2013年研究生入学考试英语一翻译试题
2013年研究生入学考试英语一翻译试题It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative oppression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot.(47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. I n so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life－assuming uncanny representational forms。
2013年研究生入学考试英语一翻译试题答案46. 然而当人们观看那些由无家可归的人创建的花园的照片时，人们能会深深的震撼。
因为这些花园不仅风格各异，在它的装饰和创造性之外，也透露出了其他其他基本的诉求。
47. 然而，一块神圣的和平之地，或许可能是粗糙的，但它都是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能需求。
48 无家可归的人的花园，事实上是无家可归的花园。
它城市环境引入了一种形式。
这些城市要么没有，要么没有如此显眼的花园49.我们当中大多数人都屈服于精神上的败坏，我们经常把这种精神上的败坏推卸到心理环境上，直到有一天我们发现自己处于一个花园当中，并感受到这种压迫感不可思议的消失了。
50. 正是这种隐含或外露的对自然的提及充分地证实了对花园这个单词的使用，尽管是从一种解放的意义上来说，描述了这些综合建设。
详解：2013年的翻译文章选自一本小品文集：Gardens: An Essay on the Human Condition。
同往常一样，英语一的翻译文章，出题人习惯于从某一书中去改编。
2013年考研[微博]英语一翻译这篇文章就改编自这本书的59页到61页其中一篇。
今年的翻译题总体的感觉是句子的结构不太难，但是很多的词汇成为表达的难点，当然，考到了一些重要的核心的词汇，都在课堂上讲到过，最后冲刺班讲的介词短语“虽然、尽管”的意思介词短语是固定的短语是确定的，所以说表达起来并不是太难。
总体来说，五个翻译句子涉及到了分词作定语、定语从句、状语从句以及插入语的翻译。
第46题考查了时间状语从句和it引导的形式主语句的翻译。
第47和49题都有关于定语从句的翻译。
同时，第47题和50题都考查到了插入语的翻译。
考生在英翻汉的时候建议采用拆分组合的方法来解题。
即，首先将主句的主谓宾弄清楚，然后按照意群划分句子，最后在按照汉语的表达习惯，将各部分意群串成一个完整的，合乎中文表达方式的句子。
46【句子分析】本句的主干为：it strikes one，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的主语从句。
句首是when 引导的时间状语从句。
Beyond后的that指代的是上文的diversity。
For all在句中是“尽管”的意思。
【译文】然而当人们观看那些由无家可归的人创建的花园的照片时，人们能会深深的震撼。
因为这些花园不仅风格各异，在它的装饰和创造性之外，也透露出了其他的基本的人类需求。
47【句子分析】本句的主干为：A sacred place of peace...is a distinctly human need。
主谓之间插入了一个however引导的让步状语从句。
as opposed to shelter后为which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰shelter。
In effect是“事实上，本质上”的意思。
【译文】尽管神圣的和平之地是原始的，但是它明显是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能需求。
48【句子分析】本句的主干为：The gardens of the homeless...introduce form...where 引导的是修饰environment的定语从句，在句子中作地点状语。
【译文】无家可归的人的花园，事实上是无家可归的花园。
它把一种形式引入城市环境中。
在这些城市环境中要么没有这些花园，要么没有如此显眼的花园。
49【句子分析】本句的主干为：most of us give into a demoralization of spirit...which紧跟spirit之后引导的是定语从句。
Until引导的是时间状语从句，其中as if是“好像，正如”的意思。
【译文】我们当中大多数人都屈服于精神上的败坏，我们经常把这种精神上的败坏推卸到心理环境上，直到有一天我们发现自己处于一个花园当中，并感受到这种精神的败坏不可思议的消失了。
50【句子分析】本句是it is...that.。
形式的强调句型。
强调的部分是主语this implicit or explicit reference to nature。
主句的谓语动词是justifies。
In a...sense 是“在某种意义上，从某种意义上”的意思。
【译文】正是这种隐含或外露的对自热的提及充分证明了从一种“解放”的意义上说使用“花园”这个词来描述人工建筑是合理的。
2013英语一text3翻译
2013英语一text3翻译在过去几年里，英语考试中的翻译部分一直备受关注。
2013年的英语一翻译部分选取了一篇关于地球外生命探索的文章。
本文旨在通过对该文本的解析，帮助考生提高翻译技巧和阅读理解能力。
首先，让我们了解这篇文章的主题和背景。
文章讨论了地球外生命存在的可能性，以及科学家如何寻找外星生命的迹象。
在文章中，作者列举了一些有关外星生命存在的理论依据，并对这些依据进行了深入分析。
接下来，我们来分析文章的结构和组织。
文章分为三个部分：引言、主体和结论。
在引言部分，作者提出了地球外生命探索的重要性。
主体部分详细介绍了科学家寻找外星生命的依据和方法。
结论部分总结了全文内容，并对未来探索地球外生命的前景进行了展望。
为了更好地理解文章内容，我们需要提取关键信息和观点。
在文章中，作者提到了以下几点关键信息：1.地球外生命存在的可能性引发了许多科学家的关注和研究。
2.科学家通过研究行星环境和天体物理等领域来寻找外星生命的迹象。
3.一些探测器和观测项目，如Kepler太空望远镜和SETI项目，致力于寻找外星生命的信号。
4.尽管目前尚未发现确凿证据，但地球外生命的探索仍具有巨大潜力和价值。
最后，我们来总结全文内容和启示。
这篇文章向我们展示了科学家在探索地球外生命方面的最新成果和挑战。
尽管目前尚无确凿证据证明外星生命的存在，但这一领域的研究仍具有重要意义。
一方面，探索地球外生命有助于拓展我们对宇宙的认识。
另一方面，这一研究也提醒我们要珍惜地球上的生命，保护生态环境。
通过深入分析这篇文本，我们可以提高自己的阅读理解能力，并为未来的翻译考试做好准备。
同时，这篇文章也激发了我们对未知宇宙的好奇心，激发了探索地球外生命的热情。
2013年研究生入学考试英语一翻译试题详解
2013年研究生入学考试英语一翻译试题详解46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and thatself-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression。
One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand。
研究生学位英语考试 翻译
一、A Working Community1. I have a friend who is a member of the medical community. It does not say that, of course, on the stationery that bears her home address.This membership comes f rom her hospital work.我有一个朋友,她是医学界的一员。
当然，这在有她家庭住址的信笺上是找不到的。
她的这个成员身份来自她的医院工作。
2. I have another friend who is a member of the computer community. This is a fairl y new subdivision of our economy, and yet he finds his sense of place in it.我有另一个朋友，他是电脑圈的一员。
这是我们的经济的一个相当新的分支，但是他在这里找到了自己的归属感。
3. Other friends and acquaintances of mine are members of the academic communi ty, or the business community, or the journalistic community.我的其他朋友和熟人是学术界，商界，或新闻社区的成员。
4. Though you cannot find these on any map, we know where we belong。
虽然在任何地图上找不到这些，我们却知道自己的归属。
5、None of us, mind you, was born into these communities. Nor did we move into them, U-Hauling our possessions along with us. None has papers to prove we are card-carrying members of one such group or another. Yet it seems that more and more of us are identified by work these days, rather than by street.值得一提的是，我们没有谁一出生就属于这些社区，也不是后来我们搬了进来。
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People People are, are, are, on on on the the the whole, whole, whole, poor poor poor at at at considering considering considering background background background information information information when when when making making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1__ the ability to make judgments judgments which which which are are are unbiased unbiased unbiased by by by __2___ __2___ __2___ factors. factors. factors. But But But Dr. Dr. Dr. Uri Uri Uri Simonsohn Simonsohn Simonsohn speculated speculated speculated that that that an an inability to consider the big __3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. __4___ , he theorised that a judge __5___ of apperaring too too soft soft soft __6__ __6__ crime crime might might might be be be more more more likely likely likely to to to send send send someone someone someone to to to prison prison prison __7___ __7___ __7___ he he he had had had already already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. To To __8__ __8__ this this idea, idea, idea, he he he turned turned turned to to to the the the university-admissions university-admissions university-admissions process. process. process. In In In theory, theory, theory, the the __9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others __10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was __11___ . He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews __12___by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had__13___applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale __14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were __15___ used in conjunctio n with an applicant’s score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMA T, a standardized exam which is__16___ out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr. Simonsoho Simonsoho found found found if if if the the the score score score of of of the the the previous previous previous candidate candidate candidate in in in a a a daily daily daily series series series of of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one __17___that, then the score for the next applicant would __18___by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to __19___ the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMA T points than would otherwise have been __20___. 1. [A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers 2. [A] minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external 3. [A] issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external 4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all 5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless 6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for 7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless 8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D]success 9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success 10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified 11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise 12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured 13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged 14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took 15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather 16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced 17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below 18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate 19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard 20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and and to to to the the the bargain bargain bargain bin bin bin in in in which which which the the the poor poor poor girl girl girl doubtless doubtless doubtless found found found her her garment. This This top-top-top-down conception down conception of of the the the fashion fashion fashion business couldn’t business couldn’t be be more more more out out out of of of date date date or or or at at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cli ne’s three -year indictment of of ―fast ―fast fashionǁ. In In the the the last last last decade decade decade or or or so ,advances so ,advances in in technology technology technology have have have allowed allowed allowed mass mass mass-market -market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace. The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a a $5.95 $5.95 $5.95 knit knit knit miniskirt miniskirt miniskirt in in in all all all its its its 2,300-pius 2,300-pius 2,300-pius stores stores stores around around around the world, the world, it it must must must rely rely rely on on on low-wage low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals. Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s Pollan’s The The The Omnivore’s Omnivore’s Omnivore’s Dilemma. Dilemma. Dilemma. ―Mass ―Mass -produced clothing -produced clothing ,like ,like fast food, fast food, fills fills a a a hunger hunger hunger and and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,ǁ Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments garments a a a year year year –– about about 64 64 64 items items items per per per person person person –– and and no no no matter matter matter how how how much much much they they they give give give away, away, away, this this excess leads to waste. Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline Cline is is is the the the first first first to to to note, note, note, it it it took took took Beaumont Beaumont Beaumont decades decades decades to to to perfect perfect perfect her craft; her craft; her her example example example can’t can’t can’t be be knocked off. Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line line ––Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. V anity is a constant; people will only start shopping more susta i nably when they can’t afford not to.inably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her [A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion. [C] obsession with high fashion. [D] lack of imagination. 22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to [A] combat unnecessary waste. [B] shut out the feverish fashion world. [C] resist the influence of advertisements. [D] shop for their garments more frequently. 23. The word ―indictmentǁ (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation. [B] enthusiasm. [C] indifference. [D] tolerance. 24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph? [A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists. [B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability. [C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments. [D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing. 25. What is the subject of the text? [A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth. [C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry. [D] Exposure of a mass-market secret. Text 2 An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim ―behaviouralǁ a ds at those most likely to buy. In In the the the past past past couple couple couple of weeks of weeks a a quarrel quarrel quarrel has has has illustrated illustrated illustrated the the the value value value to to to advertisers advertisers advertisers of of of such such fine-grained fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission? In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests. On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default. It It is is is not not not yet clear yet clear how how advertisers will advertisers will respond. respond. Geting Geting Geting a a a DNT DNT DNT signal signal signal does does does not not not oblige oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway . Also Also unclear unclear unclear is why is why Microsoft Microsoft has has has gone gone gone it it it alone. alone. alone. Atter Atter Atter all, all, all, it it it has has has an an an ad ad ad business too, business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously obviously huge huge huge selling selling selling point point point for for for windows windows windows 8-though 8-though 8-though the the the firm firm firm has has has compared compared compared some some some of of of its its its other other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple? 26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that ―behaviouralǁ ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves [B] lower their operational costs [C] avoid complaints from consumers [D] provide better online services 27. ―The industryǁ (Line 6,Para.3) refers to: [A] online advertisers [B] e-commerce conductors [C] digital information analysis [D] internet browser developers 28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default [A] many cut the number of junk ads [B] fails to affect the ad industry [C] will not benefit consumers [D] goes against human nature 29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6? [A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose [B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT [C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers [D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads 30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of: [A] indulgence [B] understanding [C] appreciaction [D] skepticism Text 3 Now Now utopia utopia utopia has has has grown grown grown unfashionable, unfashionable, unfashionable, as we as we have have gained gained gained a a a deeper deeper deeper appreciation appreciation appreciation of of of the the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. Y ou might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to. But But such such such gloominess gloominess gloominess is is is misplaced. misplaced. misplaced. The The The fossil fossil fossil record record record shows shows shows that that that many many many species species species have have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see "100,000 AD: Living Living in the deep future"). Look up in the deep future"). Look up Homo sapiens sapiens in in in the the the IUCN's IUCN's IUCN's "Red "Red "Red List" List" List" of of of threatened threatened threatened species, species, species, and and and you you you will will will read: read: read: "Listed "Listed "Listed as as as Least Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline." So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of of their their their ideas ideas ideas over over over very very very long long long timescales. timescales. timescales. Its Its Its flagship flagship flagship project project project is is is a mechanical a mechanical clock, clock, buried buried buried deep deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence. Then Then there there there are are are scientists scientists scientists who who who are are are giving giving giving serious serious serious consideration consideration consideration to to to the the the idea idea idea that that that we we we should should recognise recognise a a a new new new geological geological geological era: era: era: the the the Anthropocene. Anthropocene. Anthropocene. They, They, They, too, too, too, are are are pulling pulling pulling the the the camera camera camera right right right back back and asking what humanity's impact will be on the planet - in the context of stratigraphic time. Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, consequences, is is is dazzlingly dazzlingly dazzlingly complicated, complicated, complicated, and and and it's it's it's perhaps perhaps perhaps best best best left left left to to to science-fiction writers science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future. But take a longer view and and there there is a surprising amount that we we can can say say with with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough enough of of of the the the long-term long-term long-term patterns patterns patterns shaping shaping shaping the the the history history history of of of the the the planet, planet, planet, and and and our our our species, species, species, to to to make make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves. This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals individuals may may may not. not. not. But But But we we we are are are now now now knowledgeable knowledgeable knowledgeable enough enough enough to to to mitigate mitigate mitigate many many many of of of the the the risks risks risks that that threatened threatened the the the existence existence existence of of of earlier earlier earlier humans, humans, humans, and and and to to to improve improve improve the the the lot lot lot of of of those to come. Thinking those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future worth living in.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by [A] our desire for ares of fulfillment [B] our faith in science and teched [C] our awareness of potential risks [D] our bdief in equal opportunity 32. The IUCN―Rod Listǁsuggest that human beings on[A] a sustained species [B] the word’s deminant power [C] a threat to the environment [D] a misplaced race 33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5? [A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies. [B] Technology offers solutions to social problem. [C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise. [D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive. 34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to [A] explore our planet’s abundant resources.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world. [C] draw on our experience from the past. [D] curb our ambition to reshape history. 35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] Uncertainty about Our Future [B] Evolution of the Human Species [C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind. [D] Science, Technology and Humanity. Text 4 On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states. In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of of the the the four four four contested contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan t o have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to ―establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ǁand that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones. Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled ruled that that that the the the state state state flew flew flew too close too close to to the the the federal federal federal sun. sun. sun. On On On the the the overturned overturned overturned provisions provisions provisions the majority the majority held held the the the congress congress congress had had had deliberately deliberately deliberately ―occupied ―occupied t he the the fieldǁ fieldǁ and and Arizona Arizona Arizona had had had thus thus thus intruded intruded intruded on on on the the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of of people people people who who who come come come in in in contact contact contact with with with law law law enforcement.That’s enforcement.That’s because because Congress Congress Congress has has has always always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explic itly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The statute.The only only only major major major objection objection objection came came came from from from Justice Justice Justice Antonin Antonin Antonin Scalia,who Scalia,who Scalia,who offered offered offered an an an even even even more more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts. The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his his objection objection objection as as as ―a ―a shocking shocking assertion assertion assertion assertion assertion assertion of of of federal federal federal executive executive executive powerǁ.The powerǁ.The powerǁ.The White White White House House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with with federal statutes federal statutes to to the the the letter.In letter.In letter.In effect, effect, effect, the the the White White White House claimed House claimed that that it it it could could could invalidate invalidate invalidate any any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with . Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in in essence essence essence asserting asserting asserting that that that because because because it it it didn’t want didn’t want to carry out out Congress’s Congress’s Congress’s immigration immigration immigration wishes, wishes, wishes, no no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers. [B] disturbed the power balance between different states. [C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law. [D] contradicted both the federal and state policies. 37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4? [A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C [C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts [A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interes ts. [C] supported the federal statute. [D] stood in favor of the states. 39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement [A] outweighs that held by the states. [B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes. [D] rarely goes against state laws. 40. What can be learned from the last paragraph? [A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress. [B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion. [C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress. [D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues. Part BDirections: In In the the the following following following article, article, article, some some some sentences sentences sentences have have have been been been removed. removed. removed. For For For Questions Questions Questions 41-45, 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The social sciences are are flourishing.As flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a a million million professional professional social social social scientists scientists scientists from from from all all all fields fields fields in in in the the the world, world, world, working working working both both both inside inside inside and and and outside outside academia. academia. According According According to to to the the the W W orld Social Social Science Science Science Report Report Report 2010,the 2010,the 2010,the number number number of of of social-science social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Y et et this this this enormous enormous enormous resource resource resource in in in not not not co co contributing ntributing ntributing enough enough enough to to to today’s today’s today’s global global global challenges challenges including including climate climate climate change, change, change, security,sustainable security,sustainable security,sustainable development development development and and and health.(41)______Humanity health.(41)______Humanity health.(41)______Humanity has has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity. (42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction . Today Today ,the ,the ,the social social social sciences sciences sciences are are are largely largely largely focused focused focused on on on disciplinary disciplinary disciplinary problems problems problems and and and internal internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses Analyses revearevea reveal l l that that that the the the number number number of of of papers papers papers including including the the keywords keywords keywords ―environmental ―environmental changedǁ or ―climate changeǁ have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When When social social social scientists scientists scientists do do do tackle tackle tackle practical practical practical issues ,their issues ,their scope scope is is is often often often local:Belgium local:Belgium local:Belgium is is interested mainly in the ef fects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. The The problem problem problem is is is not not not necessarily necessarily necessarily the the the amount amount amount of of of available available available funding funding funding (44)____this (44)____this (44)____this is is is an an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The The trick trick trick is is is to to to direct direct direct these these these funds funds funds better.The better.The European European Union Union Union Framework Framework Framework funding funding programs programs have have have long long long had had had a a a category category category specifically specifically targeted targeted at at at social social scientists.This scientists.This year,it year,it year,it was was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems. [A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly 。
研究生英语翻译练习
汉译英练习：1．作弊在美国大学里被认为是一大问题，如何对付它已成为教师会议上的热点话题。
有些教授说他们已不再要求学生写学期论文，因为许多学生购买事先写好的文章。
同时还有些学校的教师已经决定对日益泛滥的作弊风采取不只是口头上的行动。
不少教育者感到当学生对自己及他们的能力的信心增强时，他们就不太会去作弊。
大多数学生拍手欢迎教师们狠刹作弊风的策略，有篇校报社论说，如同警察抓超速行驶者（speeder）一样，打击作弊并非是为了抓住谁，而只是为了抓一儆百（spread the word）。
Cheating is considered as such a big problem in the American universities that how to deal with it has become a topical issue. Some professors haven’t asked their students for term papers any more, owing to the fact that many students purchase som e articles written in advance. And teachers in some educationa l institutions have decided to take non-verbal actions to put do wn the climate of increasingly overabundant cheating. Not a fe w educationalists have the idea that the strengthened confidenc e in themselves and their capabilities will make it impossible f or students to cheat. A vast majority of students applaud for t he drastic steps taken by the faculty to stop the climate of che ating. Just as a police catches a speeder, says an editorial in a campus newspaper, to crack down cheating is not to catch a s pecific person, but to spread the word.2．最近世界卫生组织（World Health Organization）宣布由于人们普遍接种牛痘（widespread vaccination）天花（smallpox）这种疾病几乎已经在全球大部分地区匿迹，这主要归功于1789年左右一位名叫爱德华杰纳（E dward Jenner）的乡村医生的引人注目的发现。
研究生综合英语英译汉翻译
Unit 1:Traits of The Key Players1.This is part of a pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor’ s companies to tal to the most experienced staff about making a change.这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。
2.We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people.我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。
3.If it looks like they have these same traits, we’ ll place a bet on them.假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。
”只是这样有点儿冒险。
4.Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk.作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险。
5.It deserves repeating because it is the single most public difference between academia andindustry.它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。
6.The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive, so signs of being collaborativeand selfless stand out.企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了7.Better still, develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborates withas a person who fosters and initiates collaborations—and make sure this quality getsmentioned by those who will take those reference phone calls.更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人—还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。
研究生英语一第1单元课文翻译及习题答案
Unit One An Image or a MirageIII. VocabularyA.1. unassuming2. stemmed from3. infallible4. had taken to5. prospect6. flabby7. More often than not8.devious9. tipped the scales in her favor 10. rapportB.1. instinctual2.immediate3. deposit4. frail5. seedy6. magnetic7. extroverted8. book9. unwarranted 10. refinedC.1. D2.C3. B4. A5. A6. C7. C8.B9. D 10.BIV. Cloze1. which2. run3. concerned4. familiar5. evident6. even7.what8.Consequently 9 knowing 10.By11. one 12. how 13. Once 14. obtainable 15. yourself16. mind 17. from 18. never 19. pays 20. consideredV. TranslationA.从更大的范围上讲，选民们往往仅因为某个政客的外表整洁清秀而对他做出有利的反应。
他的对手则因为没有生就一副令人信任的外表而常常遭到否定的评价。
这种判断是错误的，其后果可能是灾难性的。
就算许多选民投一位候选人的票完全是出于政治原因，但本不该当选的人，如果他有整洁清秀的形象，就会使他在势均力敌的选举中占有优势。
我们常常根据一个人的表达能力而做出轻率的判断。
再回到政治这一话题上来，许多选民仅仅根据候选人公开演讲的方式就对他的能力做出判断。
然而，一个候选人可能非常善于演说，但并不一定能胜任他所竞选的职位。
2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题(完整版)及参考答案
2013 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C]or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.4 , he theorisedthat a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohnsuspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, astandardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 pointsor more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an 61average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate wouldneed 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. [A] grants [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2. [A] minor [B] objective [C] crucial [D] external3. [A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4. [A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle [D] Above all5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D] test9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B]studied [C]found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep,unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep bluecolor of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows t o department stores and to thebargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverishworld described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s thre e-year indictment of “fast fashion.” In the last decade orso, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trendsmore quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, morefrequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes asdisposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobeevery few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijackedfashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knitminiskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumesthat strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist best sellers like Michael Pollan’s TheOmnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, andwasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont,who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it tookBeaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.62Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change canonly be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it infood or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t affordnot to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows whichhalf. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people searchfor, click on and say online, c ompanies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or shouldthey have explicit permission?In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT)option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Micr osoft’sInternet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February theFTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding toDNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear withWindows 8, would have DNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Fewswitch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association ofNational Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about theirpreferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop63tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects tobehavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and presson anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says willcomply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almostwholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will becomethe norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has comparedsome of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chiefprivacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to[A] ease competition among themselves.[B] lower their operational costs.[C] avoid complaints from consumers.[D] provide better online services.27. “The industry” (Line 5, Para.3) refers to[A] online advertisers.[B] e-commerce conductors.[C] digital information analysts.[D] internet browser developers.28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] may cut the number of junk ads.[B] fails to affect the ad industry.[C] will not benefit consumers.[D] goes against human nature.29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose.[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.30. The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of[A] indulgence.[B] understanding.[C] appreciation.[D] skepticism.Text 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowinglypositive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfilmentandopportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanityhas little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that wehave an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens inthe “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and youwill read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing,a nd there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinkingseriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical64clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’sperhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities wecan envisage.That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication de dicated to the near future. But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often,the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the historyof the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendantswill find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To besure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks thatthreatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment.[B] our faith in science and technology.[C] our awareness of potential risks.[D] our belief in equal opportunity.32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human beings are[A] a sustained species.[B] a threat to the environment.[C] the world’s dominant power.[D] a misplaced race.33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problems.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to*A+ explore our planet’s abundant resources.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C] draw on our experience from the past.[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to thr ee vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—amodest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, thedecision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to up set the balance of power between the federalgovernment and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’scontroversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principlesthat Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal lawsprecede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to theexisting federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the stateflew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the Congress had deliberately65“occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers. However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people whocome in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-stateimmigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate withfederal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutionallogic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection camefrom Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to theAlien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “ashocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with itsenforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White Houseclaimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the bordersis among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigrationstatus, it could. It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carryout Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected thisremarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?*A+ Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.*B+ States’ independence from federal immigration law.*C+ States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.*D+ Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.*B+ undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen their coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections: In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the mostsuitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which donot fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientistsfrom all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science66Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change,security, sustainable development and health. (41) Humanity has the necessaryagro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too,the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity. (42) This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise itsinfluence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radicalinnovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, ratherthan on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004. (43)When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in theeffects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overallaccumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of fundingshould not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long hada category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests fromsocial scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite.(45)That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving globalproblems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented andpublishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as inpolicy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers publishedglobally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health anddemographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive,innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal.Global challenges and social innovations ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially theyoung ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations,as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changingconsumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy. [F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, someare up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate itwithin cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of allresearch and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—variedfrom around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the need for67creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion,and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge,(46)yet when one looks at the photographs of thegardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak ofvarious other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of theturning world,” to b orrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is adistinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much sothat where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former becomes all the more urgent.Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) Thegardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment whereit either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of theinarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we arebarely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)mostof us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until oneday we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homelessgardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seemto represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplikearrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequentpresence of petals orleaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at somebasic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifiesthe use of word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic c onstructions. In them we cansee biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge forthe upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)68答案速查Section I Use of English1. A2.D3. C4. A5. B6. B7.A8. D9. D 10.A11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15.B16. C 17. A 18. C 19. B 20.CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21. B 22. D 23. A 24. D 25.CText 2 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. A 30.DText 3 31. B 32. A 33. D 34. C 35.CText 4 36. C 37. C 38. D 39. A 40.BPart B41. E 42. F 43. B 44. G 45. CPart C46. 然而，看到那些无家可归的人所创建的花园的照片时，我们不禁会发现这一系列花园尽管风格各异，揭示的却是几种其他的根本需求，不限于美饰与创意表达的范畴。
13年考研英语一
13年考研英语一
2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一真题难度适中，符合《考试大纲》中规定的考试内容和考试要求。
该试卷中各个题型所占分值比例和答题时间均与往年保持一致。
阅读理解部分依然是整个试卷的重点，占40%，即40分。
其中，Section A部分共四篇文章，每篇五道题，共20道题，占20分；Section B部分包括一篇新题型和两篇翻译，占30分。
完形填空部分占10分。
写作部分占30分，其中小作文占10分，大作文占20分。
此外，从题型难度上看，今年的完形填空和阅读理解部分与往年相似，没有出现特别难或偏的题目。
以上信息仅供参考，如果您还有疑问，建议访问官网查询。
研究生学术英语翻译1
Deciding on a topic决定一个主题As a college student of science and technology,you are often required to write a literature review about a certain topic,or a 1500-word term paper.In either case,the writing is a complex process which involves choosing a topic,searching for relevant materials,and compiling a reference list.Hence the first thing you need to do is to choose a research topic.作为一个研究科学技术学生，你通常需要写一个关于某一主题的文献综述，或一个1500字的论文。
不管是哪种，写作都是一个复杂的过程，涉及选题，查找资料，编写参考清单。
因此，你首先需要做的是选择一个研究课题。
A topic is what the essay or research paper is about.Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.A topic that is too specialized or the general may bring many problems in terms of the time you can devote to the research or the sources of information available on the topic.How do you choose a topic which is possible to research?There are four principles:主题就是文章或研究论文是与什么有关的。