新融合大学英语综合教程2-Unit 1 key
新融合大学英语综合教程2全册拓展材料
新融合大学英语综合教程2拓展材料-Unit 1Part I Pre-readingSection C RecitationDirections: Read the article and try to recite it.Online ShoppingOnline shopping has a lot of advantages over going in person to the shops.Shoppers can check reviews and recommendations on the Internet before they make their decisions, without having someone sort of breathing down their necks. Online shopping is truly global so people can buy the best products from Europe, America, or Africa, depending on what their speciality is.Distance is no longer a problem. Most sellers provide an express service. Goods get delivered straight to the door quickly. Shoppers don’t even need to step out of the house and go to the shops. They can stay at home with a nice cup of tea and buy their shopping online.However, there are certain disadvantages too. Some people don’t buy stuff online because of security reasons. Compared to traditional business,e-business is very easy for people to hack into sites and get details.Section D More funDirections: Appreciate the funny story.It was Christmas and the judge was in a benevolent mood as he questioned the prisoner.“What are you charged with?” he asked.“Doing my Christmas shopping early,” replied the defendant.“That’s no offense,” replied the judge, “How early were you doing this shopping?”“Before the store opened,” countered the prisoner.新融合大学英语综合教程2拓展材料-Unit 2Part I Pre-readingSection C RecitationDirections: Read the short essay and try to recite it.English as a Crazy LanguageLet’s face it — English is a crazy language. There is neither egg in eggplant nor ham in hamburger; neither apple nor pine in pineapple. English muffins weren’t invented in England or French fries in France. Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads, which aren’t sweet, are meat. We take English for granted. But if we explore its paradoxes, we find that quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor is it a pig. If the plural of tooth is teeth, why isn’t the plural of booth beeth? One goose, two geese. So one moose, two meese? Doesn’t it seem crazy that you can make amends but not one amend, that you comb through annals of history but not a single annal? If you have a bunch of odds and ends and get rid of all but one of them, what do you call it? Sometimes I think all the English speakers should be committed to an asylum for the verbally insane. In what language do people recite at a play and play at a recital? Ship by truck and send cargo by ship? Have noses that run and feet that smell? Park on driveways and drive on parkways? How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man and wise guy are opposite? How can the weather be hot as hell one day and cold as hell another? English was invented by people, not computers, and it reflects the creativity of the human race. That is why, when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are invisible. And why, when I wind up my watch, I start it, but when I wind up this essay, I end it.Section D More FunDirections:Appreciate the quotations.1. One language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way.—Frank Smith, American psycholinguist第一门语言置你于生命的长廊中，第二门语言帮你打开沿途的各个大门。
全新版大学英语综合教程（第二版）IntegratedCourse（2）
全新版大学英语综合教程（第二版）Integrated Course (2)Unit 1 Text A: Learning, Chinese-Style1. Sentence Patterns1) may well do…: be likely to do … (很可能做…)-He may well get frustrated and angry.2) be less likely (unlikely) to do … (不大可能做…)3) so much so that …: to such a extent that … (以至于…)-In the best Chinese tradition, they were “teaching by holding his hand” — so much so that he would happily come back for more.4) assuming that …: if…, suppose that… (假如…，假设…)-Assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, can we strike a balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills?2. Chunks (Beautiful Expressions)1)旅馆工作人员hotel staff2)小学an elementary school (a primary school)3)在旅馆的大堂里in the lobby of a hotel4)由于他年幼because of his tender age5)完成一项任务accomplish a task6)关键在于…, 要点在于…the critical point is that…7)弥补某种错误行为make up for a misdeed8)一个人必须学会独立思考，学会自己解决问题。
(word完整版)综合教程 第二册 Unit1(2021年整理精品文档)
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Unit 1 Ways of LearningText A Learning， Chinese-StyleI. Teaching Objectives and RequirementsStudents should be able to：1. Grasp the main idea and structure of text A;2。
Appreciate the diffierent ways to compare and contrast；3。
Master the key language points and learn how to use them in context；4. Understand the cultural background related to the content；5。
Write a notice in an appropriate way.II. Teaching Arrangements1. Text analysis （2 class periods）2. Text analysis (2 class periods)3. Listening and Speaking （2 class periods）III. Teaching Important Points and Difficult Points:1.Some band-4 words and phrases2.Some sentence structures to understand3.Writing techniquesIV. Teaching Methods and Means1。
新融合大学英语综合教程2-Unit 1 key
Key to Unit 1Part I Pre-readingSection B Listening Practice1、evolving2、differ3、combine4、customers5、installed6、eliminates Part II Active Reading: ShoppingTask OneChoose the best answer for the following questions or incomplete statements.1. B2. C3.D4.D5.APart III Language FocusTask OneFill in the blanks with the words given in the box. Change the form where necessary. You may not use any of the words more than once.1.category2. available3. recession4. skeptical5.deviation6. perceive7. approval 8.superior patible 10. trialTask TwoTranslate the following sentences into English, using the words or phrases in brackets.1. I can give you a rough estimate of the amount of wood you will need.2. He has refrained from criticizing the government in public about its recent poor performance.3. Traffic in the town has dropped off slightly since the minor road on the left opened.4. People are suspicious of those who claim to be experts.5. The new system will be compatible with existing equipment.6. During the initial development and ongoing maintenance, we have encountered many problems.Part IV Chinese & Foreign Culture IntroductionTask OneTranslate the following passage into English.Southern Goods ShopSouthern Goods Shop, also called general store or grocery, is an indispensable kind of stores in the towns and cities of China, and it is also one of the important industries of commerce. Southern Goods Shop mainly deals with food produced from the south and the north alike, along with selling daily commodities. The food are numerous in varieties, such as longan, litchi, sugar from the south; date, dried persimmon, vermicelli, dried fruit from the north; sea cucumber, kelp, jelly fish, dried mussel from the sea; various tea cakes and pastries, candies, noodles, lotus root starch, cans, bottled wine, seasoning, and so on and so forth. In addition, it also sells washing soda, soap, paper, incense and candle, tinfoil, kerosene, match, etc. Indeed, it has gathered goods from all places and enriched the food varieties for the general public. Especially when festivals come, when there are important events, or when one needs to buy presents, all the articles required can be purchased from the Southern Goods Shop.Task TwoTranslate the following passage into Chinese.美国的假日购物季正式拉开了序幕。
全新版大学英语(第二版)综合教程2Unit 1
Lobby (Entrance Hall)
Jinling Hotel
Deluxe Room
Executive Room
Our Internet Discount Rate More Details: Superior Room Jinling Deluxe Room
US$95 (RMB788) US$95 (RMB788)
Introduction to the Course
• Students Profile: Freshmen, non-English majors in Donghua University. Most of them are at a relatively high level in the English Placement Test . • Methodology: Teacher-student interactive teaching model in classroom assisted by students’ autonomous learning on net after class • schedule: One semester, 64 periods 4 periods (two weeks) for one unit 4 periods for reading and writing, 2 periods for Text B and Fast Reading 2 periods for speaking
Key to Q 5. Yes. Typical. Return
Key to Q 6. If the learner is very young, American way could be taken. Return
全新版大学英语综合教程第二册教案unit 1 book2
Unit 1 Ways of LearningI. Teaching ObjectivesStudents will be able to:1. grasp the main idea (that it would be ideal if we can strike a balance between theChinese and the Western learning styles ) and the structure of the text (introduction of the topic by an anecdote一elaboration by comparison and contrast--conclusion by a suggestion);2. appreciate the difference between comparison and contrast, as well as different ways to compare and contrast (point by point method or one-side-at-a-time method);3. master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text;4. conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit.II. Key Points: The structure, the writing skill, and the main idea of thetext will be the focus. Only a few words and sentences, which will be the obstacles for students’ understanding of the text, will be explained in class.III. Difficult Points:Some sentences whose meanings are difficult to understand and whose structuresare hard to analyze:1. Line 35-39（Para. 6）: Since adults know how to place the key in the key slot,which is the ultimate purpose of approaching the slot, and since the child isneither old enough nor clever enough to realize the desired action on his own, whatpossible gain is achieved by having him struggle?2. Line 70-71(Para.10): The idea that learning should take place by continualcareful shaping and molding applies equally to the arts.3. Line 100-102(Para.14): Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes,a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance betweenthe poles of creativity and basic skills?IV. Teaching Materials: ppt and materialsV. Teaching Methods: Lecturing, practicing and discussing.VI. Teaching Timing: 8 sessions of classVII. Teaching Process:1st -2nd periods:Pre-reading; Teacher’s Introductory Remarks and Students’ Discussion related to the topic.3rd -4th periods: While-Reading (Understanding the title of text A; Analyzing the organization of the text; Explaining Difficult sentences and language points in the text; Summing up the main idea of the text)5th-6th periods: Dealing with the exercises after Text A. Check on Ss’ home reading (Text B); Post-Reading Task: Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks7th-8th periods: Listening and speaking tasks.A. Pre-reading tasksPre-reading tasks1.T asks Ss the following questions. The first is based on the song. Teach YourChildren: (5minutes )According to the song, who should teach whom? Is learning a one-way street?(Parents and children should teach each other and learn from each other. Learning is a two-way interaction.)Can you guess what the theme of this unit, ways of learning, refers to? (Different people have different learning styles)2. Ss listen to the fo11owing quotation from《文汇读书周报》(2001年12月1日第一版,"自主教育:“管”还是“不管”?) take some notes and then T will invite some Ss to summarize in English how Chen Yu hua’s parents handle her education.一本由中国经济出版社推出的《千万别管孩子一一自主教育哈佛启示录》的书近来极为畅销，问世才一月,在全国销售量已达到20余万册。
新版大学英语综合教程第二册Unit1内容讲解
新版⼤学英语综合教程第⼆册Unit1内容讲解新版⼤学英语综合教程第⼆册Unit1内容讲解 导语：每个⼈的学习⽅式不同，因此学习⽅式没有好坏之分，只有适不适合之分，下⾯是⼀篇讲学习⽅式的英语课⽂，欢迎⼤家阅读。
Ways of Learning Part I Pre-Reading Task Listen to the recording two or three times and then think over the following questions: 1. Who should teach whom? Is learning a one-way street? 2. Should we share our dreams for a better life with our parents or keep them to ourselves? 3. Can children ever understand their parents completely? 4. From the song can you guess what the theme of the unit, way of learning, chiefly refers to? Part II Text Howard Gardner, a professor of education at Harvard University, reflects on a visit to China and gives his thoughts on different approaches to learning in China and the West. LEARNING, CHINESE-STYLE Howard Gardner For a month in the spring of 1987, my wife Ellen and I lived in the bustling eastern Chinese city of Nanjing with our 18-month-old son Benjamin while studying arts education in Chinese kindergartens and elementary schools. But one of the most telling lessons Ellen and I got in the difference between Chinese and American ideas of education came not in the classroom but in the lobby of the Jinling Hotel where we stayed in Nanjing. The key to our room was attached to a large plastic block with the room number on it. When leaving the hotel, a guest was encouraged to turn in the key, either by handing it to an attendant or by dropping it through a slot into a box. Because the key slot was narrow, the key had to be positioned carefully to fit into it. Benjamin loved to carry the key around, shaking it vigorously. He also liked to try to place it into the slot. Because of his tender age and incomplete understanding of the need to position the key just so, he would usually fail. Benjamin was not bothered in the least. He probably got as much pleasure out of the sounds the key made as he did those few times when the key actually found its way into the slot. Now both Ellen and I were perfectly happy to allow Benjamin to bang the key near the key slot. His exploratory behavior seemed harmless enough. But I soon observed an interesting phenomenon. Any Chinese staff member nearby would come over to watch Benjamin and, noting his lack of initial success, attempt to assist. He or she would hold onto Benjamin's hand and, gently but firmly, guide it directly toward the slot, reposition it as necessary, and help him to insert it. The "teacher" would I soon realized that this incident was directly relevant to our assigned tasks in China: to investigate the ways of early childhood education (especially in the arts), and to throw light on Chinese attitudes toward creativity. And so before long I began to introduce the key-slot anecdote into my discussions with Chinese educators. TWO DIFFERENT WAYS TO LEARN With a few exceptions my Chinese colleagues displayed the same attitude as the staff at the Jinling Hotel. Since adults know how to place the key in the key slot, which is the ultimate purpose of approaching the slot, and since the child is neither old enough nor clever enough to realize the desired action on his own, what possible gain is achieved by having him struggle? He may well get frustrated and angry — certainly not a desirable outcome. Why not show him what to do? He will be happy, he will learn how to accomplish the task sooner, and then he can proceed to more complex activities, like opening the door or asking for the key— both of which accomplishments can (and should) in due course be modeled for him as well. We listened to such explanations sympathetically and explained that, first of all, we did not much care whether Benjamin succeeded in inserting the key into the slot. He was having a good time and was exploring, two activities that did matter to us. But the critical point was that, in the process, we were trying to teach Benjamin that one can solve a problem effectively by oneself. Such self-reliance is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class America. So long as the child is shown exactly how to do something — whether it be placing a key in a key slot, drawing a hen or making up for a misdeed — he is less likely to figure out himself how to accomplish such a task. And, more generally, he is less likely to view life — as Americans do — as a series of situations in which one has to learn to think for oneself, to solve problems on one's own and even to discover new problems for which creative solutions are wanted. TEACHING BY HOLDING HIS HAND In retrospect, it became clear to me that this incident was indeed key — and key in more than one sense. It pointed to important differences in the educational and artistic practices in our two countries. When our well-intentioned Chinese observers came to Benjamin's rescue, they did not simply push his hand down clumsily or uncertainly, as I might have done. Instead, they guided him with extreme facility and gentleness in precisely the desired direction. I came to realize that these Chinese were not just molding and shaping Benjamin's performance in any old manner: In the best Chinese tradition, they were ba zhe shoujiao — "teaching by holding his hand" — so much so that he would happily come back for more. The idea that learning should take place by continual careful shaping and molding applies equally to the arts. Watching children at work in a classroom setting, we were astonished by their facility. Children as young as 5 or 6 were painting flowers, fish and animals with the skill and confidence of an adult; calligraphers 9 and 10 years old were producing works that could have been displayed in a museum. In a visit to the homes of two of the young artists, we learned from their parents that they worked on perfecting their craft for several hours a day. CREATIVITY FIRST? In terms of attitudes to creativity there seems to be a reversal of priorities: young Westerners making their boldest departures first and then gradually mastering the tradition; and young Chinese being almost inseparable from the tradition, but, over time, possibly evolving to a point equally original. One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do. The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later. However, I do not want to overstate my case. There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present. And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West. When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent (the "standing on the shoulders of giants" phenomenon ). But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills? New Words and Expressions a. full of busy activity 繁忙的，熙攘的 kindergarten n. 幼⼉园 elementary a. 基本的，初级的，基础的 telling a. impressive; effective 难忘的;有⼒的 lobby n. (旅馆的)⼤堂，(公共场所⼊⼝处的)⼤厅 attach vt. fasten or join (one thing to another) 系，贴，连接 attendant▲ n. 服务员;侍者，随从 slot▲ n. a narrow opening 狭缝，狭槽 vigorously ad. energetically ⽤⼒地;精⼒充沛地 vigorous a. tender a. young; gentle and loving 年幼的;温柔的 not in the least not at all find one's way reach a destination naturally; arrive at 到达;进⼊，流⼊ bang v. (cause to) make a sudden loud noise, esp. by hitting two things together 猛敲，猛击 exploratory a. done in order to find out sth. 探索的 phenomenon (pl phenomena or phenomenons) n. 现象 staff n. 全体职⼯，全体雇员 initial v. help 帮助 reposition vt. 改变…的位置 insert vt. put, fit, place (in, into, between) 插⼊，嵌⼊ somewhat ad. to some degree, a little 有点，稍微 expectantly ad. 期待地 await vt. (fml) wait for 等待，等候 occasion n. a particular time when sth. happens 时刻，场合 on occasion now and then 有时，间或 frown v., n. 皱眉 slightly ad. 轻微地 slight a. neglect vt. give too little attention or care to 忽视 parental a. of a parent or parents ⽗的，母的;⽗母的 relevant a. directly connected with the subject 有关的，切题的 investigate v. try to find out information about 调查;探究 creativity n. the ability to make new things 创造⼒ anecdote▲ n. a short amusing story about a particular person or event 趣闻，轶事 exception colleague n. a person one works with 同事 action n. 动作;⾏动 on one's own without anyone's help; alone 独⽴地;独⾃地 desirable a. worth wanting 值得向往的;称⼼的 accomplish vt. manage to do (sth.) 完成(某事) activity n. 活动，⾏动 accomplishment n. skill; successful completion 本领，技艺;完成，成就 in due course at the proper time 在适当时机 sympathetically ad. 同情地 sympathetic a. critical a. very important; very serious or dangerous ⾄关重要的;危急的 effectively ad. 有效地 effective a. self-reliance n. acting without asking for support from others 依靠⾃⼰，⾃⼒更⽣ principal a. (rather fml) main, chief 主要的，⾸要的 rear vt. look after until fully grown up 养育，抚养 make up for repay with sth. good, compensate for 补偿，弥补 misdeed n. a wrong or wicked act 不端⾏为 vt. (fml) regard, consider 看待，考虑 creative a. resulting from newness of thought 独创的 solution n. (the act of finding) an answer to a problem 解决(问题的办法);解答 in retrospect 回顾 artistic a. relating to art 艺术的 well-intentioned a. having good intentions 好意的 intention n. purpose 意图 observer n. 观察者，观察员 clumsily ad. awkwardly and ungracefully 笨拙地 clumsy a. extreme a. very great 极度的，极端的 n. the furthest possible limit, an extreme degree 极端，过分 facility n. (fml) ability to do sth. easily and well; (pl) equipment, aids, etc. which make it easy to do things 熟练，灵巧;设备，设施 mold vt. make (sth.) into a particular shape or form 塑造 performance n. 表现，⾏为;演出，表演 tradition n. 传统 continual a. happening again and again, repeated 不断的，⼀再重复的 apply vi. 适⽤;申请 calligrapher work no/at 从事 craft n. skill, esp. with one's hand ⼿艺;⼯艺 reversal n. a complete change of order, direction, or position 颠倒 priority n. sth. that one must do before anything else; sth. that holds a high place among competing claims 优先考虑的.事;重点 bold a. brave and confident 勇敢的，⽆畏的 departure n. action different from (what is usual or expected); an act of leaving 背离;出发，离开 inseparable a. impossible to separate from sth. else 不可分离的 evolve v. (cause to) develop gradually (使)逐步发展 summarize vt. make a short account of the main points (of sth.) 总结，概述 originality。
全新版大学英语综合教程2-unit1-4-vocabulary
全新版大学英语综合教程2-unit1-4-vocabularyUnit 11、To use the machine, first insert the correct coins, then select the drink you want andpress the butt on.如何使用这种自动售货机，首先要真确插入硬币，然后选则你要的饮料，最后按下按钮。
2、Professor Smith translated not only from the French but also, onoccasi on , from the Polish.Smith教授不仅仅翻译法语，有时候，他也会翻译波兰语。
3、Food chemists will inv estigate the health food on sale to see if it really does give theben efits claimed.食物学家们将要调查研究市面上出售的保健视频，来看看是否他们真正含有他们宣传所宣称拥有的营养。
4、In retrospect , it was the wrong time to open a new data processing center in this city.回顾往昔，在那个时候在这个城市创立一个新的数据处理中心是个错误的时机。
5、My in itial reacti on to the n ews was relief, but as I thought more about itI bega n to feel an gry.听到这则消息，我起初的反应是放松，不过当我再去想它时，我开始感到气愤了。
6、A full understanding of mathematics is sufficient to explain a wide variety ofnatural phenomena .充分掌握数学，就可以充分解释各种各样的自然界的现象。
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Key to Unit 1
Part I Pre-reading
Section B Listening Practice
1、evolving
2、differ
3、combine
4、customers
5、installed
6、eliminates Part II Active Reading: Shopping
Task One
Choose the best answer for the following questions or incomplete statements.
1. B
2. C
3.D
4.D
5.A
Part III Language Focus
Task One
Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box. Change the form where necessary. You may not use any of the words more than once.
1.category
2. available
3. recession
4. skeptical
5.deviation
6. perceive
7. approval 8.superior patible 10. trial
Task Two
Translate the following sentences into English, using the words or phrases in brackets.
1. I can give you a rough estimate of the amount of wood you will need.
2. He has refrained from criticizing the government in public about its recent poor performance.
3. Traffic in the town has dropped off slightly since the minor road on the left opened.
4. People are suspicious of those who claim to be experts.
5. The new system will be compatible with existing equipment.
6. During the initial development and ongoing maintenance, we have encountered many problems.
Part IV Chinese & Foreign Culture Introduction
Task One
Translate the following passage into English.
Southern Goods Shop
Southern Goods Shop, also called general store or grocery, is an indispensable kind of stores in the towns and cities of China, and it is also one of the important industries of commerce. Southern Goods Shop mainly deals with food produced from the south and the north alike, along with selling daily commodities. The food are numerous in varieties, such as longan, litchi, sugar from the south; date, dried persimmon, vermicelli, dried fruit from the north; sea cucumber, kelp, jelly fish, dried mussel from the sea; various tea cakes and pastries, candies, noodles, lotus root starch, cans, bottled wine, seasoning, and so on and so forth. In addition, it also sells washing soda, soap, paper, incense and candle, tinfoil, kerosene, match, etc. Indeed, it has gathered goods from all places and enriched the food varieties for the general public. Especially when festivals come, when there are important events, or when one needs to buy presents, all the articles required can be purchased from the Southern Goods Shop.
Task Two
Translate the following passage into Chinese.
美国的假日购物季正式拉开了序幕。
在一年一度被戏称为“黑色星期五”的这一天，购物者挤满了商店，进行感恩节后的购物。
星期四晚上消费者在抢购促销商品的活动中出现一些粗暴行为。
一名妇女在洛杉矶一家沃尔玛商店为抢占先机朝其他消费者喷胡椒水。
在“黑色星期五”这天，很多商店都对价格昂贵的电子产品和新品玩具进行大幅降价。
“黑色星期五”这个名字还表达了零售商对高销量所寄予的厚望，因为商家以往在账目中以黑色墨水来记录盈利，亏损则以红色数字记账。
商店还要比平常早几个小时开门迎客。
这都让想买到便宜物品的消费者兴奋不已。
“黑色星期五”对大型零售连锁企业来说是最重要的日子之一，因为这一天预示他们在未来一个月的假日销售情况，而假日期间通常是一年中最盈利的时候。
但是，不是所有的人都喜欢这样的现象。
反资本主义的“占领华尔街运动”抗议者鼓励人们参加“零购买日”，来抗议世界范围的消费主义。
Part V Academic Reading：Environmental Engineering
Text B
Task One
Fill in the following blanks based on your understanding of the text.
1. defensive
2. waterborne
3. unsanitary
4. Sanitary engineers
5. integral
Task Two
Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
1.环境工程的起源可以追溯到文明之始。
2.由于缺水以及缺乏对废弃物的管理，工业化的诞生为城市带来了难以置信的
卫生隐患。
3.卫生工程师显著减少了由于污染的水和空气而导致的急性病的传播。
4.在大多数发达国家，由于环境污染而对健康造成直接及快速的影响不再成为
公众唯一关注的问题。
5.人们一般认为必须做出一个平衡:在经济和环境之间做出选择。
Part VI Academic Writing: Choose a Topic
Task
Read through the following 5 sets of topics and choose the appropriate one in each set.
1-5 BABAB
Part VII Developing Skills: Notice
Task
Write a notice based on the given situation.。