张维友_英语词汇学汉译本
张维友英语词汇学教程第三章

• The differences between inflectional and derivational morphemes can be summarized as follows:
Inflectional (1)Does not change meaning or part of speech of
• 1. Affix
Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes because none of them can stand as words in their own right. According to the functions of affixes, we can divide them into inflectional affixes like –s, -ed and –ing, and derivational affixed like pre-, ex-, de- and –less. Derivational and inflectional affixes are identical with derivational and inflectional morphemes.
• Morphemes which cannot occur separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.
张维友词汇学chapter meaningandcontext

Grammatical context
❖ In some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word may be determined by the grammatical structure (not specific words) in which it occurs. get+NP: get a big apple; get an interesting book get+AP: get very angry; get incredibly cold get…to do: I got him to do the job.
❖ Extra-linguistic context refers to a particular time, space, or culture in which a word appears.
the actual speech situation the entire cultural background
( William Branford 1967)
The best way to study semantics is to examine the meaning of particular words in their context.
( Brook, 1958)
Meaning and Context
Extra-linguistic context
❖ The actual speech situation refers to the situation in which a word is used. In everyday life, word meaning is more often dependent on the actual situation in which a word is used.
张维友词汇学chapter6

Sources of Synonyms
• • • • 1) Borrowing 2) Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions
Q:what's the difference between complementaris and converses?
• man-woman & husband-wife
Q: What are the characteristics of antonyms?
1) In a language, there are a great many more synonyms than antonyms. • Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.Many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites, e.g. read, hit, house, book, power, magazine.
B.连锁型 concatenation
• (1) meaning „ linking together‟, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in may cases ,there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning .
英语词汇译文(下) 张维友

Perambulator 巡视者Telly电视Casualness偶然的Omit省略Oral口头的4.6acronymy 只取首字母的缩写词只取首字母的缩写词是构成新词的过程,通过连接社会和政治组织或者特别名词短语和技术术语的首字母。
通过这种方式建成的词叫做缩略词,依赖词语的发音。
Initialisms4.6.1 缩略词缩略词是字母挨个发音的词。
象是A.D。
(anno domini)b.c.和c.o.d(delivery)货到付款,字母被句点分开,但是大多数没有句点在字母之间。
1.字母代表所有词。
美国之音英国广播公司转交明信片不明飞行物2.字母代表复合词或者只是一个词的几部分的成分。
电视身份证肺结核总部Tuberculosis 肺结核Headquarter 总部RangAppoint指定V oluntary义务的Emergency紧急情况Treaty条约Immune免疫的Syndrome 综合征Symbolic象征性的Instruction指示Racial种族的Equality平等Lightwave光波Amplification扩张Stimulate刺激Emission排放物Radiation辐射Decimalization十进制Justify证明Remain残余物Contemporary同代的人Constituent成分Period句点4.6.2Acronyms首字母缩写词首字母缩写词是从首字母构成,但是发音是正常词,例如“雷达”(无线电探测和响铃)“义务女工”“艾滋病”(免疫匮乏综合征)“basic”(初学者多功能象征性指示码)“种族平等进程”“通过刺激辐射物排放导致的光波扩张”(激光)“英语教学”一些首字母缩写词是由第一词的首字母加上第二个整词构成,例如“核弹”“防御提示”“公务员”“十进制的日子”“胜利日”两种首字母缩写词在第二次世界大战以来已经变得非常流行并且因此极具活力。
这在etcrowley的缩写词字典中搜集的那样词的数量来证明。
最新英语词汇学课后答案张维友编

《英语词汇学教程》(2004年版)练习答案【Chapter 1】7. tart: loose woman bloke: fellowgat: pistol swell: greatchicken: coward blue: fightsmoky: police full: drunkdame: woman beaver: girl8. haply = perhaps albeit = althoughmethinks = it seems to me eke = alsosooth = truth morn = morningtroth = pledge ere = beforequoth = said hallowed = holybillow = wave/ the sea bade = bid【Chapter 2】Ex.1The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important languagefamilies in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic GermanicRoumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6.When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek]saxophone [German + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] t elevision[Greek + Latin]9.amateur (late) finacé (late) empire (early) peace (E) courage (E) garage (L)judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L)grace (E) servant (E) routine (L)jealous (E) savaté (L) genre (L)gender (E) début (L) morale (L)state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11.allegro, f轻快andante, j 行板diminuendo, g 渐弱largo, d 缓慢pianoforte, a轻转慢alto, i女低音crescendo, b渐强forte, e 强piano, h轻soprano, c女高音12.cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G)coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)lasso (Sp) wok (Ch)shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex) tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr)kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb) chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex)cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr)loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)13.a. alligatorb. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwam h. canoei. hurricane j. boomerangk. panchos【Chapter 3】1. a. morpheme b. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. informational affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base3. individualisticindividualist + ic [stem, base]individual + ist [stem, base]individu + al [stem, base]in + dividu [root, stem, base]undesirablesun + desirable [stem, base]desir + able [root, stem, base]free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme inflectional affixaffix prefixderivational affixsuffix 【Chapter 4】Affixation5. non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreement illogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizedb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. fattenf. falsifyg. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompoundingheartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V] baking powder [ V +adv]far- reaching [V + Adv] dog-tired [adv + a]lion-hearted [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ a + n]on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [adv +a]light-blue [a + a] goings-on [V +adv]4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bound/homeboundneedle work/homework praiseworthy/respectworthybar-woman/sportswoman nation-wide/college-wideclear-minded/strong-minded military-style/newstyleself-control/self-respect budget-related/politics-related water-proof/fire-proof once-fashionable/once-powerful news-film/news-letter mock-attack/mock-sadnesssister-in-law/father-in-law home-baked/home-producedhalf-way/half-done ever-lasting/ever-greenage-conscious/status-conscious campus-based/market-based Conversion7. a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (mo tor + ho tel)humint (hum an + int elligence)advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics)psywarrior (psy chological warrior)hoverport (hover craft + port)chunnel (ch annel + t unnel)hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity)cinemactress (cinem a + actress)Clippingcopter (heli copter) dorm (dorm itory)lab (lab oratory) prefab (pref abricated house) gas (gas oline) prof (prof essor)scope (tele scope) champ (champ ion)sarge (serge ant) mike (mic rophone)ad (ad vertisement) tec (de tec tive)Acronymy2. kg = k ilo g ram ft = f oo t cf = c on f ercm = c enti m eter $ = dollaribid = ibid em etc. = et c eteraVIP = v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC = O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountries TOEFL = t eaching o f E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-manBackformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Namesa. tantalize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyed—Argusc. narcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Uncle Tommism—Uncle Tom【Chapter 5】6. apes—b birds—acattle—m cricket—ndoves—c foxes—jgeese—k sheep—fwolves—g monkeys—epigs—l hyenas—hturkeys—d swans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclearpower might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as“benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the endof World War II, might h ave all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery,science, knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative)14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE] calf [-HUMAN +MALE -ADULT +BOVINE] rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE] hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE] chicken [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]【Chapter 6】Polysemy4.Homonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “haveenough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.)( 2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, wecannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean amouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannonball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedremainder: residueinnocent: sinlessobstacle: obstructionvexation: annoyance5. a. identifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishment j. silentk. impressive l. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, children h. tired, kidsi. declined j. refused k. rancidl. addled m. Penalties n. fineso. rebuked p. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. stingy/ selfish h. simplef. significant/sensible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. smoothj. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppyk. sleepiness/ sleep / slumberm. subjectiven. sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashioned b. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocent h. rigidi. loosen j. clarityk. deserted l. fruitfulm. peremptory n. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—folliesc. haste—leisured. penny—pound, wise—foolishe. speech—silencef. absence—presenceg. admonish—praise i. wise men—foolsh. young—old private—public saint—devilj. mind—body k. foul—fairl. danger—security m. deliberate--promptn. children—parents o. bully—cowardp. head—tail8.right—wrong single—returndry—sweet hard—easystrong—faint rough—calmlight—dark cold—warmhigh—low/deepHyponymy3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4. profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber: house, buildinglawyer: office, law courtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factory6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are generaland convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replacedrespectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates.Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. Thedifference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.【Chapter 7】4. 1) extension 2) extension3) narrowing 4) degradation5) elevation 6) narrowing7) extension 8) extension9) narrowing 10) elevation11) narrowing 12) degradation13) degradation 14) degradation5. a. associated transferb. abstract to concretec. abstract to concreted. abstract to concretee. abstract to concretef. abstract of concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi. synesthesiaj. synesthesia6. a. objective b. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjective h. subjective, objective7. a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toilet j. fat personk. unemployed mother【Chapter 8】2. a. to repairb. measurement and determination of one’s posi tionc. predicamentd. injectiona. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b. the theatre or acting as a professionc. a particular point or period in a process of developmentd. to plan, arrange and carry outa. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding orharmonyb. conversationc. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymb. explanation/ definitionc. antonymd. examplee. relevant detailsf. relevant detailsg. relevant details4. a. stop people drinkingstop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stonesc. a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd. aunts who are visitingpaying a visit to auntse. take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane’s weddingf. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it h its thething it aims atan object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him【Chapter 9】6. a—2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f—8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. stand out againstb. approve ofc. get … over withd. looking intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut down …to8. a cool cat = a really calm personblow one's stack = lose control over oneselffly off the handle = become excessively angrywhat's more = furthermoreget away with = commit an illegitimate act without penaltyof course = naturallyget on = get oldpepper and salt = grey (hair)make up for = compensate forlost time = time wastedtake it easy = relax, not worryget up = rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of = manage or look afterlike a breeze = without effort or easilytime off = time for restget it made = be successfulthis is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an objectbeyond which more of the same is unnecessary⏹⏹Sam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly everbecomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks… Needless to say, he, too, is getti ng older.His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in t ime,” he said.A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Toomany cooks, better let me.”Too many cooks spoil the broth.c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very largein every pie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.have a finger in the pied. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobodycan hear themselves think.Speech is silver, silence is golden.e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were awheel in the middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspectevidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make hisbricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather wheeling and dealingwaifs and strays town and gowntop and tail time after timerules and regulations rise and fallrags and tatters puff and blowpick and shovel peace and quietover and above one and onlyoff and on neck and neckshoulder to shoulder moan and groanmilk and water man and beast11. a. 好奇伤身。
张维友词汇学chapter 8 meaning_and_context

actual speech situation the entire cultural background
Linguistic context
Linguistic context can be further divided into Lexical context Grammatical context
The The
army’s operation in that country were very successful.
Meaning and Context
Context is of the greatest importance for the understanding of meaning. Meaning depends on context. ( William Branford 1967) The best way to study semantics is to examine the meaning of particular words in their context. ( Brook, 1958)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ B i b l e
What is the meaning of the following sentence? operation.
The
doctor will perform an operation on her for a diseased lung. skillful operation of this machine is hard to learn.
Lexical context: the lexemes that co-occur with the word in SENTENCE. The meaning of the word is affected or determined by the neighboring lexemes.
张维友〈词汇学教程〉解答(第三版)

《英语词汇学教程》(2015年版)练习答案【Chapter 1】7. tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid12.Denizens Aliens Translation loansSemantic loanskettle die wall skirt husbandconfrere pro patria Wunderkind mikado parvenuchopstick typhoonblack humour long time no seedream13. 1) slangs; 2) jargon; 3) argot; 4) content words; 5) native words; 6) translation loans; 7) neologisms; 8) denizens; 9) semantic loans; 10) basic vocabulary【Chapter 2】1. The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in theworld. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-IranianCeltic Italic HellenicGermanic HindiBreton Spanish Greek English Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Dutch Prussian Irish Italian German PolishPortuguese Norwegian Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish Slovenian IcelandicRussianDanish6. When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek]saxophone [German + Greek] heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] television [Greek + Latin]9. amateur (late) finacé (late) empire (early)peace (E) courage (E) garage (L)judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L)grace (E) servant (E) routine (L)jealous (E) savaté (L) genre (L)gender (E) début (L) morale (L)state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11. allegro, f 轻快andante, j 行板diminuendo, g 渐弱largo, d 缓慢pianoforte, a 轻转慢alto, i 女低音crescendo, b 渐强forte, e 强piano, h 轻soprano, c 女高音12. cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G)coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)lasso (Sp) wok (Ch)shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex)tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr)kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb)chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex)cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr)loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)13. a. alligator b. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwam h. canoei. hurricane j. boomerangk. ponchos【Chapter 3】1. a. morpheme b. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. inflectional affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base6. individualistic undesirablesindividualist [stem, base] undesirable [stem, base]individual [stem, base] desirable [stem, base]dividual [stem, base] desire [root, stem, base] dividu [root, stem, base]7.free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme inflectional affixaffix prefixderivational affixsuffix【Chapter 4】Affixation5. non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreementillogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizedb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. fatteningf. falsifyg. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-Siberianmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = below: subdivide, subsectionmal- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritioninter-= between: international, interdependentmini- = little, small: mini-library, miniskirtpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former:ex-president, ex-convictCompounding2.heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [V + Adverbial (place)] baking powder [ V + Adverbial (instrument)] far-reaching [V + Adverbial] dog-tired [noun-adverbial + adj.]lion-hearted [noun-adverbial + adj.] love-sick [noun-adverbial + adj.]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ S+ C]on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [noun-adverbial + adj.]light-blue [adj + adj] goings-on [V +adv]3. well-bred / well-behaved culture-bound / homeboundneedle-work / homework praiseworthy / trustworthybar-woman / sportswoman nation-wide / college-wideclear-minded / strong-minded military-style / western-styleself-control / self-respect budget-related / politics-relatedwater-proof / fire-proof once-fashionable / once-powerfulnews-film / news-letter mock-attack / mock-sadnesssister-in-law / father-in-law home-baked / home-producedhalf-way / half-done ever-lasting / ever-greenage-conscious / status-conscious campus-based / market-basedConversion7. a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come / go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → v]h. ah / ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been / might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (mo tor + ho tel) 汽车旅馆humint (hum an + int elligence) 人工情报,谍报advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psy chological warrior) 心理战战士hoverport (hover craft + port) 气垫船港口chunnel (ch annel + t unnel) 水底火车隧道hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity) 高保真cinemactress (cinem a + actress) 电影女演员Clippingcopter (heli copter): front clipping dorm (dorm itory): back clippinglab (lab oratory) :front clipping prefab (pref abricated house): phrase clipping gas (gas oline): front clipping prof (prof essor): back clippingscope (tele scope): front clipping champ (champ ion): back clippingsarge (serge ant): back clipping mike (mic rophone): back clippingad (ad vertisement): back clipping tec (de tec tive): front and back clippingAcronymy1. kg = k ilo g ram ft = f oo t cf = c on f ercm = c enti m eter $ = dollaribid = ibid em etc. = et c eteraVIP = v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC = O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountries TOEFL = t esting o f E nglish as a f oreign l anguage2. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-manBackformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Names3. a. tantalize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyed—Argusc. narcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Uncle Tomism—Uncle Tom【Chapter 5】6. apes—b birds—a cattle—mcricket—n doves—c foxes—jgeese—k sheep—f wolves—gmonkeys—e pigs—l hyenas—hturkeys—d swans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)11.No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative1 particular fastidious / fussy2 critical fault-finding / picky3 style/vogue fad4 artful cunning / sly5 unstable fickle / capricious6 developing underdeveloped / backward7 encourage/ promote instigate8 group clique / gang14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]calf [-HUMAN OMALE -ADULT +BOVINE]rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]chicken [-HUMAN OMALE -ADULT +GALLINE]-HUMANbull cow calf +BOVINErooster hen chicken +GALLINE+MALE -MALE -ADULT【Chapter 6】Polysemy4. The word board first denoting "a table" has later acquired two very divergent senses. Each of them has given rise to another sense from which the original notion has disappeared. The process can be shown as follows:Homonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enoughmoney for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.) (2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannotdeduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) Arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took offhis legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedy courteously: politelyemancipate: set free customary: usualwidth: breadth adversary: opponent gullible: deceived remainder: residueinnocent: sinless obstacle: obstruction vexation: annoyance5. a. identifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishment j. silentk. impressive l. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, children h. tired, kids i. declinedj. refused k. rancid l. addledm. Penalties n. fines o. rebukedp. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. stingy/ selfish h. simplef. significant/sensible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. smoothj. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppy k. sleepiness/ sleep / slumberm. subjective n. sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashioned b. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocent h. rigidi. loosen j. clarityk. deserted l. fruitfulm. peremptory n. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—folliesc. haste—leisured. penny—pound, wise—foolishe. speech—silencef. absence—presenceg. admonish—praise i. wise men—foolsh. young—old private—public saint—devilj. mind—body k. foul—fairl. danger—security m. deliberate--promptn. children—parents o. bully—cowardp. head—tail8. right—wrong single—returndry—sweet hard—easystrong—faint rough—calmlight—dark cold—warmhigh—low/deepHyponymy3.furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4.profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber: house, buildinglawyer: office, law courtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factory5.6. In Sentence 1), got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2), the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2) is better than Sentence 1.In Sentence 3), it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4), which can be described as subordinates. Since 4) is clearer than 3) in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.【Chapter 7】4. 1) extension 2) extension3) narrowing 4) degradation5) elevation 6) narrowing7) extension 8) extension9) narrowing 10) narrowing11) elevation 12) degradation13) degradation 14) degradation5. a. associated transferb. abstract to concretec. concrete to abstractd. abstract to concretee. abstract to concretef. abstract to concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi. synesthesia (transfer of sensation from sight to hearing)j. synesthesia (transfer of sensation)6. a. objective b. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjective h. subjective, objective7. a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toilet j. fat personk. unemployed mother【Chapter 8】2. 1) a. to repairb. measurement and determination of one’s positionc. predicamentd. injection2) a. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b. the theatre or acting as a professionc. a particular point or period in a process of developmentd. to plan, arrange and carry out3) a. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding orharmonyb. conversationc. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymyb. explanation/ definitionc. exemplificationd. relevant detailse. relevant detailsf. relevant details4. a. stop people drinkingstop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stonesc. a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd. aunts who are visitingpaying a visit to auntse. take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane’s weddingf. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it h its the thing itaims atan object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him【Chapter 9】6. a—2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f—8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. stand out againstb. approve ofc. get … over withd. looking intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut down …to8. a cool cat = a really calm personblow one's stack = lose control over oneselffly off the handle = become excessively angrywhat's more = furthermoreget away with = commit an illegitimate act without penaltyof course = naturallyget on = get oldpepper and salt = grey (hair)make up for = compensate forlost time = time wastedtake it easy = relax, not worryget up = rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of = manage or look afterlike a breeze = without effort or easilytime off = time for restget it made = be successfulthis is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an object beyond which more of the same is unnecessarySam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks… Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,” he said.A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Too many cooks,better let me.”Too many cooks spoil the broth.c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in everypie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.have a finger in the pied. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobody can hearthemselves think.Speech is silver, silence is golden.e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel inthe middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspectevidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather wheeling and dealingwaifs and strays town and gowntop and tail time after timerules and regulations rise and fallrags and tatters puff and blowpick and shovel peace and quietover and above one and onlyoff and on neck and neckshoulder to shoulder moan and groanmilk and water man and beast11. a. 好奇伤身。
张维友英语词汇学教程

1.5 Classification of Words
by use frequency ↓ basic word stock & nonbasic vocabulary by notion ↓ content words & functional words by origin ↓ native words & borrowed wordsΒιβλιοθήκη 1.4 Vocabulary
• Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. • Old English vocabulary, Middle English vocabulary, and Modern English vocabulary • English vocabulary is over one million words.
上海辞书出版社)
• The young man left quietly.
1.2 Sound and Meaning
• Certain sounds will represent certain persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities outside the language system. • This symbolic connection is alost always arbitrary, and there is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself’. • dog, woman, /mi:t/
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第一章词汇与词汇学的基本概念词汇学学习之初,有必要去澄清一些关于词和词汇的基本概念。
词语word是一个难以捉摸的概念,需要在开始就认真关注。
发音和意义之间的关系,声音和形式之间的关系,词语和词汇之间的关系。
另外,我们将注意一些关于词汇分类的共识的规则,并且在本章一定程度上研究每类词语。
1.1 一个词是什么?词语是什么?多年来已经引起了语言学家的关注。
争议较大。
尽管已经提出了很多的定义,没有一个是最好的。
学者们仍然没有在词语的定义上达成一致。
当我们谈起一个词语,我们倾向于根据视觉条件来思考。
在这个角度,一个词可以被定义为平印在或者写在纸上的字母的有意义的集合。
当根据口语定义的时候,词被看成是一个发音或发音的集合,是由人的发音器官自由的发出的。
根据语义学家的意见,一个词是一个意义单位。
语法学家,则认为一个词是在句中起作用的自由形式。
等等。
总结起来,词语的定义包含以下几点:(1)一个最小的自由形态(2)一个发音的集合体(3)一个意义单位(4)能独自影响句子的形式因此,我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式,拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
”词语可以是简单词或者合成词,然而全部必须服从这些标准。
Man和fine是简单词,但是他们都有读音,意义和句法意义。
每个都能单独出现在句子中。
自然他们都是词。
也有像是misfortune和management 这样的复合词,他们都是多音节词,可以用来作主语,宾语和预示性词语。
尽管misfortune可以被进一步分为mis和fortune,前者不能作为词单独使用。
相似的,management可以被分成manage和ment,但是后者不能自由使用。
Blackmail能被分为black和mail,而且都能作为独立的句子单位使用,然而词的意思绝对不是两个部分的组合。
Black是颜色,针对white,mail指示“被邮局运送的东西”,然而当它们放在一起,组合形式意味着“强迫,利用不光彩的秘密要人送钱或行动作为答复。
”因此blackmail是一个不同的词。
1.2 读音和意义词语是一个符号,代表着世界上其他的事物。
每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人,事,地方,特性,过程,行动,当然是在语言系统之外。
这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的,并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系。
”一只狗被称作“狗”,并不是因为那读音和三个字母能自动的指示那讨论中的动物。
它只是象征性的。
它们之间的关系是约定俗成的,因为同种语言的人们赞成用一串声音说那动物。
在不同的语言中相同的概念可以用不同的声音表达。
Woman,在德语中是frau,在法语中是femme。
在中国话中是funu。
另一方面,相同的读音也表示不同的意义,如mi:t用来表示会议,肉和边界。
骑士和夜晚,尽管代表不同的事物,仍然有相同的读音。
1.3 读音和形式通常认为,自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
自然书写形式应该和口语形式相一致。
换而言之,发音应该和形式相一致。
这在英语中是相当正确的在早期也就是古代英语中。
那时候的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语。
随着语言的发展,越来越多的不同出现在口语和书面语之间。
内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母,罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音,因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。
Alphabet字母表另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快,在一些时候还拉开了距离。
在最近五百年里,尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化,却没有相应的拼写变化。
第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。
在早年拼写差别不是问题,因为人们不常看印刷体,而且拼写不像今天这样固定。
结果,没人能够肯定一些英语词汇该如何拼写。
有时候人们故意把拼写改变为一条直线或者只是为了方便识记。
在印刷术传到英国以前,每样东西都是手写的。
那些书写员,那些靠为他人写作谋生的人经常繁忙工作,为了应付国王,主教和商人的需要。
一个问题是几个字母用简短垂直的笔画书写象是iuvmw和n都看上去很相像。
因此,他们的书写体引起了误解。
为了部分解决这个问题,他们把mnv之前的u 改成o.这就是sum cum wuman wunder 变成some come woman wonder monk的原因。
某些时候,书记员可能认为没有单词应该以u或者v结尾。
因此,及时的,e被加入那样的词语象是live have true 但是没有发音。
At some point 在某个时候到1500年年末,印刷已经变得非常普及。
它有助于固定单词的拼写。
标准化使得拼写不容改变。
字典在拼写终结中得到好处。
同时,读音继续如往常变化,以此带来了更多的不同。
最后借词来了,这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。
当英语从其他语言中借鉴单词时,它同样借用了拼写。
早期的借词被同化,后来的则不再遵守英语的发音和拼写规则,例如……英语的书写因此是发音形式不完善的代表。
历史上一次又一次,一些英美学者尝试去改革英语的拼写,但是不成功。
尽管差别,至少百分之八十的单词读音和拼写一致。
就算是那些拼写不规范的也有更多的规律和用处,超出我们的认识。
例如,象是hymn condemn bomb 他们的最后一个字母是不发音的。
但是他们扩展为更长的单词,沉默的字母就要发音,hymnal1.4 词汇所有一种语言中的词构成了它的词汇。
术语“词汇”使用在不同的地方。
他不仅用来代表一种语言中的单词总数,他还能代表所有特定历史时期的单词,例如古代英语词汇,中古词汇和现代英语词汇。
我们也用他来代表所有特定方言的词汇,一本书的词汇,一种学术的词汇和一个人的词汇。
英语是高度发展的世界语言之一。
自然词汇是最大最丰富的之一。
今天的英语笼统估计词汇量超过100万。
1.5 词类英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。
它们可以根据不同的标准或者不同的目的进行分类。
根据使用频率,单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。
可以根据概念分成实词和虚词,可以根据来源分为本地词和借词。
1.5.1 基础词和非基础词基础词是几世纪积累的词汇的基础,构成语言的核心。
尽管基础词占英语词汇比例小,它仍然是最重要的组成部分。
这些词有明显的特征。
1 所有的民族特征。
基础词代表我们身边世界中最常见的事物和非凡的现象。
这是所有说那种语言的人都要知道的,这包括和下面方面相关的词:自然现象:雨雪火,水,太阳月亮春夏风山人的身体和亲属:头足手脸父母兄弟姐妹儿子女儿动植物:橡树松树草梨苹果树马牛羊猫狗小鸡动作,尺寸,范围,状态:来去吃听打带好邪恶老年轻热冷重白黑数词代词介词连接词:一十百我你你的,谁,在里,在外,在下,和但直到如同这些词不能被英语会话者回避。
不能不考虑词源教育专业地区文化等等。
2.稳定性基础词已经被使用若干世纪,例如人火山水太阳月亮。
由于它们代表生活需要的普遍事物,它们很可能保持不变。
稳定性只是相对的,实际上基础词正在进行着变化。
象是弓箭马车骑士,过去是常见的,现在都删出了词库,同时象是“电,机器,汽车,飞机,微机无线电电视”这些代表新事物和现代生活方式的词,已经进入了词库,但是这个变化是缓慢的,更多的是加入而不是清除。
3.生产力基础词大多是词根。
它们每个都能单独使用同时可以和其他词根或词缀一起构成新词:例如足:片段,足球,人行道,页脚,脚步,立足的,未婚的,愚昧的,男仆,立足点,脚印和许多其他的。
同样的,dog是忠实的,狗性,狗车,便宜,折角,平局,混战,狗窝狗刨小憩这些词的父亲,只是说了一点。
4.意义分歧术语基础词的赐予经常拥有一个以上的意思因为它们中的大多数都已经发生了意义变化根据使用,变得一词多义。
一个例子将满足解释的需要动词take可能是说:从一地搬运到其他地方;未经允许或者错误的移动或使用,获得抓住,独立自强,用手抓住,愿意接受,忍受,需要(特定数量的时间);完成相关的行动,测试或者测量,写下,有预想效果或者工作成功。
5.搭配能力基础词中许多在一些设定表达,习惯用法,谚语和类似的东西中出现。
例子是很多的。
以心为例,变心,不在心上,金子的心,在心上。
伤害心,穿过心,呼喊心声,吃掉心,心在嗓子眼,心和手,心和灵魂,心上下浮动,挂心,把心挂在袖子上,全心全意等等。
当然,不是所有的基础词都有这些特点。
代词和数词有全国使用范围和稳定性,但是无歧义,生产和组合能力有限。
因此,全民性是区别通用词和其他词的最重要特征。
没有上面描述特征的词,不属于语言的正常核心。
它们包括下面:1.术语。
包括特定学科和学术领域的技术术语,例如在医学上:光扫描,肝炎,消化不良,青霉素;在数学上:代数,三角学,微积分;音乐上,交响乐,管弦乐队,奏鸣曲,协奏曲,教育上:视听教学,自休大学,微型教学等等。
2.行话。
用于特定的词汇,通过特定艺术,科学,商业和专业领域的成员在彼此之间交流,例如在商业:底线是不能逃避的暗示,无法避免的结果,最终版本。
“。
垒球数字是说估计,讨价碎片是说被谈判中一方控制的好处,在马赛中:抓他回来是说不让他赢,抓他进来是说强迫马匹在比赛开始跑到后面以便在最后提速;在医学中:多疑是指怀疑多虑,人格面貌是指人的人格面貌。
Hypo指皮下注射器;在战争中:buster 是炮弹。
总体来说,圈外人理解这些词有困难。
3.俚语粗话属于低等语言,处在标准通用语言,(包括每人用的非正式词汇)和团体内部语言包括cant(任何下等团体的行话),jargons,argot,所有这些词汇都和特定的人群联系或者大部分能被特定人群使用。
特定词被标示为“俚语”不是因为他们的写法和发音,而是因为他们的用法。
面团和面包,例如,是标准的当他们作为食物术语。
但是当标示俚语时则标示金钱。
类似的,“草”和“壶”相应的有标准或者正式的使用意义,就是“植物的类型”和“烹饪器皿”,但是作为俚语使用为“大麻”。
那样的词象是海狸(女孩),吸烟的,熊(警察),捉住(谈话),叫喊(呼叫)收到(理解),x光(雷达)都是俚语。
“头”的概念可以用“坚果”“圆屋顶”“上面的”“豆子”“大块”表示,诸如此类。
同样的,“喝醉”可以用超过三百个单词表示,象是“提高”“愉快”“高兴”“舒服”“沸腾”“草率”“紧张”“敲掉”“蓝眼”“薯条”“瘫痪”“腌制”“僵硬”“击昏”。
这些例子说明很多俚语都是通过改变或延伸现有单词的意义决定的,尽管一些俚语大体来说是新成员。
俚语被广泛使用。
有时几乎每个人都使用俚语,还有一些人经常使用大量俚语。
那些不去办公室或者很少过正常生活的人,还有那些经常和亲近的朋友一起而不是和同事或者极少的熟人在一起的人,使用俚语最多,因为俚语生动,直率,印象深刻而且感人。
正如一些人所说的,俚语避免了自负的感觉。
他是“卷起袖子立刻能够工作的语言”。
4.黑话通常是指罪犯的黑话。
他的应用被限制在下层文化团体,外人很难理解他。