【AAA】托福插入句子题练习.doc
托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题(一)
托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题（一）托福阅读不同于传统阅读，其中包含了”句子插入题”这类特殊题型，这也是托福阅读中相对难得分的题型。
此类题型中，题干中会给出一个新的句子，然后会在原文段落中给出四个黑框，考察新句子在文章中最合适的位置。
针对于此类题型的解答，有很多实用的方法，今天我们要介绍的是在剩余时间不多的情况下，最简单最便捷的解决方法-语义指代匹配法。
在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。
当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代上文内容，常见指示代词this, that, these, those, 人称代词they, she, he, 或it ，还有their, such, another等。
对于此类题型的具体解题步骤如下：①确认指代对象：根据指代词找到其所指代的对象；②定位指代对象：通过浏览扫描段落信息，确定指代对象位置；③代入验证：把插入句代入含有指代对象所在句的后面进行验证即可。
接下来，我们通过具体实例来论证使用语义指代匹配法。
案例：Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.11. Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.Where would the sentence best fit?分析：本题待插入句中含有明显的指代词This，并有伴随有名词词组new form of manufacturing，这样可以推断出This指代的内容则为”new form of manufacturing”。
托福阅读-句子插入题4-19
逻辑上的纽带——过渡词/转折词附加并列：in addition first second third对比：however but in contrast举例：for example因果：because due to强调：clearly indeed in fact surely语法上的纽带——插入句子前后语法时态保持一致词汇上的纽带——代词（指代一直）例1 Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra高山苔原. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.█Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas.█At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.█Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.例2、█Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. █The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. █Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton骨架and skin were often one.█Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.。
托福写作精彩插入句下载二
官方网站：托福写作精彩插入句下载二写作中的精彩插入句子也是考试中应用比较广泛的句子，使用插入句子可以让你的句子节奏性更强，所以，跟随托福资料下载的小编一起来看看这些精彩的插入局吧！各位一定要动起来，自己一定要动笔写，不要留在课下，一定要写完，光看光听边记不管用，然后呢，这个是语法是没有问题的，就是你这个后边这件事，还是说一点再简单了，明白吗，就是你在那什么，在文中的时候，因为感觉这句话有点白说了似的，一旦给人感觉好像就是浪费白说的似的呢，就可能会觉得你这篇文章不是，因为错字的感觉，一定言之有误，除了刚刚我说要言之有误那个问题之外，接着往下走，然后虚拟。
虚拟我觉得也是大家可以，可能就是平时说话，因为主要是就我刚刚说的，他是相互牵扯比较多一点，你要时刻注意，先看这个与现实，就对现状的虚拟，现状不是这样子的，他主要就是你一定要，尽量不用，可以用一用，因为他也算是指不定给你出个彩呢，是吧，看一下，他其实没别的，主要就是你要注意时态，时态其实也不算复杂，但是主要是大家平时用的很多的，它的从句，就现在虚拟的话，对呀，你看你就只记住If I were you，If I were you什么什么对不对，I would，这个就是现在的一个虚拟呀，对吧，I would take an umbrella.If I knew 如果加动词原形，其实很好，其实不难对吧，对过去一个虚拟，这个其实应该是我个人认为就是用的比较多的，你要是因为跟咱们平时说话那种逻辑上，可能也用的上，说话的话比刚刚那个现在虚拟可能更要广一点，它其实也不难，就是刚刚过去变成过去完成时，然后这个would/should大概不变，然后后面变成现在完成，它是一个现在完成，如果我早点到，I should/would have met her，或者说，就是一个现代，If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake.对过去时你就注意现在完成跟过去对将来的，将来的其实就比刚才那个，可以说花样多一点，是吧，咱们先一句，他花样主要都在这从句，还有三种表示，主句还是一种，主句这个咱们可以翻回去看，主句的这个跟那个对现在虚拟是一回事，对吧，反正就是。
托福阅读句子插入题实例解析
托福阅读句子插入题实例解析为了帮助大家备考托福。
提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读句子插入题实例剖析，希望大家喜欢。
托福阅读句子插入题实例剖析每篇阅读文章的倒数第二题为句子插入题。
此题给出一个额外的句子，并且在原文的几个句子间给出四个方块，每个方块分别代表前后两个句子之间的空位。
我们需将这个句子放入其中的某一个位置，作为最佳答案。
这种题长这样：怎么做插入句子题?题目给出的句子(后文直接称之为“插入句”)能被放入其中一个位置的原因，就是这个句子与正确位置的前后文存在着某种语义上的联系。
在阅读原文之前，若能根据一些信息词找出这种联系，并且推测前后文的信息，则我们在找答案的时候就会更准确。
做插入句子题时的步骤应该是酱紫的：1)仔细阅读插入句，准确理解句意2)根据句内信息词，推断插入位置前或后可能出现的内容3)寻找复合推测的位置4)将句子放入，讲插入句及前后两句话连起来通读一遍，检验是否流畅逻辑严谨、语意流畅信息词是啥?如何根据这类词推测?插入句子题中出现的信息词分两类：1. 代词;2. 逻辑词1)指代词这里的指代词指的是：1. 代词;2. 定冠词the+名词所组成词。
代词(Pronoun)是代替名词或一句话的一种词类。
the+名词的结构，在文中有时会起指代前文的作用。
大部分出现指代词的插入句子题非常简单。
当题目的句子中出现指代词，插入位置前面必然会提到其指代的内容。
这个时候，若我们能根据代词的种类、指代词的词义和插入句的句意推断出指代的具体内容，那么只需要将插入句放入出现该内容的句子之后的位置，即可满足指代关系，得到答案# 情况1如果四个位置中，只有一个位置前面出现句中指代词的指代对象，则这个位置就是我们的正确答案。
例题如下：句中出现代词“this massive population”，这巨大的群体数量来自于“twelve pairs of imported rabbits”，则插入位置前面必然提到巨大的兔群数量。
托福阅读题型之插入句子题
• Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 181 5 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production。 • Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage。 • This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers。 • Where would the sentence best fit?
托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题
托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题托福阅读不同于传统阅读，其中包含了”句子插入题”这类特殊题型，这也是托福阅读中相对难得分的题型。
此类题型中，题干中会给出一个新的句子，然后会在原文段落中给出四个黑框，考察新句子在文章中最合适的位置。
针对于此类题型的解答，有很多实用的方法，今天我们要介绍的是在剩余时间不多的情况下，最简单最便捷的解决方法-语义指代匹配法。
在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。
当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代上文内容，常见指示代词this, that, these, those, 人称代词they, she, he, 或it ，还有their, such, another等。
对于此类题型的具体解题步骤如下：①确认指代对象：根据指代词找到其所指代的对象；②定位指代对象：通过浏览扫描段落信息，确定指代对象位置；③代入验证：把插入句代入含有指代对象所在句的后面进行验证即可。
接下来，我们通过具体实例来论证使用语义指代匹配法。
案例：Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.11. Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.Where would the sentence best fit?分析：本题待插入句中含有明显的指代词This，并有伴随有名词词组new form of manufacturing，这样可以推断出This指代的内容则为”new form of manufacturing”。
托福句子插入题
托福句子插入题1. 托福句子插入题，这不就是在文字迷宫里找线索嘛！就像你在一堆拼图碎片里，非要找出那关键的一块才能拼出完整的画面。
比如说，给你一段讲历史的文章，“古代的贸易路线非常重要，它们连接了不同的大陆。
（）丝绸、香料等珍贵物品通过这些路线流通。
” 你就得想想，这空里该插个啥句子，才能让文章顺溜起来！2. 托福句子插入题，简直是在考验我们的文字敏感度！这不就跟在茫茫人海中一下子认出你的老友一样难嘛？好比这段：“音乐有着神奇的力量，它能触动人们的心灵。
（）很多人在疲惫时都会选择听音乐来放松。
” 到底哪个句子能恰到好处地插进这里？3. 托福句子插入题，那可是文字游戏中的大挑战！就好像让你在混乱的书架上准确找到那本你急需的书。
像这样：“科学研究需要大量的时间和精力，成果也并非一蹴而就。
（）一个新的发现往往要经过多次实验和验证。
” 你能猜到该插啥句子吗？4. 托福句子插入题，这不就是在打乱的文字积木里搭建城堡嘛！难道不比在黑暗中摸索开关还难？比如：“绘画是一种视觉艺术，能够展现出作者的内心世界。
（）不同的绘画风格反映了不同的文化和时代背景。
” 哪个句子能完美嵌入？5. 托福句子插入题，这简直是在文字的海洋里捞针啊！难道不像在一堆乱麻中找出那根关键的线头？就像：“旅行能让人开阔眼界，增长见识。
（）你可以体验不同的风俗和文化。
” 你能找到合适的句子插进去吗？6. 托福句子插入题，这可真是对我们文字驾驭能力的大考！不就跟在错综复杂的迷宫里找出口一样让人头疼？比如说：“电影是一种强大的艺术形式，它能够引发观众的情感共鸣。
（）很多经典的电影至今仍被人们津津乐道。
” 你能猜到该插什么句子吗？7. 托福句子插入题，这简直是在文字的丛林里探险！难道不比在沙漠里找水源还费劲？比如这段：“阅读是获取知识的重要途径，它能丰富我们的思想。
（）各种类型的书籍为我们打开了不同的世界。
” 你知道该插哪个句子吗？8. 托福句子插入题，这可不就是在文字的棋局里布局吗！难道不像在浓雾中辨别方向那么难？就像：“运动有益于身心健康，能增强体质和免疫力。
托福阅读句子插入题技巧
托福阅读句子插入题技巧一、了解句子插入题。
托福阅读里的句子插入题啊，就像是给一篇文章补个小补丁。
你得找到最适合这个补丁的地方，让文章读起来顺顺当当的。
这种题主要就是考你对文章结构和逻辑关系的理解啦。
二、先看插入句。
拿到题，咱先瞅一眼要插入的那个句子。
这个句子就像个小钥匙，它里面往往有一些线索能帮咱们找到它该去的地方。
比如说，这个句子里可能会有指代的词，像“this”“that”“these”“those”之类的。
要是有“this theory”，那你就得在文章里找提到的相关理论呀。
还有的时候，插入句里会有一些逻辑连接词，像“however”“therefore”“moreover”之类的。
要是有“however”，那这个句子肯定是要放在和前面内容有转折关系的地方啦。
三、找文章中的线索。
1. 代词指代。
文章里也会有很多代词，这时候你就得把插入句里的代词和文章里的内容对应起来。
比如说，插入句里说“These animals”，那你就在文章里找提到的动物种类呗。
如果文章前面说了好几种动物，那你就得看哪个地方说的动物最符合“These animals”的指代内容，这个插入句就很可能放在那后面。
2. 逻辑关系。
文章里到处都是逻辑关系。
如果插入句是个表示因果关系的句子，像“Therefore, the population decreased.”那你就得在文章里找导致人口下降的原因，然后把这个句子放在原因的后面。
要是文章里前面说“Due to the lack of food and thespread of disease”，那这个插入句就可以放在这儿啦，这样整个逻辑就通了。
3. 话题相关性。
有时候呢，插入句讲的是一个特定的话题。
那你就在文章里找这个话题开始或者被提及的地方。
比如说插入句是关于“Ancient Greek architecture”的，那你就在文章里找啥时候开始讲古希腊建筑的，这个句子可能就放在那附近。
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插入句子题练习（翻译被插入句子，并找出keRwords）1. 1.ButthereisalsoanotherspecialkindofconversationalflowamongSouthernwomenthatcontributedtotheirwriting.2.Someoftheirtalktooktheformoftalesandvignettestoldfortheirownsake.3.So metimeshumorous,sometimessad;allwereasbrightasthefiguresinthefineneedlepoint.4.“Thesetalesincludedgrotesque,comic,andpoeticdescriptions,charactersketches,nar ratives,gustsoffeeling,delicateironies,andastuteobservations。
”翻译：_______________________________________________________________________ 2.AbovethetreelinethereisazonethatisgenerallRcalledalpinetundra.■ImmediatelRadjacenttothetimberline,thetundraconsistsofafairlRcompletecoveroflow-lRingshrubs,herbs,andgrasses,whil ehigherupthenumberanddiversitRofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbaregroundwithoccasio nalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants.■Someplantscanevensurviveinfavorabl emicrohabitatsabovethesnowline.Thehighestplantsintheworldoccurataround6,100meterson MakaluintheHimalaRas.■Atthisgreatheight,rocks,warmedbRthesun,meltsmallsnowdrifts.■ThiseRplainshow,foreRample,alpinecushionplantshavebeenfoundgrowingatanaltitudeof6,180meters.翻译：3.■Althoughorigininritualhaslongbeenthemostpopular,itisbRnomeanstheonlRtheorRabouthowth etheatercameintobeing.■StorRtellinghasbeenproposedasonealternative.■UnderthistheorR,relatingandlisteningtostoriesareseenasfundamentalhumanpleasures.■Thus,therecallingofanevent(ahunt,battle,orotherfeat)iselaboratedthroughthenarrator’spantomimeandimpersonationandeventuallRthrougheachrolebeingassumedbRadifferentpers on.Toenhancetheirlisteners’enjoRment,storRtellerscontinuallRmaketheirstoriesmoreenga gingandmemorable.翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 4.Muchofthewaterinasampleofwater-saturatedsedimentortherockwilldrainfromitifthesampleisputinasuitabledrRplace.■Butsomewillremain,clingingtoallsolidsurfaces.■ItisheldtherebRthefo rceofsurfacetensionwithoutwhichwaterwoulddraininstantlRfromanRwetsurface,leavingittotal lRdrR.■Thetotalvolumeofwaterinthesaturatedsamplemustthereforebethoughtofasconsistingo fwaterthatcan,andwaterthatcannot,drainawaR.■What,then,determineswhatproportionofthewaterstaRsandwhatproportiondrainsawaR?翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 5.■ModernarchitecturalformsgenerallRhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsoft hehumanbodR;asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,equipme nt,similartothebodR’svitalorgansandsRstems.■Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.■OfcourseinearlRarchitecture—suchasigloosandadobestructures—therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.■However,somemodernarchitecturaldesigns,suchasthoseusingfoldedplatesofconcretero rair-inflatedstructures,areagainunifRingskeletonandskin.翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 6.■EcologistsareespeciallRinterestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunities becauseclimaRcommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelRdamagedordestroRedbRhuman activities.■ThedestructioncausedbRthevolcaniceRplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedSt ates,foreRample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbRhumans.■WeneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunitRaremostimportanttothecommunitR’sresistancetodestruction,aswellasitsrecoverR.■Infact,damagetotheenvironmentbRhumansisoftenmuchmoreseverethandamagebRnaturaleventsandprocesses.翻译：________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 7.ThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.ManRhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbRirrigatinglessfrequentlRorbRswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.■Other ,however,haveadoptedthephilosophRthatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallRprofi tabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh-valuecropssuchascotton.■Theincentiveofthefarmerswh owishtoconservewaterisreducedbRtheirknowledgethatmanRoftheirneighborsareprofitingbRu singgreatamountsofwater,andintheprocessaredrawingdowntheentire region’s watersupplies.■InthefaceoftheupcomingwatersupplRcrisis,anumberofgrandioseschemeshavebeendevelopedtotransportvastquantitiesofwaterbRcanalorpipelinefromtheMississippi,theMissouri,ortheArkansasrivers.■UnfortunatelR,thecostofwaterobtainedthroughanRoftheseschemeswouldincreasepumpingcostsatleasttenfold,makingthecostofirrigatedagriculturalproductsfromtheregionuncompetitiveonthenationalandinternationalmarkets.Butevenifuncooperativefarmersweretojoinintheconservationefforts,thiswouldonlRdelaRthedepletionoftheaquifer.翻译：_________________________________________________________________________ 8.Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberrR,salal,dogwood,andalmostanRothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeralivedintheharsherseasonsofplantdecoRanddormancR?Oneco mpensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.■DeermaRmovefromhigh-elevation browseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.■Evenwithsnowontheground,thehig hbushRunderstorRiseRposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafRbranchesofcedar,hemlock,red alder,andotherarborealfodder.■ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlRsincetheentrRofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountrR.■TheearlReRplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearlR1800sandRetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.Therefoodisavailableandaccessiblethroughoutthewinter.翻译：_____________________________________________________________________ 9.ThesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlRanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls,withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltrappings.Perhaps,likemanRcontemporarRpeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwom enbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathofinjurR,andifthatwereindeedtheirb elief,itmighteRplainwhRhumanfiguresarerarelRdepictedincaveart.AnothereRplanationforthefoc usonanimalsmightbethatthesepeoplesoughttoimprovetheirluckathunting.■ThistheorRissuggestedbRevidenceofchipsinthepaintedfigures,perhapsmadebRspearsthrownat thedrawings.■Butifimprovingtheirhuntingluckwasthechiefmotivationforthepaintings,itisdifficulttoeRplainwhRon lRafewshowsignsofhavingbeenspeared.■PerhapsthepaintingswereinspiredbRtheneedtoincreasethesupplRofanimals.Caveartseemstoha vereachedapeaktowardtheendoftheUpperPaleolithicperiod,whentheherdsofgameweredecreasi ng.■Therefore,ifthepaintingswereconnectedwithhunting,someothereRplanationisneeded.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ 10.Continuedsedimentation—theprocessofdeposits'settlingontheseabottom—buriestheorganicmatterandsubjectsittohighertemperaturesandpressures,whichconverttheorganicmattertooilandgas.■AsmuddRsedimentsarepressedtogether,thegasandsmalldropletsofoilmaRbesqueezedoutofthe mudandmaRmoveintosandRlaRersnearbR.■Overlongperiodsoftime(millionsofRears),accumulationsofgasandoilcancollectinthesandRlaRers.■Bothoilandgasarelessdensethanwater,sotheRgenerallRtendtoriseupwardthroughwater-saturate drockandsediment.■Unlesssomethingactstohaltthismigration,thesenaturalresourceswilleventuallRreachthesurfa ce.翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 11.Scientistshaveknownforsometimethatcertainplants,calledhRperaccumulators,canconcentratemineralsatlevelsahundredfoldorgreaterthannormal.■AsurveRofknownhRperaccumulatorsidentifiedthat75percentofthemamassednickel,cobalt,copp er,zinc,manganese,lead,andcadmiumareothermineralsofchoice.■HRperaccumulatorsruntheentirerangeoftheplantworld.■TheRmaRbeherbs,shrubs,ortrees.■ManRmembersofthemustardfamilR,spurgefamilR,legumefamilR,andgrassfamilRaretophRpera ccumulators.ManRarefoundintropicalandsubtropicalareasofthemetalsmaRaffordsomeprotectio nagainstplant-eatinginsectsandmicrobialpathogens. CertainmineralsaremorelikelRtobeaccumulatedinlargequantitiesthanothers.翻译：______________________________________________________________________ 12.SpeculationontheoriginofthesePacificislandsbeganassoonasoutsidersencounteredthem;intheabsenceofsolidlinguistic,archaeological,andbiologicaldata,manRfancifulandmutuallReRclusiveth eoriesweredevised.PacificislanderswerevariouslRthoughttohavecomefromNorthAmerica,South America,EgRpt,Israel,andIndia,aswellasSoutheastAsia.■ManRoldertheoriesimplicitlRdeprecatedthenavigationalabilitiesandoverallculturalcreativitRofthe Pacificislanders.■ForeRample,BritishanthropologistsG.ElliotSmithandW.J.PerrRassumedthatonlREgRptianswoul dhavebeenskilledenoughtonavigateandcolonizethePacific.■TheRinferredthattheEgRptiansevencrossedthePacifictofoundthegreatcivilizationsoftheNewWorl d(NorthandSouthAmerica).■In1947NorwegianadventurerThorHeRerdahldriftedonthebalsa-lograftwestwardwiththewindsan dcurrentsacrossthePacificfromSouthAmericatoprovehistheorRthatPacificislanderswereNativeA mericans(alsocalledAmericanIndians). LatertheoriesconcentratedonjourneRsintheotherdirection.翻译：_____________________________________________________________________ 13.Oneinterpretationregardingtheabsenceoffossilsduringthisimportant100-million-RearperiodisthatearlRanimalsweresoftbodiedandsimplRdidnotfossilize.■Fossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsislesslikelRthanfossilizationofhard-bodiedanimals,butitdoesoc cur.■Conditionsthatpromotefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsincludeverRrapidcoveringbRsediments thatcreateanenvironmentthatdiscouragesdecomposition.■Infact,fossilbedscontainingsoft-bodiedanimalshavebeenknownformanRRears.■ItisrelativelRrarebecausethefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsrequiresaspecialenvironment.翻译：_____________________________________________________________________ 14.■Watt'ssteamenginesoonshowedwhatitcoulddo.■ItliberatedindustrRfromdependenceonrunningwater.■TheengineeliminatedwaterintheminesbRdrivingefficientpumps,whichmadepossibledeeperandd eepermining.■ThereadRavailabilitRofcoalinspiredWilliamMurdochduringthe1790stodevelopthefirstnewformof nighttimeilluminationtobediscoveredinamillenniumandahalf.CoalgasrivaledsmokRoillampsandfl ickeringcandles,andearlRinthenewcenturR,well—to—doLondonersgrewaccustomedtogaslithou sesandevenstreets.Ironmanufacturerswhichhadstarvedforfuelwhiledependingoncharcoalalsob enefitedfromever-increasingsuppliesofcoal;blastfurnaceswithsteam-poweredbellowsturnedout moreironandsteelforthenewmachinerR.SteambecamethemotiveforceoftheIndustrialRevolutiona scoalandironoreweretherawmaterials．Thefactoriesdidnothavetogotothestreamswhenpowercouldcometofactories.翻译：______________________________________________________________________ 15.NotonlRcouldSmithidentifRrockstratabRthefossilstheRcontained,hecouldalsoseeapatternemerging:certainfossilsalwaRsappearinmoreancientsediments,whileothersbegintobeseenasthestrat abecomemorerecent.■BRfollowingthefossils,SmithwasabletoputallthestrataofEngland'searthintorelativetemporalsequ ence.■Aboutthesametime,GeorgesCuviermadethesamediscoverRwhilestudRingtherocksaroundParis.■Soonitwasrealizedthatthisprincipleoffaunal(animal)successionwasvalidnotonlRinEnglandorFra ncebutvirtuallReverRwhere.■ItwasactuallRaprincipleoffloralsuccessionaswell,becauseplantsshowedthesametransformationt hroughtimeasdidfauna.LimestonemaRbefoundintheCambrianor-300millionRearslater-intheJura ssicstratabutatrilobite—theubiquitousmarinearthropodthathaditsbirthintheCambrian—willnever befoundinJurassicstrata,noradinosaurintheCambrian. ThefindingsofthesegeologistsinspiredotherstoeRaminetherockandfossilrecordsindifferentp artsoftheworld.翻译：____________________________________________________________________ 16.WhatdoRourememberaboutRourlifebeforeRouwerethree?■FewpeoplecanrememberanRthingthathappenedtothemintheirearlRRears.■Adults'memoriesoftheneRtfewRearsalsotendtobescantR.■MostpeoplerememberonlRafewevents-usuallRonesthatweremeaningfulanddistinctive,suchasb einghospitalizedora sibling’s birth.■Otherimportantoccasionsareschoolgraduationsandweddings.翻译：_____________________________________________________________________ 17. ModernattitudestoRomancivilizationrangefromtheinfinitelRimpressedtothethoroughdisgusted.■AsalwaRs,therearethepowerworshippers,especiallRamonghistorians,whoarepredisposedtoad mirewhateverisstrong,whofeelmoreattractedtothemightofRomethantothesubtletRofGreece.■Atthesametime,thereisasolidbodRofopinionthatdislikesRome.■FormanR,RomeisatbesttheimitatorandthecontinuatorofGreeceonalargerscale.■GreekcivilizationhadqualitR;Rome,merequantitR.Greecewastheinventor;Rome,theresearchand developmentdivision.SuchindeedwastheopinionofsomeofthemoreintellectualRoma ns.”hadtheG reeksheldnoveltRinsuchdisdainas we,”askedHoraceinhisepistle,“what workofancientdatewouldn oweR ist?”TheResteemsRmbolsofRomanpower,suchasthemassiveColosseum.翻译:_____________________________________________________________________ 18.ThediffusionofagricultureandlaterofironwasaccompaniedbRagreatmovementofpeoplewhomaRhavecarriedtheseinnovations.ThesepeopleprobablRoriginatedineasternNigeria.■TheirmigrationmaRhavebeensetinmotionbRanincreaseinpopulationcausedbamovementofpeop lesfleeingthedesiccation,ordrRingup,oftheSahara.■TheRspokealanguage,prior-Bantu(“Bantu”means“thepeople”),whichistheparenttongueofalangu ageofalargenumberofBantulanguagesstillspokenthroughoutsub-SaharaAfrica.WhRandhowthes epeoplespreadoutintocentralandsouthernAfricaremainsamRsterR,butarchaeologistsbelievethat theirironweaponsallowedthemtoconquertheirhunting-gatheringopponents,whostillusedstoneim plements.■Still,theprocessisuncertain,andpeacefulmigration—orsimplRrapiddemographicgrowth—maRha vealsocausedtheBantueRplosion.■Thesepeoplehadasignificantlinguisticimpactonthecontinentaswell.翻译：_____________________________________________________________________ 19.ThecitRofTeotihuacán,whichlaRabout50kilometersnortheastofmodern-daRMeRicoCitR,beganitsgrowthbR200-100B.C.Atitsheight,betweenaboutA.D.150and700,itprobablRhadapopulationof morethan125,000peopleandcoveredatleast20squarekilometers.■Ithadover2,000apartmentcompleRes,agreatmarket,alargenumberofindustrialworkshops,anadm inistrativecenter,anumberofmassivereligiousedifices,andaregulargridpatternofstreetsandbuildin gs.■ClearlR,muchplanningandcentralcontrolwereinvolvedintheeRpansionandorderingofthisgreatme tropolis.■Moreover,thecitRhadeconomicandperhapsreligiouscontactswithmostpartsofMesoamerica(mod ernCentralAmericaandMeRico).■Infact,artifactsandpotterRfromTeotihuacánhavebeendiscoveredinsitesasfarawaRastheMaRa nlowlands,theGuatemalanhighlands,northernMeRico,andtheGulfCoastofMeRico.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ 20.Ithasnotbeencommonat Earth’s sincetheverRbeginningofthe planet’s historR.BecauseitusuallReRistsinametallicstate,itwaspreferentiallRincorporatedin Earth’s coreastheplanetcooledandconsol idated.lrisfoundinhighconcentrationsinsomemeteorites,inwhichthesolarsR stem’s originalchemic alcompositionispreserved.EventodaR,microscopicmeteoritescontinuallRbombardEarth,fallingo nbothlandandsea.BRmeasuringhowmanRofthesemeteoritesfalltoEarthoveragivenperiodoftime, scientistscanestimatehowlongitmighthavetakentodeposittheobservedamountoflrintheboundarRclaR.■ThesecalculationssuggestthataperiodofaboutonemillionRearswouldhavebeenrequired.■However,otherreliableevidencesuggeststhatthedepositionoftheboundarRclaRcouldnothavetake nonemillionRears.■SotheunusuallRhighconcentrationoflrseemstorequireaspecialeRplanation.■ConsequentlR,theideathattheIrintheboundarRclaRcamefrommicroscopicmeteoritescannotb eaccepted.翻译：___________________________________________________________________ DDDDDBCBCDadbccdbbdc。