苏教版牛津高中英语语法总结
苏教版牛津高中英语语法
总结
Revised by BLUE on the afternoon of December 12,2020.
牛津高中英语－模块一
第一单元
一定语从句：定语从句的介绍
1．就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样，定语从句也可以修饰名词。定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词。
形容词：The green team
介词短语：The team in green
定语从句：The team who were wearing green
2．定语从句通常由关系代词来引导，如which, that, who, whom, whose,或关系副词来引导，如when, where, why。关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语。
如：做主语The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.
做宾语The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.
做表语Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.
做定语She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.
做状语The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.
二定语从句：关系代词：that，which，who，whom，和whose
1．在定语从句中，that和which用来指代物。
如：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.
2．在定语从句中，who 用来指代人。
如：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK. 3．当who在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用whom来取代，且whom比who更正式。
如：I don’t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day.
4．当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。
如：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.
5．Whose用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。
如：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.
The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden
every Saturday afternoon.
第二单元
一定语从句：介词提前的定语从句（preposition＋which; preposition＋whom）
1．当关系代词（which/whom）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，可以把介词提到关系代词的前面。
如：We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.
2．在非正式英语中，介词通常放在定语从句的最后。
如：Art is the subject which I know little about.
3．如果介词放在定语从句的最后，which 可以被that取代，whom可以被that 和who取代。
如：Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.
4．当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时，我们通常省略关系代词who和that。
如：The topic (which) Eric is interested in is Physics.
Daniel is the person (whom) I want to make friends with.
5．当先行词是way时，我们用in which或that来引导定语从句，这种情况下，in which或that 可以被省略。
如：I didn’t like the way (that /in which) she talked to me.
二定语从句：关系副词：when，where， why
1．我们通常用关系副词when 引导先行词是time，moment，day， season，year 等的定语从句。
如：Do you remember the day when we left you in charge
I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO.
2．我们通常用关系副词where引导先行词是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定语从句。
如：The police searched the house where the thief had stayed.
This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.
3．我们通常用关系副词why引导先行词是reason的定语从句。
如：I don’t know the reason why the house is so dirty.
4．在更加正式的英语中，where，when和why能够被介词＋which 所替代。
如：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.
This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.
It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.
第三单元
一定语从句：非限制性定语从句
1．非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号。
如：Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.
My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them.
2．当先行词是整个主句时，可以用which来引导定语从句。
如：He missed the show, which was a great pity.
3．我们可以用all＋whom/which 来表示全部数量，用some of＋whom/which来表示部分数量。
如：I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.
Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.
二附加疑问句
1．附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句。它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息，温柔的发号施令或要求某人做某事。我们用附加疑问句来询问意见或征求同意。
当我们用附加疑问句来询问意见时，为了期待对方能同意我们的观点，附加疑问句会用降调来表达。
当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时，我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达。
2．附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：
1）在肯定的陈述句之后，我们会用否定的附加疑问句。在否定的陈述句之后，我们会用肯定的附加疑问句。
如：We can still be friends, can’t we
He doesn’t like ice cream, does he
2）当主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom这类词时，它们被认为是否定的，因此后面会跟个肯定的附加疑问句。
如：Neither of you will have coffee, will you
No one has found my CD, have they
Nobody understood his speech, did they
His sister seldom argues with people, does she
3）人称代词如I，we，you，he，she，it或they会放在附加疑问句中。
如：I was pretty silly, wasn’t I
Everyone has advises y ou not to go on a diet, haven’t you
4）助动词，情态动词或be动词会放在附加疑问句中。
如：You like traveling, don’t you
There is something wrong, isn’t there
You can’t speak Italian, can you
5）祁使句后用will you，Let’s后用shall we
如：Post a letter for me, will you
Let’s have a break, shall we
牛津高中英语－模块二
第一单元
一现在完成时态
1．我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生的但跟现在有联系的事情。
如：The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.
2．我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开始，并且现在还没结束的事情。
如：I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.
3．当动作发生的确切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用现在完成时态。经常连用的时间短
语有：already ever for just lately never recently since yet already 用语肯定句，yet用语否定句。
如：The boy has already come home. I haven’t heard anything from him yet.
for+一段时间 since+点时间
如：We haven’t seen him for two years. We haven’t seen him since 2002.
注：当已给定具体的时间时，我们往往用一般过去时态，而不是现在完成时态。
4．我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作。
如：The police have just finished searching the area.
5．我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作。
如：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.
6．现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+动词的过去分词
二现在完成进行时态
1．我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将继续的动作。
如：I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.
2．我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚结束但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。
如：--- Sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long
--- Yes, I’ve been waiting for an hour.
3．现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has +been +doing
注：for和since和现在完成进行时态连用。
如：I have been waiting for a long time.
He has been waiting since nine o’clock.
三现在完成时态还是现在完成进行时态
1．我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。
如：Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. (She finished reading the book.)
Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (She is still reading the book.)
2．我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。
如：I have visited Egypt twice this month.
I have been touring Egypt for two months.
现在完成时态用于回答how many/much的提问，现在完成进行时态用语回答how long的提问。
如：How many times have you swum in the lake
How long have you been swimming in the lake
3．状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中。
如：I have had this camera for five years. (状态动词)
I have taken photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动词）
I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动词）注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go，play。状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如like， know，exist
4．当 never，yet，already，ever出现在句子中时，只用现在完成时态，而不用现在完成进行时态。
如：I’ve never visited Paris.
I’ve already been to Paris.
第二单元
一将来进行时态
1．我们用将来进行时态来：
1）谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情。
如：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week
2）谈论从将来的某一点开始并且有可能要持续一段时间的事情。
如：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. He will be climbing in the Himalayas.
3）没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。
如：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.
在这种情况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排。
4）礼貌地询问有关其他人将来的计划。
如：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania
2．将来进行时态的构成：
1）陈述句：will(not)+v-ing
如：Toby and his brother, Colin, will (not) be flying to Morocco. 2）疑问句：will 提到主语的前面
如：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15th July
3）回答：will（not）
如：Yes, they will. /No, they will not(won’t)
二过去将来时态
1．我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来：
1）表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作。
如：They set off at 9 . and would reach the airport an hour later. 2) 暗指一个过去的目的。
如：I was going to leave, but then it rained.
3) 暗指一个过去的安排。
如：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.
4) 指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。
如：The journey that was to change Toby’s life started in July
that year.
2．陈述句中过去将来时态的构成：
1）would +动词原形
如：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.
2) was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to
如：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn’t have time.
It was his last day at school---he was to leave the next morning.
Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.
第三单元
一过去完成时态
1．我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态。
如：Upon entering the tomb, Carter’s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake.
2．在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。
如：“We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,” said Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained.
3．过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作。
如：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum. 4．过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.
如：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died.
5．过去完成时态的构成：had+v-ed
如：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he made his most amazing discovery.
二现在完成时态还是过去完成时态
当我们谈论一个与现在有关的过去的事情时，我们用现在完成时态。
如：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.
当我们在谈论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去完成时态。
如：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’s team began to fall ill and die strangly.
牛津高中英语－模块三
第一单元
一名词性从句：名词性从句的介绍
名词性从句在句中的作用和名词或名词短语的作用是一样的。
1．我们可以用名词性从句做句子的主语。
如：That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.
Whether he’ll be able to come is not yet known.
Why they have not left yet is unclear.
我们可以用it来做形式主语。
如：It was good news that everyone got back safely.
2．我们可以用名词性从句来做动词的宾语。
如：she sensed that she was being watched.
I wonder if/whether that’s a good idea.
Polly didn’t know which way she should go.
我们可以用名词性从句来做介词的宾语。
如：I’m interested in who that tall man is.
There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man.
我们可以用it来做形式宾语。
如：we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone.
The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be running.
3．我们可以用名词性从句来做表语。
如：the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far.
My question is whether Polly can find her way home.
The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd.
4．我们可以用名词性从句来做一个名词的同位语。
如：the fact that Polly didn’t ask for the man’s name is a pity.
The news that the plane had crashed made us sad.
Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing
5．我们用that，if/whether或一个疑问词来引导名词性从句。
如：I hope that Polly will be OK.
No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident.
She couldn’t imagine how the blind man had found her.
二名词性从句：用that或if/whether引导的名词性从句
1．我们用that 来引导名词性从句。
1）当从句是一个陈述句时，我们用that来引导名词性从句。