【自考英语“英语国家概况”精讲(7)】上海沪东科技学院
自考英语国家概况精讲系列第七章
Chapter 7第七章Government and Administration英国政府机构The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy， the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed， in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty‘s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution， the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law， common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.联合王国是君主⽴宪制国家，国家的⾸脑是国王或⼥王。
联合王国以君的名义，由国王或⼥王陛下政府治理。
英国的议会制度并不是基于成⽂宪法，英国宪法不由单⼀⽂件构成，⽽由成⽂法，习惯法和惯例组成。
司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成⽂法。
I.The Monarchy君主制1.Elizabeth II， her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second， by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories， Queen， Head of the Commonwealth，Defender of the Faith.伊莉莎⽩⼆世，她的全称是“上帝神佑，⼤布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领⼟和领地的⼥王，英联邦元⾸，国教保护者伊莉莎⽩⼆世。
2023年自考专业(英语)《英语国家概况》考试历年真题摘选附带答案
2023年自考专业(英语)《英语国家概况》考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】The functions of institutions of higher education in the U.S. are________.A.research and teachingB.teaching and degree awardingC.professional training, teaching and public serviceD.teaching, research and public service2.【单选题】In Britain, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of ________.A.the Lord ChancellorB.the Prime MinisterC.the SpeakerD.the Parliamentary Commissioner3.【单选题】The origin of the American party system can be traced to ________.A.the struggle between the Royalists and revolutionaries in the War of IndependenceB.the constitutional debate between the Federalists and the anti--FederalistsC.the struggle between those who upheld slavery and those who opposed slaveryD.none of the above4.【单选题】The theme of Thanksgiving has always been ________.A.friendship and happinessB.peace and plentyC.cooperation and rich rewardD.love and happiness5.【单选题】Thanks to the militant feminist movement of the suffragettes before the First World War, votes were granted to women over the age of ________ in 1918.A.18B.20C.30D.356.【单选题】Why were the French troops in Canada defeated by the British during the Seven Years' War?A.Because they were not used to the weather in Cananda.B.Because they did not get support from the local people.C.Because they did not receive the supplies they needed so badly.D.Because the British had larger and better settlements in Canada.7.【单选题】Australian Aborigines believed in a creative period, usually referred to in English as ________.A.teh DreamlandB.the DreamingC.the Beginning of the WorldD.the Beginning of the Universe8.【单选题】Agricltural changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in England were so great that they were worthy of the term “ ________ ”.A.reformB.evolutionC.revolutionD.reformation9.【单选题】What is Ireland called in Irish?A.IreaB.AireC.EareD.Eire10.【单选题】Which of the following is not true about the political system of New Zealand?A.New Zealand has a written constitution.B.New Zealand has a parliamentary government and a constitutional monarchy.C.New Zealand follows the British parliamentary system with some variations.D.New Zealand Parliament has only one chamber.11.【单选题】Australia, which is one of the world's developed countries, has become rich through ________.A.manufacturing industriesB.farming and miningC.service industriesD.forestry and fishing12.【单选题】During the Second World War, Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met at ________.A.Teheran, Yalta and PotsdamB.Teheran and YaltaC.Yalta, Potsdam and BerlinD.Teheran and Potsdam13.【单选题】The largest and smallest states of the United States are ________.A.Alaska and Rhode IslandB.Texas and MaineC.Texas and Rhode IslandD.Alaska and Maine14.【单选题】As far as Australian culture is concerned, the history of Australia can be divided into the following phases with the exception of ________.A.the period of the original culture of Aboriginal peopleB.the period of the dominant British cultureC.teh period of Asian cultureD.the period of a multicultural society15.【单选题】Which of the following is not true about Canada's manufacturing today?A.Manufacturing is the most important economic activity in Canada.B.Transportation equipment ranks as the nation's leading manufactured product.C.Food processing is still important but it is no longer Canada's chief man ufacturing industryD.The production of paper and paper related products is no longer important in Canada's manufacturing.16.【单选题】The three Puritan traditions are ________.A.religious tolerance, respect for achievement and respect for learningB.religious dissent aggressiveness and respect for learningC.religious intolerance, respect for achievement and respect for learningD.religious intolerance, aggressiveness, respect for achievement17.【单选题】The objective of the Chartist Movement was democratic rights for all men, and it took its name from “ ________ ”.A.The Bill of RightsB.The Agreement of the PeopleC.The People's CharterD.The Great Charter18.【单选题】In the 1960s pop music underwent a revolution when ________ became world famous and turned their home town of Liverpool into a place of pilgrimage.A.teh Beach BoysB.the Rolling StoneC.the AnimalsD.the Beatles19.【单选题】The New Frontier and War on Poverty were put forward respectively by ________.A.Eisenhower and KennedyB.Johnson and NixonC.Johnson and KennedyD.Kennedy and Johnson20.【单选题】The Tories were the forerunners of ________, which still bears this nickname todayA.the Labour PartyB.the Conservative PartyC.the Liberal PartyD.the Social Democratic Party第2卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】The average life expectancy of the Red Indians is ________.A.higher than the national averageB.lower than the national averageC.about the same with the national averageD.none of the above2.【单选题】In 1900, the United States ranked first in the world in the production of ________.A.coalB.electricityC.oilD.wheat3.【单选题】In Canada the federal governments have always been formed by________.A.the Liberal PartyB.the Progressive Conservative PartyC.either the Liberal Party or the Progressive Conservative PartyD.both the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservation Party4.【单选题】Australia is located between ________ and the Indian Ocean.A.the South Pacific OceanB.the Atlantic OceanC.the North SeaD.the Arctic5.【单选题】A trend that occurs at the same time with the movement to the South and the Weast of the United States is ________.A.the flow of people to sunbelt areaB.the flow of peole from small cities to big citiesC.the growth of small townsD.the outflow of city residents from the core cities to the suburbs6.【单选题】Britain has, for centuries, been slowly tilting with ________.A.the North-West slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinkingB.the North-East slowly rising and the South-West slowly sinkingC.the South-East slowly rising and the South-West slowly sinkingD.the South-West slowly rising and the North-East slowly sinking7.【单选题】In “ Song of Myself ” , Whitman writes that ________.A.woman is not worth mentioningB.woman is not as great as manC.woman as the mother of human beings is the greatestD.none of the above8.【单选题】The Mississippi, which is sometimes called ________, has played a vital role in the history of the United States.A.“ Old Man River ”B. “ Moon River ”C.“ Old Father River ”D.“ Mother of the United States ”9.【单选题】During the 1990s many Australians called for their nation to become a republic with ________.A.a president replacing the British monarch as head of stateB.a prime minister replacing the governor--general as head of governmentC.a governor-general replacing the British monarch as head of stateD.a president replacing the governor- general as head of government10.【单选题】In the 1970s oil was discovered in ________, but the revenue from oil did not create an economic for Britain.A.the English ChannelB.the Irish SeaC.St. George's ChannelD.the North Sea11.【单选题】In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the ________ number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition.rgestB.second largestC.third largestD.fourth largest12.【单选题】Since 1971 the Canadian government has adopted a policy of ________, recognizing that cultural pluralism within a bilingual framework is the essence of the Canadian identity.A.assimilationB.integrationC.multiculturalismD.gender equality13.【单选题】What are Ireland's chief exports?A.Foodstuffs(especially beef), electrical machinery, and chemicals.B.Wool, dairy products and fruit.C.Motor vehicles, electrical machinery and petroleum.D.Coal, mining equipment and textiles.14.【单选题】The Mabo Judgement passed by Australia's High Court in June 1992 overturned the concept of terra nullius, which means ________.A.“ land belonging to no one ”B.“ land unknown to everyone ”C. “ Wonderland ”D. “ Dreamtime ”15.【单选题】A fault line runs the length of New Zealand, which means that it often has________.A.floodsB.volcanic eruptionsC.earthquakesD.droughts16.【单选题】For electoral purposes Britain is divided into 659 constituencies, each of whichreturns ________to the House of Commons.A.one memberB.two membersC.three membersD.four members17.【单选题】Which often following statements is not true about British coal mining?A.Brition has used up almost all coal depositsB.The demand for British coal has declined.C.Petroleum, water power, and electric power replacing coal for many purposes.D.The old British mines are narrow and deep, making it difficult to use machines第1卷参考答案一.全考点综合测验1.正确答案：D2.正确答案：B3.正确答案：B4.正确答案：B5.正确答案：C6.正确答案：C7.正确答案：B8.正确答案：C9.正确答案：D10.正确答案：C11.正确答案：B12.正确答案：B13.正确答案：A14.正确答案：C15.正确答案：D16.正确答案：C17.正确答案：C18.正确答案：D19.正确答案：D20.正确答案：B第2卷参考答案一.全考点综合测验1.正确答案：B2.正确答案：A3.正确答案：C4.正确答案：A5.正确答案：D6.正确答案：A7.正确答案：C8.正确答案：A9.正确答案：A10.正确答案：D11.正确答案：B12.正确答案：C13.正确答案：A14.正确答案：A15.正确答案：C16.正确答案：A17.正确答案：A。
英语国家概况第7讲
1、如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，我方将不胜感激。 It would be appreciated if samples and/or a brochure could be forwarded to us soon. 我方将不胜感激： We shall be grateful/thankful We should appreciate it if …
selling offer
buying offer
bid
offeror
offeree
fully competitive price
售货发盘 购货发盘 递盘 发盘人 受盘人 可资竞争的价格
Key Notions and Translation
被动句；定语从句；分词形式
询盘通常由买方发出，向卖方询问贸易条件。也可以由卖方发出，他可以通过向外商询盘，说明向买方销售某种商品的意图，并开始磋商。 Inquiry is usually made by the Buyer, inquiring the Seller about the terms of a sale. It can also be made by the Seller, who may initiate the negotiation by making an inquiry to a foreign Buyer, stating his intention of selling a certain kind of goods to the buyer.
值得注意的是：It is worth noting that 发起询盘：make an inquiry 有义务做：be obliged to do 置之不理：make no reply at all 值得注意的是不管是谁发起的询盘，都没有义务一定要购买或者销售，同时，另一方也可以置之不理。 It is worth noting that whoever makes an inquiry is not obliged to buy or sell, and the other party, at the same time, can make no reply at all.
自考英语国家概况---复习资料--英国国家概况知识点及经济篇英语国家概况经济篇文档.doc
英语国家概况经济篇%1.自然资源英国:Compare with many other countries,Britain has comsiderable reserves of coal.Today British coal mining is called a "sick" industry.Natural gas and oil was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea.Britain was the first nation to build a large iron and steel industry.Rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.As with the coal industry,Britain's steel industry is declining.美国:Fertile soil is one of the most important natural resouces in the United States.America's forest resources are among the world's largest.Another natural resource that contributes to the welfare of the country is water.America is the leaders in production of Coal,iron ore,cpper,oil,sulfur,lead and zine.But short for tin,manganese,and nikel.爱尔兰Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe.While Ireland lacks sizeable oil deposits,it has a valuable energy source in the peat,or turt,bogs that cover extensive areas of the country.力口拿大:Water is one of the most important natural resources in Canada.Almost half of the land area of Canada is covered by forests. Canada ranks third,in the production of lumber and other forest products in the world.The largest producer of newsprint in the world.Canada is a primary world producer of nickle,zine and asbestoes,and comes second in potash,third in gold and fourth in copper.Canada is a major world supplier of uranium.Experts believe that the cold fields of Canada may be among the largest in the world.A great deposit of petroleum was discovered south of Edmonton in Alberta. About two thurdsof Canada's petroleum and about four fifths of its natural gas come from Alberta.澳大利亚:Australia is one of the world's biggest producers of minerals and metals.It has major deposits of bauxite,mineral sands,diamonds,and black and brown coal,and large reserves of ores containing gold,lead,zinc,iron,copper,nikel,manganese and uranium. It is the world largest exporter of coal,and a major exporter of uranium.新西兰:There is an increasingly large share of energy comes from local resources:natural gas,crude oil,hydroelectricity and geothermal steam. Coal is of growing importance.Solar energy,vegetable oils and ethylalcohol from fermentation make small contributions.%1.农业英国:The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness" .There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming, stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening.Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain.The North Sea has very good fishing grounds.美国:Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world.It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.（具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291）爱尔兰:Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNRemploys 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports.The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community.加拿大:The land used for agriculture makes up only 7 % in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quiteimportant.The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt.Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products.Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario.Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia.澳大利亚:Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry. Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibres. Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice.Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years.新西兰:Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines.%1.制造业，工业英国:The textile is one of Britain's oldest.Textiles were on of the country's most vauluable exports.Britain became a world leader in shipbuilding during the middle of the 19th century.The two main centres for shipbuilding were on the River Tyne near Newcastle,England and on the Clyde near Glasgow in Scotland.The Britain motor industry now dominated by four firms(Ford,the RoverGroup,GM-Vauxhall,and Peugeot)There are three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth. Scotland has Europe's largest collection of foreign-owned chip factories.Over 90% of the companies are from the U.S. A.,Japan,the Netherlands and germany.美国:The untied States ranks first,second,third or fourth in the world in the production of crude steel,passenger cars,commercial vehicles,chemi cals,radio sets,television sets,and other manufacturing goods.Manufacturing accounts for about one quarter of theGDRabout one quarter of the national income,and over one fifth of the work force.The industrial regions are the Midwest(the nations's leading centre of heavy industry) round the Great Lakes,the Middle Atlantic states,the South,and the Pacific Coast.爱尔兰:Since the 1961 s,manufactuing has become the mainstay of the Irish economy.Of industrial employment,66% are employed in manufacting.力口拿大:Manufacturing is the mst important economic activity in Canada.Food processing is the leading industry. The manufacture of transportation equipment ranks second. The production of paper and paper related products ranks third, metal products are also important.澳大利亚:The mining industry in Australia has faced new problems in recent years.Australia's service sector is the fastest-growing sector of industry.lt has been growing in importance in recent years.新西兰:There are two steel comanies:New Zealand Steel which uses iron sands from the west coast of North Island,and Pacific Steel which reuses scrap iron.New Zealand is a world leader in the CNA(compressed natural gas) industry.Garments,fabrics and carpets are exported.The fishing industry has expanded greatly and is now the 4th largest export earner.%1.对外贸易英国:Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers".Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries.which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC.Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade.美国:Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports.Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.‘accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia.爱尔兰:Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment.The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports.Ireland is new an industrial exporter.Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports.力口拿大:A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American.澳大利亚:Australia is a middle-level trading nation.The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products.Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports.新西兰:Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active.Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market.The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods.New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products.%1.当今面临的问题英国:Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline.The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War: 1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s.这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏，微观措施比较重要(P91-92)Irel and FiannaFail,TheSenate,美国:The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector. So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many of American people still live under the poverty line.Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that always face the United States.爱尔兰:The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade.Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill.力口拿大:In the past few years ho we ver,C anada' s unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners.While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity.Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions. 澳大利亚:Problems of Australia economy: 1 .Over-reliance on commodityexports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs.Country Party system HousesBritain The conservative Party, The House of Commons The Labour Party The House of Lorbs The U.S. The Democrats, The Senate,The Republic The House of RepresentativesFine Gael The House of RepresentativesAustralia The Labour Party, The Senate,the Liberal and National Party The House of RepresentativesNew Zealand The National Party,The Labour Party The House of RepresentativesCanada The Liberal Party, The Senate,the Progressive Conservative Party The House of Representatives考试前注意事项考前准备：一、欲善其事，必先利其器。
上海沪东科技学院【自考英语“英语国家概况”精讲(2)】
第三章The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)英国的形成（公元1066-1381）I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)诺曼统治（公元1066-1381）1. William's Rule （1066-1087）威廉一世的统治（公元1066-1087）England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had become William'stenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.①在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。
英语国家概况 第七单元ppt 超级详细!
The Legislature
The Executive
The Judiciary
2020/5/2
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
6
A guide to the Major English-
Speaking Countries
2020/5/2
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
8
A guide to the Major English-
Speaking Countries
Religion (P95)
2020/5/2
Roman Catholic Protestant No Religious Beliefs
orange for Protestants
white for the desired peace between them
2020/5/2
Hale Waihona Puke College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
10
A guide to the Major English-
more natural to the Irish.
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
14
A guide to the Major English-
Speaking Countries
Celtic Knot
Celtic knots started appearing in history after about 450 AD.
《英语国家概况》自考真题及答案解析
《英语国家概况》自考真题及答案解析卷面总分：80分答题时间：70分钟试卷题量：40题一、单选题（共40题，共0分）1.Britain has, for centuries, been slowly tilting with ________.• A.the North-West slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinking• B.the North-East slowly rising and the South-West slowly sinking• C.the South-East slowly rising and the South-West slowly sinking• D.the South-West slowly rising and the North-East slowly sinking 正确答案：A2.Which often following statements is not true about British coal mining?• A.Brition has used up almost all coal deposits• B.The demand for British coal has declined.• C.Petroleum, water power, and electric power replacing coal for many purposes.• D.The old British mines are narrow and deep, making it difficult to use machines正确答案：A3.For electoral purposes Britain is divided into 659 constituencies, eachof whichreturns ________to the House of Commons.• A.one member• B.two members• C.three members• D.four members正确答案：A4.In the 1970s oil was discovered in ________, but the revenue from oil didnot create an economic for Britain.• A.the English Channel• B.the Irish Sea• C.St. George's Channel• D.the North Sea正确答案：D5.In Britain, ministers are appointed by the Queen on therecommendation of ________.• A.the Lord Chancellor• B.the Prime Minister• C.the Speaker• D.the Parliamentary Commissioner正确答案：B6.Thanks to the militant feminist movement of the suffragettes beforethe First World War, votes were granted to women over the age of________ in 1918.• A.18• B.20• C.30• D.35正确答案：C7.The objective of the Chartist Movement was democratic rights for allmen, and it took its name from “________ ”.• A.The Bill of Rights• B.The Agreement of the People• C.The People's Charter• D.The Great Charter正确答案：C8.In the 1960s pop music underwent a revolution when ________ becameworld famous and turned their home town of Liverpool into a place of pilgrimage.• A.teh Beach Boys• B.the Rolling Stone• C.the Animals• D.the Beatles正确答案：D9.The Tories were the forerunners of ________, which still bears thisnickname today• A.the Labour Party• B.the Conservative Party• C.the Liberal Party• D.the Social Democratic Party正确答案：B10.In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the ________ number ofseats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition.• rgest• B.second largest• C.third largest• D.fourth largest正确答案：B11.In the United Kingdom,police officers are not allowed to join ________or to go on strike.• A.a trade union• B.a choir• C.apolitical party• D.a club正确答案：A12.Agricltural changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries inEngland were so great that they were worthy of the term “________ ”.• A.reform• B.evolution• C.revolution• D.reformation正确答案：C13.The Mississippi, which is sometimes called ________, has played a vitalrole in the history of the United States.• A.“Old Man River ”• B.“Moon River ”• C.“Old Father River ”• D.“Mother of the United States ”正确答案：A14.The largest and smallest states of the United States are ________.• A.Alaska and Rhode Island• B.Texas and Maine• C.Texas and Rhode Island• D.Alaska and Maine正确答案：A15.A trend that occurs at the same time with the movement to the Southand the Weast of the United States is ________.• A.the flow of people to sunbelt area• B.the flow of peole from small cities to big cities• C.the growth of small towns• D.the outflow of city residents from the core cities to the suburbs 正确答案：D16.The average life expectancy of the Red Indians is ________.• A.higher than the national average• B.lower than the national average• C.about the same with the national average• D.none of the above正确答案：B17.The three Puritan traditions are ________.• A.religious tolerance, respect for achievement and respect for learning • B.religious dissent aggressiveness and respect for learning• C.religious intolerance, respect for achievement and respect for learning • D.religious intolerance, aggressiveness, respect for achievement 正确答案：C18.In 1900, the United States ranked first in the world in the productionof ________.• A.coal• B.electricity• C.oil• D.wheat正确答案：A19.During the Second World War, Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met at________.• A.Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam• B.Teheran and Yalta• C.Yalta, Potsdam and Berlin• D.Teheran and Potsdam正确答案：B20.The New Frontier and War on Poverty were put forward respectivelyby ________.• A.Eisenhower and Kennedy• B.Johnson and Nixon• C.Johnson and Kennedy• D.Kennedy and Johnson正确答案：D21.The origin of the American party system can be traced to ________.• A.the struggle between the Royalists and revolutionaries in the War of Independence• B.the constitutional debate between the Federalists and the anti--Federalists• C.the struggle between those who upheld slavery and those who opposed slavery• D.none of the above正确答案：B22.The functions of institutions of higher education in the U.S. are________.• A.research and teaching• B.teaching and degree awarding• C.professional training, teaching and public service• D.teaching, research and public service正确答案：D23.In “Song of Myself ”, Whitman writes that ________.• A.woman is not worth mentioning• B.woman is not as great as man• C.woman as the mother of human beings is the greatest• D.none of the above正确答案：C24.The theme of Thanksgiving has always been ________.• A.friendship and happiness• B.peace and plenty• C.cooperation and rich reward• D.love and happiness正确答案：B25.Australia is located between ________ and the Indian Ocean.• A.the South Pacific Ocean• B.the Atlantic Ocean• C.the North Sea• D.the Arctic正确答案：A26.Australia, which is one of the world's developed countries, hasbecome rich through ________.• A.manufacturing industries• B.farming and mining• C.service industries• D.forestry and fishing正确答案：B27.Australian Aborigines believed in a creative period, usually referred toin English as ________.• A.teh Dreamland• B.the Dreaming• C.the Beginning of the World• D.the Beginning of the Universe正确答案：B28.As far as Australian culture is concerned, the history of Australia canbe divided into the following phases with the exception of ________.• A.the period of the original culture of Aboriginal people• B.the period of the dominant British culture• C.teh period of Asian culture• D.the period of a multicultural society正确答案：C29.The Mabo Judgement passed by Australia's High Court in June 1992overturned the concept of terra nullius, which means ________.• A.“land belonging to no one ”• B.“land unknown to everyone ”• C.“Wonderland ”• D.“Dreamtime ”正确答案：A30.During the 1990s many Australians called for their nation to become arepublic with ________.• A.a president replacing the British monarch as head of state• B.a prime minister replacing the governor--general as head of government• C.a governor-general replacing the British monarch as head of state• D.a president replacing the governor- general as head of government 正确答案：A31.The longest river in Canada is ________.• A.the Mackenzie• B.the St. Lawrence• C.teh Severn• D.the Yukon正确答案：A32.Why were the French troops in Canada defeated by the British duringthe Seven Years' War?• A.Because they were not used to the weather in Cananda.• B.Because they did not get support from the local people.• C.Because they did not receive the supplies they needed so badly.• D.Because the British had larger and better settlements in Canada.正确答案：C33.Which of the following is not true about Canada's manufacturingtoday?• A.Manufacturing is the most important economic activity in Canada.• B.Transportation equipment ranks as the nation's leading manufactured product.• C.Food processing is still important but it is no longer Canada's chief man ufacturing industry• D.The production of paper and paper related products is no longer important in Canada's manufacturing.正确答案：D34.When was the referendum on Quebec's future status held in Canada?• A.1994• B.1995• C.1996• D.1997正确答案：B35.Since 1971 the Canadian government has adopted a policy of ________,recognizing that cultural pluralism within a bilingual framework is the essence of the Canadian identity.• A.assimilation• B.integration• C.multiculturalism• D.gender equality正确答案：C36.In Canada the federal governments have always been formed by________.• A.the Liberal Party• B.the Progressive Conservative Party• C.either the Liberal Party or the Progressive Conservative Party• D.both the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservation Party 正确答案：C37.What is Ireland called in Irish?• A.Irea• B.Aire• C.Eare• D.Eire正确答案：D38.What are Ireland's chief exports?• A.Foodstuffs(especially beef), electrical machinery, and chemicals.• B.Wool, dairy products and fruit.• C.Motor vehicles, electrical machinery and petroleum.• D.Coal, mining equipment and textiles.正确答案：A39.A fault line runs the length of New Zealand, which means that it oftenhas________.• A.floods• B.volcanic eruptions• C.earthquakes• D.droughts正确答案：C40.Which of the following is not true about the political system of NewZealand?• A.New Zealand has a written constitution.• B.New Zealand has a parliamentary government and a constitutional monarchy.• C.New Zealand follows the British parliamentary system with some variations.• D.New Zealand Parliament has only one chamber.正确答案：C。
《英语国家概况》自学教材目录及考试大纲
附：自学考试《英语国家概况》自学考试教材目录（课程代码：0522）Part one The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter1Land and PeopleChapter2The Origins of a Nation(5000BC-AD1066)Chapter3The Shaping of the Nation(1066——1381)Chapter4Transition tO the Modern Age(1455——1688)Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688——1990)Chapter6The EconomyChapter7Government and AdministrationChapter8Justice and the LawChapter9Social AffairsChapter10Cultural AffairsPart Two The Republic of IrelandChapter11Geography and HistoryChapter12Ireland TodayPart Three The United States of AmericaChapter13GeographyChapter14Population．Race and Ethnic GroupsChapter15American History(I)(1600——1900)Chapter16American History(II)(1900-1945)Chapter17American History(III)America in Post Era(1945-1980s)Chapter18The EconomyChapter19Political InstitutionsChapter20EducationChapter21Literature．Architecture and MusicChapter22Holidays and FestivalsPart Four CanadaChapter23Geography and HistoryChapter24The EconomyChapter25Government and PoliticsChapter26Society and CulturePart Five AustraliaChapter27Land and PeopleChapter28Australian History(I)Australia to FederationChapter29Australian History(II)Australia Since FederationChapter30The EconomyChapter31Government and PoliticsChapter32Society and CulturePart Six New ZealandChapter33The Making of New ZealandChapter34New Zealand Today第一部分英国概况第一章国土和人民第二章英国民族起源（5000BC~AD1066）第三章民族的形成（1066~1381）第四章向现代过渡时期的英国（1455~1688）第五章大英帝国的兴衰（1688~1990）第六章经济第七章英国政府机构第八章法律与司法机构第九章英国社会第十章英国文化第二部分爱尔兰概况第十一章爱尔兰地理与历史第十二章今日爱尔兰第三部分美国概况第十三章美国地理第十四章人口、种族和种族集团第十五章美国历史（I）（1600~1900）第十六章美国历史（II）（1900~1945）第十七章美国历史（III）二次大战后的美国（1945-1980S）第十八章美国经济第十九章政治体制第二十章教育第二十一章文学、建筑和音乐第二十二章假日和节日第四部分加拿大概况第二十三章加拿大地理与历史第二十四章加拿大经济第二十五章加拿大政府与政治第二十六章加拿大的社会与文化第五部分澳大利亚概况第二十七章土地与人民第二十八章澳大利亚联邦成立之前的历史第二十九章澳大利亚联邦成立以来的历史第三十章澳大利亚经济第三十一章澳大利亚政府与政治制度第三十二章澳大利亚社会与文化第六部分新西兰概况第三十三章新西兰地理与历史第三十四章今日新西兰附件：《英语国家概况自学考试大纲》的考核目标Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter1Land and PeopleI.Different Names for Britain and its PartsChapter2The Origins of a NationI．Early Settlers3．The CeltsII．Roman BritainIII．The Anglo-SaxonsⅣ．The Viking and Danish InvasionsV．The Norman ConquestChapter3The Shaping of the NationⅠ．Norman Rule1.William’s RuleⅡ．The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament1.The Great CharterⅢ．The Hundred Years’War with FranceⅣ．The Black Death and the Peasant UprisingChapter4Transition to the Modern AgeⅠ．Transition to the Modern AgeⅡ．The English ReformationⅢ．Elizabeth I1.Elizabeth and Parliament2.Elizabeth’s Religious Reform3.Elizabeth’s Foreign PolicyⅣ．The English RenaissanceVII.The Civil WarsVIII.The CommonwealthIX.The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of1688Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireⅠ．Whigs and ToriesⅡ．Agricultural Changes in the Late18th CenturyⅢ．The Industrial RevolutionⅣ．The Chartist MovementVII．Twentieth Century1.Britain and the First World War3.Britain and the Second World War4.Postwar BritainChapter7Government and AdministrationⅠ．The MonarchyⅡ．Parliament1.The House of Lords2.The House of CommonsⅢ．The Cabinet and MinistryⅣ．The Privy CouncilChapter8Justice and the LawIV．The JudiciaryV．PoliceChapter9Social AffairsⅠ．Health and Social Services1．The National Health ServiceⅢ．Religion1．Established churchesⅣ．Festivals and Public Holidays1．Christian festivals2．Other festivals3．Public holidaysChapter10Cultural AffairsⅠ．Education3．Higher educationⅡ．The Media1．NewspapersⅢ．SportsⅣ．The Arts3．DramaPart Two The Republic of Ireland Chapter11Geography and HistoryI.Geographical FeaturesII.Climate and WeatherIII.Population and ReligionIV.Historical backgroundPart Three The United States of America Chapter14Population,Race and Ethnic GroupsI.IntroductionIV.Racial and Ethnic Minorities1．BlacksChapter15American History(I)Ⅰ．Discovery of the New WorldⅡ．The Colonial PeriodⅢ．The War of IndependenceⅣ．A New Form of GovernmentⅥ．Territorial Expansion and Westward MovementⅦ．The Civil WarⅧ．Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil WarChapter16American History(II)Ⅰ．Economic DevelopmentⅡ．ProgressivismⅢ．World War I and the United StatesⅣ．The United States in the1920sⅤ．The Great Depression and the New DealⅥ．World War II and the United StatesChapter17American History(III)Ⅰ．The Origins of the Cold WarⅡ．The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan V．McCarthyismVII．American Society During the Postwar Boom:1945-1960s VIII．The Cuban Missile CrisisIX．The Vietnam WarX．United States’Relations with ChinaXII．Watergate ScandalChapter18The Economy(Two paragraphs)Ⅰ．The Economic System of the United StatesV．Foreign TradeVI．Problems in the U.S.EconomyChapter19Political InstitutionsⅠ．The U.S.Constitution1．The Federal system2．Separation of powers:checks and balances3．Provisions for amendmentⅡ．The Executive Branch1．The Presidency2．Presidential PowersⅢ．The Legislative Branch2.Powers of the House and Senate3.Officers of the Congress4.Functions of the CongressⅤ．Political Parties(two-party system)Chapter20EducationⅠ．Characteristics of American EducationⅡ．Elementary and Secondary EducationⅢ．Higher EducationⅤ．Education ReformsChapter21Literature,Architecture and MusicⅠ．American Literature1．Washington Irving2．Emerson and Hawthorne3．Mark Twain4．Whitman and Dickinson5．Theodore Dreiser6．T.S.Eliot7．Ernest Hemingway8．Hughes and WrightChapter22Holidays and FestivalsⅠ．New Year’s DayIV．Valentine’s DayVI．Easter DayVIII．Independence DayIX．HalloweenXI．Thanksgiving DayⅩII．Christmas DayPart Four Canada Chapter23Geography and HistoryⅠ．Geographic Features4.Geographic regionsⅡ．The making of Canada1．The European discovery3．Self-government and Confederation4．The Canadian nationChapter26Society and CultureI．Canadian Society1．Population2．Immigration3．Bilingualism4．MulticulturalismPart Five Australia Chapter27Land and peopleⅠ．The Geographical Structure1．The Great Western Plateau2．The Eastern Highlands3．The Central Eastern LowlandsⅡ．Climate3.Causes and effects of the hot and dry climate Ⅳ．People1．Population2．Population density and distributionⅤ．Australia’s Built Environment1．Sprawling cities2．Rural areasⅥ．Political Divisions1．New South Wales2．Victoria3．Queensland4．South Australia5．West Australia6．TasmaniaChapter32Society and CultureIV．Australian Culture1．Aboriginal culture2．Modern Australian culturePart Six New Zealand Chapter33The Making of New ZealandⅠ．GeographyⅡ．ClimateⅢ．Plants and AnimalsⅣ．Historical Background2．The Treaty of Waitangi1840VI.Maoritanga5.Race relations《<英语国家概况>自考辅导》目录（配合《英语国家概况》余志远，外语教学与研究出版社2005版）Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North IrelandChapter1Land and People(英国的国土与人民)Chapter2The origins of the Nation(国家的起源)Chapter3The Shaping of the Nation(英国的形式)Chapter4Transition to the Modern Age(向现代过度的英国)Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(英帝国的兴衰)Chapter6The Economy(英国经济)Chapter7Government and Administration(英国政府机构)Chapter8Justice and the Law（法律和司法机构）Chapter9Social Affairs(社会事务)Chapter10Cultural Affairs(文化事务)Part Two The Republic of IrelandThe Republic of Ireland(爱尔兰共和国)Part Three United States of AmericaChapter1A Survey of American Natural Circumstances and Geography(美国的自然环境和地理概况)Chapter2People and Ethnic Groups(人口和名族)Chapter3American History(Ⅰ)(1600-1900)(美国历史)Chapter4American History(Ⅱ)(1900-1945)(美国历史)Chapter5American History(Ⅲ)(1945-1980s’)(美国历史)Chapter6American Literature(美国文学)Chapter7American Economy(美国经济)Chapter8American Politics(美国政治)Chapter9American Education(教育)Chapter10American Music,Architecture and Newspaper（音乐、建筑和报纸）Chapter11Holidays and Festivals（美国的节假日）Part Four CanadaChapter1The History of Chanada（加拿大的历史）Chapter2Canadian Geography(加拿大地理)Chapter3The Economy（经济）Chapter4Government and Politics（政府和政治）Chapter5Society and Culture（社会与文化）Part Five AustraliaChapter1Australia”s Land and People（澳大利亚的国土与人口）Chapter2Australian History（澳大利亚历史）Chapter3Australian Economy（澳大利亚经济）Chapter4Polotical System(澳大利亚政治体制）Chapter5Society and Culture（社会与文化）Part Six New ZealandChapter1The making of New of New Zealand（地理与历史）Chapter2New Zealand Today（今日新新西兰）。
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新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记【7】Chapter 18 The U.S. Economy美国经济1)Factors that contribute to the fast growth of the economy: ①the geographical location of the United States povides very good conditions for the country to grow and become strong. ②the United States has been blessed by being a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, together with a moderate climate.③America has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labour necessary for a constantly expanding economy. ④ the quality of available labour. The United States has a skilful and willing labour force.经济快速增长的几个因素：1.美国的地理位置为国家的发展壮大提供了良好的条件；2.美国有幸是一块矿产资源丰富、土壤肥沃的陆地，气候温和；3.拥有足够的劳动力以满足不断发展的经济增长；4.这些劳动力的质量。
美国拥有技术高和能动性好的劳动力大军。
2)Characteristics of the U.S. economy: character ised by a high degree of monopoly.经济特征：已高度垄断为特点。
3)the importance of foreign trade:the United States supplies a larger share of the imports of all other countries than does any other country in the world. But the U.S. share of the world trade has declined in recent years.①Currently US exports are about 15% of the world’s total;②the US imports about 13% of all world imports; ③ Canada is the largest single source of goods imported by the U.S., accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Asia provides about 18% of American imports. Thus the economy of these countries is often affected when the U.S. economy is in trouble.美国进口的商品比世界任何国家都多。
但最近几年比例有所下降。
1.美国出口量占全世界出口总数的15%；2.美国的进口占13%左右；3.加拿大是最大的供应国，占总数的近30%。
亚洲占18%左右。
因此，一旦美国经济陷入困境，这些国家也会受到影响。
4)problems facing the US economy: unemployment, inflation, financial deficit, and trade deficit.经济存在的问题：失业，通货膨胀，财政赤字和贸易赤字。
Chapter 19.Political Institution政治体制1)A workable form of government under the Constitution: a federal system ofgovernment which has two layers of rule. 两极统治的联邦政府体制2)Separation of powers with checks and balances under the Constitution: The Constitution divides the government into three branches: the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Each branch has only part of the powers but not all the powers. The three branches are in balance and they may check each other. 三权分立和制衡制度：宪法将政府划分为3个部门，立法部门、执法部门和司法部门。
每个部门只有部分权利不是全部。
三个部门权利平衡并互相限制。
3) Safeguards for individual liberty under the Constitution: the Bill of Rights. It is the term used for the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Ti guarantees freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and petition, freedom from unreasonable searches, right to jury trial, right to due process of law and other legal rights.宪法下的个人自由的保护：人权。
这是最早的十个宪法修正案中的总称。
他确保了宗教、言论、出版、集会、请愿和免受无理搜查的自由，还确保了接受陪审团审判、享受应有的法律程序和其他合法权利。
4)Powers of the American president: ①The president is the head of the executive branch（行政部门首脑）. ②He is also head of state(元首) elected by the whol nation. ③he has some legislative powers(立法权); ④he is responsible for the relations of the United States with foreign nations; ⑤ he signs Bills passed by Congress into law.⑥ he appoints fedeal officials;⑦he has some judicial powers;⑧commander-in-chief(总司令)⑨he can serve for no more than 2 term 任期不超过2届。
总统权利：总统是行政部门首脑；2.国家元首；3.立法权；4.负责美国与其他国家的关系；5.6.委任政府官员；7.司法权利；8.总司令；9. 任期不超过2届。
5）Powers of the House of Representatives: the House of Representatives can ①introduce legislation, ②revenue bills and ③bring charges against officials, including the President. 众议院权利：1.立法；2.征税法案3.指控官员，包括总统。
6)Powers of the Senate: the Senate has the power to ①introduced legislation on any subject except revenue bills (除了税收法案). It has the authority to ②confirm or reject predidential appointments(总统任命) of high officials as well as the U.S. foreign treaties. ③Its chairman is the Vice President.参议院权利：1立法除税收。
还有一些特殊权利：2批准或否决总统任命的高级官员及外交条约；3.领导人是副总统。
7)The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court. The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court,11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction.U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根据宪法规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体系结构为：最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。
8)The two-party system and the character istics of the two major parties①the two-party system:the two party system means that the two major political parties – now the Democrats and the Republicans – compete with each other to dominate politics at the federal, state, and local levels.两党制意味着两个主要的政党—目前为民主党和共和党—支配着联邦、州及地方的政治舞台。