socialinguistics
社会语言学名词
社会语言学名词作者：全国科学技术名词审定委员会来源：《中国科技术语》2012年第03期社会语言学 sociolinguistics 研究语言与社会之间相互关系的学科。
有狭义和广义两说。
狭义社会语言学又称“城市方言学”，主要研究语言的变异。
广义社会语言学除语言变异研究外，还包含交际民族志学、语言社会学、语言社会心理学、会话分析、互动社会语言学等研究领域，研究对象主要是语言与交际、语言与文化、语言与民族、语言与社会心理。
互动社会语言学 interactional sociolinguistics社会语言学中的一门学问。
研究会话参与者通过语境线索和背景知识对发话人的交际意图作出推理、判断和回应的互动过程。
宏观社会语言学 macro sociolinguistics 与“微观社会语言学”相对。
通常指对社会中的全局性语言问题（如语言选择和语文规划等）的研究。
微观社会语言学 micro sociolinguistics 与“宏观社会语言学”相对。
通常指对人际言语交往过程中语言的使用、变化及其与社会语境的关系的研究。
城市方言学 urban dialectology 研究都市中方言的变异及其演变机制的学问。
双语学 bilingual studies 研究言语社区内使用的不同语言或方言间关系的学问。
语言社会学 sociology of language 运用社会学的范畴和方法，研究社会中语言问题的学问。
交际民族志学 ethnography of communication运用人类学的观念和方法，研究言语交际的模式及其与民族文化关系的学问。
语言社会心理学 social psychology of language研究不同的社会群体对使用某些语言的态度及个人在言语交际活动中的心理机制的学问。
会话分析学 conversation analysis 研究会话中话语序列的组织规则的学问。
变异 variation 语言项目在实际话语中存在的差异。
超全sociolinguistics
Chapter 8: SociolinguisticsLearning objectives●I. Sociolinguistics●II. Language variation●III. Language and gender●IV. Language and class●⏹Throughout the 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat theinquiry of linguistics as a Monistic or Autonomous Pursuit of an independent science.⏹The resurrection of a Dualistic View of linguistic inquiry, came into being in the1960s, along with the development of sociolinguistics as an opposition to the dominant theory of Chomskyan linguistics.I. Sociolinguistics⏹Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation❑between language and society,❑between the uses of language and the social structures in which the language users liveTwo perspectives⏹Micro-studies:❑To look at society from the point of view of an individual member within it, or a worm’s-eye view of language in use.⏹Macro-studies:❑To look at society as a whole and consider how language functions in it and how it reflects the social differentiations, a bird’s eye view of the languageused in society.⏹Sociolinguistics is interested in how social factors influence the structure and use oflanguage.⏹Potential influencing social factors?❑class, gender, age, ethnic group, educational background, occupation, religion, etc.❑Comment on: You are what you say. (Lakoff 1991).⏹II. Language varieties⏹The key issue in sociolinguistics study is variation.❑ 1. Standard language❑ 2. Dialect❑ 3. Register❑ 4. Pidgin and Creole❑ 5. Lingua Franca❑ 6. Slang, jargon, and argot1. Standard language⏹George Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion⏹ A particular variety of a language is better than any other.⏹This dominant, or prestigious variety is often called standard variety orstandard language/dialect⏹Quote: A language is a dialect with an army and navy.⏹Question: what is the definition of the standard language in China?⏹普通话的定义：❑以北京语音为标准音, 以北方话为基础方言, 以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的现代汉民族共同语。
语言学复习资料
语言学复习资料下定义1.(P3)Sociolinguistics(社会语言学): The studies of all the social aspects of language and its relation with society is called sociolinguistics.2.(P7)Language（语言）: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.3.(P8)Arbitrariness（任意性）: This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.4.(P2)Phonetics（语音学）：Phonetic refers to the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.5.(P16)Voicing（浊音化）: Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds.6.(P26)Assimilation rule（同化规则）: The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.7.(P29)Intonation（语调）: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.8.(P42)Syntax（句法）: Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.9.(P42)Category（范畴）: Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.10.(P48)Complementizers（补语化成分）:Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed complementizers.11.(P53)Head movement（中心语移动）: The movement of a word from the head position in one phrase into the head positionin another is known as head movement.12.(P64-65)Linguistic context（语言语境）: The linguistic context is concerned with the probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another word.13.(P66)Reference（所指）: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.14.(P70)Relational opposites（关系反义词）: Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites.15.(P74)Argument（论元）: An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with a nominal element in a sentence.16.(P77)Pragmatics（语用学）: Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.17.(P81)Constatives（表述句）: Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable.填空题第一章1. (P3) If a linguistic aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive（描写性的）. If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive（规定性的）.2.(P4) The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic(共时的）study; the description of a language as it changes through time isa diachronic（历时的）study.3.(P4) Langue(语言）refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole(言语)refers to the realization of language in actual use4. (P5) Chomsky defines competence(语言能力）as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance （语言表现）the actual realization of his knowledge in linguistic communication.第二章5.（P17)As some speech sounds produced differ only in some detailed aspects, the IPA provides its users with another set of symbols called diacritics(发音符号/辨音符）6. (P23) A phoneme(音素）is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value, it is an abstract value.7. (P24) It can be easily observed that phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. If they are two distinctive phonemes,they are said to form a phonemic contrast(音素对照),e.g. /p/ and /b/ in [pit] and [bit].8. (P24)When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occur the same position in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to from a minimal pair(最小配对).e.g pill and bill, pill and till are a minimal pair.9.(P25) Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language, the rules are called sequential rules(序列规则).10.(P27) The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental feature(超音段特征).第三章11.(P33)Morpheme(词素): the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme(自由词素). Whereas a morpheme that must beattached to another one is called bound morpheme(粘着词素).12.(P33) The variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs(词素变体).第四章13. (P44) Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases(短语), the category of which is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built.14. (P45)Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements: head(中心语), specifier(标志语）and complement(补语).15. (P48)The information about a word’s complement is included in the head andtermed subcategorization（次范畴化）.16. (P52) Transformation(转换）is a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.第五章17. (P67-68)Synonymy:近义关系的分类:1) Dialectal synonyms(方言同义词)-- synonyms used in different regional dialects.(来自不同地域的人使用同一种语言产生的不同）2) Stylistic synonyms(文体同义词) -- synonyms differing in style3) Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative(评价) meaning4) Collocational synonyms(搭配同义)5) Semantically different synonyms（不考）18.(P69) When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones(同音不同形不同义). When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs(同形不同音不同义). When twowords are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms(同形同音不同义).19. (P70) Antonymy:反义关系的分类1) Gradable antonyms(可分等级的反义词)2) Complementary antonyms(互补反义词)3) Relational opposites(关系反义词)20.(P72) Componential analysis(成分分析)is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.第六章21. (P81)Three Speech Acts:三种言语行为According to Austin new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking:locutionary act(言内行为), illocutionary act(言外行为), and perlocutionary act(言后行为).22.(P90)Pragmatic failure(语用失误) occurs when the speaker fails to use language effectively to achieve a specific communicative purpose, or when the hearer fails to recognize the intention or the illocutionary(言外之意) force of the speaker’s utterance in the context of c ommunication.第八章23.(P111) Speech variety(言语变体), or language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.24. (P117) Halliday further distinguishes three social variables(语域三变量)that determine the register: field of discourse(语场), tenor of discourse(语旨), and mode of discourse(语式).25. (P122) The term diglossia(双言制度) refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.上一页下一页。
社会语言学简介
社会语言学社会语言学（Sociolinguistics ）是在 20 世纪 60 年代在美国首先兴起的一门边缘科学。
它主要是指运用语言学和社会学等学科的理论和方法，从不同的社会科学的角度去研究语言的社会本质和差异的一门学科。
对这个定义，有一些不同的理解。
有的学者认为，此研究应以语言为重点，联系社会因素的作用研究语言的变异；有的学者认为是语言的社会学，研究语言和社会的各种关系，使用语言学的材料来描写和解释社会行为，并将语言当做社会现象考察。
[1]中文名索绪尔外文名Saussure概况听语音在当前中国，“社会语言学”与“文化语言学”、“语言文化学”等有相混的地方，应该把它们区分开来为好，给“社会语言学”一个较为固定的内涵、一个较为稳定的外延，不能作为一个“漫无边际”的“糊里糊涂”的概念。
社会语言学在当前中国，主要是一些研究方言学的学者在做，或者说是一些学者从方言学的领域中转移过来的。
这有一定的原因，方言与文化、方言与民俗之间，等等，本来就关系较为紧密，这也是促成中国社会语言学形成的一个原因。
社会语言学将从以下两个领域进行探索：第一，是社会生活的变化将引起语言（诸因素）的变化，其中包括社会语境的变化对语言要素的影响。
第二，从语言（诸因素）的变化探究社会（诸因素）的变化。
在第一个领域中，社会是第一性，社会有了变化，才引起语言的变化。
在第二个领域中社会仍是第一性，但未会有像语言相对论者所认为，有什么模式的语言就会产生什么样的社会模式或者社会文化。
社会语言学的任务是在于描述“语言和社会结构的共变”。
“共变”是现代语言学常用的新术语。
该命题说的“共变”是现代语言学常用的新术语。
该命题说的“共变”似乎指语言是一个变数。
这两个变数互相影响，互相作用，互相制约，互相接触而引起的互相变化。
[2]代表人物听语音索绪尔索绪尔（Saussure，1857-1913）首先提出社会语言学的研究方向。
他认为Language分为两个方面：一是语言（Langue）即平时人们研究的语言系统或是总结语言的使用，例如语法，句法，词法等；另一个方面便是言语（Parole），即社会语言学，语言的当代的使用偏好，与当代社会相关联的研究方向。
sociolinguistics
3.2 The Study Scopes of Sociolinguistics
社会语言学的研究范围：一般而言，包括以下几个方面: 1）一个国家或地区的语言状况如双言制（diglossia） 、双语、多语或多方言状况； 2）各种语言变体包括地域方言和社会方言（social dialect或sociolect）、标准语和土语（vernacular） 、正式语体（formal style）和非正式语体（informal style）等构造特点及其社会功能； 3）交谈情景与选择语码之间的关系以及语码选择与人 际关系的相互作用； 4）社会以及不同的集团对各种语言或语言变体的评价 和态度以及由此产生的社会效应； 5）由于社会的、文化的、经济的、政治的种种原因以 及语言接触所引起的语言变化的方式和规律，等等。
empirical investigation.
It is related to methodology and contents of social sciences.
2. DEVELOPMENT AND MAIN REPRESENTATIVES
ORIGINS: Saussure’s & Chomsky’s concepts PROMINENT FIGURES: William Labov & Peter Trudgill
(3). It also studies the influence of the essence and differentiations of society on language (e.g. How to distinguish a person‟s status in his social class by groups, religion, gender, educational level, age, ethnic origin, etc. which he belongs to.) On the whole, sociolinguistics, drawing upon the theories and methods of different aspects of social sciences( such as sociology, anthropology, ethnography, psychology, geography, history, etc.), studies and researches language, and its social essence and differentiations, as well as its social factors.
Sociolinguistics
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总分
核分人
得分
阅卷ngustics
Ⅰ.Introduction
Linguistic is usually defined as the science of language or as the scientific study of language. There are many branches of linguistics,such as phonology, syntax, psycholinguistics, etc. In this paper, I will introduce my most interseted one—Sociolingustics to you.The reason why I most interested in socialinguistics is because I think that this world is organized by many rules which we have to boey if we want to live an easy life. It is of the same case when it comes to social communication. All of us have face wants, all of us wang to be treated with politeness, so we should obey some rules when talk with others.By studying Sociolinguistics we will know more about it, find that it is very funny and usefully.
Sociolinguistics
引言
社会语言学是一门年轻的学科，从确立 至今只有 40年左右的历史，但却因其独 特的学科性质和极强的发展能力而备受 关注。 社会语言学的确立以1964年在美国召开 的第9届国际语言学大会为标志。
历史背景
考察语言问题需结合社会因素的思想在 中西学术史中早已有之。 但直到18、19世纪、语言的社会性质才 真正引起人们的重视。有关语言和社会 关系的论述开始出现在一些著名学者的 文章、著作中。
主要流派
社会方言学（social dialectology） 语言社会学（sociology of language） 交际民族志学（ethnopology of communication） 语言社会心理学（social psychology of language） 互动社会语言学（interactional sociolinguistics）
而且成为许多大学语言学系的专业课程， 得到了学术界的普遍承认。
历史背景
就连当初把社会语言学研究比喻为采集蝴蝶标 本的工作，认为其重要性无法同理论语言学相 提并论的乔姆斯基，最后也改变了看法，声称 从不怀疑社会语言学研究在语言科学中的合法 地位。 当代社会语言学的应用研究在法律、广告、诊 断、教育等领域内广泛开展，已经成为社会文 化的有机组成部分之一，引起了越来越多的关 注。
主要流派
互动社会语言学（interactional sociolinguistics）
曾被译为“交际社会语言学”或“相互交往社 会语言学” 会话过程绝不是一个简单的罗列词语的过程。 研究语言和非语言知识在会话过程中的作用以 及说话人的社会文化背景如何跟这些知识相互 影响。
语言学流派
语言学流派社会语言学社会语言学（sociolinguistics）是在20世纪60年代在美国首先兴起的一门边缘性学科。
它主要是指运用语言学和社会学等学科的理论和方法，从不同的社会科学的角度去研究语言的社会本质和差异的一门学科。
对这个定义，有一些不同的理解。
有的学者认为，此研究应以语言为重点，联系社会因素的作用研究语言的变异；有的学者认为是语言的社会学，研究语言和社会的各种关系，使用语言学的材料来描写和解释社会行为。
我们比较倾向于前者。
社会语言学的研究范围：一般而言，包括以下几个方面：1.一个国家或地区的语言状况如双言制（diglossia）、双语、多语或多方言状况；2.各种语言变体包括地域方言和社会方言（social dialect或socialect）、标准语和土语（vernacular）、正式语体（formal style）和非正式语体（informal style）等构造特点及其社会功能；3.交谈情景与选择语码之间的关系以及语码选择与人际关系的相互作用；4.社会以及不同的集团对各种语言或语言变体的评价和态度以及由此产生的社会效应；5.由于社会的、文化的、经济的、政治的种种原因以及语言接触所引起的语言变化的方式和规律，等。
社会语言学的研究对象一般认为是：1.语言的变异（variation），并且联系社会因素来探讨语言变异发生的原因和规律，常常使用统计的方法和概率的模式来描写这些变异现象。
这又被称为"微观社会语言学"（micro-sociolinguistics）或"小社会语言学"；2.社会中的语言问题，如上面提到的双语、语言接触、双方言，语言规范化问题等，这又被称为"宏观社会语言学"（macro-sociolinguistics）；3.研究人们怎样在实际环境中使用语言进行交际，以及不同的社会、社团使用语言的差别，如某一社会阶层使用语言的不同习惯（包括语音、语法和词汇的不同，这被称为语言的社会变异），又如不同的性别、年龄、行业和经济地位等对个人言语的影响（这被称为个人语言变异）。
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Sociolinguistics and Related disciplines
parent
disciplines: linguistics and sociology related disciplines: anthropology, psychology, gender studies, public policy management, political science and history.
If
we want to know more about some linguistic variations in language use by turning to potential sociocultural factors for a description and explanation, we are doing a sociolinguistic study of language. That is, we are doing sociolinguistics at a micro level of investigation.
If
we want to know more about a given society or community by examining the linguistic behaviour of its members, we are doing a sociolinguistic study of society. That is, we are doing sociolinguistics at a macro level of investigation.
Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies
ALeabharlann sociolinguistic study of society (macro-sociolinguistics宏观社会语言学) -- it emphasizes on the understanding of sociological things of society A sociolinguistic study of language (Micro-sociolinguistics微观社会语言学) -- it focuses on structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context
Language and Culture
Language
influences thought and culture，Language varies in categories and concepts, thus reflecting the different world views of different language users, that is, culture and thought are conditioned by language
Sociolinguistics is the subdiscipline of linguistics studies language in social context. Its goal is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech community and in different social situations.
Language and society
It
is universally recognized that language is a scientific system on the one hand and a social activity on the other.
Some
social factors that are believed to influence our language behavior in a social context. Among these factors, some major ones include 1 ) class; 2) gender; 3) age; 4) ethnic identity; 5) education background, 6) occupation, and 7) religious belief.
Sociolinguistics---a
sub-field of linguists that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.(p79)
Culture
influences language，Every language is a part of a culture. As such, it can not but serve and reflect cultural needs. When a culture experiences radical changes, the vocabulary also undergoes corresponding alterations
Sociolinguistics
讲解者：闫晓燕
Outline
What
is sociolinguistics? Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies The study issues Sociolinguistics and Related disciplines Language and Culture Language and society
The study issues
Sociolinguistics
deals with subjects such as the linguistic identity of social groups, social attitudes to language, standard and non-standard forms of language, the patterns and needs of national language use, social varieties and levels of language, the social basis of multilingualism, and so on.
What is sociolinguistics?
Definitions:
Sociolinguistics
is the study of the relationships between language use and social structure. It investigates the correlation between linguistic (i.e. phonological, lexical, and grammatical) variables and social (i.e. gender, age, status, and ethnicity) variables.
Sociolinguistics
refers to any study of language in relation to society. It can be defined as the study of correlations between linguistic variables, and nonlinguistic variables such as the social class of speakers, their age, sex etc.(p79)