Cultural Studies (西方文论——文化研究)完整版
文化研究的学术谱系与理论建构
一开创“文化与文明”对立的文化批评传统 二率先以历史主义的眼光诊治英国近代文化病灶 三首创“以文化代宗教”之说，树立文化的权威 四最早表现出跨学科视野、大文学观念与文化批评意识 五简要的结语
一 “文化”释义：论作为社会生活整体的文化（或复合的文化观） 二艾略特文化诗学批评的语言向度 三艾略特文化诗学批评的古典学传统与基督教向度 四艾略特文化诗学批评的文化向度 五简要的结语
一生平与思想：从“奖学金男孩”到大学英文教授 二 《识字的用途》：语境与结构 三 “传统的秩序”：二战前20世纪30年代的英国工人阶级文化 四 “让位于新时代”：二战后大众文化对英国工人阶级文化的影响 五 《识字的用途》对英国当代文化研究的学术构型
一从“铁路信号员之子”到剑桥大学英文系教授 二 《文化与社会：1780—1950》与《文化是日常的》：打开文化，揭示文化 的社会日常性 三对1780～1950年英国文化观念变迁史的图绘与重构 四 《漫长的革命》：“漫长的文化革命”与文化的民主和扩展 五 《传播》：传播机制的民主化改造与文化的扩张 六 《马克思主义与文学》及其之后：“文化唯物主义”的理论建构
第十一章文化研究的 “葛兰西转向”和文 化霸权理论范式
第十二章文化研究的 后马克思主义理论范 式
第十三章文化 研究的全球播 撒与后现代转
向
结语文化研究 的跨学科属性 与学术前瞻
一 “文化主义”术语的提出及辨析 二英国文化主义范式的知识母体：近代“文化与文明”对立的思想传统 三伯明翰学派创立与文化主义理论范式的彰显（研究方法的开启） 四文化唯物主义：欧陆马克思主义的挪用与文化主义的更新 五文化主义理论范式的学术特色 六文化主义理论范式的运用或批评实践
一文化研究与拉墨后马克思主义思潮 二解构与建构：拉墨后马克思主义的双层理论结构 三拉墨后马克思主义本质上是一种文化政治学 四拉墨后马克思主义理论的社会基础（对新社会运动思潮的理论化） 五拉墨后马克思主义文化政治学的主题转向 六话语接合论是拉墨后马克思主义文化政治学的基本方法 七霍尔对拉墨后马克思主义话语接合论的改造 八拉墨后马克思主义文化政治学在文化研究中的运用及批评实践
第六章 文化研究理论与媒介研究
（三）文化霸权理论阶段。讨论种族、性 别和阶级，身份认同成为关键词。 （四）消费社会和后现代主义阶段，八十 年代后开始对读者和受众理论的强调，从 强调文本的意识形态，转向强调个体的快 感和受众的解读自由。
3、文化研究的议题：文化与认同 文化研究的议题是相当广泛的，其实文化研究从一开始就 流露出了跨文化研究取向，雷蒙· 威廉斯、霍格特的研究 对象和基础都是文学领域，但是他们并不满足，把视野投 向了社会文化研究，研究方法里面也不纯粹是文学批评， 而是融合了社会学、人类学和心理学的知识。这些议题包 括：1、人们怎样才成为文化的一个部分？2、文化研究如 何理解事物意义？3、文化研究如何理解过去？4、其他文 化能被理解吗？5、我们如何理解不同文化间的关系？6、 为什么有的文化和文化形式比其他文化得到更高的评价？ 7、文化与权力存在什么样的关系？8、“作为权力的文化” 是如何被谈判和被抵制？9、文化如何塑造我们的身份等。
第六章 文化研究理 论与媒介研究（二）
Байду номын сангаас
第一节 文化研究
1、文化研究（Cultural Studies） 20世纪60年代英国就兴起了一股新兴的 文化革新流派，这个流派通常被称“文化 研究”（cultural studies）学派，最初得 名于1964年霍加特（Hoggart，Richard） 在伯明翰大学成立的英国当代文化研究中 心（Centre For Contemporary Cultural Studies ），因此，这个学派也 经常被称为“伯明翰学派”
（3）意识形态和意识形态国家机器 法国哲学家阿尔杜塞（1918-1990年）在“意识形态” 理论史上具有重要地位。 首先，根据阿尔多塞的观点，马克思所提出的“经济决定 论”并不能解决所有资本主义问题，要解决资本主义问题， 必须认识到“意识形态”，也就是政治、文化等上层建筑 的重要性。 其次，阿尔杜塞最著名的一篇文章叫《意识形态与意识形 态国家机器》（Ideology and the ideological state apparatuses）。在这里阿尔杜塞把意识形态分 为强制性的、非强制性的. 再次，意识形态通过“召唤机制”实现对主体控制。
文化研究学派
第一节“文化研究”的概念、特点、历史与动因一、什么是“文化研究”所谓“文化研究”（Cultural Studies），在西方学术界有特定的含义，不能顾名思义地简单理解为对于文化的研究（the study of culture）；它与一般所说的（更宽泛意义上的）文化的研究（cultural research），以及文化理论、文化批评也不同，更不等同于传统的文学、社会学和人类学的“文化分析”。
更重要的是，它的研究对象不仅仅限于文化。
这里所介绍的“文化研究”，是特指从20世纪60年代起由英国伯明翰大学（University of Birmingham）当代文化研究中心（Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies，简称CCCS）生发出来，20世纪80年代开始风靡英语世界，然后逐步影响到全世界的一种学术思潮或一个知识流派，所以又称文化研究学派。
在西方，有些文章为了区别这个特定意义上的“文化研究”与一般意义上的文化研究，常常把前者的第一个字母大写，即写作Cultural Studies。
“文化研究”是由1964年成立的英国伯明翰大学当代文化研究中心的学术研究方向和学术成果发展而来的，其理论基础由伯明翰大学当代文化研究中心的几位奠基人的研究及其成果，如理查·霍加特（Richard Hoggart）的《识字的用途》、雷蒙·威廉斯（Raymond Williams）的《文化与社会》和《漫长的革命》、爱德华·汤普森（E.P.Thompson）的《英国工人阶级的形成》，以及斯图亚特·霍尔（Stuart Hall）的《电视话语中的编码/解码》等著作所奠定。
“文化研究”涉足的领域非常广，几乎横跨全部人文学科和社会学科，但与“文化研究”联系特别紧密的，一般认为有四大学科，它们是文学、人类学、社会学和大众传播学。
因为“文化研究”为研究工业资本主义社会的大众传媒及其它大众文化现象提供了新的理论思路，也为世界范围的大众传播研究、大众文化研究提供了新的研究模式，因此，它被公认为传播学批判学派的一大重要流派。
关于文化研究的英语作文
Cultural studies is an interdisciplinary field of research that focuses on the analysis of cultural practices and their social significance.The following essay explores the importance of cultural studies,its methodologies,and its impact on society.Title:The Significance of Cultural Studies in Modern SocietyIntroductionIn an increasingly globalized world,understanding cultural practices and their implications is more important than ever.Cultural studies as a field of academic inquiry has emerged to address the complex interplay between culture,society,and power.This essay delves into the significance of cultural studies,its methodologies,and its role in shaping contemporary society.The Importance of Cultural StudiesCultural studies is crucial for several reasons.Firstly,it provides a framework for understanding the cultural dimensions of social issues,such as identity,race,gender,and class.By examining these aspects,cultural studies offers insights into the ways in which cultural practices are constructed and maintained,and how they influence social structures and individual experiences.Secondly,cultural studies promotes critical thinking about the dominant narratives and ideologies that shape our understanding of the world.It challenges the status quo by questioning the power dynamics inherent in cultural representations and practices.Methodologies of Cultural StudiesThe methodologies of cultural studies are diverse and eclectic,reflecting the fields interdisciplinary nature.Some of the key approaches include:1.Textual Analysis:Examining written,visual,and auditory texts to uncover the underlying messages and ideologies they convey.2.Historical Contextualization:Placing cultural practices within their historical context to understand the development and evolution of cultural norms and values.3.Ethnography:Conducting fieldwork to observe and participate in cultural practices, providing a deeper understanding of the lived experiences of individuals within a culture.4.Discourse Analysis:Analyzing language use in various contexts to reveal the power relations and social structures that are reinforced or challenged through communication.Impact on SocietyThe impact of cultural studies on society is profound.It has led to a greater awareness of cultural diversity and the need for inclusivity and tolerance.Cultural studies has also influenced educational curricula,policymaking,and media representation,promoting a more nuanced and critical understanding of cultural phenomena.Moreover,cultural studies has empowered marginalized groups by providing them with the tools to articulate their experiences and challenge dominant narratives.This has led to social movements that advocate for social justice and equality,shaping the cultural landscape in significant ways.ConclusionCultural studies is a vital field of research that enriches our understanding of the world by examining the cultural dimensions of social life.Its methodologies offer a multifaceted approach to analyzing culture,and its impact on society is evident in the increased awareness and advocacy for cultural diversity and social justice.As we continue to navigate a globalized and interconnected world,the insights provided by cultural studies will remain indispensable for fostering a more inclusive and equitable society.。
文化研究(一)
文化研究：概念与特点一、文化研究兴起的背景1、伯明翰学派的起源文化研究是伯明翰当代文化研究中心的传统。
它上承法兰克福学派的文化批判理论，往下则蓬勃发展，穿过现代性与后现代性的一路纷争，成为当代学术的显学。
进入二十一世纪，文化研究继续成为学术圈内外的热门话题。
不仅大学的院系各部门重组设文化研究专业，聘请导师，培养研究生，对出版界来说，文化研究也是个很活跃的领域。
有关著作和刊物如雨后春笋，迭出不穷。
“文化研究”（Cultural Studies）在西方学术界有特定内涵。
它不同于“文化理论”和“文化批评”，一在英文里与“文化的研究”（the study of culture）也不是同一个概念，更不同于传统的文学、社会学和人类学的“文化分析”。
更重要的是，它的研究对象还不仅仅限于文化。
有关文化的研究在十九世纪就开始了。
英国人类学家爱德华·泰勒1871年的文化定义被认为是最早文化的现代定义。
但这不是如今风靡一时的“文化研究”。
“文化研究”是英国伯明翰大学当代文化研究中心建树的传统。
伯明翰大学当代文化研究中心1964年成立，1972年中心发表第一期《文化研究工作报告》，宣布“将文化研究纳入理性的地图”，从此拉开了文化研究的序幕。
其研究方向和学术成果被后人称为“伯明翰学派”或曰“英国学派”。
伯明翰中心的影响后来从英国扩展到北美、澳大利亚以及其他国家，在世界范围的学界掀起了一股研习风潮。
一批人打破学科界限，集合在“文化研究”的大旗下，使文化研究渐渐成为“合法的”学术研究领域。
我们今天所说的文化研究，指的就是这一领域的研究方向和成果。
伯明翰大学当代文化研究中心的第一任主任是理查·霍特。
雷蒙·威廉斯更是中心的灵魂人物。
霍加特和威廉斯都是工人阶级出身，与中心长期从事成人教育的其他研究人员相似，对社会中下层阶级的熟悉程度，非一般知识分子可以比肩。
伯明翰中心公认是秉承了英国式的马克思主义传统，致力于沟通英国知识分子与工人阶级隔膜，故研究工人阶级的生活，就是首当其冲的使命。
Lecture 7.Cultural studies
理论背景 1. 俄国形式主义：什克洛夫斯基（Victor Shklovsky）；蒂尼亚 诺夫（Yury Tynjanov） 什克洛夫斯基认为，文学作品并非是要体现作者的气质或时代精神， 而是文学手段的聚合（amalgam），运用这些文学手段或手法是为 了让语言或观点显得新颖、独特和陌生。
Translation and Culture
Lecture 7
Cultural or cultural studies approaches are largely based on a mixture of cultural studies and literary theory (Baker 1996b) C-L Paradigms (范式):Contradictory and Complementary? If linguistic and cultural approaches to translation were to be understood as differentiated purely on the basis of the disciplines that inform them, they should logically be seen as complementary rather than opposing paradigms.
Even-Zohar gives three major cases when translated literature occupies the primary position: 1) When a 'young' literature is being established and looks initially to 'older' literatures for ready-made models;以色列 2) When a literature is 'peripheral' or 'weak' and imports those literary types which it is lacking. 低地国家 3) When there is a critical turning point in literary history at which established models are no longer considered sufficient, or when there is a vacuum in the literature of the country. Where no type holds sway, it is easier for foreign models to assume primacy.
Cultural Studies (西方文论文化研究)完整版
Culture or civilization, taken in its widest
ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law custom,
and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man
Origin
After WWⅡ, the New Left no longer analysis the circumstances of the UK from economic perspective, but cultural perspective.
The term was coined by Richard Hoggart in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS.
From its narrow sense, culture belongs to ideology, which is consisted by the regulations and organizations corresponding to it. In addition to that, culture is a historic event, which represents the benefit of certain class or ethnic groups.
文化研究介绍
Saussure’s Structuralism and Semiotics
Structuralism is an intellectual movement that developed in France in the 1950s and 1960s, in which human culture is analyzed semiotically. (i.e., as a system of sign) Semiotics arose as a method that would allow culture to be “read” with the same kind of critical acumen that it takes to read literature. English critics were led to “read” the “sigh” as ideological or hegemonic and uncover “maps of meaning” within their codes. In some countries, its role is limited to literary criticism and an appreciation of audio and visual media, but this narrow focus can inhibit a more general study of the social and political forces shaping how different media are used and their dynamic status within modern culture.
阿尔都塞的意识形态理论： Althusser's best-known
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What is culture?
• The English word “culture” “comes from the Latin „colere‟, related to cult or worship”. Culture originated from the most basic human activities at that time, cultivation or tillage. In China, the earliest meaning for “culture” is the way to control the country through education. It is a contrast to “military” force(武功).
Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms
His work centers on the interconnections between ideology, identity, culture and politics. He has argued for “the relevance of a sophisticated Marxism to the understanding of contemporary social formations, as well as a force for social change.”
Herbert Richard Hoggart
• A passing figure in the contemporary cultural studies • The Uses of Literacy a pioneering work
As “a significant intervention into debates about the cultural value of the mass media and emergent forms of popular culture,” the book “portraits northern working-class life with a striking evocativeness, popularity and vividness.”
Cultural hedgemony
Influenced by Western Marxists, like Gramsci, L. Althusser and R. Williams , the 2nd director Marxism
Sociology
Media
Postmodernism and post-colonialism
Stuart Hall
Stuart Hall is credited with playing a role in expanding the scope of cultural studies to deal with race and gender, and with helping to incorporate new ideas derived from the work of French theorists.
Richard Hoggart
Popular culture Materiality of culture
Working-class family & the 1st director of CCCS
Raymond Williams
Stuart Hall
Working-class family; Western Marxist; New Left
What is cultural studies?
Cultural studies is the practice of which what we call „theory‟ for short is the theory. • If you had to say what „theory‟ is the theory of , the answer would be something like „signifying practice‟, the production and representation of experience, and the constitution of human subjects.
laudable ambitiቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱns — the real problem of the project as a whole, which is that people’s questions are not answered by the existing distribution of the education curriculum, can be forgotton.
II Disneyland : A Utopian Urban Space Disneyland (M. Gottdiener)
• Disneyland: — built in the 1950s — a specific place and a theme park — presented as an imaginary —all of Los Angeles and the American surrounding it are no longer real, but of the order of hyperreal and simulation.
Origin
After WWⅡ, the New Left no longer analysis the circumstances of the UK from economic perspective, but cultural perspective. The term was coined by Richard Hoggart in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS.
From its broad sense, culture is the total sum of material and spiritual wealth created by human beings during the historical progress of human society. From its narrow sense, culture belongs to ideology, which is consisted by the regulations and organizations corresponding to it. In addition to that, culture is a historic event, which represents the benefit of certain class or ethnic groups. ——Dictionary of Words
The Use of Literary and Culture and Society
British Cultural Studies
Other European countries and the US
British Cultural Studies
Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) 1964, University of Birmingham
Conclusion
• R. Williams gives these cases as examples
of how in the effort to define a clearer
subject, to establish a discipline, to bring
order into the work — all of which are
Cultural Studies
Feminism Marxism
Post-structuralism Structural semiotics
Elements of cultural studies:
Literature Anthropology
Representatives
• Richard Hoggart • Stuart Hall
Cultural and Society(1963) : charted the nature of the
The Long Revolution (1965) : pointed to the democratic
The question of the future
• The popular cultural institutions have changed so profoundly through the period in which cultural studies has been developed.
——“a founding figure of cultural studies” ——Reputation (two books) formation of culture as a response to the development of industrialism. potential of the “long ” in culture.
Culture or civilization, taken in its widest ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. ——Edward Burnett Tylor Culture is ordinary, which means a whole way of life. ——Raymond Williams