3 ~. )−100001001201(下一步: r 1+(−2)r 2, r 1+r 3 ~. )100001000001.(2)−−−−174034301320;解−−−−174034301320(下一步: r 2×2+(−3)r 1, r 3+(−2)r 1 ~. )−−−310031001320(下一步: r 3+r 2, r 1+3r 2 ~. )0000310010020(下一步: r 1 ~÷2. )000031005010.(3)−−−−−−−−−12433023221453334311;解−−−−−−−−−12433023221453334311(下一步: r 2−3r 1, r 3−2r 1, r 4−3r 1~. )−−−−−−−−1010500663008840034311(下一步: r 2÷(−4), r 3÷(−3) , r 4~÷(−5). )−−−−−22100221002210034311(下一步: r 1−3r 2, r 3−r 2, r 4−r 2~. )−−−00000000002210032011.(4)−−−−−−34732038234202173132. 解−−−−−−34732038234202173132(下一步: r 1−2r 2, r 3−3r 2, r 4−2r 2~. )−−−−−1187701298804202111110(下一步: r 2+2r 1, r 3−8r 1, r 4−7r 1 ~. )−−41000410002020111110(下一步: r 1↔r 2, r 2×(−1), r 4−r 3~. )−−−−00000410001111020201(下一步: r 2+r 3~. )−−00000410003011020201. 2. 设= 987654321100010101100001010A , 求A .解100001010是初等矩阵E (1, 2), 其逆矩阵就是其本身.100010101是初等矩阵E (1, 2(1)), 其逆矩阵是E (1, 2(−1))−=100010101.− =100010101987654321100001010A= − =287221254100010101987321654.3. 试利用矩阵的初等变换, 求下列方阵的逆矩阵: (1)323513123;解 100010001323513123~−−−101011001200410123~ −−−−1012002110102/102/3023~−−−−2/102/11002110102/922/7003~−−−−2/102/11002110102/33/26/7001故逆矩阵为−−−−21021211233267.(2)−−−−−1210232112201023.解−−−−−10000100001000011210232112201023~−−−−00100301100001001220594012102321~−−−−−−−−20104301100001001200110012102321~ −−−−−−−106124301100001001000110012102321 ~−−−−−−−−−−10612631110`1022111000010000100021 ~−−−−−−−106126311101042111000010000100001故逆矩阵为−−−−−−−10612631110104211. 4. (1)设 −−=113122214A ,−−=132231B , 求X 使AX =B ;解因为−−−−=132231 113122214) ,(B A−−412315210 100010001 ~r ,所以−−==−4123152101B A X .(2)设−−−=433312120A , −=132321B , 求X 使XA =B . 解考虑A T X T =B T . 因为−−−−=134313*********) ,(T T B A−−−411007101042001 ~r ,所以−−−==−417142)(1T T T B A X ,从而−−−==−4741121BA X . 5. 设−−−=101110011A , AX =2X +A , 求X .解原方程化为(A −2E )X =A . 因为−−−−−−−−−=−101101110110011011) ,2(A E A−−−011100101010110001~,所以−−−=−=−011101110)2(1A E A X .6. 在秩是r 的矩阵中,有没有等于0的r −1阶子式? 有没有等于0的r 阶子式?解在秩是r 的矩阵中, 可能存在等于0的r −1阶子式, 也可能存在等于0的r 阶子式. 例如,=010*********A , R (A )=3.0000是等于0的2阶子式, 010001000是等于0的3阶子式. 7. 从矩阵A 中划去一行得到矩阵B , 问A , B 的秩的关系怎样?解 R (A )≥R (B ).这是因为B 的非零子式必是A 的非零子式, 故A 的秩不会小于B 的秩.8. 求作一个秩是4的方阵, 它的两个行向量是(1, 0, 1, 0, 0), (1, −1, 0, 0, 0).解用已知向量容易构成一个有4个非零行的5阶下三角矩阵:−0000001000001010001100001, 此矩阵的秩为4, 其第2行和第3行是已知向量.9. 求下列矩阵的秩, 并求一个最高阶非零子式: (1)−−−443112112013;解−−−443112112013(下一步: r 1↔r 2 ~. )−−−443120131211(下一步: r 2−3r 1, r 3−r 1 ~. )−−−−564056401211(下一步: r 3−r 2 ~. )−−−000056401211, 矩阵的2秩为, 41113−=−是一个最高阶非零子式.(2)−−−−−−−815073*********;解−−−−−−−815073*********(下一步: r 1−r 2, r 2−2r 1, r 3−7r 1 ~. )−−−−−−15273321059117014431(下一步: r 3−3r 2~. )−−−−0000059117014431, 矩阵的秩是2, 71223−=−是一个最高阶非零子式.(3)−−−02301085235703273812. 解−−−02301085235703273812(下一步: r 1−2r 4, r 2−2r 4, r 3−3r 4~. )−−−−−−023*********63071210(下一步: r 2+3r 1, r 3+2r 1~. )−0230114000016000071210(下一步: r 2÷16r 4, r 3−16r 2. )~−02301000001000071210 ~−00000100007121002301, 矩阵的秩为3, 070023085570≠=−是一个最高阶非零子式.10. 设A 、B 都是m ×n 矩阵, 证明A ~B 的充分必要条件是R (A )=R (B ).证明根据定理3, 必要性是成立的.充分性. 设R (A )=R (B ), 则A 与B 的标准形是相同的. 设A 与B 的标准形为D , 则有A ~D , D ~B .由等价关系的传递性, 有A ~B .11. 设−−−−=32321321k k k A , 问k 为何值, 可使(1)R (A )=1; (2)R (A )=2; (3)R (A )=3.解 −−−−=32321321k k k A+−−−−−)2)(1(0011011 ~k k k k k r . (1)当k =1时, R (A )=1; (2)当k =−2且k ≠1时, R (A )=2;(3)当k ≠1且k ≠−2时, R (A )=3.12. 求解下列齐次线性方程组: (1) =+++=−++=−++02220202432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A = −−212211121211~ −−−3/410013100101,于是 ==−==4443424134334x x x x x x x x ,故方程组的解为−= 1343344321k x x x x (k 为任意常数).(2) =−++=−−+=−++05105036302432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A = −−−−5110531631121~−000001001021,于是 ===+−=4432242102x x x xx x x x ,故方程组的解为+−= 10010*********k k x x x x (k 1, k 2 (3)为任意常数).=−+−=+−+=−++=+−+07420634072305324321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A =−−−−−7421631472135132~1000010000100001,于是 ====0004321x x x x ,故方程组的解为 ====00004321x x x x .(4) =++−=+−+=−+−=+−+03270161311402332075434321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x .解对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A =−−−−−3127161311423327543~−−000000001720171910171317301,于是 ==−=−=4433432431172017191713173x x x x x x x xx x ,故方程组的解为−−+= 1017201713011719173214321k k x x x x (k 1, k 2为任意常数).13. 求解下列非齐次线性方程组: (1) =+=+−=−+83111021322421321321x x x x x x x x ;解对增广矩阵B 进行初等行变换, 有。

线性代数课后习题答案全解.pdf

第一章行列式1. 利用对角线法则计算下列三阶行列式: (1)381141102−−−;解 381141102−−−=2×(−4)×3+0×(−1)×(−1)+1×1×8 −0×1×3−2×(−1)×8−1×(−4)×(−1) =−24+8+16−4=−4. (2)b a c a c b cb a ;解 ba c a cb cb a=acb +bac +cba −bbb −aaa −ccc =3abc −a 3−b 3−c 3. (3)222111c b a c b a ;解 222111c b a c b a=bc 2+ca 2+ab 2−ac 2−ba 2−cb =(a −b )(b −c )(c −a ). 2(4)y x y x x y x y yx y x +++.解 yx y x x y x y yx y x +++=x (x +y )y +yx (x +y )+(x +y )yx −y 3−(x +y )3−x =3xy (x +y )−y 3 3−3x 2 y −x 3−y 3−x =−2(x 3 3+y 3 2. 按自然数从小到大为标准次序, 求下列各排列的逆序数:).(1)1 2 3 4; 解逆序数为0 (2)4 1 3 2;解逆序数为4: 41, 43, 42, 32. (3)3 4 2 1;解逆序数为5: 3 2, 3 1, 4 2, 4 1, 2 1. (4)2 4 1 3;解逆序数为3: 2 1, 4 1, 4 3. (5)1 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n −1) 2 4 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n );解逆序数为2)1(−n n : 3 2 (1个) 5 2, 5 4(2个) 7 2, 7 4, 7 6(3个)⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n −1)2, (2n −1)4, (2n −1)6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n −1)(2n −2) (n −1个)(6)1 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n −1) (2n ) (2n −2) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 2. 解逆序数为n (n −1) : 3 2(1个) 5 2, 5 4 (2个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n −1)2, (2n −1)4, (2n −1)6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n −1)(2n −2) (n −1个) 4 2(1个) 6 2, 6 4(2个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n )2, (2n )4, (2n )6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n )(2n −2) (n −1个) 3. 写出四阶行列式中含有因子a 11a 23 解含因子a 的项. 11a 23(−1)的项的一般形式为t a 11a 23a 3r a 4s 其中rs 是2和4构成的排列, 这种排列共有两个, 即24和42. ,所以含因子a 11a 23 (−1)的项分别是t a 11a 23a 32a 44=(−1)1a 11a 23a 32a 44=−a 11a 23a 32a 44 (−1), t a 11a 23a 34a 42=(−1)2a 11a 23a 34a 42=a 11a 23a 34a 42 4. 计算下列各行列式:.(1)71100251020214214; 解 71100251020214214010014231020211021473234−−−−−======c c c c 34)1(143102211014+−×−−−= 143102211014−−=01417172001099323211=−++======c c c c .(2)2605232112131412−; 解 2605232112131412−26053212213041224−−=====c c 041203212213041224−−=====r r 0000003212213041214=−−=====r r . (3)efcf bf de cd bd aeac ab −−−;解 ef cf bf de cd bd ae ac ab −−−ec b e c b ec b adf −−−=abcdef adfbce 4111111111=−−−=.(4)dc b a 100110011001−−−. 解d c b a 100110011001−−−dc b aab ar r 10011001101021−−−++===== d c a ab 101101)1)(1(12−−+−−=+01011123−+−++=====cd c ada ab dc ccdad ab +−+−−=+111)1)(1(23=abcd +ab +cd +ad +1. 5. 证明:(1)1112222b b a a b ab a +=(a −b )3 证明;1112222b b a a b ab a +00122222221213a b a b a a b a ab a c c c c −−−−−−=====ab a b a b a ab 22)1(22213−−−−−=+21))((a b a a b a b +−−==(a −b )3 (2) . y x z x z y zy x b a bz ay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bx az bz ay by ax )(33+=+++++++++;证明bzay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bxaz bz ay by ax +++++++++bz ay by ax x by ax bx az z bxaz bz ay y b bz ay by ax z by ax bx az y bx az bz ay x a +++++++++++++=bz ay y x by ax x z bxaz z y b y by ax z x bx az y z bz ay x a +++++++=22z y x y x z xz y b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=y x z x z y zy x b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=y x z x z y zy x b a )(33+=.(3)0)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(2222222222222222=++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a ; 证明 2222222222222222)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a (c 4−c 3, c 3−c 2, c 2−c 1 得) 5232125232125232125232122222++++++++++++=d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a (c 4−c 3, c 3−c 2得)022122212221222122222=++++=d d c c b b a a . (4)444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a =(a −b )(a −c )(a −d )(b −c )(b −d )(c −d )(a +b +c +d ); 证明 444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a )()()(0)()()(001111222222222a d d a c c a b b a d d a c c a b b ad a c a b −−−−−−−−−=)()()(111))()((222a d d a c c a b b dc b ad a c a b +++−−−= ))(())((00111))()((a b d b d d a b c b c c bd b c a d a c a b ++−++−−−−−−= )()(11))()()()((a b d d a b c c b d b c a d a c a b ++++−−−−−= =(a −b )(a −c )(a −d )(b −c )(b −d )(c −d )(a +b +c +d ). (5)12211 000 00 1000 01a x a a a a x x xn n n+⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−−− =x n +a 1x n −1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n −1x +a n .证明用数学归纳法证明.当n =2时, 2121221a x a x a x a x D ++=+−=, 命题成立. 假设对于(n −1)阶行列式命题成立, 即 D n −1=x n −1+a 1 x n −2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n −2x +a n −1则D , n 按第一列展开, 有 11100 100 01)1(11−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−−+=+−x x a xD D n n n n =xD n −1+a n =x n +a 1x n −1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n −1x +a n 因此, 对于n 阶行列式命题成立. .6. 设n 阶行列式D =det(a ij ), 把D 上下翻转、或逆时针旋转90°、或依副对角线翻转, 依次得n nn n a a a a D 11111 ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=, 11112 n nnn a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= , 11113 a a a a D n n nn ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=,证明D D D n n 2)1(21)1(−−==, D 3 证明因为D =det(a =D .ij ), 所以 nnn n n n nnnn a a a a a a a a a a D 2211111111111 )1( ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=−⋅⋅⋅=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−=−− )1()1(331122111121nnn n nn n n a a a a a a a a D D n n n n 2)1()1()2( 21)1()1(−−+−+⋅⋅⋅++−=−=.同理可证 nnn n n n a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−=− )1(11112)1(2D D n n T n n 2)1(2)1()1()1(−−−=−=. D D D D D n n n n n n n n =−=−−=−=−−−−)1(2)1(2)1(22)1(3)1()1()1()1(.7. 计算下列各行列式(D k (1)为k 阶行列式): aa D n 1 1⋅⋅⋅=, 其中对角线上元素都是a , 未写出的元素都是0; 解 aa a a a D n 010 000 00 000 0010 00⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=(按第n 行展开) )1()1(10 000 00 000 0010 000)1(−×−+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−=n n n aa a )1()1(2 )1(−×−⋅⋅⋅⋅−+n n n a a an n n n n a a a+⋅⋅⋅−⋅−=−−+)2)(2(1)1()1(=a n −a n −2=a n −2(a 2−1).(2)xa aa x a a a xD n ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= ; 解将第一行乘(−1)分别加到其余各行, 得 ax x a ax x a a x x a aa a x D n −−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅=000 0 00 0, 再将各列都加到第一列上, 得ax ax a x aaa a n x D n −⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−+=0000 0 000 00 )1(=[x +(n −1)a ](x −a )n −1 (3). 111 1 )( )1()( )1(1111⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−=−−−+n a a a n a a a n a a a D n n n n nn n ; 解根据第6题结果, 有 nnn n n n n n n n a a a n a a a n a a aD )( )1()( )1( 11 11)1(1112)1(1−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−=−−−++此行列式为范德蒙德行列式.∏≥>≥++++−−+−−=112)1(1)]1()1[()1(j i n n n n j a i a D∏≥>≥++−−−=112)1()]([)1(j i n n n j i∏≥>≥++⋅⋅⋅+−++−⋅−⋅−=1121)1(2)1()()1()1(j i n n n n n j i∏≥>≥+−=11)(j i n j i .(4)nnnnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112; 解nnnnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112(按第1行展开) nn n n n nd d c d c b a b a a 00011111111−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=0)1(1111111112c d c d c b a b a b nn n n n nn −−−−+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−+. 再按最后一行展开得递推公式D 2n =a n d n D 2n −2−b n c n D 2n −2, 即D 2n =(a n d n −b n c n )D 2n −2于是 . ∏=−=ni i i i i n D c b d a D 222)(.而 111111112c b d a d c b a D −==,所以 ∏=−=ni i i i i n c b d a D 12)(.(5) D =det(a ij ), 其中a ij 解 a =|i −j |; ij =|i −j |, 043214 01233 10122 21011 3210)det(⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅==n n n n n n n n a D ij n 04321 1 11111 11111 11111 1111 2132⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅−−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−=====n n n n r r r r15242321 0 22210 02210 00210 0001 1213−⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅−−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−+⋅⋅⋅+=====n n n n n c c c c =(−1)n −1(n −1)2n −2 (6).nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 1 1111121, 其中a 1a 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ a n≠0.解nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 1 1111121 nn n n a a a a a a a a a c c c c +−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−=====−−100001 000 100 0100 0100 0011332212132 1111312112111000011 000 00 11000 01100 001 −−−−−−+−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=nn n a a a a a a a a∑=−−−−−−+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=n i i n n a a a a a a a a 1111131******** 00010 000 00 10000 01000 001)11)((121∑=+=ni i n a a a a .8. 用克莱姆法则解下列方程组: (1) =+++−=−−−−=+−+=+++01123253224254321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解因为 14211213513241211111−=−−−−=D , 142112105132412211151−=−−−−−−=D , 284112035122412111512−=−−−−−=D , 426110135232422115113−=−−−−=D , 14202132132212151114=−−−−−=D , 所以 111==D D x , 222==D Dx , 333==DD x , 144−==D D x .(2)=+=++=++=++=+150650650651655454343232121x x x x x x x x x x x x x .解因为 665510006510006510065100065==D , 15075100165100065100065000611==D , 114551010651000650000601000152−==D , 703511650000601000051001653==D , 39551601000051000651010654−==D , 2121100005100065100651100655==D , 所以66515071=x , 66511452−=x , 6657033=x , 6653954−=x , 6652124=x .9. 问λ, µ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组 =++=++=++0200321321321x x x x x x x x x µµλ有非零解？解系数行列式为µλµµµλ−==1211111D .令D =0, 得 µ=0或λ=1.于是, 当µ=0或λ=1时该齐次线性方程组有非零解.10. 问λ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组 =−++=+−+=+−−0)1(0)3(2042)1(321321321x x x x x x x x x λλλ有非零解？解系数行列式为λλλλλλλ−−+−−=−−−−=101112431111132421D=(1−λ)3 =(1−λ)+(λ−3)−4(1−λ)−2(1−λ)(−3−λ) 3+2(1−λ)2 令D =0, 得+λ−3. λ=0, λ=2或λ=3.于是, 当λ=0, λ=2或λ=3时, 该齐次线性方程组有非零解.第二章矩阵及其运算1. 已知线性变换:++=++=++=3213321232113235322y y y x y y y x y y y x , 求从变量x 1, x 2, x 3到变量y 1, y 2, y 3 解由已知:的线性变换.= 221321323513122y y y x x x ,故= −3211221323513122x x x y y y−−−−=321423736947y y y ,−+=−+=+−−=321332123211423736947x x x y x x x y x x x y .2. 已知两个线性变换++=++−=+=32133212311542322y y y x y y y x y y x ,+−=+=+−=323312211323z z y z z y z z y , 求从z 1, z 2, z 3到x 1, x 2, x 3 解由已知的线性变换.−= 221321514232102y y y x x x−− −=321310102013514232102z z z−−−−=321161109412316z z z ,所以有 +−−=+−=++−=3213321232111610941236z z z x z z z x z z z x .3. 设 −−=111111111A ,−−=150421321B , 求3AB −2A 及A T 解 B .−−− −− −−=−1111111112150421321111111111323A AB−−−−= −−− −=2294201722213211111111120926508503,−= −− −−=092650850150421321111111111B A T.4. 计算下列乘积: (1)−127075321134;解 −127075321134 ×+×+××+×−+××+×+×=102775132)2(71112374=49635.(2)123)321(;解123)321(=(1×3+2×2+3×1)=(10).(3))21(312−;解 )21(312−×−××−××−×=23)1(321)1(122)1(2−−−=632142. (4)−−−−20413121013143110412 ; 解−−− −20413121013143110412 −−−=6520876. (5)321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x ;解321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x=(a 11x 1+a 12x 2+a 13x 3 a 12x 1+a 22x 2+a 23x 3a 13x 1+a 23x 2+a 33x 3321x x x )322331132112233322222111222x x a x x a x x a x a x a x a +++++=.5. 设 =3121A ,=2101B , 问: (1)AB =BA 吗? 解 AB ≠BA . 因为=6443AB ,=8321BA , 所以AB ≠BA .(2)(A +B )2=A 2+2AB +B 2 解 (A +B )吗? 2≠A 2+2AB +B 2 因为.=+5222B A ,=+52225222)(2B A=2914148,但 + +=++43011288611483222B AB A=27151610,所以(A +B )2≠A 2+2AB +B 2 (3)(A +B )(A −B )=A . 2−B 2 解 (A +B )(A −B )≠A 吗? 2−B 2 因为.=+5222B A ,=−1020B A ,==−+906010205222))((B A B A ,而= −=−718243011148322B A ,故(A +B )(A −B )≠A 2−B 2 6. 举反列说明下列命题是错误的:.(1)若A 2 解取=0, 则A =0;=0010A , 则A 2 (2)若A =0, 但A ≠0. 2 解取=A , 则A =0或A =E ;=0011A , 则A 2 (3)若AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 则X =Y .=A , 但A ≠0且A ≠E . 解取=0001A , −=1111X ,=1011Y , 则AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 但X ≠Y .7. 设=101λA , 求A 2, A 3, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, A k 解 . ==12011011012λλλA , ===1301101120123λλλA A A , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,=101λk A k . 8. 设=λλλ001001A , 求A k 解首先观察. =λλλλλλ0010010010012A=222002012λλλλλ,=⋅=3232323003033λλλλλλA A A ,=⋅=43423434004064λλλλλλA A A ,=⋅=545345450050105λλλλλλA A A , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,=k A k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ0002)1(121−−−−. 用数学归纳法证明:当k =2时, 显然成立.假设k 时成立，则k +1时，−=⋅=−−−+λλλλλλλλλ0010010002)1(1211k k k k k k k k k k k k A A A+++=+−+−−+11111100)1(02)1()1(k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ, 由数学归纳法原理知:−=−−−k k k k k k k k k k k A λλλλλλ0002)1(121. 9. 设A , B 为n 阶矩阵，且A 为对称矩阵，证明B T 证明因为A AB 也是对称矩阵.T (B =A , 所以T AB )T =B T (B T A )T =B T A T B =B T 从而B AB ,T 10. 设A , B 都是n 阶对称矩阵，证明AB 是对称矩阵的充分必要条件是AB =BA .AB 是对称矩阵.证明充分性: 因为A T =A , B T (AB )=B , 且AB =BA , 所以 T =(BA )T =A T B T 即AB 是对称矩阵.=AB ,必要性: 因为A T =A , B T =B , 且(AB )T AB =(AB )=AB , 所以T =B T A T 11. 求下列矩阵的逆矩阵:=BA .(1)5221; 解=5221A . |A |=1, 故A −1 存在. 因为−−= =1225*22122111A A A A A ,故 *||11A A A =−−−=1225. (2)−θθθθcos sin sin cos ; 解−=θθθθcos sin sin cos A . |A |=1≠0, 故A −1 存在. 因为−= =θθθθcos sin sin cos *22122111A A A A A , 所以 *||11A A A =−−=θθθθcos sin sin cos . (3)−−−145243121; 解−−−=145243121A . |A |=2≠0, 故A −1 存在. 因为−−−−−= =214321613024*332313322212312111A A A A A A A A A A , 所以 *||11A A A =−−−−−−=1716213213012. (4)n a a a 0021(a 1a 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅a n ≠0) .解=n a a a A 0021, 由对角矩阵的性质知=−n a a a A 10011211 . 12. 解下列矩阵方程:(1) −=12643152X ; 解 −=−126431521X − −−=12642153 −=80232. (2) −=−−234311*********X ; 解 1111012112234311−−− −=X−−− −=03323210123431131 −−−=32538122. (3) −= − −101311022141X ;解 11110210132141−− − − −=X− −=210110131142121 =21010366121=04111. (4)−−−= 021102341010100001100001010X . 解 11010100001021102341100001010−−−−− =X −−− =010100001021102341100001010 −−−=201431012. 13. 利用逆矩阵解下列线性方程组:(1) =++=++=++3532522132321321321x x x x x x x x x ; 解方程组可表示为= 321153522321321x x x , 故 = = −0013211535223211321x x x ,从而有 ===001321x x x . (2) =−+=−−=−−05231322321321321x x x x x x x x x . 解方程组可表示为=−−−−−012523312111321x x x , 故 =−−−−−= −3050125233121111321x x x , 故有 ===305321x x x . 14. 设A k =O (k 为正整数), 证明(E −A )−1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1 证明因为A . k =O , 所以E −A k E −A =E . 又因为k =(E −A )(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1所以 (E −A )(E +A +A ),2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1由定理2推论知(E −A )可逆, 且)=E ,(E −A )−1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1.证明一方面, 有E =(E −A )−1 另一方面, 由A (E −A ).k E =(E −A )+(A −A =O , 有2)+A 2−⋅ ⋅ ⋅−A k −1+(A k −1−A k )=(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1故 (E −A ))(E −A ),−1(E −A )=(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1两端同时右乘(E −A ))(E −A ),−1 (E −A ), 就有−1(E −A )=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1.15. 设方阵A 满足A 2−A −2E =O , 证明A 及A +2E 都可逆, 并求A −1及(A +2E )−1 证明由A .2 A −A −2E =O 得2或 −A =2E , 即A (A −E )=2E ,E E A A =−⋅)(21, 由定理2推论知A 可逆, 且)(211E A A −=−. 由A 2 A −A −2E =O 得2或 −A −6E =−4E , 即(A +2E )(A −3E )=−4E ,E A E E A =−⋅+)3(41)2( 由定理2推论知(A +2E )可逆, 且)3(41)2(1A E E A −=+−.证明由A 2−A −2E =O 得A 2 |A −A =2E , 两端同时取行列式得 2即 |A ||A −E |=2,−A |=2,故 |A |≠0,所以A 可逆, 而A +2E =A 2, |A +2E |=|A 2|=|A |2由 A ≠0, 故A +2E 也可逆. 2 ⇒A −A −2E =O ⇒A (A −E )=2E−1A (A −E )=2A −1)(211E A A −=−E ⇒,又由 A 2 ⇒ (A +2E )(A −3E )=−4 E ,−A −2E =O ⇒(A +2E )A −3(A +2E )=−4E所以 (A +2E )−1(A +2E )(A −3E )=−4(A +2 E )−1 ,)3(41)2(1A E E A −=+−.16. 设A 为3阶矩阵, 21||=A , 求|(2A )−1 解因为−5A *|.*||11A A A =−, 所以 |||521||*5)2(|111−−−−=−A A A A A |2521|11−−−=A A=|−2A −1|=(−2)3|A −1|=−8|A |−1 17. 设矩阵A 可逆, 证明其伴随阵A *也可逆, 且(A *)=−8×2=−16.−1=(A −1 证明由)*.*||11A A A =−, 得A *=|A |A −1 |A *|=|A |, 所以当A 可逆时, 有n |A −1|=|A |n −1从而A *也可逆.≠0,因为A *=|A |A −1 (A *), 所以−1=|A |−1又A .*)(||)*(||1111−−−==A A A A A , 所以(A *)−1=|A |−1A =|A |−1|A |(A −1)*=(A −1 18. 设n 阶矩阵A 的伴随矩阵为A *, 证明:)*.(1)若|A |=0, 则|A *|=0;(2)|A *|=|A |n −1 证明.(1)用反证法证明. 假设|A *|≠0, 则有A *(A *)−1 A =A A *(A *)=E , 由此得 −1=|A |E (A *)−1所以A *=O , 这与|A *|≠0矛盾，故当|A |=0时, 有|A *|=0.=O ,(2)由于*||11A A A =−, 则AA *=|A |E , 取行列式得到 |A ||A *|=|A |n 若|A |≠0, 则|A *|=|A |.n −1 若|A |=0, 由(1)知|A *|=0, 此时命题也成立.;因此|A *|=|A |n −1.19. 设−=321011330A , AB =A +2B , 求B . 解由AB =A +2E 可得(A −2E )B =A , 故− −−−=−=−−321011330121011332)2(11A E A B −=011321330. 20. 设 =101020101A , 且AB +E =A 2+B , 求B .解由AB +E =A 2 (A −E )B =A +B 得 2即 (A −E )B =(A −E )(A +E ).−E , 因为01001010100||≠−==−E A , 所以(A −E )可逆, 从而=+=201030102E A B .21. 设A =diag(1, −2, 1), A *BA =2BA −8E , 求B . 解由A *BA =2BA −8E 得 (A *−2E )BA =−8E , B =−8(A *−2E )−1A =−8[A (A *−2E )]−1 =−8(AA *−2A )−1 =−8(|A |E −2A )−1 =−8(−2E −2A )−1 =4(E +A )−1 =4[diag(2, −1, 2)]−1−1)21 ,1 ,21(diag 4−==2diag(1, −2, 1).22. 已知矩阵A 的伴随阵−=8030010100100001*A , 且ABA −1=BA −1+3E , 求B .解由|A *|=|A |3 由ABA =8, 得|A |=2. −1=BA −1 AB =B +3A ,+3E 得 B =3(A −E )−1A =3[A (E −A −1)]−1 A 11*)2(6*)21(3−−−=−=A E A E−=−−=−1030060600600006603001010010000161. 23. 设P −1 −−=1141P AP =Λ, 其中,−=Λ2001, 求A 11 解由P . −1AP =Λ, 得A =P ΛP −1, 所以A 11= A =P Λ11P −1 |P |=3, .−=1141*P ,−−=−1141311P ,而−= −=Λ11111120 012001,故−− −−−=31313431200111411111A −−=68468327322731. 24. 设AP =P Λ, 其中−−=111201111P ,−=Λ511,求ϕ(A )=A 8(5E −6A +A 2 解 ϕ(Λ)=Λ). 8(5E −6Λ+Λ2 =diag(1,1,5)8)[diag(5,5,5)−diag(−6,6,30)+diag(1,1,25)]=diag(1,1,58 ϕ(A )=P ϕ(Λ)P )diag(12,0,0)=12diag(1,0,0).−1 *)(||1P P P Λ=ϕ−−−−−− −−−=1213032220000000011112011112=1111111114.25. 设矩阵A 、B 及A +B 都可逆, 证明A −1+B −1 证明因为也可逆, 并求其逆阵.A −1(A +B )B −1=B −1+A −1=A −1+B −1而A ,−1(A +B )B −1是三个可逆矩阵的乘积, 所以A −1(A +B )B −1可逆, 即A −1+B −1 (A 可逆.−1+B −1)−1=[A −1(A +B )B −1]−1=B (A +B )−1 26. 计算A .−−−30003200121013013000120010100121. 解设 =10211A , =30122A , −=12131B ,−−=30322B ,则 2121B O B E A O E A+=222111B A O B B A A ,而 −= −−+−=+4225303212131021211B B A ,−−= −− =90343032301222B A , 所以 2121B O B E A O E A +=222111B A O B B A A−−−=9000340042102521, 即−−−30003200121013013000120010100121−−−=9000340042102521. 27. 取==−==1001D C B A , 验证|||||||| D C B A D C B A ≠.解 4100120021010*********0021010010110100101==−−=−−=D C B A , 而 01111|||||||| ==D C B A ,故 ||||||||D C B A D C B A ≠. 28. 设 −=22023443O O A , 求|A 8|及A 4解令. −=34431A ,=22022A , 则=21A O O A A ,故 8218=A O O A A=8281A O O A ,1682818281810||||||||||===A A A A A .= =464444241422025005O O A O O A A . 29. 设n 阶矩阵A 及s 阶矩阵B 都可逆, 求 (1)1−O B A O ; 解设 =−43211C C C C O B A O , 则O B A O 4321C C C C = =s n E O O E BC BC AC AC 2143. 由此得====s n EBC OBC O AC E AC 2143⇒ ====−−121413B C O C O C A C ,所以= −−−O A B O O B A O 111. (2)1−B C O A . 解设 =−43211D D D D B C O A , 则 = ++= s nE O O E BD CD BD CD AD AD D D D D B C O A 4231214321.由此得=+=+==s nEBD CD O BD CD O AD E AD 423121⇒ =−===−−−−14113211B D CA B D O D A D ,所以−= −−−−−11111B CA B O A BC O A . 30. 求下列矩阵的逆阵: (1)2500380000120025; 解设 =1225A , =2538B , 则−−= =−−5221122511A ,−−==−−8532253811B .于是 −−−−= = =−−−−850032000052002125003800001200251111B A B A .(2)4121031200210001. 解设 =2101A ,=4103B ,=2112C , 则−= =−−−−−−1111114121031200210001B CA B O A BC O A−−−−−=411212458103161210021210001.第三章矩阵的初等变换与线性方程组1. 把下列矩阵化为行最简形矩阵: (1)−−340313021201;解−−340313021201(下一步: r 2+(−2)r 1, r 3+(−3)r 1 ~. )−−−020*********(下一步: r 2÷(−1), r 3 ~÷(−2). )−−010*********(下一步: r 3−r 2 ~. )−−300031001201(下一步: r 3 ~÷3. )−−100031001201(下一步: r 2+3r 3 ~. )−100001001201(下一步: r 1+(−2)r 2, r 1+r 3 ~. )100001000001.(2)−−−−174034301320;解−−−−174034301320(下一步: r 2×2+(−3)r 1, r 3+(−2)r 1 ~. )−−−310031001320(下一步: r 3+r 2, r 1+3r 2 ~. )0000310010020(下一步: r 1 ~÷2. )000031005010.(3)−−−−−−−−−12433023221453334311;解−−−−−−−−−12433023221453334311(下一步: r 2−3r 1, r 3−2r 1, r 4−3r 1~. )−−−−−−−−1010500663008840034311(下一步: r 2÷(−4), r 3÷(−3) , r 4~÷(−5). )−−−−−22100221002210034311(下一步: r 1−3r 2, r 3−r 2, r 4−r 2~. )−−−00000000002210032011.(4)−−−−−−34732038234202173132. 解−−−−−−34732038234202173132(下一步: r 1−2r 2, r 3−3r 2, r 4−2r 2~. )−−−−−1187701298804202111110(下一步: r 2+2r 1, r 3−8r 1, r 4−7r 1 ~. )−−41000410002020111110(下一步: r 1↔r 2, r 2×(−1), r 4−r 3~. )−−−−00000410001111020201(下一步: r 2+r 3~. )−−00000410003011020201. 2. 设= 987654321100010101100001010A , 求A .解100001010是初等矩阵E (1, 2), 其逆矩阵就是其本身.100010101是初等矩阵E (1, 2(1)), 其逆矩阵是E (1, 2(−1))−=100010101.− =100010101987654321100001010A= − =287221254100010101987321654.3. 试利用矩阵的初等变换, 求下列方阵的逆矩阵: (1)323513123;解 100010001323513123~−−−101011001200410123~ −−−−1012002110102/102/3023~−−−−2/102/11002110102/922/7003~−−−−2/102/11002110102/33/26/7001故逆矩阵为−−−−21021211233267.(2)−−−−−1210232112201023.解−−−−−10000100001000011210232112201023~−−−−00100301100001001220594012102321~−−−−−−−−20104301100001001200110012102321~ −−−−−−−106124301100001001000110012102321 ~−−−−−−−−−−10612631110`1022111000010000100021 ~−−−−−−−106126311101042111000010000100001故逆矩阵为−−−−−−−10612631110104211. 4. (1)设 −−=113122214A ,−−=132231B , 求X 使AX =B ;解因为−−−−=132231 113122214) ,(B A−−412315210 100010001 ~r ,所以−−==−4123152101B A X .(2)设−−−=433312120A , −=132321B , 求X 使XA =B . 解考虑A T X T =B T . 因为−−−−=134313*********) ,(T T B A−−−411007101042001 ~r ,所以−−−==−417142)(1T T T B A X ,从而−−−==−4741121BA X . 5. 设−−−=101110011A , AX =2X +A , 求X .解原方程化为(A −2E )X =A . 因为−−−−−−−−−=−101101110110011011) ,2(A E A−−−011100101010110001~,所以−−−=−=−011101110)2(1A E A X .6. 在秩是r 的矩阵中,有没有等于0的r −1阶子式? 有没有等于0的r 阶子式?解在秩是r 的矩阵中, 可能存在等于0的r −1阶子式, 也可能存在等于0的r 阶子式. 例如,=010*********A , R (A )=3.0000是等于0的2阶子式, 010001000是等于0的3阶子式. 7. 从矩阵A 中划去一行得到矩阵B , 问A , B 的秩的关系怎样?解 R (A )≥R (B ).这是因为B 的非零子式必是A 的非零子式, 故A 的秩不会小于B 的秩.8. 求作一个秩是4的方阵, 它的两个行向量是(1, 0, 1, 0, 0), (1, −1, 0, 0, 0).解用已知向量容易构成一个有4个非零行的5阶下三角矩阵:−0000001000001010001100001, 此矩阵的秩为4, 其第2行和第3行是已知向量.9. 求下列矩阵的秩, 并求一个最高阶非零子式: (1)−−−443112112013;解−−−443112112013(下一步: r 1↔r 2 ~. )−−−443120131211(下一步: r 2−3r 1, r 3−r 1 ~. )−−−−564056401211(下一步: r 3−r 2 ~. )−−−000056401211, 矩阵的2秩为, 41113−=−是一个最高阶非零子式.(2)−−−−−−−815073*********;解−−−−−−−815073*********(下一步: r 1−r 2, r 2−2r 1, r 3−7r 1 ~. )−−−−−−15273321059117014431(下一步: r 3−3r 2~. )−−−−0000059117014431, 矩阵的秩是2, 71223−=−是一个最高阶非零子式.(3)−−−02301085235703273812. 解−−−02301085235703273812(下一步: r 1−2r 4, r 2−2r 4, r 3−3r 4~. )−−−−−−023*********63071210(下一步: r 2+3r 1, r 3+2r 1~. )−0230114000016000071210(下一步: r 2÷16r 4, r 3−16r 2. )~−02301000001000071210 ~−00000100007121002301, 矩阵的秩为3, 070023085570≠=−是一个最高阶非零子式.10. 设A 、B 都是m ×n 矩阵, 证明A ~B 的充分必要条件是R (A )=R (B ).证明根据定理3, 必要性是成立的.充分性. 设R (A )=R (B ), 则A 与B 的标准形是相同的. 设A 与B 的标准形为D , 则有A ~D , D ~B .由等价关系的传递性, 有A ~B .11. 设−−−−=32321321k k k A , 问k 为何值, 可使(1)R (A )=1; (2)R (A )=2; (3)R (A )=3.解 −−−−=32321321k k k A+−−−−−)2)(1(0011011 ~k k k k k r . (1)当k =1时, R (A )=1; (2)当k =−2且k ≠1时, R (A )=2;(3)当k ≠1且k ≠−2时, R (A )=3.12. 求解下列齐次线性方程组: (1) =+++=−++=−++02220202432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A = −−212211121211~ −−−3/410013100101,于是 ==−==4443424134334x x x x x x x x ,故方程组的解为−= 1343344321k x x x x (k 为任意常数).(2) =−++=−−+=−++05105036302432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A = −−−−5110531631121~−000001001021,于是 ===+−=4432242102x x x xx x x x ,故方程组的解为+−= 10010*********k k x x x x (k 1, k 2 (3)为任意常数).=−+−=+−+=−++=+−+07420634072305324321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A =−−−−−7421631472135132~1000010000100001,于是 ====0004321x x x x ,故方程组的解为 ====00004321x x x x .(4) =++−=+−+=−+−=+−+03270161311402332075434321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x .解对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A =−−−−−3127161311423327543~−−000000001720171910171317301,于是 ==−=−=4433432431172017191713173x x x x x x x xx x ,故方程组的解为−−+= 1017201713011719173214321k k x x x x (k 1, k 2为任意常数).13. 求解下列非齐次线性方程组: (1) =+=+−=−+83111021322421321321x x x x x x x x ;解对增广矩阵B 进行初等行变换, 有。

线性代数知识点全面总结

a11 x1 a12 x2 a1n xn b1 a x a x a x b 21 1 22 2 2n n 2 an1 x1 an 2 x2 ann xn bn 的系数行列式D ≠0 ，原方程组有惟一解 Dn D1 D2 x1 , x2 , xn = . D D D 其中Dj ( j = 1,2,…,n )是把系数行列式D 中的第j 列的元素用方程组的常数项替换后得到的n阶行列式。
反证法.
二、重要定理
1、设A、B是n阶矩阵，则|AB|=|A||B|。
2、若A是可逆矩阵，则A的逆矩阵惟一。 3、n阶矩阵A可逆⇔ |A| ≠ 0 ⇔ R(A)=n ⇔ A为满秩矩阵。 4、若AB = E( 或BA =E ), 则B = A-1 。 5、若A为对称矩阵，则AT ＝A 。 6、若A为反对称矩阵，则AT＝－A 。
0 D= B
1 x1 x
2 1
A (1)mn A B 。 0
1 x2 x2
2
4、范德蒙得行列式 1 xn xn
2
( xi x j )。
n i j 1
x1n-1
x2 n-1 xn n-1
四、典型例题
1、3～4阶的行列式
2、简单的n阶行列式
3、用公式
5、若A可逆，则存在有限个初等方阵P1,P2,…,Pl,使 A ＝ P1P2…Pl 。 6、n 元齐次线性方程组Am×nx = 0 有非零解的充分必要条件是系数矩阵的秩r(A) < n 。
7、n 元非齐次线性方程组Am×nx = b 有解的充分必要条件是系数矩阵的秩r(A) 等于增广矩阵r(A，b) 的秩。
秩：矩阵非零子式的最高阶数.

线性代数课后习题答案全习题详解

线性代数课后习题答案全习题详解(总92页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--第一章行列式1.利用对角线法则计算下列三阶行列式：（1）381141102---；（2）b a c a c b c b a ; （3）222111c b a c b a ；（4）y x y x x y x yyx y x +++. 解（1）=---381141102811)1()1(03)4(2⨯⨯+-⨯-⨯+⨯-⨯)1()4(18)1(2310-⨯-⨯-⨯-⨯-⨯⨯- =416824-++-=4-（2）=ba c a cb cb a ccc aaa bbb cba bac acb ---++3333c b a abc ---=（3）=222111c b a c b a 222222cb ba ac ab ca bc ---++))()((a c c b b a ---=（4）yx y x x y x y yx y x +++yx y x y x yx y y x x )()()(+++++=333)(x y x y -+-- 33322333)(3x y x x y y x y y x xy ------+= )(233y x +-=2.按自然数从小到大为标准次序，求下列各排列的逆序数：（1）1 2 3 4；（2）4 1 3 2；（3）3 4 2 1；（4）2 4 1 3；（5）1 3 … )12(-n 2 4 … )2(n ；（6）1 3 … )12(-n )2(n )22(-n … 2. 解（1）逆序数为0（2）逆序数为4：4 1，4 3，4 2，3 2（3）逆序数为5：3 2，3 1，4 2，4 1,2 1 （4）逆序数为3：2 1，4 1，4 3（5）逆序数为2)1(-n n ：3 2 1个 5 2，54 2个 7 2，7 4，7 6 3个 ……………… … )12(-n 2，)12(-n 4，)12(-n 6，…，)12(-n )22(-n )1(-n 个（6）逆序数为)1(-n n3 2 1个 5 2，54 2个 ……………… … )12(-n 2，)12(-n 4，)12(-n 6，…，)12(-n )22(-n )1(-n 个4 2 1个 6 2，6 4 2个 ……………… … )2(n 2，)2(n 4，)2(n 6，…，)2(n )22(-n )1(-n 个3.写出四阶行列式中含有因子2311a a 的项.解由定义知，四阶行列式的一般项为43214321)1(p p p p t a a a a -，其中t 为4321p p p p 的逆序数．由于3,121==p p 已固定，4321p p p p 只能形如13□□，即1324或1342.对应的t 分别为10100=+++或22000=+++∴44322311a a a a -和42342311a a a a 为所求.4.计算下列各行列式：（1）⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎢71100251020214214；（2）⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎢-265232112131412；（3）⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎣⎢---ef cf bf de cd bd ae acab ；（4）⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎢---d c b a 100110011001 解(1)7110025*******21434327c c c c --0100142310202110214---=34)1(143102211014+-⨯---=143102211014-- 321132c c c c ++1417172001099-=0(2)265232112131412-24c c -2605032122130412-24r r -0412032122130412- 14r r -0000032122130412-=0(3)ef cf bf de cd bd ae ac ab ---=e c b e c b e c b adf ---=111111111---adfbce =abcdef 4(4)d c b a 100110011001---21ar r +dc b a ab 100110011010---+=12)1)(1(+--dc a ab 10111--+ 23dc c +010111-+-+cd c ada ab =23)1)(1(+--cdadab +-+111=1++++ad cd ab abcd5.证明: (1)1112222b b a a b ab a +=3)(b a -;(2)bz ay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bx az bz ay by ax +++++++++=yx z x z y zy x b a )(33+;(3)0)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(2222222222222222=++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a ;(4)444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a ))()()()((d b c b d a c a b a -----=))((d c b a d c +++-⋅;(5)1221100000100001a x a a a a x x x n n n +-----n n n n a x a x a x ++++=--111 .证明(1)00122222221312a b a b a a b a ab a c c c c ------=左边a b a b a b a ab 22)1(22213-----=+21))((a b a a b a b +--= 右边=-=3)(b a(2)bz ay by ax z by ax bx az y bx az bz ay x a ++++++分开按第一列左边bzay by ax x by ax bx az z bxaz bz ay y b +++++++ ++++++002y by ax z x bx az y z bz ay x a 分别再分bz ay y x by ax x z bx az z y b +++zy x y x z xz y b y x z x z y z y x a 33+分别再分右边=-+=233)1(yx z x z y zy x b y x z x z y z y x a(3) 2222222222222222)3()2()12()3()2()12()3()2()12()3()2()12(++++++++++++++++=d d d d d c c c c c b b b b b a a a a a 左边9644129644129644129644122222141312++++++++++++---d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a c c c c c c 964496449644964422222++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a 分成二项按第二列964419644196441964412222+++++++++d d d c c c b b b a a a 949494949464222224232423d d c c b b a a c c c c c c c c ----第二项第一项06416416416412222=+ddd c c c bb b a a a (4) 444444422222220001ad a c a b a ad a c a b a a d a c a b a ---------=左边=)()()(222222222222222a d d a c c a b b a d a c a b ad a c a b --------- =)()()(111))()((222a d d a c c a b b a d a c ab a d ac a b ++++++--- =⨯---))()((ad a c a b )()()()()(00122222a b b a d d a b b a c c a b b bd b c a b +-++-++--+ =⨯-----))()()()((b d b c a d a c a b )()()()(112222b d a b bd d b c a b bc c ++++++++=))()()()((d b c b d a c a b a -----))((d c b a d c +++-(5) 用数学归纳法证明.,1,2212122命题成立时当a x a x a x a x D n ++=+-==假设对于)1(-n 阶行列式命题成立，即 ,122111-----++++=n n n n n a x a x a x D:1列展开按第则n D1110010001)1(11----+=+-x xa xD D n n n n 右边=+=-n n a xD 1 所以，对于n 阶行列式命题成立.6.设n 阶行列式)det(ij a D =,把D 上下翻转、或逆时针旋转 90、或依副对角线翻转，依次得n nn n a a a a D 11111 =， 11112n nn n a a a a D = ，11113a a a a D n nnn =，证明D D D D D n n =-==-32)1(21,)1(.证明 )det(ij a D =nnnn nn n nn n a a a a a a a a a a D 2211111111111)1(--==∴ =--=--nnn n nnn n a a a a a a a a 331122111121)1()1( nnn n n n a a a a 111121)1()1()1(---=--D D n n n n 2)1()1()2(21)1()1(--+-+++-=-= 同理可证nnn n n n a a a a D 11112)1(2)1(--=D D n n Tn n 2)1(2)1()1()1(---=-= D D D D D n n n n n n n n =-=--=-=----)1(2)1(2)1(22)1(3)1()1()1()1(7.计算下列各行列式（阶行列式为k D k ）：(1)aaD n 11 =,其中对角线上元素都是a ，未写出的元素都是0；(2)xaaax aa a x D n=; (3) 1111)()1()()1(1111n a a a n a a a n a a a D n n n nn n n ------=---+; 提示：利用范德蒙德行列式的结果． (4) nnn nn d c d c b a b a D000011112=; (5)j i a a D ij ij n -==其中),det(;(6)nn a a a D +++=11111111121 ,021≠n a a a 其中.解(1) aa a a a D n 010000000000001000=按最后一行展开)1()1(1000000000010000)1(-⨯-+-n n n aa a)1)(1(2)1(--⋅-+n n n a a a (再按第一行展开)n n n nn a a a+-⋅-=--+)2)(2(1)1()1(2--=n n a a )1(22-=-a a n(2)将第一行乘)1(-分别加到其余各行，得ax x a ax x a a x x a aa a x D n ------=0000000 再将各列都加到第一列上，得ax ax a x aaa a n x D n ----+=000000000)1( )(])1([1a x a n x n --+=- (3) 从第1+n 行开始，第1+n 行经过n 次相邻对换，换到第1行，第n 行经)1(-n 次对换换到第2行…，经2)1(1)1(+=++-+n n n n 次行交换，得nn n n n n n n n n a a a n a a a n a a aD )()1()()1(1111)1(1112)1(1-------=---++此行列式为范德蒙德行列式∏≥>≥++++--+--=112)1(1)]1()1[()1(j i n n n n j a i a D∏∏≥>≥+++-++≥>≥++-•-•-=---=111)1(2)1(112)1()][()1()1()]([)1(j i n n n n n j i n n n j i j i∏≥>≥+-=11)(j i n j i(4) n nnnn d c d c b a b a D 011112=nn n n n nd d c d c b a b a a 0000000011111111----展开按第一行0000)1(1111111112c d c d c b a b a b nn n n n nn ----+-+2222 ---n n n n n n D c b D d a 都按最后一行展开由此得递推公式：222)(--=n n n n n n D c b d a D 即 ∏=-=ni i i i i n D c b d a D 222)(而 111111112c b d a d c b a D -==得 ∏=-=ni i i i i n c b d a D 12)((5)j i a ij -=0432********0122210113210)det( --------==n n n n n n n n a D ij n ,3221r r r r --0432111111111111111111111 --------------n n n n,,141312c c c c c c +++152423210222102210002100001---------------n n n n n =212)1()1(----n n n(6)nn a a D a +++=11111111121 ,,433221c c c c c c ---n n n n a a a a a a a a a a +-------10000100010000100010001000011433221展开（由下往上）按最后一列))(1(121-+n n a a a a nn n a a a a a a a a a --------00000000000000000000000000022433221 nn n a a a a a a a a ----+--000000000000000001133221 ++ nn n a a a a a a a a -------000000000000000001143322n n n n n n a a a a a a a a a a a a 322321121))(1(++++=---)11)((121∑=+=ni in a a a a8.用克莱姆法则解下列方程组：⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=+++-=----=+-+=+++;01123,2532,242,5)1(4321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧=+=++=++=++=+.15,065,065,065,165)2(5454343232121x x x x x x x x x x x x x解 (1)11213513241211111----=D 8120735032101111------=145008130032101111---=1421420005410032101111-=---= 112105132412211151------=D 11210513290501115----=1121023313090509151------=2331309050112109151------=1202300461000112109151-----=14200038100112109151----=142-= 112035122412111512-----=D 811507312032701151-------=3139011230023101151-=2842840001910023101151-=----=426110135232422115113-=----=D ; 14202132132212151114=-----=D1,3,2,144332211-========∴DDx D D x D D x D D x (2) 510006510006510065100065=D 展开按最后一行61000510065100655-'D D D ''-'=65 D D D ''-'''-''=6)65(5D D '''-''=3019D D ''''-'''=1146566551141965=⨯-⨯=(,11的余子式中为行列式a D D ',11的余子式中为a D D ''''类推D D ''''''',) 5100165100065100650000611=D 展开按第一列6510065100650006+'D 46+'=D 460319+''''-'''=D 1507= 51165100065000601000152=D 展开按第二列5100651006500061-6510065000610005-365510651065⨯-=1145108065-=--= 51100650000601000051001653=D 展开按第三列5100650006100051650061000510065+6100510656510650061+= 703114619=⨯+= 51000601000051000651010654=D 展开按第四列61000510065100655000610005100651--51065106565--=395-= 110051000651000651100655=D 展开按最后一列D '+10005100651006512122111=+= 665212;665395;665703;6651145;665150744321=-==-==∴x x x x x ． 9.齐次线性方程组取何值时问,,μλ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++0200321321321x x x x x x x x x μμλ有非零解解 μλμμμλ-==12111113D ，齐次线性方程组有非零解，则03=D即 0=-μλμ 得 10==λμ或不难验证，当,10时或==λμ该齐次线性方程组确有非零解.10.齐次线性方程组取何值时问,λ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-++=+-+=+--0)1(0)3(2042)1(321321321x x x x x x x x x λλλ 有非零解解λλλ----=111132421D λλλλ--+--=101112431)3)(1(2)1(4)3()1(3λλλλλ-------+-=3)1(2)1(23-+-+-=λλλ齐次线性方程组有非零解，则0=D 得 32,0===λλλ或不难验证，当32,0===λλλ或时，该齐次线性方程组确有非零解.第二章矩阵及其运算1 已知线性变换⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧++=++=++=3213321232113235322y y y x y y y x y y y x求从变量x 1 x 2 x 3到变量y 1 y 2 y 3的线性变换解由已知⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛221321323513122y y y x x x故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-3211221323513122x x x y y y ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=321423736947y y y⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-+=-+=+--=321332123211423736947x x x y x x x y x x x y2 已知两个线性变换⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧++=++-=+=32133212311542322y y y x y y y x y y x ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+-=+=+-=323312211323z z y z z y z z y求从z 1 z 2 z 3到x 1 x 2 x 3的线性变换解由已知⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛221321514232102y y y x x x ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=321310102013514232102z z z⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=321161109412316z z z所以有⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+--=+-=++-=3213321232111610941236z z z x z z z x z z z x3 设⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=111111111A ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=150421321B 求3AB 2A 及A TB解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=-1111111112150421321111111111323A AB⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=2294201722213211111111120926508503⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=092650850150421321111111111B A T4 计算下列乘积(1)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-127075321134解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-127075321134⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯+⨯+⨯⨯+⨯-+⨯⨯+⨯+⨯=102775132)2(71112374⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=49635(2)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛123)321(解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛123)321((132231)(10)(3))21(312-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛解 )21(312-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯-⨯⨯-⨯⨯-⨯=23)1(321)1(122)1(2⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=632142(4)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-20413121013143110412解 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-20413121013143110412⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=6520876(5)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x解⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x(a 11x 1a 12x 2a 13x 3 a 12x 1a 22x 2a 23x 3 a 13x 1a 23x 2a 33x 3)⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321x x x322331132112233322222111222x x a x x a x x a x a x a x a +++++=5 设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=3121A ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=2101B 问(1)AB BA 吗解 AB BA 因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=6443AB ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=8321BA 所以AB BA(2)(A B)2A 22AB B 2吗解 (A B)2A 22AB B 2 因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+5222B A⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+52225222)(2B A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2914148但⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=++43011288611483222B AB A ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=27151610所以(A B)2A 22AB B 2 (3)(A B)(A B)A 2B 2吗解 (A B)(A B)A 2B 2因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+5222B A⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-1020B A⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-+906010205222))((B A B A而 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-718243011148322B A故(A B)(A B)A 2B 26 举反列说明下列命题是错误的 (1)若A 20 则A 0 解取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0010A 则A 20 但A 0(2)若A 2A 则A 0或A E 解取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0011A 则A 2A 但A 0且A E(3)若AX AY 且A 0 则X Y 解取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0001A⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=1111X ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1011Y则AX AY 且A 0 但X Y7 设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=101λA 求A 2A 3Ak解 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=12011011012λλλA⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛==1301101120123λλλA A A⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=101λk A k8设⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=λλλ001001A 求A k解首先观察⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=λλλλλλ0010010010012A ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=222002012λλλλλ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⋅=3232323003033λλλλλλA A A ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⋅=43423434004064λλλλλλA A A ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⋅=545345450050105λλλλλλA A A⎝⎛=kA k k kk k k k k k k λλλλλλ0002)1(121----⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫用数学归纳法证明当k 2时显然成立假设k 时成立，则k 1时，⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⋅=---+λλλλλλλλλ0010010002)1(1211k k k k k k k k k k k k A A A⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+++=+-+--+11111100)1(02)1()1(k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ 由数学归纳法原理知⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=---k k k k k k k k k k k A λλλλλλ0002)1(1219 设A B 为n 阶矩阵，且A 为对称矩阵，证明B T AB 也是对称矩阵证明因为A T A 所以(B T AB)T B T (B T A)T B T A T B B T AB 从而B T AB 是对称矩阵10 设A B 都是n 阶对称矩阵，证明AB 是对称矩阵的充分必要条件是AB BA 证明充分性因为A T A B T B 且AB BA 所以(AB)T (BA)T A T B T AB 即AB 是对称矩阵必要性因为A T A B T B 且(AB)T AB 所以 AB (AB)T B T A T BA 11 求下列矩阵的逆矩阵 (1)⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛5221解⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=5221A |A|1 故A 1存在因为 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1225*22122111A A A A A故 *||11A A A =-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=1225 (2)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-θθθθcos sin sin cos 解 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=θθθθcos sin sin cos A |A|10 故A 1存在因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=θθθθcos sin sin cos *22122111A A A A A所以*||11A A A =-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=θθθθcos sin sin cos(3)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---145243121解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=145243121A |A|20 故A 1存在因为⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=214321613024*332313322212312111A A A A A A A A A A所以 *||11A A A =-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----=1716213213012(4)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛n a a a 0021(a 1a 2a n0)解 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=n a a a A 0021由对角矩阵的性质知 ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-n a a a A 10011211 12 解下列矩阵方程 (1)⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛12643152X解⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-126431521X ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=12642153⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=80232(2)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--234311111012112X 解 1111012112234311-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=X⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=03323210123431131 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=32538122 (3)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-101311022141X解 11110210132141--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=X ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=210110131142121⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=21010366121⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=04111 (4)⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛021102341010100001100001010X解 11010100001021102341100001010--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=X⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=010100001021102341100001010⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=20143101213 利用逆矩阵解下列线性方程组(1)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++3532522132321321321x x x x x x x x x解方程组可表示为⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321153522321321x x x故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-0013211535223211321x x x从而有 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===001321x x x(2)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-+=--=--05231322321321321x x x x x x x x x解方程组可表示为⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----012523312111321x x x故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-3050125233121111321x x x故有 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===35321x x x14 设A k O (k 为正整数) 证明(E A)1E A A 2 A k1证明因为A k O 所以E A k E 又因为E A k (E A)(E A A 2A k 1)所以 (E A)(E A A 2 A k 1)E 由定理2推论知(E A)可逆且(E A)1E A A 2A k1证明一方面有E (E A)1(E A) 另一方面由A k O 有 E (E A)(A A 2)A 2A k1(A k1A k )(E A A 2 A k 1)(E A)故 (E A)1(E A)(E A A 2 A k 1)(E A) 两端同时右乘(E A)1就有(E A)1(E A)E A A 2A k115 设方阵A 满足A 2A 2E O 证明A 及A 2E 都可逆并求A 1及(A 2E)1证明由A 2A 2E O 得A 2A 2E 即A(A E)2E 或E E A A =-⋅)(21由定理2推论知A 可逆且)(211E A A -=-由A 2A 2E O 得 A 2A 6E 4E 即(A 2E)(A 3E)4E或 E A E E A =-⋅+)3(41)2( 由定理2推论知(A 2E)可逆且)3(41)2(1A E E A -=+-证明由A 2A 2E O 得A 2A 2E 两端同时取行列式得 |A 2A|2 即 |A||A E|2 故 |A|0所以A 可逆而A 2E A 2 |A 2E||A 2||A|20 故A 2E 也可逆由 A 2A 2E O A(A E)2E A 1A(A E)2A 1E)(211E A A -=-又由 A 2A 2E O (A 2E)A 3(A 2E)4E(A 2E)(A 3E)4 E所以 (A 2E)1(A 2E)(A 3E)4(A 2 E)1)3(41)2(1A E E A -=+- 16 设A 为3阶矩阵 21||=A 求|(2A)15A*|解因为*||11A A A =- 所以 |||521||*5)2(|111----=-A A A A A |2521|11---=A A|2A 1|(2)3|A 1|8|A|1821617 设矩阵A 可逆证明其伴随阵A*也可逆且(A*)1(A 1)*证明由*||11A A A =- 得A*|A|A 1所以当A 可逆时有|A*||A|n |A 1||A|n 1从而A*也可逆因为A*|A|A 1所以(A*)1|A|1A又*)(||)*(||1111---==A A A A A 所以(A*)1|A|1A |A|1|A|(A 1)*(A 1)*18 设n 阶矩阵A 的伴随矩阵为A* 证明 (1)若|A|0 则|A*|0 (2)|A*||A|n 1证明(1)用反证法证明假设|A*|0 则有A*(A*)1E 由此得A A A*(A*)1|A|E(A*)1O所以A*O 这与|A*|0矛盾，故当|A|0时有|A*|0 (2)由于*||11A A A =- 则AA*|A|E 取行列式得到|A||A*||A|n 若|A|0 则|A*||A|n 1若|A|0 由(1)知|A*|0 此时命题也成立因此|A*||A|n119设⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=321011330A AB A 2B 求B解由AB A 2E 可得(A 2E)B A 故⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=-=--321011330121011332)2(11A E AB ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=01132133020 设⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=101020101A 且AB E A 2B 求B解由AB E A 2B 得 (A E)B A 2E 即 (A E)B (A E)(A E)因为01001010100||≠-==-E A 所以(A E)可逆从而⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=+=201030102E A B21 设A diag(1 2 1) A*BA 2BA 8E 求B解由A*BA 2BA 8E 得(A*2E)BA 8EB 8(A*2E)1A 1 8[A(A*2E)]1 8(AA*2A)1 8(|A|E 2A)18(2E 2A)14(E A)14[diag(2 1 2)]1)21 ,1 ,21(diag 4-=2diag(1 2 1)22已知矩阵A 的伴随阵⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=8030010100100001*A且ABA 1BA13E 求B 解由|A*||A|38 得|A|2 由ABA1BA13E 得AB B 3AB 3(A E)1A 3[A(E A 1)]1A11*)2(6*)21(3---=-=A E A E⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=-103006060060000660300101001000016123 设P 1AP 其中⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=1141P ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=Λ2001求A 11解由P 1AP得A P P 1所以A 11 A=P 11P 1.|P|3 ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=1141*P ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=-1141311P而 ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=Λ11111120 012001故 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=31313431200111411111A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=6846832732273124 设AP P 其中⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=111201111P ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=Λ511 求(A)A 8(5E 6A A 2) 解 ()8(5E 62)diag(1158)[diag(555)diag(6630)diag(1125)]diag(1158)diag(1200)12diag(100) (A)P ()P 1*)(||1P P P Λ=ϕ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛------⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=1213032220000000011112011112⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=111111111425 设矩阵A 、B 及A B 都可逆证明A 1B 1也可逆并求其逆阵证明因为 A 1(A B)B 1B1A1A1B1而A 1(A B)B 1是三个可逆矩阵的乘积所以A 1(A B)B 1可逆即A1B 1可逆(A1B 1)1[A 1(A B)B 1]1B(A B)1A26 计算⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛30003200121013013000120010100121解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=10211A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=30122A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=12131B ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=30322B则 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛2121B O B E A O E A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=222111B A O B B A A而 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+4225303212131021211B B A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=90343032301222B A 所以 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛2121B O B E A O E A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=222111B A O B B A A ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=9000340042102521 即 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛30003200121013013000120010100121⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=9000340042102521 27 取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛==-==1001D C B A 验证|||||||| D C B A D C B A ≠解41001200210100101002000021010010110100101==--=--=D C B A而01111|||||||| ==D C B A故 |||||||| D C B A D C B A ≠28 设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=22023443O O A 求|A 8|及A 4解令⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=34431A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=22022A 则 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=21A O O A A故 8218⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=A O O A A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=8281A O O A 1682818281810||||||||||===A A A A A⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=464444241422025005O O A O O A A29 设n 阶矩阵A 及s 阶矩阵B 都可逆求 (1)1-⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛O B A O解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-43211C C C C O B A O 则 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛O B A O ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛4321C C C C ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=s n E O O E BC BC AC AC 2143由此得 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧====s n E BC O BC O AC E AC 2143⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧====--121413B C O C O C A C所以 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---O A B O O B A O 111(2)1-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛B C O A解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-43211D D D D B C O A 则 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛s n E O O E BD CD BD CD AD AD D D D D B C O A 4231214321由此得 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+=+==s nE BD CD O BD CD OAD E AD 423121⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-===----14113211B D CA B D O D A D所以 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----11111B CA B O A BC O A30 求下列矩阵的逆阵(1)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛2500380000120025 解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1225A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2538B 则⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=--5221122511A ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=--8532253811B于是 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----850032000052002125003800001200251111B A B A(2)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛4121031200210001解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2101A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=4103B ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2112C 则⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------1111114121031200210001B CA B O A BC O A⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----=411212458103161210021210001第三章矩阵的初等变换与线性方程组1．把下列矩阵化为行最简形矩阵：(1) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--340313021201; (2)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----174034301320; (3) ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---------12433023221453334311; (4) ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------34732038234202173132.解 (1) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--340313*********2)3()2(~r r r r -+-+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---020********* )2()1(32~-÷-÷r r ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--01003100120123~r r -⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--300031001201 33~÷r ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--100031001201323~r r +⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-1000010012013121)2(~r r r r +-+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛100001000001(2) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----1740343013201312)2()3(2~r r r r -+-+⨯⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---31003100132021233~r r r r ++⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛000031001002021~÷r ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛000031005010 (3) ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---------12433023221453334311141312323~rr r r rr ---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--------1010500663008840034311)5()3()4(432~-÷-÷-÷r r r ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----22100221002210034311 2423213~r r r r r r ---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---000000000022********(4) ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------34732038234202173132 242321232~rr r r rr ---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----1187701298804202111110141312782~rr r r r r --+⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--410004100020201111134221)1(~r r r r r --⨯↔⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----0000041000111102020132~rr +⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--000004100030110202012.设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛987654321100010101100001010A ，求A 。