第九章 主语的翻译
主语的翻译
重新确定主语
• 直接把原文的主语当作译文的主语后， 译文有时难免显得生硬，句子结构显 得不平衡，或者上下文在语气上显得 不连贯,或者表达不符合英语习惯。
• 为保证译文逻辑通顺、行文流畅、语 言自然地道，行使与原文类似的功能， 需要重新选择、确定主语。
选择主语的几种办法
A 原文的定语成分 主语的再确定 原文的宾语成分
增补主语以及无主语句的翻译
• 汉语句子中主语隐含或无主语时常可见。 译成英文必须依照英语的要求，将主语增 补进来，或者另觅它途。
• 进行增补时首先要推敲语境，其次要考虑 英语语法习惯和行文的需要。
增补主语
• • • • 活到老，学到老。(too old to learn) One is never too old to learn. 苟富贵，勿相忘。 If any of us becomes rich and powerful one day，he must not forget about the others. • 没有必要把这件事再瞒着我。 • It is unnecessary to keep it from me anymore
译 文
• The world has probably never faced pollution threat as serious as destruction of the ozone layer and global warming. • Ozone depletion and global warming are probably the most serious pollution threat the world has ever faced. • People will cultivate good manners after they have enough to eat and wear. • Good manners are only possible when people’s basic needs are met.
第九章 主语的翻译
• • • • • •
昨天他们表演得很成功。 They performed very successfully yesterday. Their performance yesterday was a success. 中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。 Great changes have taken place in China. China has witnessed tremendous changes.
• 懒惰的人不会成功。 • A lazy person will never succeed. (依照原 文结构) • Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed. （懒惰） • Laziness makes success impossible.
★汉语中很多成分主语 2）动词性主语，如“走行，不走也行。” 3）表时间处所和条件的词语 4）介词引出动作者作主语，如“由主席召集会 议 5）别的介词短语 6）主谓结构做主语 英语主语： 1) 名词或具有名词性质的词 2）主格人称代词
Ⅱ 英语句子主语的翻译技巧
• In country after country, talk of nonsmokers’ rights is in the air. • 在各个国家，人们纷纷谈论着不吸烟者的权利。
Ⅲ 汉语句子主语的翻译技巧
• 无论汉语原句是典型的主题－述题结构还是 与英语类似的主－动－宾结构，假如直接把 原文的主题或主语取作译文的主语后，译文 显得生硬，句子结构不平衡，或者与上下文 在语气上不连贯，那么就要设法把原文其他 成分，也许是名词、形容词、副词或动词， 取作译文的主语。
●众所周知，中国在1980年成功地发射了第一 颗洲际导弹。 As is known to all, 1980 saw the successful launching of China’s first intercontinental guided missile. ●我一时记不起他的名字。 原译I can't remember his name. 改译His name escapes me for the moment.
大学英语翻译教程-第九单元
❖ （32）We live and learn. ❖ （33）The significance of a man is not in what he attained
but rather in what he longs to attain.
第十四页，编辑于星期六：十六点 三十一分。
9.2.2物主代词的省略
❖ 英语中物主代词用得较多。英汉翻译时，经常将这类物 主代词省略。例如：
❖ （38）I put on my zip suit and went out. ❖ （39）They（salmon）dig out shallow nests in the riverbed and lay
第五页，编辑于星期六：十六点 三十一分。
9.1.1定冠词的省略
❖ 英语定冠词在泛指类别、表示世界上独一无二的事物， 或者用于带有限定性定语的名词之前、形容词最高级或 序数词等之前时，汉译一般省略。例如：
❖ （3）The pen is mightier than the sword. ❖ （4）The fox may grow gray, but never good. ❖ （5）The pump is one of the oldest machines. ❖ （6）The proton has a positive charge and the electron a negative
第十二页，编辑于星期六：十六点 三十一分。
9.2.1人称代词的省略
❖ 人称代词可用作主语或宾语。一段文字中人称代词经常 会重复出现。但汉语的习惯却不同。因此，英汉翻译时，
原文中的人称代词，尤其是那些重复出现，或是含泛 指意义的人称代词，大多可以省译。例如：
英汉笔译基础教程 第9章 句子翻译一
会好一些。
9.1 定语从句的翻译
❖She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends.
❖译文：她要到澳门去定居，在那里她有几个密 友。
9.1 定语从句的翻译
❖I have often wondered whether some people, who had no intention of making a purchase, would take advantage of this privilege.
❖译文：我常常纳闷，会不会有一些根本无意购 买东西的人利用这一优惠趁机揩油。
9.1 定语从句的翻译
❖ 9.1.2译成并列分句 ❖主句和定语从句分别译为一个小分句，根据情
况语序可能发生变化。关系词视情况选择是否 译出，有时要重复先行词，有时则省略或用代 词代替先行词。
9.1 定语从句的翻译
❖A. 保留关系词 ❖We will put off the picnic until next week, when
❖译文：在办公室里，工作人员将各种数据、表格 和信息加以汇编，以便让经理或主管人员了解他 们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。
9.1 定语从句的翻译
❖But the Southern states wanted to set up a country of their own, where they would be free to keep black slaves.
❖译文：但是南部各州却想建立他们自己独立的国 家，为的是在那里可以把黑人当作奴隶。
基英翻译unit9
基英翻译unit9我明天得去看牙科大夫，我的一颗门牙松了。
你翻译的太随意了，应该更加忠实原文。
时尚总是变来变去，几年前大家穿紧身牛仔裤，但是现在宽松的衬衫和裤子再度流行。
很多村民其实并不喜欢那些恐怖分子，但不得不同意窝藏，因为他们知道，不那么做就会遭受严厉惩罚。
内战结束后，很多黑人仍遭受严重的种族歧视。
他们仍不能指望政府给他们帮助。
传统上，妇女们都被禁锢在家里，被剥夺了就业的机会。
但是在战争时期，很多妇女必须进工厂代替男人工作，这就开始唤醒了她们的社会觉悟。
人是能在正确和错误之间做出道德区分的唯一动物。
只有人才会梦想如何把玩的世界变成人间天堂。
很多城镇都失去了传统美，但平遥在这点上是个例外，具有讽刺意味的是，它之所以能保持美是因为多年来它穷得没钱改造。
她是当代中国最重要的作家之一，发表过不少不同凡响的作品。
但相对她在国外仍鲜为人知，在一定程度上，是因为我们仍缺少能把她的作品翻译成漂亮外语的人才。
allegiance colonel indecencyanaconda concubine jackass appease conjecture microscopic Arkansas degenerate miserly atrocious exterminate multilation avaricious gory oblige bloodshed gouge obscenity brood harem postulate brute humilating rabid captive incurably reptile salvation soiled trait scruple sordid turban sketch tame vulgaritywantonly for it obligesme to Ascent/Descent ofsubject toset sb apart from sthno disposition cover manymonths ofpainstakingand fatiguingworkbrood over sthtake revengeon sbbe alive toindecency vulgarity obscenitygouge sth out of sth as sketched abovego forth incold bloodTRANSLATIONI was aware that many men who have accumulated more millions of money than they can ever use have shown a rabid hunger for more, and have not scrupled to cheat the ignorant and the helpless out of their poor savings in order to partially appease that appetite.In the courese of my experiments I convimced myself that among the animals man is the only one that harbors insults and injuries, broods over them, waitd till a chance offers, then takes revenge.Man keep harems, but it is by brute force, privileged by atrocious laws which the one sex were allowed no hand in making.Man, in his descent from the cat, has brought the cat's looseness with him but has left the unconsciousness behind-the saving grace which excuses the cat.There is not an acre of ground on the globe that is inpossession of its rightful owner, or has not been taken away from owner after owner, cycle after cycle, by force and bloodshed.He is the only animal that loves his neighbor as himself,and cuts his throat if his theology isn't straight. He has made a graveyard of the globe in trying his honest best to smooth his brother's path to happiness and heaven.I think it's open to dispute.Man is the only slave.And he is the only animal who enslaves. He has always been a slave in one form or another, and has always held other slaves in bondage under him in one way or another. In our day he is always some man's slave for wages, and does that man's work. and this slave has other slaves under him for minor wages, and they do his work. The higher animals are the only ones who exclusively do their own work and provide their own living.He sets himself apart in his own country, under his own flag, and sneers at the other nation , keeps multitudinous uniformed assassins on hand at heavy expense to grab slices of other people's countries, and keeps them from grabbing slices of his and in the intervals between campaigns he washes the blood off his hands and.works for the universal brotherhood of man with his mouth.So I find that we have descened and degenerated ,from some far ancestor-some microscropics atom wandering at its pleasure between the mighty horizons of a drop of water perhaps insects by insects ,animal by animal,reptile by reptile, down the long highway of perfect innocence, till we have reached the bottom stage of development -namble as the Human Being.宣布放弃忠于某人__________________使某物接受试验__________________牵涉到好几个月的工作＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿扔在那里任其腐烂＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿满足其胃口＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿从某人那里骗走某物＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿将侮辱牢记在心＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿对所受伤害耿耿于怀＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿报仇＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿家里妻妾成群＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿有做某事的时机和场合＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿把它当一顿美餐吃了＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿蓄某人为奴＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿铺平道路＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿the rightful owner＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿the universal brotherhood of man＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿loose morals ＿＿＿＿＿＿a soiled mind ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿bute force ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿a saving grace ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿rabid hunger＿＿＿＿＿＿＿a religious zealot＿＿＿＿＿zoological garden＿＿＿＿＿＿the scientific method＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿vast stores of food ＿＿＿＿＿＿odds and ends＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿war atrocities＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿questionable taste ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿trait and dispositions＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿painstaking work＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿介词Of course the market is still subject＿＿＿＿＿government relations,but ＿＿＿＿what degree the market should be regulated is open＿＿＿＿dispute.When she entered the room she found her husband brooding＿＿＿＿＿his loss in the stock market.Hesaid that the fraud had cheated him ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿all his savings. This article would be a way to put her ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿misery painlessly when she was confined ＿＿＿＿bed, incapable＿＿＿＿taking care of herself, and had no chance＿＿＿＿＿＿recovery.She wanted to leave the world＿＿＿＿dignity.This airport was built ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿a hurry and ＿＿＿＿huge expense, so some representatives of the National People's Congress decided to enquire＿＿＿＿＿this project. Since you are ＿＿＿＿it again.This man is loose ＿＿＿＿＿his morals.You should'nt set yourself＿＿＿＿from the rest of the class. Take an active part＿＿class activity. Do not stay ＿＿＿＿from classmate.A sadist is a person who takes pleasure ＿＿＿torturing people such as driving splinters ＿＿＿＿＿nails,gouging ＿＿＿＿＿eyes,and tearing＿＿＿＿＿skins.The meeting was canceled ＿＿＿＿our mutual consent.He shouldn't put the blame＿＿＿＿our company.It was shortly after the revolution and people were still fully alive ＿＿＿＿＿the danger of tyranny. It would not be able to rule ＿＿＿＿＿force even if it jad the temptation to do it.While in the countryside, the economist studied our traditional agricultural and ＿＿＿＿＿over the possible ways to ＿＿＿＿it.For years she＿＿＿＿＿a secret admiration for her next door neighborhood.Experience has proved that you can not ＿＿＿＿everybody.Your plan will not＿＿＿to young . If we are not careful we ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿our beautiful .The church forced him to ＿＿＿＿＿his allegiance.Mark Twain was born＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿in Florida,＿＿＿＿＿＿but lived as a child in ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿,on the ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿river.His popular image is＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿His experience＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿This passage is taken from ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿King Johnwas the son of＿＿＿＿＿＿.King Richard was also known as＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿The Great plains is in the ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿of theUS,between ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿inhabited first by nomadic Indians known as ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿Earl is above＿＿＿＿＿＿,＿＿＿＿＿,＿＿＿＿＿＿,＿＿＿＿＿＿.Mohammed was the founder of ＿＿＿＿＿＿.When he was ＿＿＿,he began his mission to preach the unity of God.He took roof in＿＿＿＿.The Inquisition,a symbol of＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.Mary I ,know as＿＿＿＿＿,was Queen of England and Ireland, the daughter of＿＿＿＿＿＿＿and half sister to＿＿＿＿＿＿, marrying ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
主语的翻译ppt课件
➢ It is asserted that … 有人主张 …… ➢ It is believed that … 有人认为… ➢ It is generally considered that …
大家(一般人)认为 ➢ It was told that … 有人曾经说……
25
➢It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸 张地说……
29
再如：
a. 他突然想到了一个新主意 Suddenly he had a new idea. He suddenly thought out a new
idea. A new idea suddenly occurred to
him.
30
b. 在美国，人人都能买到枪。 In the United States, everyone can buy a gun.
ChineseEnglish Translation
1
1) 我昨天带来并放在书架上的一本新的英 汉成语词典对于翻译很有用处。
The new English-Chinese phrase dictionary I brought here yesterday and put on the bookshelf is quite useful for translation.
这一带我不熟悉，天黑之后继续调查， 取得结果的希望不大。
13
主语的确定
14
确定主语时应遵循以下原则： ➢ 必须符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化
习俗； ➢ 必须符合英美人的思维方式； ➢ 必须是句中应该突出的信息； ➢ 必须符合句中的逻辑关系； ➢ 在篇章翻译中，必须符合上下文行文的需要。
科技英语翻译-第9-章详解
第1节 句子成分的译法 英语的句子成分主要由主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、 状语和补语。 由于英汉两种语言表达方式的差异，我们在翻译句子的过 程中，既不能按原文句子的语法成分来译，更不能逐词死 译、硬译。尤其是科技英语的翻译，译者既要准确地表达 原句的内容，使译文符合技术规范，又要使译文通顺易懂， 符合汉语的表达习惯。这就需要译者在认真分析和理解原 文的基础上，在翻译实践中，根据汉语的表达习惯对原句 子成分进行适当的调整和转换。
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第1节 句子成分的译法 4. 宾语的译法 Instructions and microinstructions do not have the same format. 指令和微指令的格式不同。（译为主语） Each organism owes its existence to genes it contains. 每个生物有机体因其含有基因而存在。（译为谓 语）
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第1节 句子成分的译法 2. 谓语的译法 Using a person’s voice as an identifier is based on the fact that the geometry of the vocal tract differ greatly from person to person. 利用人的语音来验明身份的依据是每个人声道的几何形状 大不相同。（译为主语） More metal is removed when the feed is increased. 进给量增加时，切除的金属更多。（转译为定语） The magnitude of the force is found to be inversely proportional to the distance between the conductors. 力的大小和导体间距离成反比。(省译)
翻译基础教程 第9章 练习答案
第九章汉英句子比较与翻译第一节意合与形合将下列句子译成英语，注意汉语意合是如何转化成英语形合的。
1. Let everybody share the food if there is any.2. Because the meeting will begin, you should hand in the material to me soon.3. Smart as a rule, but this time a fool.4. Y ou can come today or tomorrow.5. We are proud of the progress we have made.6. He spoke so well that everybody was convinced of his innocence.7. The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.8. He had a disgusting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.9. Power can be transmitted over a great distance with practically negligible loss if it is carried by an electric current.10. Xiao Li was in blue the other day but is happy enough today.11. If the child catches a chill, what are we going to say to its mother?12. He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him.13. In a word, the prospect is bright but the road has twists and turns.14. He soon learnt how to drive because he practiced every day.15. When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect. It seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.16. Dawn breaks over the islands, very beautiful in a soft light with many clouds. There is a transparency about the light here which cannot be described or painted.17. The effectiveness of the electronic computer lies in its great speed and accuracy in calculation.18. He jumped up and hastened to the mirror in the bathroom, taking away the towel to examine the cut upon his cheek.19. In Africa I met a boy, who was crying as if his heart would break and said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because he had no food for two days.（陈安定译）20. For the last three years, since I stopped working as a television producer, I have done much of my work as a telecommuter．21. My boyfriend lives in England while I am in china so much of our relationship is also computer-assisted.22. He only gave a quick glimpse at the actress; there was no time for more as he urgently needed to find his workplace. He hurried to the two-storey building, only to find that everybody had left. It was just like the scene in the movie where the actor had lost touch with the organization and didn't know where to find it.23. A full moon was rising high in the sky; the laughter of children playing outside had died away; in the room, my wife was patting the son, Run-er, sleepily humming a cradlesong. Shrugging on an overcoat, quietly, I made my way out, closing the door behind me. (朱纯深译）24. Do you come out of the university as a real scientist or historian, able to continue with the search for knowledge under your own stream, able to continue to grow and change intellectually as your experiences multiply and diversify?25. Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he saw the crossed street lying distinctly ahead of him. He walked a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in front of its closed door. (杨宪益、戴乃迭译)笫二节汉英句子成分分析一、将下列句子译成英语，注意主语的处理。
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• It is unnecessary for you to worry about this. • 这件事你不用操心。
• His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.
★汉语中很多成分都可做主语，英语则不然。
汉语的六种主语： 1）名词性主语 2）动词性主语，如“走行，不走也行。” 3）表时间处所和条件的词语 4）介词引出动作者作主语，如“由主席召集会 议 5）别的介词短语 6）主谓结构做主语
英语主语： 1) 名词或具有名词性质的词 2）主格人称代词
Ⅱ 英语句子主语的翻译技巧
• 中国自七十年代末实行改革开放政策以来，服务行业 平均每年以10.9％的幅度增长。
• Since the introduction f the reform and open-door policy in the late 1970s, China’s service sector has grown at an average rate of 10.9% per annum.
★英语是一种注重主语的语言（subjectprominent language）,而汉语则是注重主题的 语言(topic-prominent language)。具体地说，汉 语经常采用主题—述题（topic—comment）的
句式，主语的句法功能弱，有时还不容易识别； 英语主语的句法功能强，几乎都采用主语—谓 语（subject—predicate）的句式，主语是整个 句子最关键的成份。
• 人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。
• a. It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints.
• b. We can’t judge people from their appearance, just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints.
• Since…, China has enjoyed an average annual growth rate of 10.9% in its service sector.
• The reform and open-door policy, introduced in the late 1970s, has given China’s service sector an average annual growth rate of 10.9%.
●众所周知，中国在1980年成功地发射了第一 颗洲际导弹。 As is known to all, 1980 saw the successful launching of China’s first intercontinental guided missile.
●我一时记不起他的名字。 原译I can't remember his name. 改译His name escapes me for the moment.
• 懒惰的人不会成功。 • A lazy person will never succeed. (依照原
文结构)
• Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed. （懒惰）
• Laziness makes success impossible.
• 昨天他们表演得很成功。 • They performed very successfully yesterday. • Their performance yesterday was a success. • 中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。 • Great changes have taken place in China. • China has witnessed tremendous changes.
《商务英语翻译》
第九章 主语的翻译
Chapter 9 Translation of Subject
Ⅰ. 英汉主语的不同
1. It is unnecessary for you to worry about this. 2. Nanjing witnessed many great historic events. 3. Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed. 4. 这件事你不用操心。 5. 在南京城发生过许多重大的历史事件。 6. 懒惰的人不会成功。
• 因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。
• In country after country, talk of nonsmokers’ rights is in the air.
• 在各个国家，人们纷纷谈论着不吸烟者的权利。
Ⅲ 汉语句子主语的翻译技巧
• 无论汉语原句是典型的主题－述题结构还是 与英语类似的主－动－宾结构，假如直接把 原文的主题或主语取作译文的主语后，译文 显得生硬，句子结构不平衡，或者与上下文 在语气上不连贯，那么就要设法把原文其他 成分，也许是名词、形容词、副词或动词， 取作译文的主语。
★中国人有“天人合一”的观点，强调人与自 然的浑然一体，因而汉语句子习惯以人作主 语或无主语。英美人则较强调客观，因而英 语句子主语常以物或抽象观念做主语。
e.g. : ●她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。
It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. (强调客观事实“他不诚实 ”) She has never thought that he is a dishonest man.（强调主观印象）