考研英语短文写作09年真题分析(含评分标准)
2009年考研英语真题及解析
2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析本文是一个有关动物智力话题的文章。
文章第一段第一句就点名了文章中心，接着引用自然杂志上描述的实验论证这一观点。
从第二、三段作者从几个方面分析了产生这种情况的原因，最后一段从动物上升到对人的思考。
二、试题具体解析1.[A]Suppose假设猜想[B] Consider考虑[C]Observe观察[D]Imagine设想【答案】B【考点】固定搭配【解析】本题考查的是“consider+名词性词组”的用法，表示“以……为例”，显然与后面的试验搭配表示以该试验为例引出下文。
选项A、D同义，故排除。
选项C代入文中与上下文不合，故答案为B。
【补充】consider在这里等同于take…(as an example)。
2.[A] tended (to)倾向于……[B] feared害怕[C] happened(to)碰巧……[D] threatened (to)威胁要去做……【答案】A【考点】动词搭配【解析】从空格后面的to可首先排除B，因为fear不与to连用。
再结合文章题材看，文章是科技类，而科技类文章中通常为了表示说话客观性并避免绝对化，往往在主谓之间加一个tend to表示语气的弱化，故本题答案为A，其他两个代入文章语义不通。
3.[A] thinner较细的[B] stabler较稳定的[C] lighter更明亮的[D] dimmer较暗的【答案】D【考点】逻辑关系【解析】空前内容谈到聪明的果蝇寿命相对普通果蝇要短，这里拿灯泡做比喻，相对应的自然是光线的暗淡，即光线暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长。
下一句也有提示：no being too bright，故答案为D。
4.[A] tendency趋向[B] advantage 优势[C] inclination倾向[D] priority优先【答案】B【考点】词汇辨析【解析】前文谈到暗淡的灯泡寿命更长，接着说“不太明亮也是”，对比四个选项，只有优势语义连贯，故答案为B。
2009年考研英语真题—答案范文
2009年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题答案1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是“the fruit-fly experiments described…”，suppose 表示“假设”，observe表示“观察”，image表示“想象”，Consider“考虑”，代入文中表示“考虑已经被描述出来的实验”，符合语境。
2. A.本题考查动词短语，happen to(碰巧)，fear to(唯恐…)，be threatened to被恐吓…。
tend to do表示“有…倾向，往往…”，代入文中表示比较聪明的果蝇往往寿命较短。
3. D.本题考查形容词，lighter更轻的，thinner更瘦的，stabler更稳定的，dimmer 比较暗淡的，本句是前一句推出的结论，即由“果蝇越聪明寿命越短”推出“灯泡越暗使用时间越长”。
4. B.本题考查名词。
由前半句“灯泡越暗使用时间越长”推出“这是不特别亮的灯泡的一个优点”。
tendency倾向，advantage优势，inclination倾向，priority优先权。
5. C.本题考查动词短语，turns out证明是，insist on坚持，sum up总结，put forward 提出。
6. A.本题考查介词，off表示离开。
代入文中表示离开起点时。
7. D.incredible难以置信的，spontaneous自发的，inevitable不可避免的，gradual 渐进的。
学习是一个渐进的过程，所以选gradual.8. C.本文的主旨是智力需要昂贵的代价。
大量的物种会学习，但它们首先学会的是知道什么时候停止学习，与上文的例子灯泡呼应。
四个选项中，fight表示斗争，doubt表示怀疑，stop表示停止，think表示思考，正确答案为C9. B.本题考查形容词，修饰intelligence。
invisible看不见的，indefinite不确定的，这两个选项意思不符合，排除。
2009年考研英语小作文深度分析
2009年考研英语小作文深度分析引语：这是2009年英语小作文51题：Part A.Directions:在某些地区塑料袋的禁止使用并不是很成功，因此白色污染仍然继续给当地报纸的编辑写一封信，信内包括：1、给出自己简短的看法和观点2、给出2-3条建议首先，我们来分析一下今年的题目。
热点文章，属于我们大家都准备和预测的范围，也积极响应国家环保的号召。
之前在07年也考到了此类文章，致使有些考生在准备时有些疏忽或大意，但是大纲没有说今年不考以前考的内题型。
就像新题型，2005年，2006年和2008年考地都是七选五题型，即完型填段，今年继续了以往的路线。
所以劝告2010年要考的学生，一定要把大纲要求的内容都准备充分，不要自以为是，要做到万无一失。
再次，海天在考试之前为高辅学员提供了小作文各个题材的模板，以下是建议信模板。
6：建议信Dear ___________,You have asked me for my advice with regard to _______, and I will try to make some conductive suggestions here.In my humble opinion, you would be wise to take the following actions: ____(建议的内容)I hope you will find these proposals useful, and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details.Good Luck with your_______(祝愿)Yours sincerelyLi Ming我们可以看到除了正文第一句不是特别合适以外，其他任何一句都可以应用在这篇小作文中。
也就是我们在背熟模板的基础上可以轻轻松松的拿到5分。
2009年考研英语一真题答案解析
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案：Section Ⅰ1-5 B A D B C 11-15 D B C D A6-10 A D C B D 16-20 C B A A CSection ⅡPart A21-25 C D A D A 31-35 D B B C C26-30 A C D A B 36-40 B B D A CPart B41-45 C E A B GPart C46.译文：虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初动机的组成部分。
47. 译文：人们只是逐渐地才注意到机构的这一副产品，而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢48. 译文：虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们很容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。
49．译文：由于我们对年轻人所做的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融，因此我们不仅要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。
50. 译文：这就使我们得以在一只讨论的广义的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式，即直接教授或学校教育。
Section ⅢPart ADear editor，I have been reading your newspaper for many years and now I am writing this letter toinform you of the pressing situation we are facing now.Accustomed to using plastic bags in daily life, some people still take the “white polluti granted, which will greatly worsen our environment. As we know, limiting the use of disposableplastic bags is of utmost significance. Therefore, to save the situation from further aggravating, Iwould like to give the following suggestions:First and foremost, groups and individuals who are polluting our environment by using theplastic disposable plastic bags should be severely punished. In addition, the local media canmake full use of their own influence to publicize the negative effect of plastic bags and enhancepeople’s awareness of environmental protection. Last but not least, new technologies should bedeveloped to find possible alternatives with degradable and renewable materials.I hope that my suggestions are helpful and your prompt attention to my suggestions would behighly appreciated.Sincerely yours，Li MingPart BAs we can see in the picture, many people, old or young, men or women, are in front of acomputer and using the internet in the space just like a huge web of a spider. The caption in thedrawing reads: “the internet: near or far ”.It is obvious that the huge spider web is the symbol of the Internet and the symbolic meaningof the picture is the effect of the internet on people’s way of life.There is no doubt that theInternet provides us with considerable convenience. Internet is revolutionizing our way of living,making many things possible which are beyond our dreams. As a communication tool, the internetmakes us closer than ever before by providing immediate communication via e-mail, QQ, MSN orICQ, no matter how far away our friends are. So in this sense, the internet is making us nearer toeach other.However, there are negative effects of the internet on people’s life. As is shown in the picture people are imprisoned in their own respective small cabins, indulging in their own world. Theychoose contacting online rather than communicating face to face. Due to the addiction to thefictional experience, people seem to have forgotten the traditional and most efficientcommunication method, and thus indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in themodern world. We often hear parents complain that they have less and less time chatting withtheir children either because their children spend too much time playing games or chatting onlinewith friends or strangers. Also there are couples who seldom talk with each other. Therefore,internet seems to make near people far away.Hence, how to use modern communicating tools such as internet properly has becomes a hotissue in recent years. While we are enjoying the convenience provided by the internet, we shouldalso bear in mind that human beings are social beings who need real interpersonal interactions.Joint efforts are needed to ensure enough time for people especially families to have face-to-facecommunication with each other. Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of therelationship among individuals.答案详解第一部分英语知识运用这是一篇关于动物智能方面的文章，节选自2008年5月7日刊登在《纽约时报》的The Cost of Smarts（“聪明的代价”）。
2009全年雅思写作真题与考试点评
2009年雅思写作真题汇总2009,1.15写作：Task 1:sand dunes的形成流程图给出了sand particles, wet sand, dry sand和wind.一共三个图，最上面是单一方向的风吹沙子颗粒，沙子被风吹起来，落地上之后，在潮湿的地方（wet land被附着住）形成一个圆锥形沙丘，而不存留在干燥的地方。
最下面图是风继续吹把沙丘上的颗粒吹向了另一个Wet land也就是沙丘的飘移Task 2．Some people think students at school and university can learn more from teachers and lessons than from TV and the Internet. To what extent do you agree or disagree?课堂教育比网络教育好,是否同意？（教育类）2009，1，17写作：T ask1：常规图，2个图，对比NY和LONDON的police officers and crimes的数量，还有之间的关系。
Two line charts are the number of officers and the numbers of crimes in London and in New Y ork between 1990-2002.T ask2：Nowadays, people in some countries can choose to live and work anywhere they want, because of the improvement of the communication technology and transport. Compare disadvantages and advantages. 交流技术和交通方式的改善可以使得人们在任何地方工作学习，你在多大程度上认为利大于弊？（科技类）09,2,21作文:T ask1.3个饼图，these charts below show the proportion of main regions of exports from three Latin, American countries.T ask2: Some think that these environmental problems are too big for individuals to be solved, while others think that individuals cannot solve these environmental problems unless they make09,2,28写作：Task1: four car manufacturers（Nissan，Ford，DC，GM）vehicle production time changed between 1998 and 2002曲线图，比较四家公司在1998年至2002年生产一辆汽车所花时间的变化。
09考研英语作文解析
Part A Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution” is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper togive your opinions briefly and make two or three suggestions you should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B Directions:In your essay, you should describing the drawing briefly, explain its intended meaning, and then give your comments. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Part A【题目类型】2009年小作文再次考查了事务信函中的建议信，近似于2007年考过的建议信，在考查了几年信函后，信函的类型开始重复，这是一件好事，说明信函主要类型已经在试题中出现过一轮，考生今后的复习更容易把握住规律，无论今后考道歉信还是感谢信，咨询信还是投诉信，真题的示范指导性会很强。
与2007年小作文不同之处在于两点，首先是建议信的内容：2007年是建议大学图书馆改进服务，2009年主题为建议如何进一步控制白色污染；其次是2009年的提纲更加丰富，还需要写出现状和观点看法，这就需要在本年度的试卷上有更多的议论。
2009年考研英语真题及详解
2009年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及解析Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are _____ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit files who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly ______ to live shorter lives. This suggests that ____ bulbs bum longer, that there is an _____ in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it _____ out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep. Bums more fuel and is slow _____ the starting line because it depends on learning – a gradual ____ - instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to _____.Is there an adaptive value to ______ intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance _____ at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real ____ of our own intelligence might be. This is ______ the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would _____ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, _____ , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that ____ animals ran the labs, they would test us to ______ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain, They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really ______, not merely how much of it there is. ______. They would hope to study a _____ question; Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?_____ the result are inconclusive.1. [A]Suppose [B]Consider [C]Observe [D]Imagine2. [A]tended [B]feared [C]happened [D]threatened3. [A] thinner [B]stabler [C]lighter [D]dimmer4. [A]tendency [B]advantage [C]inclination [D]priority5. [A]insists on [B]sums up [C]turns out [D]puts forward6. [A]off [B]behind [C]over [D]along7. [A]incredible [B]spontaneous [C]inevitable [D]gradual8. [A]fight [B]doubt [C]stop [D]think9. [A]invisible [B]limit [C]indefinite [D]different10. [A]upward [B]forward [C]afterward [D]backward11．[A]features [B]influences [C]results [D]costs12．[A]outside [B]on [C]by [D]across13．[A]deliver [B]carry [C]perform [D]apply14．[A]by chance [B] in contrast [C]as usual [D]for instance15．[A]if [B]unless [C]as [D]lest16．[A]moderate [B]overcome [C]determine [D]reach17．[A]at [B]for [C]after [D]with18．[A]Above all [B]After all [C]However [D]Otherwise19．[A]fundamental [B]comprehensive [C]equivalent [D]hostile20．[A]By accident [B]In time [C]So far [D]Better stillSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habit are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says, Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways; analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought .―Thi s breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M.J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will…‖ and Ms. Markova’s business partner. ―That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness Know ing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being_______.A. usualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be________.A. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23. ―ruts‖ (in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to__________.A. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms, Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing _______?A. prevents new habits form being formedB. no longer emphasizes commonnessC. maintains the inherent American thinking modeD. complies with the American belief system25. Ryn most probably agree that_______.A. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 forpaternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing. Which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists- and supports businesses that offe r to search for a family’s geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing, All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing.‖ Says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers, This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK’s ________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C]successful promotion[D]popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A] locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C]identify parent-child kinship[D]choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to ________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B]rebuild reliable bloodlines[C]fully use genetic information[D]achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _________.[A] disorganized data collection[B]overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be _______.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies, however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counter e pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, Non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance, Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only wi th broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph I that the important of education in poor countries _______.[A]is subject groundless doubts[B]has fallen victim of bias[C]is conventional downgraded[D]has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C]demands priority from the government[D]requires sufficient labor force33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _________.[A]the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B]the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _______.[A]when people had enough time[B]prior to better ways of finding food[C]when people on longer went hung[D]as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph, development of education _____________.[A]results directly from competitive environments[B]does not depend on economic performance[C]follows improved productivity[D]cannot afford political changesThe most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England, According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much important attached to intellectual pursuits‖ According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding. Dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puri tans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely under stood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629. There were political leaders like john Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston, There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated, While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words. ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermonsexplaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while, many settles had slighter religio us commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. ―Our main end was to catch fish.‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England _________.[A]Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B]intellectual interests were encouraged.[C]Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D]intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders _________.[A]experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B]brought with them the culture of the Old World[C]paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D]were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay __________.[A]were famous in the New World for their writing[B]gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C]abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D]created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often ____.[A]influenced by superstitions[B]troubled with religious beliefs[C]puzzled by church sermons[D]frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England _________.[A]were mostly engaged in political activities[B]were motivated by an illusory prospect[C]came from different backgrounds.[D]left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45),choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank, There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection . 41._________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s, Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 42._________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boasdeveloped a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, Which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43. ___________.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44. ____________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.___________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture-known as functionalism-became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A]Other anthropologist believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B]In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C]He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D]They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adult hood.[E]Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property. forms of government, technology. And systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G]For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J.Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese, Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points) There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. 46 It may be said that association under which the word’s work is carried on receives little attention as compared withphysical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education –that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution‖ is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead, You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay. You should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning, and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points)2009年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及解析Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are _____ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies that were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly ______ to live shorter lives. This suggests that ____ bulbs burn longer, that there is an _____ in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it _____ out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep. Burns more fuel and is slow _____ the starting line because it depends on learning – a ____ process - instead of instinct. Ple nty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to _____.Is there an adaptive value to ______ intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance _____ at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real ____ of our own intelligence might be. This is ______ the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.—Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would _____ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, _____ , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that ____ animals ran the labs, they would test us to ______ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain, They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really ______, not merely how much of it there is. ______. They would hope to study a _____ question; Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?_____ the result are inconclusive.1. [A]Suppose [B]Consider [C]Observe [D]Imagine2. [A]tended [B]feared [C]happened [D]threatened3. [A] thinner [B]stabler [C]lighter [D]dimmer4. [A]tendency [B]advantage [C]inclination [D]priority5. [A]insists on [B]sums up [C]turns out [D]puts forward6. [A]off [B]behind [C]over [D]along7. [A]incredible [B]spontaneous [C]inevitable [D]gradual8. [A]fight [B]doubt [C]stop [D]think9. [A]invisible [B]limit [C]indefinite [D]different10. [A]upward [B]forward [C]afterward [D]backward11．[A]features [B]influences [C]results [D]costs12．[A]outside [B]on [C]by [D]across13．[A]deliver [B]carry [C]perform [D]apply14．[A]by chance [B] in contrast [C]as usual [D]for instance15．[A]if [B]unless [C]as [D]lest16．[A]moderate [B]overcome [C]determine [D]reach17．[A]at [B]for [C]after [D]with18．[A]Above all [B]After all [C]However [D]Otherwise19．[A]fundamental [B]comprehensive [C]equivalent [D]hostile20．[A]By accident [B]In time [C]So far [D]Better still1. B 本题考查动词，后面的宾语是―the fruit-fly experiments described…‖，suppose假设，observe观察，imagine想象，consider考虑，代入文中表示―考虑已经被描述出来的实验‖，符合语境。
考研英语短文写作09年真题分析(含评分标准)
Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution” is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 word. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)一．审题构思小作文去年考的道歉信，09年小作文要求写一封建议信。
今年的建议信相比07年的建议信要求更加具体，且话题更为熟悉。
考生对这个话题可写的东西比较多。
且在平时大作文的训练中考生都接触过不少表达观点看法和提出建议的方法，尤其在环境保护方面的建议措施接触的更多，因此这篇小作文题材大家非常熟悉，难度适中。
如果同学在考前临阵抱佛脚，只要把建议信的套话背下来，比如建议信的第一句话怎么写，中间怎么写，最后一句怎么结尾，直接把有关内容换成白色污染即可。
二．框架思路确切地讲，今年的小作文仍然是没有脱离开过去的老套，又是一封信，而这封信对同学们来讲，是我们很熟悉的白色塑料袋的使用问题。
有很多商家为了争取自己定期的常客，他们可能会想到促销的手段或者销售的途径，那就是说送给你塑料袋，方便你使用。
但是这些顾客们可能有些人是懂得或者说环保意识很强的，有些塑料袋，他们总是重复地去用；可是有一些不尽然，像年轻人这样，用过后就扔掉。
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考研英语短文写作十年真题分析第十节2009年Section III Writing2009年考研英语考试结束了。
今年走出考场的考生普遍感觉今年的试题较往年难度有所降低，尤其是写作部分两道题目难度适中，大家基本发挥出了正常水平。
下面针对小作文和大作文分别给予点评，并提供阅卷的范文供大家参考。
Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution” is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 word. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)一．审题构思小作文去年考的道歉信，09年小作文要求写一封建议信。
今年的建议信相比07年的建议信要求更加具体，且话题更为熟悉。
考生对这个话题可写的东西比较多。
且在平时大作文的训练中考生都接触过不少表达观点看法和提出建议的方法，尤其在环境保护方面的建议措施接触的更多，因此这篇小作文题材大家非常熟悉，难度适中。
如果同学在考前临阵抱佛脚，只要把建议信的套话背下来，比如建议信的第一句话怎么写，中间怎么写，最后一句怎么结尾，直接把有关内容换成白色污染即可。
二．框架思路确切地讲，今年的小作文仍然是没有脱离开过去的老套，又是一封信，而这封信对同学们来讲，是我们很熟悉的白色塑料袋的使用问题。
有很多商家为了争取自己定期的常客，他们可能会想到促销的手段或者销售的途径，那就是说送给你塑料袋，方便你使用。
但是这些顾客们可能有些人是懂得或者说环保意识很强的，有些塑料袋，他们总是重复地去用；可是有一些不尽然，像年轻人这样，用过后就扔掉。
谈到了白色污染这个话题，就想给编辑写封信，信中反映的是你对这个现象的一个看法，之后，你应该提出一些解决的措施，所以这封信里面要讲的话一点都不难写，最重要的是我们要做一个对社会有责任的人，因为只有如此我们才能够用我们的心去感知这个社会的问题，才能真正从我们内心想出一些方法，使我们的社会更加洁净，这样才能更加和谐。
本文可以按三段处理，首段直接谈白色污染的情况，中段讲出解决问题的建议和措施，最后再次提醒编辑关注此事刻不容缓，并加强礼貌语气。
三．参考范文Dear Editor(s),I am writing this letter to draw your attention to“White Pollution”. No one can avoid using plastic bags in our daily lives and too many plastic bags bring about many problems. How to solve this problem has become a hot issue among many people in recent years.To address this problem, I would like to lodge several suggestions. On the one hand, the authorities should set up rules and regulations to control the production and circulation of the plastic bags. On the other hand, people should realize the significant of protecting our environment and not use too many plastic bags.I sincerely hope that you can take my letter seriously. Thank you very much for your time and consideration.Yours faithfully,Li Ming (126words)亲爱的编辑：我写此信是为了让您关注“白色污染”这一问题。
在日常生活中人们总是会用到塑料袋，而塑料袋过多会产生很多问题。
如何解决这一问题成为近年来很多人关心的话题。
为了解决这一问题，我想提如下的建议。
一方面，政府当局应该制定一些规章制度来控制塑料袋的生产和流通使用。
另一方面，人们应该意识到保护环境的重要性并不使用太多的塑料袋。
我真诚地希望您能认真对待我的信。
感谢您拨冗关注。
李明四．文章点评：范文为缩进格式。
由于本信函属于公务信件，题目提供的名字就是编辑，所以要按较正式的口吻来写作，文章开始的称呼为Dear Editor，语气就比较正式。
第一段开门见山，使用draw your attention to结构直接表示请求关注。
首段使用了and连接两个并列句的信息。
语法上，最后一句使用了How to引出的名词短语作为主语，点明了文章的中心。
第二段承上启下，按议论文模式设定了段首句，提出的两种方案用On the one hand和On the other hand灵活列出。
本段中，动词address和lodge较有特色。
第三段中，作者再次请求关注。
按照信函写作“感谢客气不能少”的原则，应连续两次使用传达礼貌的句型。
五．阅卷样文五档：9分Dear editor,I’m a sincere reader of your newspaper and I like your discussion of the social problems. Now I want to give some opinions of myself about the “White Pollution”.As we know, regulation was made to solve the problem in June 1st of 2008. The use of plastic bags was restricted in the supermarket and many other shops freely. At the beginning, it was carried on well, but now I found plastic bags were used in some small shops for free or with no pay.I am writing to tell you that we should solve this problem soon with the help of your newspaper. You could make some investigators about it and write some reports of it, so as to appeal to all the people’s attentions of our society.Sincerely,Li Ming评语：本文很好地完成了试题规定的任务，与目标读者完全产生了预期的效果：1．内容包含了所有的内容要点，该文第一段的内容更吻合题目的要求。
2．所使用的语法结构和词汇比较丰富。
3．语言比较自然流畅，尽管存在个别的语法（例如，时态）和用词错误。
4．有效使用了各种衔接手段，层次清晰，组织也比较严密。
5．格式与语域恰当贴切。
Dear Editor Wang,I am a senior student living in Beijing. Being a citizen in our capital, I care a lot about our environment. But, although the law of not using plastic bags had been enforced since June, the effect is not very g ood. I am afraid “White Pollution” will still exist for a long time.I believe there are ways to improve the situation. Our communities could offer bags free, which will substitute plastic bags. Meanwhile, some education on environment and White pollution should be held to local people. Besides the above two, much more can be done. I hope you would consider it carefully.Yours trulyLi Ming评语：较好地完成了试题规定的任务，基本能够对目标读者产生预期的效果：1. 包含了所有的内容要点，既简要介绍了自己的观点，又提出了具体的建议。
2. 所使用的句子结构和词汇相对比较丰富，例如：Being a citizen in……, I care……等。
3. 语言基本正确，当然也存在着一些语法错误和用词的错误，但是并不会严重影响意义的表达。
4. 采用了适当的衔接手段，例如, but, meanwhile, besides等，层次也比较清晰。
5. 格式和语域比较恰当。
三档：5-6分To whom it may concern:As a student of a university, I want to take this opportunity to express some points about “White Pollution”.There is no denying that plastic is destroy our environment is we use it excessively. So the government take some means to deal with it. Restrict to use the plastic bags in whole country. But it didn’t get successful as we predict. The “White Pollution” is still around our environment in some regions.Takes measures is needed. I want to take some recommends. First and formost, more strength restriction is needed by pollution education. Second, media should spread more information concern. Only in this way can we curb the statement. I’m looking forw ard your reply.Sincerely yoursLiming评语：基本完成了试题规定的任务，对目标读者基本产生了预期的效果：1. 内容包含试题所要求的两个要点，没有跑题。