国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch01
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国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch
05
International investment and multinational corporations
International investment environment
Political environment: stability, policies, and regulations that affect foreign investment.
New trade theory departs from the assumption of perfect competition and focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and monopolistic competition.
Classical trade theory posits that specialization in production based on comparative advantage results in increased production and consumption in all countries.
关税是一种税收，由政府对进口商品征收，以增加进口成本并保护国内产业。
关税定义
关税种类
关税作用
包括基本关税、附加关税、反倾销关税和报复性关税等。
通过提高进口商品价格，降低国内市场的竞争压力，保护国内产业和就业。
03
02
01
出口补贴是指政府给予出口企业的财政补贴，以降低出口成本，增加出口量。
出口补贴定义
Balance of trade
The balance of trade is a crucial component of the international balance of payments. It measures the value of a country's exports minus the value of its imports. A positive balance of trade indicates that a country is exporting more goods and services than it is importing, while a negative balance of trade indicates the opposite.
International investment and multinational corporations
International investment environment
Political environment: stability, policies, and regulations that affect foreign investment.
New trade theory departs from the assumption of perfect competition and focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and monopolistic competition.
Classical trade theory posits that specialization in production based on comparative advantage results in increased production and consumption in all countries.
关税是一种税收，由政府对进口商品征收，以增加进口成本并保护国内产业。
关税定义
关税种类
关税作用
包括基本关税、附加关税、反倾销关税和报复性关税等。
通过提高进口商品价格，降低国内市场的竞争压力，保护国内产业和就业。
03
02
01
出口补贴是指政府给予出口企业的财政补贴，以降低出口成本，增加出口量。
出口补贴定义
Balance of trade
The balance of trade is a crucial component of the international balance of payments. It measures the value of a country's exports minus the value of its imports. A positive balance of trade indicates that a country is exporting more goods and services than it is importing, while a negative balance of trade indicates the opposite.
克鲁格曼国际经济学课件英文官方第10版1第四章
4-10
Production Possibilities (cont.)
• For the economy as a whole, the total labor employed in cloth and food must equal the total labor supply: LC + LF = L (4-3) • Use these equations to derive the production possibilities frontier of the economy.
4-2
Introduction
• If trade is so good for the economy, why is there such opposition? • Two main reasons why international trade has strong effects on the distribution of income within a country:
• the slope becomes steeper as an economy produces more clon Possibilities (cont.)
• Opportunity cost of producing one more yard of cloth is MPLF/MPLC pounds of food.
– T is the supply of land – LF is the labor force employed in food
4-7
(4-2)
Production Possibilities
• How does the economy’s mix of output change as labor is shifted from one sector to the other? • When labor moves from food to cloth, food production falls while output of cloth rises. • Figure 4-1 illustrates the production function for cloth.
萨尔瓦多国际经济学(第十版)
.
FIGURE 16-1 Balance-of-Payments Adjustments with Exchange Rate Changes.
FIGURE 16-2 Derivation of the U.S. Demand and Supply Curves for Foreign Exchange.
.
Adjustment with Flexible Exchange Rates
Price adjustment mechanism relies on depreciation and devaluation of currency to adjust current account and balance of payments.
.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.
.
Introduction
Assumptions
International private c responses to cover temporary trade imbalances.
The nation wants to correct a deficit in its current account by exchange rate changes.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
FIGURE 16-1 Balance-of-Payments Adjustments with Exchange Rate Changes.
FIGURE 16-2 Derivation of the U.S. Demand and Supply Curves for Foreign Exchange.
.
Adjustment with Flexible Exchange Rates
Price adjustment mechanism relies on depreciation and devaluation of currency to adjust current account and balance of payments.
.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.
.
Introduction
Assumptions
International private c responses to cover temporary trade imbalances.
The nation wants to correct a deficit in its current account by exchange rate changes.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Int Econ-Ch010-S2012-V2 International Economics 国际
2. What are Surpluses and Deficits?
3. What’s the Connection between the Balance-ofPayments (BOP) and the VALUE of a Nation’s Currency?
3
Introduction
Countries vary in their degree of openness, or the extent to which their real economic activities are integrated with the rest of global economies.
the balance of the nation’s BOP.
Example:
Changes in Central Banks’ Stock of Foreign Exchange Reserves.
8
What’s in the Balance-of-Payments Accounts?
The balance on autonomous transactions and accommodating transactions always sum to 0.
1. Autonomous or Independently Motivated Transactions:
2. Accommodating, or Compensatory Transactions:
Official government actions taken for the purpose of adjusting
4
Introduction
Balance-of-Payments (BOP) account: Summarizes all the transactions by individuals, firms,
3. What’s the Connection between the Balance-ofPayments (BOP) and the VALUE of a Nation’s Currency?
3
Introduction
Countries vary in their degree of openness, or the extent to which their real economic activities are integrated with the rest of global economies.
the balance of the nation’s BOP.
Example:
Changes in Central Banks’ Stock of Foreign Exchange Reserves.
8
What’s in the Balance-of-Payments Accounts?
The balance on autonomous transactions and accommodating transactions always sum to 0.
1. Autonomous or Independently Motivated Transactions:
2. Accommodating, or Compensatory Transactions:
Official government actions taken for the purpose of adjusting
4
Introduction
Balance-of-Payments (BOP) account: Summarizes all the transactions by individuals, firms,
萨尔瓦多国际经济学英文ch ppt课件
Equal to 1 = change in exchange rate leaves balance of payments unchanged.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
before placing new orders. 5. Production lag to change output mix resulting from
price changes.
Salvatore: 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 16-4 The Identification Problem.
Elasticities in the Real World
Junz and Rhomberg (1973) identified five possible lags in quantity responses to price changes in international trade:
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
before placing new orders. 5. Production lag to change output mix resulting from
price changes.
Salvatore: 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 16-4 The Identification Problem.
Elasticities in the Real World
Junz and Rhomberg (1973) identified five possible lags in quantity responses to price changes in international trade:
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.
克鲁格曼-国际经济学第十版 课件C11
2. With protection, infant industries may never “grow up” or become competitive.
3. There is no justification for government intervention unless there is a market failure that prevents the private sector from investing in the infant industry.
• Import-substitution industrialization involved costs and promoted wasteful use of resources:
– It involved complex, time-consuming regulations. – It set high tariff rates for consumers, including firms that
1. Imperfect financial asset markets
– Because of poorly working financial laws and markets (and more generally, a lack of property rights), firms cannot or do not save and borrow to invest sufficiently in their production processes.
– The share of trade in GDP has tripled over 1970–1998, with most of the growth happening after 1985.
3. There is no justification for government intervention unless there is a market failure that prevents the private sector from investing in the infant industry.
• Import-substitution industrialization involved costs and promoted wasteful use of resources:
– It involved complex, time-consuming regulations. – It set high tariff rates for consumers, including firms that
1. Imperfect financial asset markets
– Because of poorly working financial laws and markets (and more generally, a lack of property rights), firms cannot or do not save and borrow to invest sufficiently in their production processes.
– The share of trade in GDP has tripled over 1970–1998, with most of the growth happening after 1985.
国际经济学英文PPT
Elasticity Approach
Marshall-Lerner Condition o depreciation will improve trade balance if nation’s demand elasticity for imports plus foreign demand elasticity for that nation’s expห้องสมุดไป่ตู้rts is greater than 1
o
Exchange Rate Pass Through
o o complete pass through – import prices change by full proportion of change in exchange rates partial pass through – percentage change in import prices is less than percentage change in exchange rate
Exchange Rate Effect on Costs and Prices o assume: some costs denominated in francs o assume: appreciation of dollar
o costs increase but not as much as if all costs were denominated in dollars
Exchange-rate adjustment and the BOP
Automatic mechanisms may restore balance-of-payments equilibrium, but at the cost of recession or inflation As an alternative, governments allow exchange rates to change
萨尔瓦多的《国际经济学基础》ppt(dominick salvatore)
– A key issue – its not just imports! – Its also not just for consumers! – Services, not just goods!
• Lloyd’s of London
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
An Introduction to International Economics
Chapter 1: Introduction
Dominick Salvatore John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
1-5
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– – – – A key issue – its not just imports! Its also not just for consumers! Services, not just goods! International trade is expanding
1-2
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– A key issue – its not just imports!
• Exports of Boeing Aircraft • Exports of Microsoft Software
• Lloyd’s of London
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
An Introduction to International Economics
Chapter 1: Introduction
Dominick Salvatore John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
1-5
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– – – – A key issue – its not just imports! Its also not just for consumers! Services, not just goods! International trade is expanding
1-2
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– A key issue – its not just imports!
• Exports of Boeing Aircraft • Exports of Microsoft Software
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Claims globalization sacrifices human and environmental well-being to corporate profits of mutinationals 声称全球化为了跨国公司的利润而牺牲了人类 和环境福利，
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
小工业国家和发展中国家，贸易依存度要比 美国大得多
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 1-1 Imports and Exports as a Percentage of GDP in Various Countries in 2001.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Economic interdependence has been increasing over the years. 在过去这些年经济依存度一直在提高
Globalization is blamed for: 全球化受到指责是因为：
World poverty and child labor in poor countries 世界贫困和贫困国家的童工问题 Job losses and lower wages in rich countries 富裕国家的失业和工资的下降 Environmental pollution and climate change 环境污染和气候变化
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International Trade and the Nation’s Standard of Living Sources of potential gain for United States: 对美国来说潜在得益来源有：
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Millions of immigrants, vast amounts of foreign investments, increased production 涌入数以百万计的移民、大量的海外投资和增 加的产量 Ended with breakout of World War I in 1914.
The Globalization of the World Economy Three periods of rapid globalization 三次快速全球化
1870-1914
Resulted from industrial revolution, opening up of new resource sources in “regions of recent settlement” 由工业革命引起，在新居民地地区开发新资源来 源
Economic relationship among nations 国家之间的经济关系 Roughly measured as ratio of a nation’s imports and exports of goods and services to GDP 用一国商品和服务进出口总值比上GDP的比值来 粗略衡量
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Much larger for smaller industrial and developing countries than for United States
CHAPTER O N E
1
International Economics
Tenth Edition
Introduction
Dominick Salvatore
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
结束于1914年的一战爆发
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Globalization of the World Economy Three periods of rapid globalization
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 1-2 Growth of World Production and Trade, 1990-2001 (annual percentage changes).
In this chapter:
The Globalization of the World Economy 世界经济的全球化 International Trade and the Nation’s Standard of living 国际贸易与一国的生活水平 The International Flow of Goods, Services, Labor and Capital 商品、服务、劳动力和资本的国际流动
大多数国家积极参与
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Globalization of the World Economy Anti-Globalization Movement 反全球化运动
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International Economic Theories and Policies 国际经济理论和政策 Current International Economic Problems 当前国际经济问题 Organization and Methodology of the Text 本书的结构和学习方法
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The International Flow of Goods, Services, Labor and Capital Gravity Model 引力模型
Flow of goods and services Flow of labor and jobs Flow of financial instruments, currency
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Globalization of the World Economy Three periods of rapid globalization
1980 to present
Most pervasive and dramatic period of globalization 全球化最广泛和剧烈的阶段 Fueled by improvements in telecommunications and transportation 受益于电信和运输极大改善
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Elimination of restrictions on capital flows led to massive international capital movements 资本流动限制的消除导致了大量国际资本流动 Most countries in the world participated
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 1-3 Imports and Exports as a Percentage of U.S. GDP, 1965-2001.
Access to items with limited availability domestically (such as coffee, bananas, cognac, tin,
tungsten, petroleum and copper)
可以获得许多国内受到限制商品（如咖啡、香蕉…） Access to lower cost products 可以获得低成本的产品 Access to greater product variety 可以增加产品的多样性
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
小工业国家和发展中国家，贸易依存度要比 美国大得多
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 1-1 Imports and Exports as a Percentage of GDP in Various Countries in 2001.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Economic interdependence has been increasing over the years. 在过去这些年经济依存度一直在提高
Globalization is blamed for: 全球化受到指责是因为：
World poverty and child labor in poor countries 世界贫困和贫困国家的童工问题 Job losses and lower wages in rich countries 富裕国家的失业和工资的下降 Environmental pollution and climate change 环境污染和气候变化
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International Trade and the Nation’s Standard of Living Sources of potential gain for United States: 对美国来说潜在得益来源有：
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Millions of immigrants, vast amounts of foreign investments, increased production 涌入数以百万计的移民、大量的海外投资和增 加的产量 Ended with breakout of World War I in 1914.
The Globalization of the World Economy Three periods of rapid globalization 三次快速全球化
1870-1914
Resulted from industrial revolution, opening up of new resource sources in “regions of recent settlement” 由工业革命引起，在新居民地地区开发新资源来 源
Economic relationship among nations 国家之间的经济关系 Roughly measured as ratio of a nation’s imports and exports of goods and services to GDP 用一国商品和服务进出口总值比上GDP的比值来 粗略衡量
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Much larger for smaller industrial and developing countries than for United States
CHAPTER O N E
1
International Economics
Tenth Edition
Introduction
Dominick Salvatore
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
结束于1914年的一战爆发
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Globalization of the World Economy Three periods of rapid globalization
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 1-2 Growth of World Production and Trade, 1990-2001 (annual percentage changes).
In this chapter:
The Globalization of the World Economy 世界经济的全球化 International Trade and the Nation’s Standard of living 国际贸易与一国的生活水平 The International Flow of Goods, Services, Labor and Capital 商品、服务、劳动力和资本的国际流动
大多数国家积极参与
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Globalization of the World Economy Anti-Globalization Movement 反全球化运动
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International Economic Theories and Policies 国际经济理论和政策 Current International Economic Problems 当前国际经济问题 Organization and Methodology of the Text 本书的结构和学习方法
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The International Flow of Goods, Services, Labor and Capital Gravity Model 引力模型
Flow of goods and services Flow of labor and jobs Flow of financial instruments, currency
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Globalization of the World Economy Three periods of rapid globalization
1980 to present
Most pervasive and dramatic period of globalization 全球化最广泛和剧烈的阶段 Fueled by improvements in telecommunications and transportation 受益于电信和运输极大改善
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Elimination of restrictions on capital flows led to massive international capital movements 资本流动限制的消除导致了大量国际资本流动 Most countries in the world participated
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 1-3 Imports and Exports as a Percentage of U.S. GDP, 1965-2001.
Access to items with limited availability domestically (such as coffee, bananas, cognac, tin,
tungsten, petroleum and copper)
可以获得许多国内受到限制商品（如咖啡、香蕉…） Access to lower cost products 可以获得低成本的产品 Access to greater product variety 可以增加产品的多样性