2019年MBA英语二及联考综合 考试大纲
2019年MBA考研英语(二)真题及答案
2019 年MBA/MPA 考研英语（二）真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank andmark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 ,when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level,strength and inches lostFor these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for meto_ 11 _ my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I'm constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I'm experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I've also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I'm training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1. [A] Besides [B] Therefore [C]Otherwise [D] However2. [A] helps [B]cares [C]warns [D] reduces3. [A] initially [B] solely [C] occasionally [D] formally4. [A] recording [B] lowering [C] explaining [D] accepting5. [A] modify [B] set [C]review [D] reach6. [A] definition [B] depiction [C] distribution [D] prediction7. [A] due to [B]regardless of [C] aside from [D] alongwith8. [A] orderly [B] rigid [C] precise [D] immediate9. [A] claims [B]judgments [C] reasons [D] methods10. [A] instead [B]though [C]again [D]indeed 11. [A]report [B] share [C] share [D] share12. [A] depend on [B]approve of [C]hold onto [D]account for13. [A] prepare [B]share [C]share [D] share14. [A] results [B]features [C]rules [D]tests15. [A] bored [B]anxious [C]hungry [D] sick16. [A] principle [B]secret [C]belief [D]sign17. [A] request [B]necessity [C]decision [D]wish18. [A] disappointing [B]surprising [C]restricting [D]consuming11. [A] if because [B]unless [C]until [D]consuming12. [A] obsessing [B]dominating [C]puzzling [D]triumphing1-20 参考答案：CDAAC ADCBD ACBDB CBDADSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a littlelater, in conjunction with a child ’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren born knowing how to say “I ’s m o r r y”r a; ther, they learn over time that such statementsappease parents and friends -- and their own consciences. This is why researchers generallyregard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable-- it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yetthis understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve, ”says Amrisha Vaiashp,sychology researcherat the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotionsaren ’t binar-y- feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Toomuch happiness can be destructive.And quilt , by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness,can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti , a psychology professorat the University of Toronto ,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may representdifferent pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some Kids who are low in sympathy maymake up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses.And vice versa : High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessmentsand the children ’-osbsseelrfvations, she rated each child ’s overall sympathy level and his orher tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For thelow-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt- prone ones share more, even though they hadn’m t agically become more sympathetic to the other child ’s deprivation.“That ’s good news, ”Malti says, “We can be prosocial b e c a u s a e r m w e a c n a d u w s e d hfeel regret. ”13. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help _______.A. regulate a child ’s basic emotionsB. improve a child ’s intellectual abilityC.foster a child ’s moral developmentD. intensify a child ’s f e p e o l s i n i t g i v s e14. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be _______.2A. deceptiveB. burdensomeC. addictiveD. inexcusable15. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that _______.16.A. emotions are context-independent B. emotions are socially constructiveC. emotional stability can benefit healthD. an emotion can play opposing roles17. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______.18.A. may help correct emotional deficiencies B. can result from eithersympathy or guilt C. can bring about emotional satisfactionD. may be the outcome of impulsive acts19. The word “transgressions ”(Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to _______. A.teachingsB. discussionsC. restrictionsD. wrongdoings21-25参考答案：CBDBDText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder callenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so.The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap - but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. Califormia is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. Butthe remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010,drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 - financed from the proceeds of the state' s emissions- permit auctions. That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. Califormia's plan, which3is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26. By saying “one of the harder challenges , ”the author implies that_________.A. global climate change may get out of controlB. people may misunderstand global warmingC. extreme weather conditions may ariseD.forests may become a potential threat27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks," we may need to__________. A.preserve the diversity of species in themB. accelerate the growth of young treesC. strike a balance among different plantsD. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28. California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to_______.29.A. cultivate more drought-resistant treesB. reduce the density of some of its forestsC. find more effective ways to kill insectsD.restore its forests quickly after wildfires30.What is essential to California's plan according to Paragraph 5?31.A. To handle the areas in serious danger first.B. To carry it out before the year of 2020.C. To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.D. To obtain enough financial support.32. The author's attitude to California's plan can best be described as________.33.A. ambiguousB. tolerantC. supportiveD. cautious26-30参考答案：DDBACText 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now.Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S.job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules forfarm workers.Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enableforeign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so farfailed in Congress. If this doesn ’t change, American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workersenter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’fsarmlaborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather thanmigrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of thiscentury, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are.And crop picking is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remainsas implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won ’t be returning to the fa Mechanization is not the answer either—not yet at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensivecrops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots currently do only asmall share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the4H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren allotted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey ，71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western growers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.20.What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?21.A.Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B.Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C.Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.D.Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.22. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is_______.23.A.the rising number of illegal immigrantsB.the high mobility of crop workersC.the lack of experienced laborersD.the aging of immigrant farm workers24. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?25.A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.B. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.C. To use more robots to grow high-valuecrops.D. To strengthen financial support for farmers.26. Agricultural employers complain about theH-2A visa for its ___.27.A. slow granting procedures B. limit onduration of stay C. tightened requirementsD. control of annual admissions28.Which of the following could be the best title for this text?29.A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?B. Import Food or Labor?C. America Saved by Mexico?D. Manpower vs. Automation?31-35参考答案：CDBABText 4Amold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It's easy to beat plastic. They're part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day —encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarchingmessage is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions— a kind of "moral licensing" that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priority –or even most people's. We shouldn't expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change tobe structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will "eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022." There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn't saying people should stop caring about the environment. It's just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It's just about putting things into perspective. We don't have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.36. Some celebrities star in a new video toA. demand new laws on the use of plasticsB. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics37.C. invite public opinion on the plasticscrisis38.D. disclose the causes of the plasticscrisis39. The author is concerned that “moral licensing ”may A.mislead us into doing worthless things B. prevent us from makingfurther efforts C. weaken our sense of accomplishmentD. suppress our desire for success40. By pointing out our identity as “citizens, ”,the author indicates that41.A: our focus should be shifted to community welfare42.B: our relationship with local industries is improving43.C: We have been actively exercising our civil rights44.D: We should press our government to lead the combat45. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be46.A: a win-win arrangement B: a self-driven mechanism C: a cost-effectiveapproachD: a top down process47. The author concludes that individual efforts6A: can be too aggressiveB: can be too inconsistentC: are far from sufficientD: are far from rational36-40参考答案：AACCBPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable headingfrom the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Five ways to make conversation with anyoneIn choosing a new home, Camille McClain ’s kids have a single demand: a backyard.McClain ’s little ones aren ’t the only kids who have an opinion when h i t o c u o s m i n e g s,toand in many cases youngsters v’i ews weigh heavily on parents ’r eal estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark aboutreal estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids ’ opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help themfeel a senseof control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if itremoves them from their current school or support ssytem, ” he said.Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said heconvinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home --- but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.Younger children should feel like they ’rcehoosing their home --- without actuallygetting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home willmake them feel like they ’re being included in t h e-m d e a c k i s i n i o g n p r o c e s s,Bailey said.Many of the aspects of homebuying aren ’a t consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis ontheir opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.“Speakingwith your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but Iwouldn ’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions. ” Hampson said.The other issue is that many children - especially older ones - may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside ,Calif .“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us, ” he said. “seriously changed how people view real estate. It ’n s o t shelter , it ’a s l ifestyle. With thatmindset change come some serious money consequences. ”Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally,Norris said.Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time,said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with .“Theiropinions can change tomorrow, ”G urner said. “Harshas it may be to say, thatdecision should likely not be made contingent on a child ’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best - and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own. ”This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.A. remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children.A. remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children.30. RyanHooperB. says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions.31. Adam C. advises that home purchases should not be based only on children's32.Bailey opinions.33. Tracey Hampson D. thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions.34. Aaron E. notes that aspectslike children's friends and social activities should be35.Norris considered upon homebuying.36. Julie F. believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children's needs37.Gurner rather than their opinions.G. assumes that many children's views on real estate are influenced by themedia.41-45参考答案：ADCGFSection III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation neatly on theANSWER SHEET. (15 points)It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot. He had such a pleasant, readablestyle that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard peoplesay "I could write a book. I just haven't the time." Easily said. Not so easily done. JamesHerriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he putit, “having a go at the writing game ”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising.re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointmentsand rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary fieldwas no exception.46参考答案：【全文翻译】我们很容易低估英国作家吉米·哈利。
2019年管理类专业硕士联考综合能力考试大纲7页word文档
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位综合能力考试大纲I.考试性质综合能力考试是为高等院校和科研院所招收管理类专业学位硕士研究生（主要包括MBA、MPA、MPAcc、MEM、MTA等专业联考）而设置的具有选拔性质的全国联考科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生是否具备攻读专业学位所必需的基本素质、一般能力和培养潜能，评价的标准是高等学校本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以利于各高等院校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔，确保专业学位硕士研究生的招生质量。
II.考查目标1、具有运用数学基础知识、基本方法分析和解决问题的能力。
2、具有较强的分析、推理、论证等逻辑思维能力。
3、具有较强的文字材料理解能力、分析能力以及书面表达能力。
III.考试形式和试卷结构一、试卷满分及考试时问试卷满分为200分，考试时间为180分钟。
二、答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
不允许使用计算器。
三、试卷内容与题型结构数学基础 75分，有以下两种题型：问题求解15小题，每小题3分，共45分条件充分性判断 10小题，每小题3分，共30分逻辑推理30小题，每小题2分，共60分写作 2小题，其中论证有效性分析30分，论说文35分，共65分IV.考查内容一、数学基础综合能力考试中的数学基础部分主要考查考生的运算能力、逻辑推理能力、空间想象能力和数据处理能力，通过问题求解和条件充分性判断两种形式来测试。
试题涉及的数学知识范围有：（一）算术1.整数（1）整数及其运算（2）整除、公倍数、公约数（3）奇数、偶数（4）质数、合数2.分数、小数、百分数3.比与比例4.数轴与绝对值（二）代数1.整式（1）整式及其运算（2）整式的因式与因式分解2.分式及其运算3.函数（1）集合（2）一元二次函数及其图像（3）指数函数、对数函数4.代数方程（1）一元一次方程（2）一元二次方程（3）二元一次方程组5.不等式（1）不等式的性质（2）均值不等式（3）不等式求解一元一次不等式（组），一元二次不等式，简单绝对值不等式，简单分式不等式。
2019年mba联考英语真题试卷及答案
2019年管理类专业硕士学位联考英语真题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark,orDonANSWERSHEET.(10p oints) Weighingyourselfregularlyisawonderfulwaytostayawareofanysignificantweightfluctuations.1,wh endonetoooften,thishabitcansometimeshurtmorethanit2.Asforme,weighingmyselfeverydaycausedmetoshiftmyfocusfrombeinggenerallyhealthyandphysically activetofocusing3onthescale.Thatwasbadtomyoverallfitnessgoals.Ihadgainedweightintheformofm usclemass,butthinkingonlyof4thenumberonthescale,Ialteredmytrainingprogram.That conflictedwithhowIneededtotrainto5mygoals.Ialsofoundweighingmyselfdailydidnotprovideanaccu rate6ofthehardworkandprogressIwasmakinginthegym.Ittakesaboutthreeweekstoamonthtonoticesign ificantchangesinweight7alteringyourtrainingprogram.Themost8changeswillbeobservedinskilllev el,strengthandincheslost.Forthese9,Istoppedweighingmyselfeverydayandswitchedtoabimonthlyweighingschedule10.Sinceweightlossisnotmygoal, itislessimportantformeto11myweighteachweek.Weighingeveryotherweekallowsmetoobserveand12anysignificantweightchanges.ThattellsmewhetherIneed to13mytrainingprogram.Ialsousemybimonthlyweigh-in14togetinformationaboutmynutri tionaswell.Ifmytrainingintensityremainsthesame,butI’mconsta ntly15anddroppingweight,thisisa16thatIneedtoincreasemydailycaloricintake.The17tostopweighingmyselfeverydayhasdonewondersformyoverallhealth,fitnessandwell-being.IamexperiencingincreasedzealforworkingoutsinceInolongercarrytheburdenofa18morningwei i’vealsoexperienc greatersuccessigh-n.I ed nachievingmyspecificfitnessgoals ,19I’mtrainingaccording tothosegoals,insteadofnumbersonascale.Ratherthan20overthescale,turnyourfocustohowyoulook,feel,howyourclothesfitandyouroveral lenergylevel.1.2.A.cares3.4.5.6.7.of from with to8.9.10.11.12.of onto for on13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingbeloweachpassagebychoosing fourA,B,passages.Cor D.AnswertheMarkyourquestionsanswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Unlikeso-calledbasicemotionssuchassadness,fear,andanger,guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’sgrowinggraspofsocialandmoralnorms.Childrenaren’tbornknowinghowtosay“I’msorry”;rather,theylearnovertimethat suchstatementsappeaseparentsandfriends–andtheirownconsciences.Thisiswhyresearchersgenerallyregardso-calledmoralguilt,intherightamount,tobeagoodthing.Inthepopularimagination,ofcourse,guiltstillgetsabadrap.I tis deeplyuncomfortable—it’stheemotionalequivalentofwear ingjacketweightedwithstones.Yetthisunderstandingisoutdated.“Therehasbeenakindofrevival rarethinkingaboutw hatguilt sandwhatroleguiltcanserve,”saysAmrishVaish,addi ngthatthisrevivalispartof alargerrecognitionthatemot ionsaren’tbinary—feelingsthatmaybeadvantageousinonecontextmaybeharmfulin another.Jealousyandanger,forexample,mayhav eevolvedtoalertustoimportantinequalities.Toomuchhappiness(thinkmania)canbedestructi ve.A ndguilt,bypromptingustothinkmoredeeplyaboutourgoodne ss,canencouragehumanstomakeupforerrorsandfixrelation ships.Guilt,inotherwords,canhelphold acooperativespeciestogether.Itisakindofsocialgl ue.Vie wed nthislight,guiltisanopportunity.WorkbyTinaMalt i,psychologyprofessorattheUniversityofToronto,sugg eststhatguilt maycompensatefor anemotionaldeficiency.Inanumbe rofstudies,Maltiandothershaveshownthatguiltandsympathymayrepresentdifferentpathwaystocooperationan dshar ing.Somekidswhoarelowinsympathymaymakeupforthatshortfallbyexperiencing moreguilt,whichcanreinintheirnastierimpulses.Andv iceversa:Highsympathycansubstituteforlowguilt.Ina2014study,forexample,Maltiandacolleaguelookedat244children,ages4,8,ingcaregiverassessmentsandthechildren’sself-observations,theyratedeach child’soverallsympat hylevel andhisorhertendencytofeelnegativeemotions( likeguiltandsadness)aftermoraltransgressions.Thenthekidswerehandedstickersandchocolatecoins,andgivenachancetosharethemwith ananonymouschild. For the low-sympathy kids, howmuch they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feelguilty. Theguilt-prone ones shared more, eventhoughtheyhadn ’t magicallybecomemoresympathetictotheother child’sdeprivation.“That’sgoodnews,”Maltisays.“Wecanbeprosocialbecause ofourempatheticproclivity,orbecausewecausedharmandwefeelregret. ”21.Researchersthinkthatguiltcanbeagoodthingbecauseitmayhelp.A.regulateachild’sbasicemotionsB.improveach ild ’sintellectual abilityC.intensifyachild’spositive feelingsD.fosterachild’smoraldevelopment22.AccordingtoParagraph2,manypeoplestillguilttobe .A.deceptiveB.addictive C.burdensomeD.inexcusable23.Vaishholdsthattherethinkingaboutguiltcomesfromanawarenessthat. anemotioncanplayopposingroles emotionsaresociallyconstructive emotionalstabilitycanbenefithealthemotionsarecontext-independent24.Maltiandothershaveshownthatcooperationandsharing . mayhelpcorrectemotionaldeficiencies canbringaboutemotionalsatisfaction canresultfromeithersympathyorguiltA.maybetheoutcomeofimpulsiveacts25.The word“transgressions”(line4para5)isclosestinmeaning .A .wr ong doings B.discussions C.restrictions D.teachingstoText2Forestsgiveusshade,quietandoneoftheharderchallengesinthe fight against climate change. Even as we humanscount on foreststosoakupagoodshareofthecarbondioxideweproduce,weare threatening their ability to doso. The climate changeweare hasteningcouldonedayleaveuswithforeststhatemitmorecarbon thantheyabsorb.Thank fully,thereis awayoutofthistrap--butitinvo lvesstriking asubtlebalance.Helpingforestsflourishasvalu able"carbonsinks"longintothefuturemayrequirereducingtheircapacitytosequestercarbonnow.Californiaisleadingtheway,asitdoesonsomanyclimateefforts,infiguringoutthedetails.T he state’sproposedForestCarbonPlanaimstodoubleeffortst o thinoutyoungtreesandclearbrush npartsoftheforest.T histemporarilylowers carbon-carryingcapacity.Buttheremainingt reesdrawgreatershareoftheavailablemoisture,sotheygrowandthrive,restoringtheforest'scapacitytopullcarbonfr omthea ir.Healthytreesarealsobetterabletofendoffinsects.Thelandsca peisrenderedlesseasilyburnable.Evenintheeventofafire,fewertreesareconsumed.Theneedforsuchplanningisincreasinglyurgent.Already,since2 010,droughtandinsectshavekilledmorethan100milliontreesi n California,mostofthemin2016alone,andwildfires havescorchedhundredsofthousandsofacre s.Calif ornia’splanenvisionstreating35,000acresofforest ay earby2020,and60,000by2030--financedfromtheproceedsofthestate'semissions-permitauctions.That'sonlyasmallshare ofthetotalacreagethatcouldbenefit,anhalfamillionacresi nall,soitwillbeimportanttoprioritizeareasatgreatestrisk offireordrought.T he strategyalsoaims oensurethatcarboninwoodymaterialremovedfrom theforestsislockedawayintheformofsolidlumberorburnedasbiofuelinvehic lesthatwouldotherwiserunonfo ssilf uels,orusedincompostoranimalfeed.Newresearchontransportationbiofuelsisalreadyunderway.State governments are well accustomedto managingforests, buttraditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunitiesforrecreation. Onlyrecentlyhavetheycometoseethe vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governorearlynextyear,shouldserveasamodel.26.Bysaying“oneoftheharderchallenge s,”theauthorimpliesthat.A.forestsmaybecomeapotentialthreatB.peoplemaymisunderstandglobalwarmingC.extremeweatherconditionsmayariseD.globalclimatechangemaygetoutofcontrol27.Tomaintainforestsasvaluable “carbonsinks,”wemayneed to.lowertheirpresentcarbon-absorbingcapacitystrikeabalanceamongdifferentplantsacceleratethegrowthofyoungtreespreservethediversityofspeciesinthem28.California ’sForestCarbonPlanendeavors tocultivatemoredrought-resistanttreesfindmoreeffectivewaystokillinsectsreducethedensityofsomeofitsforestsrestoreitsforestsquicklyafterwildfires29.Whatis essentialtoCalifornia ’splanaccordingtoparagraph 5Tocarryitoutbeforetheyearof2020TohandletheareasinseriousdangerfirstToperfecttheemissions-permitauctionsA.Toobtainenoughfinancialsupport30.Theauthor’sattitudetoCaliforniadescribedas’splancanbestbe.A.ambiguousB.tolerantC.cautiousD.supportiveText3Americanfarmershavebeencomplainingoflaborshortagesforseveralyearsnow.Thecomplaintsareunlikelytostopwithoutanoverhaulofimmigrationrulesforfarmworkers.Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workersvisa thatwould enable foreign workers to stay longer in the. and changejobs within the industry. If this doesn’t change, American businesses,communitiesandconsumerswillbethelosers.Per hapshalfof.farmlaborersareundocumentedimmigrants.Asfew ersuchworkersenterthecountry,thecharacteristicsoftheagricu lturalworkforcearechanging.Today’sfarmlaborers,whilestillpredominantlyborninMexico ,aremorelikelytobesettled,rat herthanmigrating,andmorelikelytobemarried thansingle.Theyarealsoaging.Atthestartofthiscentury,aboutone-thirdofcropwork erswereovertheageof35.Now,morethanhalfare.Andcroppickingishardonolderbodies.Oneoft-debatedcureforthislab orshortageremainsasimplausibleasithasbeenallalong:Native.workerswo n’tbe returningtothefarm.Mechaniza tionisnottheanswereither—notyetatleast.Produc tionofcorn,cotton,rice,soybeansandwheathavebeenlargelymechanized,butmanyhigh-value,labor-intensivecrops,sucha s strawberries,needlabor.Evendairyfarms,whererobotscurren tlydoonlyasmallshareofmilking,have alongwaytogobeforetheyareautomat ed.A saresult,farmshavegrownincreasinglyreliantontemporaryguestworkersusingtheH-2Avisatofillthegapsintheworkforce.Sta rtingaround2012,requestsforthevisasrosesharply;from2011to2016thenumberofvisasissuedmorethandoubled.TheH-2Avisahasnonumericalcap,unliketheH-2Bvisafornonagricultur alwork,whichislimitedto66,000year.Evenso,employerscomplainthatt heyaren’tgivenalltheworkerstheynee d.Theprocessiscumbersome,expensiveandunreliable.Onesurveyfoundt hat bureaucraticdelaysledH-2Aworkerstoarriveonthejobanaverageo f22dayslate.Andtheshortageiscompoundedbyfederalimmigrat ionraids,whichremovesome workersanddriveothersundergro und.I n2012surveyby,71percentoftree-fruitgrowersandnea rly8percentofraisinandberrygrowerssaidtheywereshortoflabor.SomewesterngrowershaverespondedbymovingoperationstoMexico.In1998-2000,percentofthefruitAmericansconsumedwasimported.Littlemorethanadecadelater,theshareofim portedfruithadincreasedtopercent.31.Ineffect,the.canimportfoodoritcanimporttheworkerswhopickit.WhatproblemshouldbeaddressedaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphsDiscriminationagainstforeignworkersinthe.BiasedlawsinfavorofsomeAmericanbusinesses.Flawsin.immigrationrulesforfarmworkers.Declineofjobopportunitiesin.agriculture.32.Onetroublewith.agriculturalworkforceis.A.therisingnumberofillegalimmigrantsB.thehighmobilityofcropworkersC.thelackofexperiencedlaborersD.theagingofimmigrantfarmw orkersWhatisthemuch-arguedsolutiontothelaborshortagein.farming Toattractyoungerlaborerstofarmwork.Togetnative.workersbacktofarming.Tousemorerobotstogrowhigh-valuecrops.Tostrengthenfinancialsupportforfarmers.34.AgriculturalemployerscomplainabouttheH-2Avisaforits .slowgrantingprocedureslimitondurationofstay35.tightenedrequirementsofannualadmissionsWhichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthistextA..AgricultureinDeclineB.ImportFoodorLaborC.AmericaSavedbyMexicoD.Manpowervs.AutomationText 4ArnoldSchwarzenegger,DiaMirzaandAdrian Grenierhavemessagefo ryou:It’seasytobeatplastic.They’repartofb unchofcelebritiesstaringin anewvideoforWorldEnvironmentDay-encouragingyou,theconsumer,toswapoutyoursingle-usePlasticstaplestocombattheplasticcri sis.T hekey messagesthathavebeenput togetherforWorldEnvironme ntDaydoinclude acallforgovernmentstoenactlegis lationtocurbsingle-usplastics.Buttheoverarchingmessageisdirectedatindividuals.Myconcernwithleavingituptotheindividual,however,isourlimitedsense ofwhatneedstobeachieved.Ontheirown,takingourownbagstothegrocerystoreorquittingplasticstraws,forexample ,w illaccomplishlittleandrequireverylittleofus.Theycoulde venbedetrimental,satisfying aneedtohave“doneourbit”wit houteverprogressingontobigger,bolder,moreeffectiveact ions—akindof“morallicensing”thatallaysourconcernsandstopsusdoingmoreandaskingmoreofthoseincharge.W hiletheconversationaroundourenvironmentandourresponsibil itytowarditremainscenteredonshoppingbagsandstr aws,we’reignoringthebalanceofpowerthatimpliesthatas“consumers”wemustshopsustainably,ratherthanas“citizens”h oleourgovernmentsandindustries oaccount opushforrealsystemiccha nge.It’simportanttoacknowledgethatthe environmentisn’teveryone’spriority -orevenmostpeople’s.Weshouldn’texpecti t tobe.Inherlatestbook,WhyCouldPeopleDoBadEnvironment al Things.ElizabethR.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwaytocollectivelychangethebehavioroflargenumbersofpeoplei sforthechangetobestructural.This mightmeanimplementingadds a cost toenvironmentallysingle-use plastics altogether. “eliminate all single-use plastic are also incentive-based ways choices easier, such asensuringtrashdisposal.policy suchasaplastic tax that problematic action, or banningIndia has just announced it will in the country by 2022.”Thereof making better environmental recycling is at least aseasy asDeSombreisn’tsaying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says,forthattobetheonly,orevenprimary,approachtochangingwidespreadbehavior.Noneof thisis aboutwritingofftheindividual.t’sjustaboutputtingthingsintoperspective.Wedon’thavetimetowait.Weneedprogressive policiesthat shapecollectiveaction,alongsideengagedcitizenspushingforchan ge.36.Somecelebritiesstarinanewvideoto . demandnewlawsontheuseofplastics urgeconsumerstocuttheuseofplastics invitepublicopiniononthe plasticscrisisthecausesoftheplasticscrisis37.concernedthat“morallicensing ”mayTheauthoris.A.misleadusintodoingworthlessthingsB.preventusfrommakingfurthereffortsC.weakenoursenseofaccomplishmentD.suppressourdesireforsuccess38.Bypointingoutouridentity“citizens”,theauthorindicatesthat. ourfocusshouldbeshiftedtocommunitywelfareourrelationshipwithlocalindustriesisimprovinghavebeenactivelyexercisingourcivilrightsshouldpressourgovernmentstoleadthecombat39.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwayforacollectivechangeshouldbe.A.awin-winarrangementB.aself-drivenmechanismC.acost-effectiveapproachD.atopdownprocess40.Theauthorconcludesthatindividualefforts.canbetooaggressiveA.canbetooinconsistentarefarfrom sufficientfarfromrationalPartBDirect ions：Youaregoingtoreadlistofheadingsandatext.Choo sethemostsuitableheadingfromthelist A-Gforeachnumberedparagrap h (41-45).Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET（.10points）Howseriouslyshouldparentstakekids’opinionswhensearching forahomenchoosingnewhome,CamilleMcClain’skidshavesingledemand:abackyard .McClain’slittleon earen’ttheonlykids whohaveanopinionwh enitcomestohousing,andinmanycases youngsters’viewswe ighheavilyonparents’realestatedecisions,accordingtoa2018HarrisPollsurveyofmorethan2,000.adults .Whilemorefamiliesbuckanolder-generationproclivitytoleavekidsinthedarkaboutrealestatedecisions,realty agentsandpsycholo h mi vie ab t financia perso agists ave xed ws out he l,nal ndlong-termeffectskids’opinionsmayhave.Theideaofinvolvingchildreninabigdecisionisagreatideabeca use tcanhelpthemfeel asenseofcontrolandownershipinwhatcanbeanoverwhelmin g process,saidRyanHooper,aclinicalpsychologistinChi cago.“Childr enmayfaceseriousdifficultiesincopingwithsignif icant moves,especiallyifitremovesthemfromtheircurrentscho olorsupportsystem,”hesaid.GregJaroszewski,realestatebrokerswithGagliardoRealtyAssociates,saidhe’snotconvincedthatkidsshouldbeinvolvedinselectingahome—buttheiropinionsshouldbeconsideredinregardstoproximitytofriendsan dsocialactivities,ifpossible.Youngerchildrenshouldfeellikethey’rechoosingtheirhome withoutac tuallygettingachoiceinthematter,saidAdamBailey,arealestateattorneyb asedinNewYork.—Askingthemquestionsaboutwhattheyofapotentialhomewillmakethemfeellikethey likeaboutthebackyard’rebeing includedinthedecision-making process,Baileysaid.M any ftheaspectsofhomebuyingaren’tconsiderationforchi ldren,said TraceyHampson,arealestateagentbasedinSantaClarita,Calif.Andplacing toomuchemphasisontheiropinionscanruinafantastichomepurchase.“Speaki ngwithchildrenbeforeyoumake arealestatedec isioniswise,but Iwouldn’tbasethepurchasingdecisionsolelyontheiropinions.”Hampsonsaid.Theotherissueisthatmanychildren-especiallyolderones-mayb asetheir realestateknowledgeonHGTVshows,saidAaronNorrisofTheNorrisGrou p inRiverside,Calif.“T heyloveChipandJoannaGainesjustasmuchastherestofus,”he said.“HGTVhasseriouslychangedhowpeopleviewr ealestate.It’snotshelter,it’salifestyle.Withthatmindsetchangecomesomeseriousmoney consequences.”Kidstendtogetstuckinthefeaturesandtheimmediatebenefitst o them personally,Norrissaid,Parentsneed toremindtheirchi ldrenthattheirneedsanddesiresmaychangeovertime,saidJ ulieGurner,realestate analystwith.“T heiropinionscanchange tomorrow,”Gurnersaid.“Harshasitmay be osay,thatdecisionshouldlikelynotbemadecontingenton a child’sopinions,butrathermadeforthemwithgreatconsiderationintowhathomecanmeettheirneedsbest-andgivethemanopportunitytocustomizeitabitandmakeittheir own.”Thisadviceismorerelevantnowthaneverbefore,evenasmore parentswanttoembracetheideasoftheirchildren,despitethecurrenthousingcrunch.thatsignificantmovesmayposechallengestochildren.thatitiswisetoleavekidsinthedarkHooperaboutrealestatedecisions.C.advisesthathomepurchasesshouldnotbeBailey’sopini ons.basedonlyonchildr enD.thinksthatchildrenshouldbegive na43.TraceyHampsonsenseofinvolvementinhomebuyingdecision s.E.notesthataspectslikechildren’s44.AaronNorrissocialactivitiesshouldb efriends andF.believesthathomebuyingdecisionsshou ldGurner’s needsratherthanbebasedonchildrenG.assumesthatmanychildren’sviewsonrealestateareinfluencedbythemedia.46.SectionIIITranslationDirection:InthissectionthereisatestinEnglish.TranslateitintoChines e.Wr iteyourtranslationon ANSWERSHEET(15points).t seasytounderestimate EnglishwriterJameshadsuch apleas ant,readablestylethataremightthinkthatanyonecouldimitateit.Howmanytime shaveIheardpeoplesay,“1couldwriteabook ,Ijusthaven'tthetime”Easilysaid.Notsoeasilydone.JamesHerri ot,contrarytopopularopiniondidnotfinditeasyinh is earlydaysof,asheputit,“having agoatthewritinggame”.Whi leheobviouslyhadanabundanceofnaturaltalent,thef inalpolishedworkthathehavetotheworld wastheresultofye arsofpracticing,re-writingandreading.Likethemajorityofauthors,hehadtosuffermanydisappointmentsandrejectionsalongt he way,butthesemadehimallthemoredeterminedtosucceed.Every achieve i l wasearnethehardwayandhissuccessthing d n ifdeintheliteracyfieldwasnoexception.SectionIVWritingPartA47. Directions:SupposeprofessorSmithaskedyoutoplanadebateonthethemeofcitytraffic.Writehimanemailto suggestaspecifictopicwithyourreasons,andtellhimyourarrangement.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donote“LiMing”instead. Donot writeyouraddress.(10points)PartBDirections:Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting,youshould interpretthechart,andgiveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)2019年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语试卷二答案速查表SectionIUseofEnglish1234567891 0C D A A C A D C B D1 112131415161718192A CB D BC BD A BSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA2122232425262728293 0D C A C A A A C B D3132333435363738394 0C D B A B B B D D B PartB41 D 42G43F44C45BSectionIII（参照译文）人们很简单低估英国作家詹姆斯.赫里奥尔。
2019年MPAcc联考英语(二)考试大纲出炉
2019年MPAcc联考英语（二）考试大纲出炉2019MPAcc考研英语大纲已经公布，英语科目来讲，喜讯是没有变化！所以大家可以按部就班按照之前的节奏来复习即可。
接下来渥德教育将2019MPAcc考研英语大纲发布如下：I.考试性质英语(二)考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。
其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
II.考查内容考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：(1)名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;(2)动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;(3)形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法;(4)常用连接词的词义及其用法;(5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;(6)虚拟语气的构成及其用法;(7)各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;(8)倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。
2.词汇考生应能较熟练地掌握5500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组(详见附录相关部分)。
考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。
(二)语言技能1.阅读考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。
题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。
根据阅读材料，考生应能：(1)理解主旨要义;(2)理解文中的具体信息;(3)理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系;(4)根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义;(5)进行一定的判断和推理;(6)理解作者的意图、观点或态度。
2.写作考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作。
短文应中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。
MBA英语二考纲词汇
1 modify v.调整2 susceptible adj.易受影响的3 reflect v.反映；反思4 innermost adj.内心深处的5 desire n.渴望6 random adj.随机的7 outcome n.结果8 neutral adj.中立的9 repair v.修理10 refer to 指代11 limbic adj. 四肢的12 intend to 倾向于13 function n.功能14 mechanism n.机制15 relation n.关系16 negative adj.否定的17 generate v.产生18 tend to 倾向于19 aggravate v.加剧20 unconscious adj.无意识的21 persist v.坚持22 wake up 醒来23 essential adj.必要的24 get rid of 摆脱25 visualize v.视觉化26 under control 在控制中27 natural adj.自然的28 progression n.进展29 entirely adv.完全地30 belong to 属于31 unconscious adj.无意识的32 lead your life 引领你的人生33 seek v.寻求探索34 professional adj.专业的n.专业人士35 exercise n 运动、练习v.运动、练习36 anxiety n.焦虑、不安37 component n.成分38 suspend v.暂停39 formulate v.形成40 revolutionary n.革命的41 disguise n.伪装42 shadow n.影子43 unconscious adj.无意识的44 desire n.渴望45 switch n/v 转换46 mental n.头脑的47 at random 随机48 byproduct n.副产品49 suspect v.怀疑50 regulate v.管制51 leading adj.领先的52 authority n.权威53 intensely adv.剧烈地54 powerful adj. 有力量的55 harness v.驾驭56 evidence n.证据57 vivid adj.生动的58 occur v.发生59 fully adv.完全地60 equally adv.平等地61 involve v.涉及62 relatively adv.相对地63 link v.联系64 progress n.进步65 awaken v.觉醒66 negative adj.消极的67 generate v.产生68 conscious adj.有意识的69 be occupied with 忙于70 emotional adj.感情的71 process n.进程72 course n.进程73 literally adv.真正地74 pay attention to 注意75 unless conj.除非76 keep from 阻止77 panic n/v 惊慌78 terrorism n.恐怖主义79 uncertainty n.不确定性80 general adj.总体的81 insecurity n.不稳定性82 anxiety n.焦虑83 suffer from 遭受84 persistent adj.坚持的85 nightmare n.噩梦86 therapist n.临床医学家87 argument n.论据88 scientific adj.科学的89 evidence n.证据90 correlation n.关联91 insignificant adj.不重要的92 freedom n.自由93 way of doing 做某事的方式94 talk nonsense 瞎说95 serve as 充当96 protector n.保护着97 judge v.判断98 critic n.评论者99 guide n/v指引100 paralysis n.瘫痪101 analysis n.分析102 endless adj.无穷的103 action n.行动104 reveal v.揭示105 prudent adj.审慎的106 hinder n.暗示107 progress n.进步108 extensive adj.广泛的109 offer n/v提供110 aid n/v帮助111 power plant 发电厂112 raise v.提高113 public awareness 公众意识114 conservation n.保护115 press v.按压116 further adj.进一步的117 take measure 采取措施118 legislative adj.立法的119 associate with 联系120 issue n.事件121 suffer from 遭受122 negligence n.忽视123 latter adj.后者的124 applicable adj.试用的125 former adj.前者的126 outcome n.结果127 aggravate v.加剧128 evidence n.证据129 inconclusive adj.包括的130 lobby v.游说131 destroy v.摧毁132 nonsense n.胡说八道133 grave adj.严重的134 upsetting adj.困扰的135 parallel adj.平行的136 in one + n+ after another 一个又一个137 threat n/v威胁138 latest adj.最近的139 panel n.专家小组140 enlist v.招募141 atmosphere n.气氛142 definitely adv.绝对地143 largely adv.主要地144 preface n.序言145 available adj.可利用的146 critical adj.批评的147 base on 基于148 policy n.政策149 judgement n.判断150 concerning prep. 涉及151 consequence n.结果152 action n.行动153 quarter n.区域154 incomplete adj.不完整的155 pour v.倾倒156 fume n. 烟气157 obvious adj.明显的158 prudent adj.审慎的159 insurance n.保险160 fortunately adv.幸运地161 majority n.主体162 president n.总统163 adviser n.建议者164 take sth seriously 认真对待165 press for 追求166 case n.案例167 responsible adj.负责的168 steward v.管理169 planet n.星球170 press forward 奋力向前171 inadequate adj.不足够的172 administration n.管理173 legislative adj.立法的174 initiative n. 主动权175 congress n.国会176 fashion n.时尚177 conservation n.保护178 incentive n. 刺激179 industry n.产业180 promising adj.有前途的181 get ready to do 乐意做某事182 meet …needs 满足需求183 crucial adj.关键的184 sound adj.健康的185 identify v.识别186 associate v.联想187 assimilate v.同化188 monopolize v.垄断189 department n.部门190 spread v.传播191 intimate adj.亲密的192 satisfy the need of 满足需求193 knowledgeable adj. 有知识的194 elite n.精英195 emergence n.浮现196 consumption n.消费197 be resistant to 抵制198 exert a great influence on 对。
2019年考研管理类联考综合大纲原文
2019年考研管理类联考综合大纲原文Ⅰ、考试性质综合能力考试是为高等院校和科研院所招收管理类专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国联考科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生是否具备攻读专业学位所必须的基本素质、一般能力和培养潜能，评价的标准是高等学校本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上的水平，以利于各高等院校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔，确保专业学位硕士研究生的招生质量。
Ⅱ、考查目标1.具有运用数学基础知识、基本方法分析和解决问题的能力。
2.具有较强的分析、推理、论证等逻辑思维能力。
3.具有较强的文字材料理解能力、分析能力以及书面表达能力。
Ⅲ、考试形式和试卷结构一、试卷满分及考试时间试卷满分为200分，考试时间为180分钟。
二、答题方式闭卷，笔试。
不允许使用计算器。
三、试卷内容与题型结构1.数学基础75分，有以下两种题型：(1)问题求解15小题，每小题3分，共45分(2)条件充分性判断10小题，每小题3分，共30分2.逻辑推理30小题，每小题2分，共60分3.写作2小题，其中论证有效性分析30分，论说文35分，共65分Ⅳ、考试范围一、数学基础综合能力考试中的数学基础部分主要考查考生的运算能力、逻辑推理能力、空间想象能力和数据处理能力，通过问题求解和条件充分性判断两种形式来测试。
试题涉及的数学知识范围有：(一)算术1.整数(1)整数及其运算(2)整除、公倍数、公约数(3)奇数、偶数(4)质数、合数2.分数、小数、百分数3.比与比例4.数轴与绝对值(二)代数1.整式(1)整式及其运算(2)整式的因式与因式分解2.分式及其运算3.函数(1)集合(2)一元二次函数及其图像(3)指数函数、对数函数4.代数方程(1)一元一次方程(2)一元二次方程(3)二元一次方程组5.不等式(1)不等式的性质(2)均值不等式(3)不等式求解一元一次不等式(组)，一元二次不等式，简单绝对值不等式，简单分式不等式。
6.数列、等差数列、等比数列(三)几何1.平面图形(1)三角形(2)四边形矩形、平行四边形、梯形(3)圆与扇形2.空间几何体(1)长方形(2)柱体(3)球体3.平面解析几何(1)平面直角坐标系(2)直线方程与圆的方程(3)两点间距离公式与点到直线的距离公式(四)数据分析1.计数原理(1)加法原理、乘法原理(2)排列与排列数(3)组合与组合数2.数据描述(1)平均值(2)方差与标准差(3)数据的图表表示直方图，饼图，数表。
2019年管理类专业学位联考综合能力考试大纲
2019年管理类专业学位联考综合能力考试大纲I. 考试性质综合能力考试是为高等院校和科研院所招收管理类专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国联考科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生是否具备攻读专业学位所必需的基本素质、一般能力和培养潜能，评价的标准是高等学校本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以利于各高等院校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔，确保专业学位硕士研究生的招生质量。
II. 考查目标1.具有运用数学基础知识、基本方法分析和解决问题的能力。
2.具有较强的分析、推理、论证等逻辑思维能力。
3.具有较强的文字材料理解能力、分析能力以及书面表达能力。
III. 考试形式和试卷结构一、试卷满分及考试时间试卷满分为200分，考试时间为180分钟。
二、答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
不允许使用计算器。
三、试卷内容与题型结构数学基础75分，有以下两种题型：问题求解15小题，每小题3分，共45分条件充分性判断10小题，每小题3分，共30分逻辑推理30小题，每小题2分，共60分写作2小题，其中论证有效性分析30分，论说文35分，共65分IV. 考查内容一、数学基础综合能力考试中的数学基础部分主要考查考生的运算能力、逻辑推理能力、空间想象能力和数据处理能力，通过问题求解和条件充分性判断两种形式来测试。
试题涉及的数学知识范围有：（一）算术1.整数（1）整数及其运算（2）整除、公倍数、公约数（3）奇数、偶数（4）质数、合数2.分数、小数、百分数3.比与比例4.数轴与绝对值（二）代数1.整式（1）整式及其运算（2）整式的因式与因式分解2.分式及其运算3.函数（1）集合（2）一元二次函数及其图像（3）指数函数、对数函数4.代数方程（1）一元一次方程（2）一元二次方程（3）二元一次方程组5.不等式（1）不等式的性质（2）均值不等式（3）不等式求解一元一次不等式（组），一元二次不等式，简单绝对值不等式，简单分式不等式。
(参考资料)2019年管理类联考英语二真题
2019年管理类联考英语（二）真题试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points).Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations.1,when done too often,this habit can sometimes hurt more than it2.As for me,weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing3on the scale.That was bad to my overall fitness goals.I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass,but thinking only of4the number on the scale,I altered my training program.That conflicted with how I needed to train to5my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate6of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym.It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight7altering your training program.The most8changes will be observed in skill level,strength and inches lost.For these9,I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule10.Since weight loss is not my goal,it is less important for me to11my weight each week.Weighing every other week allows me to observe and12any significant weight changed.That tells me whether I need to13my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in14to get information about my nutrition as well.If my training intensity remains the same,but I’m constantly15and dropping weight,this is a16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The17to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health,fitness and well-being.I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a18morning weigh-in.I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals,19I’m training according to those goals,not the numbers on a scale.Rather than20over the scale,turn your focus to how you look,feel,how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1.A.Therefore B.Otherwise C.However D.Besides2.A.cares B.warns C.reduces D.helps3.A.solely B.occasionally C.formally D.initially4.A.lowering B.explaining C.accepting D.recording5.A.set B.review C.reach D.modify6.A.depiction B.distribution C.prediction D.definition7.A.regardless of B.aside from C.along with D.due to8.A.rigid B.precise C.immediate D.orderly9.A.judgments B.reasons C.methods D.claims10.A.though B.again C.indeed D.instead11.A.track B.overlook C.conceal D.report12.A.approve of B.hold onto C.account for D.depend on13.A.share B.adjust C.confirm D.prepare14.A.features B.rules C.tests D.results15.A.anxious B.hungry C.sick D.bored16.A.secret B.belief C.sign D.principle17.A.necessity B.decision C.wish D.request18.A.surprising B.restricting C.consuming D.disappointing19.A.because B.unless C.until D.if20.A.dominating B.puzzling C.triumphing D.obsessingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirection:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C,D.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness,fear,and anger，guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms.Children aren't born knowing how to say"I'm sorry”;rather,they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends-and their own consciences.This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt,in the right amount to be a good thing.In the popular imagination,of course,guilt still gets a bad rap.It is deeply uncomfortable-it'sthe emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones,Yet this understanding is outdated."There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,"says Amrisha Vaish,a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia,adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary-feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.Jealousy and anger,for example,may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities.Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt,by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness,can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships.Guilt,in other words,can help hold a cooperative species together.It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light,guilt is an opportunity.Work by Tina Malti,a psychology professor at the University of Toronto,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.In a number of studies,Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt,which can rein in their nastier impulses.And vice verse:High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a2014study,for example,Malti looked ing caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations,she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions.Then the kids were handed chocolate coins,and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child.For the low-sympathy kids,how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty.The guilty-prone ones shared more,even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.“That’s good news,”Malti says.“We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”21.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help.A.regulate a child's basic emotionsB.improve a child's intellectual abilityC.intensify a child's positive feelingsD.foster a child's moral development22.According to Paragraph2,many people still consider guilt to be.A.deceptiveB.addictiveC.burdensomeD.Inexcusable23.Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that.A.an emotion can play opposing rolesB.emotions are socially constructiveC.emotional stability can benefit healthD.emotions are context-independent24.Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing.A.may help correct emotional deficienciesB.can bring about emotional satisfactionC.can result from either sympathy or guiltD.may be the outcome of impulsive acts25.The word“transgressions"(Line4,Para.5)is closest in meaning to.A.wrongdoingsB.discussionsC.restrictionsD.teachingsTest2Forests give us shade,quite and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change.Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce,we are threatening their ability to do so.The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance.Helping forests flourish as valuable“carbon sinks”long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now.California is leading the way,as it does on so many climate efforts,in figuringout the details.The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest.This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity.But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture,so they grow and thrive,restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air.Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects.The landscape is rendered less easily burnable.Even in the event of a fire,fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent.Already,since2010,drought and insects have killed over100million trees in California,most of them in2016alone,and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat35,000acres of forest a year by2020,and60,000by2030-financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions.That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit,about half a million acres in all,so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels.New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests,but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife,watersheds and opportunities for recreation.Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.California’s plan,which is expected to be finalized by the government next year,should serve as a model.26.By saying"one of the harder challenges"the author implies that______.A.forests may become a potential threatB.people may misunderstand global warmingC.extreme weather conditions may ariseD.global climate change may get out of control27.To maintain forests as valuable“carbon sinks,"we may need to_____.A.lower their present carbon-absorbing capacityB.accelerate the growth of young treesC.strike a balance among different plantsD.preserve the diversity of species in them28.California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to________.A.cultivate more drought-resistant treesB.find more effective ways to kill insectsC.reduce the density of some of its forestsD.restore its forests quickly after wildfires29.What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph5？A.To carry it out before the year of2020.B.To handle the areas in serious danger first.C.To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.D.To obtain enough financial support.30.The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as_______.A.ambiguousB.tolerantC.cautiousD.supportiveTEXT3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years.The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U,S.and change jobs within the industry.If this doesn't change,American businesses,communities,and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S.farm laborers are undocumented immigrants.As fewer such workers enter the country,the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing.Today's farm laborers,while still predominantly born in Mexico,are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single.They're also aging.At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of35.Now more than half are.And picking crops is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausibleas it's been all along:Native U.S.workers won’t be returning to the farm.Mechanization isn’t the anwer,either-not yet,ar least.Production of corn,cotton,rice, soybean,and wheat has been largely mechanized,but many high-value,labor-intensive crops,such as strawberries,need labor.Even dairy farms,where robots do a small share of milking,have a long way to go before they're automated.As a result,farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce.Starting around2012,requests for the visas rose sharply;from 2011to2016the number of visas issued more than doubledThe H-2A visa has no numerical cap,unlike the H-2Bvisa for nonagricultural work,which is limited to66,000a year.Even so,employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome,expensive,and unreliable.One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job22days late.The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids,which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a2012survey,71percent of tree-fruit growers and almost80percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor.Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico.From1998to2000,14.5percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported.Little more than a decade later,the share of imports was25.8percent.In effect,the U.S can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31.What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A.Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B.Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C.Flaws in U.S.immigration rules for farm workers.D.Decline of job opportunities in U.S.agriculture.32.One trouble with U.S.agricultural workforce is.A.the rising number of illegal immigrantsB.The high mobility of crop workersC.The lack of experienced laborersD.The aging of immigrant farm workers33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S.farming?A.To attract younger laborers to farm work.B.To get native U.S.workers back to farming.C.To use more robots to grow high-value crops.D.To strengthen financial support for farmers.34.Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its.A.slow granting proceduresB.limit on duration of stayC.tightened requirementsD.control of annual admissions35.Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A.U.S.Agriculture in Decline?B.Import Food or Labor?C.America Saved by Mexico?D.Manpower vs.Automation?Text4Amold Schwarzenegger,Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you:It’s easy to beat plastic.They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day-encouraging you,the consumer,to swapout your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.Butthe overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual,however,is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved.On their own,taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws,for example,will accomplish little and require very little of us.They could even be harmful,satisfying a need to have"'done ourbit”without ever progressing onto bigger,bolder,more effective actions-a kindof“moral licensing”that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and askingmore of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility towardit remainscentered on shopping bags and straws,we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers“we must shop sustainably,rather than as”citizens”hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priority-or even most people's.We shouldn't expect it to be.In her latest book,Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things,Elizabeth R.DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for thechange to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action,or banning single-use plastics altogether.India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by2022.”There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmentalchoices easier,such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn't saying people should stop caring about the environment.It'sjust that individual actions are too slow,she says,for that to be the only,or evenprimary,approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual.It's just about putting things into perspective. We don't have time to wait.We need progressive policies that shape collective action,alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.36.Some celebrities star in a new video to.A.demand new laws on the use of plasticsB.urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsC.invite public opinion on the plastics crisisD.disclose the causes of the plastics crisis37.The author is concerned that“moral licensing"may.A.mislead us into doing worthless thingsB.prevent us form making further effortsC.weaken our sense of accomplishmentD.suppress our desire for success38.By pointing out our identity as"citizens,"the author indicates that.A.our focus should be shifted to community welfare3.our relationship with local industries is improvingC.we have been actively exercising our civil rightsD.we should press our governments to lead the combat39.DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be_.A.A win-win arrangementB.a self-driven mechanismC.a cost-effective approachD.A top-down process40.The author concludes that individual efforts.A.can be too aggressiveB.can be too inconsistentC.are far from sufficientD.are far from rationalPartBDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left columnto its corresponding information in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10poins)How seriously should parents take kids'opinions when searching for a home?In choosing a new home,Camille McClain's kids have a single demand:abackyard.McClain's little ones aren't the only kids who have an opinion when it comesto housing.and in many cases youngsters'views weigh heavily on parents'realestate decisions,according to a 2018Harris Poll survey of more than2,000U.S.adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in thedark about real estate decisions,realty agents and psychologists have mixed viewsabout the financial,personal and long-term effects kids'opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process,said Ryan Hooper,a clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves,especially if itremoves them from their current school or support system,"hesaid.Greg Jaroszewski,a real estate broker with Gagliardo Realty Associates,said he's not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home-but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities,if possible.Younger children should feel like they're choosing their home-without actually getting a choice in the matter,said Adam Bailey,a real state attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like agent they’re being included in the decision-making process,Bailey said.Many of the aspects of homebuying aren’t a consideration for children,said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita,Clalif.And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise,but I wouldn't base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions,"Hampson said.The other issue is that many children-especially older ones-may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows,said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group inRiverside,Calif."They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,"he said."HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate.It's not shelter,it's a lifestyle.With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to thempersonally,Norris said.Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time,said Julie Gurner,a real estate analyst with ."Their opinions can change tomorrow,Gurner said.“Harsh as it may be to say,that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child's opinions,but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best-and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it theirown.”This advice is more relevant now than ever before,even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children,despite the current housing crunch.A.notes that aspects likes children’s friends and socialactivitiesshould be considered upon homebuying41.Ryan Hooper D B.believes that homebuying decisions should be basedonchildren's needs rather than their opinions.42.Adam Bailey G C.assumes that many children's views on real estateareinfluenced by the media.43.Tracey Hampson F D.remarks that significant moves may pose challengesto children.44.Aaron Norris C E.says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions.45.Julie Gurner B F.advises that home purchases should not be based only onchildren's opinions.G.thinks that children should be given a senseofinvolvement in homebuying decisions.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points) It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot.He had such a pleasant,readable style that one might think anyone could imitate it.How many times have I heard people say,"I could write a book,I just haven’t the time.”Easily said.Not so easily done.James Herriot,contrary to popular opinion,did not find it easy in his early days of,as he put it,”having a go at the writing game.”While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent,the final,polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising,re-writing and reading.Like the majority of authors,he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way,but these made him all the more determined to succeed.Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:1)Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic.Write him an email toc with your reasons,and2)tell him about your arrangements.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.DO NOT use your own e“Li M ING”instead.(10points)Part B48.Directions:Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart.In your essay,you should interpret the chart,andgive yourcomments.You should write about I50words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(15points）。
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I. 考查内容：考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能
一、语言知识
1. 语法知识
考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：
（1）名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;
（2）动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;
（3）形容词与副词的比较级和最高级构成及用法;
（4）常用连接词的词义及其用法;
（5）非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;
（6）虚拟语气的构成及其用法;
（7）各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;
（8）倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法.
2. 词汇
考生应能较熟练地掌握5500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组。
考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。
二、语言技能
1. 阅读
考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料.题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等.
根据阅读材料，考生应能：
（1）理解主旨要义;
（2）理解文中的具体信息;
（3）理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系;
（4）根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义;
（5）进行一定的判断和推理;
（6）理解作者的意图、观点或态度.
2. 写作
考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作.短文应中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。
II. 考试形式
★ 考试形式为笔试。
★ 考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
试卷包括试题册和1张答题卡。
考生应将英语知识运用和阅读理解部分的答案按要求涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上,将英译汉和写作部分的答案书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
二、考试内容
试题分四部分，共48题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解、英译汉和写作。
★第一部分英语知识运用
主要考查考生对英语知识的综合运用能力。
共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇约350 词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
★第二部分阅读理解
主要考查考生获取信息、理解文章猜测重要生词词义并进行推断等方面的能力。
该部分由A、B
两节组成，共25小题，每小题2分，共50分。
• A节(20小题)
本节为多项选择题。
共四篇文章，总长度为1500词左右。
要求考生阅读文章并回答每篇文章后面的问题。
考生需要在每小题所提供的选项(A、B、C、D)中选出唯一~正确或是最合适的答案。
每篇文章设5题，共20题。
每小题2分，共40分。
• B节(5小题)
本节有两种备选题型。
每次考试从这两种题型中选择其中的一种形式，或者两种形式的组合进行考查。
本节文章设5小题，每小题2分，共10分。
备选题型包括:
1)多项对应
本节为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧- -栏为5道题目，右侧一-栏为7个选项。
要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧- -栏中提供的信息从右侧一-栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。
2)小标题对应
在一篇长度为450~550词的文章前有7个概括句或小标题。
这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述。
要求考生根据文章内容和篇章结构从这7个选项中选出最恰当的5个概括句或小标题填入文章空白处。
★ 第三部分翻译
考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。
要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
要求考生阅读、理解长度为150词左右的一一个或几个英语段落，并将其全部泽成汉语。
共15分。
★ 第四部分写作
该部分由A、B两节组成，主要考查考生的书面表达能力。
共2题，25分。
• A节考生根据所给情景写出约100词(标点符号不计算在内)的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等。
共10分。
• B节要求考生根据所规定的情景或给出的提纲，写出一篇150间左右的英语说明文或议论文。
提供情景的形式为图西、图表或文字。
共15分。
2019
I.考试形式和试卷结构
一、试卷满分及考试时间
试卷满分为200分，考试时间为180分钟。
二、答题方式
答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
不允许使用计算器。
三、试卷内容与题型结构
★ 数学基础75 分，有以下两种题型:
问题求解15小题，每小题3分，共45分
条件充分性判断10题，每小题3分，共30分
★ 逻辑推理30小题，每小题2分，共60分
★ 写作2小题，其中论证有效性分析30分，论说文35分，共65分
II.考试科目
数学
综合能力考试中的数学基础部分主要考查考生的运算能力、逻辑推理能力、空间想象能力和数据处理能力，通过问题求解和条件充分性判断两种形式来测试。
试题涉及的数学知识范围有:
★算术
1.整数
(1)整数及其运算；(2)整除、公倍数、公约数；(3)奇数、偶数；(4)质数、合数
2.分数、小数、百分数
3.比与比例
4.数轴与绝对值
★ 代数
1.整式：整式及其运算；整式的因式与因式分解
2.分式及其运算
3.函数：集合；一元二次函数及其图像；指数函数、对数函数
4.代数方程：一元一次方程；一元二次方程；二元一次方程组
5.不等式：不等式的性质；均值不等式；不等式求解
6.数列、等差数列、等比数列
★ 几何
1.平面图形：三角形；四边形；圆与扇形
2.空间几何体：长方体；柱体；球体
3.平面解析几何：平面直角坐标系；直线方程与圆的方程；两点间距离公式与点到直线的距离公式
★ 数据分析
l.计数原理：加法原理、乘法原理；排列与排列数；组合与组合数
2.数据描述：平均值；方差与标准差；数据的图表表示(直方图，饼图，数表)
3.概率 : 事件及其简单运算；加法公式；乘法公式；古典概型；贝努里概型
逻辑推理
一、概念
1.概念的种类
2.概念之间的关系
3.定义
4.划分
二、判断
1.判断的种类
2.判断之间的关系
三、推理
1.演绎推理
2.归纳推理
3.类比推理
4.综合推理
四、论证
1.论证方式分析
2.论证评价
(1) 加强；(2) 削弱；(3) 解释；(4) 其他
3.谬误识别
(1) 混淆概念；(2) 转移论题；(3) 自相矛盾；(4) 模棱两可；(5) 不当类比；(6) 以偏概全；(7) 其他谬误
写作
一、论证有效性分析
论证有效性分析试题的题干为一段有缺陷的论证，要求考生分析其中存在的问题，选择若干要点，评论该论证的有效性。
本类试题的分析要点是：论证中的概念是否明确，判断是否准确，推理是否严密，论证是否充分等。
文章要求分析得当，理由充分，结构严谨，语言得体。
二、论说文
论说文的考试形式有两种：命题作文、基于文字材料的自由命题作文。
每次考试为其中一种形式。
要求考生在准确、全面地理解题意的基础上，对命题或材料所给观点进行分析，表明自己的观点并加以论证。
文章要求思想健康，观点明确，论据充足，论证严密，结构合理，语言流畅。