(精编)《临床心理学》双语教学精品课件chapter5defineandmeasurestressII

Daily hassles and psychosocial environment
• The stressors originate in the everyday social environment from sources such as community, workplace, and family interactions. • Discrimination. • High demand and low control in workplace. • Multiple roles
Reliability and validity of stress measures
• Reliability: the consistency with which an instrument measures whatever it measures. • Validity: the extent to which it measures what it is supposed to measure. • Overreporting or underreporting problems
Physiological measure
• one method of measuring stress uses various physiological and biochemical measures, including blood pressure, heart rate, galvanic skin response, respiration rate. • Polygraphs: “lie detectors”
• Population density: a physical condition in which a large population occupies a limited space.
• Crowding: a psychological condition that arises from a person’s perception of the high-density environment in which that person in confined.
• Social support refers to a variety of material and emotional supports a person receives from others. • Social contacts and social network
• Social isolation: refers to an absence of specific, meaningful interpersonal relations.
• Physiological measures: stress is a biological response that can be measured much as any other biological response. • Self-reports: measure either life events or daily hassles.
Chapter 5 Define and measure stress
Shirley xie 2010
Contents:
• Measurement of stress
• Sources of stress • Coping with stress
1\Methods of measurement
• Two broad categories:
Stress-buffering hypothesis
• Social support lessens or eliminates the harmful effects of stress and therefore protects against disease and death.
Personal control
Personal coping strategies
• Problem-focused coping: aimed to changing the source of the stress.
• Emotion-focused coping: oriented toward managing the emotions that accompany the perception of stress.
Life-events scales
• Self-report instruments: 1950s1960s • SRRS: social readjustment rating scale, developed by Thomas H. Holmes and Richard Rahe in 1967. • Total scores: 300 points
3\Coping with stress
• Coping: strategies that individuals use to manage the distressing problems and emotions in their lives.
• Personal resources that influence coping • Personal coping strategies
• Personal control: confidence that they have some control over the events that shape their lives.
• Julian Rotter: locus of control • Internal locus of control: people who believe that they control their own lives . • External locus of control: people who believe that luck, fate, or the acts of others determine their lives.
Personal resources that influence coping
• • • • • Health and energy Positive belief Problem solving skills Material resources Social skills
Social support
Daily hassles
• The stress brought on by daily hassles can originate from both the physical and the psychosocial environment.
• Urban press: the crowding, noise, pollution, fear of crime, personal alienation. • Discrimination
2\Sources of stress
• Cataclysmic events
• Life events • Daily hassles
Cataclysmic events
• Cataclysmic events: “sudden, unique, and powerful single life-events requiring major adaptive responses from population groups sharing the experience.” • Unintentional events: such as natural disasters as hurricanes, typhoons, fires, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes • Intentional events: such as kill large numbers of people and create stress, grief, and fear among survivors.
Personal coping strategies
• Social coping: seeking support from others
• Meaning-focused coping: the person concentrates on deriving meaning from the stressful experience.
• Advantage: being direct, highly reliable and easily quantified.
Self-report measures
• Life-events scales
• Everyday hassles scales • Reliability and validity of stress measures
Disadvantage and advantage of Physiological measure
• Disadvantage: The mechanical and electrical hardware and clinical setting that are frequently used may themselves produce stress.
Personal coping strategies
• Proactive coping: involves anticipating a problem and taking steps to avoid it.
• Disadvantage: expending effort for an event that may not occur or may not be as stressful as anticipated.