智能照明系统的外文文献原稿和译文
电气专业外文文献翻译---智能照明控制系统
电气专业外文文献翻译---智能照明控制系统XXX control system is to conserve energy。
This system utilizes us pre-set control modes and components to accurately set up and manage XXX of n。
the system takes advantage of natural outdoor light and only uses the required XXX XXX 30%.Keywords: XXX control system。
bus-type star-shaped structure1.Advantages of the XXX1.1 XXX SavingXXX XXX-saving XXX utilizing pre-set control modes and components。
it can effectively manage the level of n required at different times。
This system takes full advantage of natural outdoor light and only uses artificial light when necessary。
As a result。
it uses the least amount of energy possible to achieve the required level of XXX-saving benefits。
XXX 30%.Note: No paragraph was XXX with the original text.)XXX control system is to conserve energy。
This system incorporates us pre-set control modes and components to accurately set up and manage energy-saving measures for different levels of XXX。
智慧路灯外文参考文献
智慧路灯外文参考文献智慧路灯外文参考文献1. Sun, W., Wang, Y., & Li, Y. (2019). Design and implementation of an intelligent street lamp based on LoRa technology. IEEE Access, 7, 116312-116323.2. Li, H., Wang, M., Li, Q., & Li, X. (2017). Design of intelligent street lamp control system based on ZigBee wireless communication technology. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 789(1), 012010.3. Cheng, Y., & Wu, X. (2018). Design and implementation of an intelligent street lamp based on NB-IoT technology. IEEE Access, 6, 63887-63895.4. Chen, Y., Wang, J., & Li, J. (2019). Design and implementation of a smart street lighting control system based on IoT technology. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1176(1), 012020.5. Chen, L., & Chen, N. (2020). A smart street lighting control system based on NB-IoT technology. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 38(6), 7523-7533.6. Zhang, H., & Wang, S. (2019). Design and implementation of a smart street lighting control system based on LoRa technology. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1298(1),012035.7. Wu, Y., & Ning, P. (2017). Design and implementation ofa smart street lighting control system based on ZigBee wireless communication technology. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 902(1), 012010.8. Li, J., & Wu, Y. (2018). Design and implementation of an intelligent street lamp system based on NB-IoT technology. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1021(1), 012012.9. Wang, J., Chen, Y., & Li, J. (2019). Design and implementation of a smart street lighting control system based on LoRa technology. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1237(1), 012017.10. Huang, Z., & Huang, Y. (2018). Design and implementation of a smart street lighting control system based on NB-IoT technology. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1026(1), 012012.。
智能照明系统的外文文献原稿和译文
IntroductionIntroduction With the continuous development of our economy,rapidly rising living standards, people working and living environment have become increasingly demanding, while the lighting system requirements have become more sophisticated, the traditional lighting technology has been a strong blow. On the one hand because of information technology and computer technology changes in lighting technology,providing technical support; the other hand, due to energy shortage, the state more and more attention on energysaving lighting, new lighting control technology to develop rapidly to meet with By energy conservation, comfort,convenience requirements.Lighting control lighting control from the traditional manual method, automated lighting control to today's intelligent lighting control. Intelligent lighting control system is based on computercontrolled alldigital platform, modular, distributed bus control system, the central processor modules communicate directly through the network bus, the bus makes use of lighting, dimming, blinds, scene control to achieve intelligent, and become a complete bus system.Can be based on changes in the external environment in the device automatically adjust the status of the bus to reach safety, energy conservation, human effects, and can use in the future, in accordance with the requirements of users through the computer Way to increase or modify the system's functionality, without having to relaying of cables, intelligent lighting control system,high reliability,flexible control, lighting control is the traditional way can not be done.The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System components Intelligent lighting control system is usually dimmer module,switch module, input module, the control panel, liquid crystal display touch screen, smart sensors, PC interface, time management module, handheld programmer,monitoring computer(need to bridge a large network connection)and other components composition.（1）The basic principle of the dimming module is a microprocessor (CPU) The size of the opening angle control SCR to control the average amplitude of the output voltage toadjust the brightness of light sources.（2）switch module is controlled by the power switch relay output to control light.（3）input module is to accept passive contact signals transmitted to the microprocessor via the bus.（4）The control panel is intuitive operation for control of lighting scenes were the parts, which is controlled by a microprocessor, can be programmed to complete a variety of different control requirements.Enter symbol identifying the microprocessor,after processing control information sent via the bus, to control the corresponding dimming of the light source module or switching module control the dimming or switch control.（5）The illumination of the sensor interface module for connection to detection, there is detection, motion detection and other sensors.（6）Time Management module control system with another device on the bus interface to automate tasks and time control. Monitoring Contents（1）The central control system through the central station and the system software on the switch, dimming, clock, lighting, monitoring and management of the state.（2）switch control, by the central station, local control panel for lights for open, close control.（3）dimming control, by the central station, local control panel for lighting the illumination from zero to maximum control.（4）The time clock control system based on preset time for light to open and close control.（5）The astronomical clock control, enter the local latitude and longitude, the system automatically calculate the day of the sunset time, this time to control lighting according to the scene changes.（6）The scene control, through the central station, local control panel programming,lights were on, off, dimming control settings.（7）Remote control, remote control via handheld control panel with infrared light for the region under the control turned off, dimming control.（8）The illumination system according to the illumination detection sensor detection data (light, light and dark), in accordance with the preset parameters to automatically turn on lights, turn off, dimming control.（9）exists,motion control, according to presence detection, motion detection sensors and other detection data, in accordance with the preset parameters to automatically turn on lights,turn off, dimming control.（10）joint control,through the input module receives the video security monitoring system, intrusion alarm systems,access control systems,automatic fire alarm system in the coordinated control signals to switch on the light source control or dimming control.（11）Remote control, lighting control through the Internet for remote monitoring and controlsystem:including lighting box lighting system parameter setting changes; on the system to monitor the state of the scene illumination; state of the system to control lighting scenes.（12）Graphic control, users can use the electronic map function on the entire region for visual control of the lighting, the floor plan of the whole building can be entered into the system,and use different colors to represent the current state of the region.Intelligent lighting control system data transmissionIntelligent lighting control system data transmission In the international lighting control system data transmission network without uniform standards, the current way of the main twisted pair, power line carrier transmission and three types of radio frequency transmission. These three transmission data rates, reliability of transmission is quite different. twistedpair transmission To twisted pair transmission twisted pair transmission network for information, the laying of lines separately for new construction, expansion of the project. There are in this way The following advantages:（1）hardware and software protocol completely open, perfect, common good.（2）lines at both ends of transformer isolation, immunity to interference, lightning protection performance.（3）transmission speed. （4）The system capacity is almost unlimited, the system will not increase the emergence of unexpected failures.（5）as an information transmission medium,a large number of sophisticated equipment for general use. Power Line Carrier transmission Use of electric power line carrier transmission of information transmission network, without laying a single line for data transmission of the signals can be applied to new construction, expansion of the project, and especially for reconstruction projects. Power line carrier transmission in the current fluctuations due to power lines, data transfer rate and reliability of data transmission by a greater impact,reducing efficiency. When the monitoring equipment for a long time, no reliable data transmission may cause the system to a standstill. Radio frequency transmission Radio frequency transmission of information using wireless radio transmission network as the system can not only satisfy the functional requirements, indoor no wiring, simple construction, can save the construction investment for new construction, expansion of the project, and especially for reconstruction project. RF operating frequency consistent with IEEE802.11b standards.The scope of application of intelligent lighting control systemThe scope of application of intelligent lighting control system Lighting control system can be incandescent, fluorescent, energy saving lamps, quartz lamps and other light dimming the lights on all occasions to control the environment to meet a variety of lighting requirements.（1）offices, schools, hospitals, factories and other places of the lighting system,using the time control system on the light on, turn off the automatic control, the use of illumination sensor that automatically adjusts the illumination, energy conservation. Can be the central monitoring and control system can be connected with the construction equipment.（2）Theatre, conference rooms, clubs and other places of use of system functions and dimming the scene switches can be easily converted a variety of lighting scenarios, multipoint control. Light source can be controlled through the system,air conditioning, electric fans, electric curtains, Canada Heater and other electrical equipment.（3）The venue sports venues match required by hierarchical control, large venue should be a single light control.（4）The municipal works, squares, parks and other outdoor public places, the group using the system control software can control lighting throughout the region, the use of illumination sensors, time switches to achieve lighting automation control, system monitoring software using intelligent lighting control.（5）areas where street lighting should be based on the geographical location and seasonal variation to determine a reasonable time to switch lights and the sky brightness changes according to the necessary amendments,the use of light control and time control of a combination of intelligent control.（6）Landscape lighting used in peacetime,the general holidays,major holidays and other control mode.Technical Analysis Intelligent lighting control systemTechnical Analysis Intelligent lighting control system is a system through the control bus to the various input, output and system support unit connected,power cable directly received from the distribution cabinet lighting or other electrical load, and without going through the switch. Do not have to consider when installing any control relationship, and then installed in the 1 Line Investment savings system settings through the software code of each unit's address in order to establish relations between the corresponding control.Compared with the traditional control method saves a lot of the original receipt of the switch to cable,but also shorten the time of installation and construction,saving labor costs.2 significant energy savings（1）Intelligent lighting control system can take advantage of smart sensor sensing outdoor light, automatic adjustment of light intensity,the outdoor light intensity,indoor lighting weaker; outdoor natural light is weak,the indoor lighting to strong, to keep the interior a constant standard of illumination, both to create the best work environment, but also to save energy.（2）Since the lighting control system, through sound management,the use of smart clock management devices according to different dates, different times of the various functional areas in accordance with the operation of preset for illumination, no light, to ensure the lights off; in In fact, the majority of cases, many areas do not need all the lights on or open to the brightest, lighting control systems can provide the most economical energy consumption the most comfortable lighting; in some public areas such as conference rooms, lounges, etc., the use of existing detection function When someone entered the lamp is lit or switch to a preset scene.3 extend the source life is the cause of death in light damage to overvoltage grid. The higher voltage source, doubling its life reduced. Therefore,maintaining a suitable light source voltage is an effective way to extend lamp life. Lighting control system can successfully suppress the impact of power grid voltage and surge voltage, the light will not cause the premature failure of the above. Can also be determined by the system to artificially limit the voltage to improve the light source life. Extend the life of not only save a lot of light fixtures, but also significantly reduce the workload of replacement light source, effectively reducing the operating costs of lighting systems,light sources for the difficult and expensive to install area lighting also has a special significance.4 improve management,reduce maintenance cost intelligent lighting control system, general lighting artificial opening and closing converted into intelligent management,will greatly reduce operation and maintenance costs of lighting systems,and return on investment.ConclusionIntelligent lighting control system allows a high degree of flexibility in lighting solutions, the system put into use, will bring highquality lighting environment, improve thelevel of intelligent management of the entire building, you can easily adjust the lighting system, both to meet the aesthetic and practical requirements, at the same time to reach the green energy saving targets. Therefore,the intelligent lighting control system will have broader application.译文介绍随着我国经济的不断发展，人民生活水平迅速提高，人们对工作和生活环境的要求越来越高，同时对照明系统的要求也越来越高，传统的照明技术受到了强烈冲击。
智能照明控制系统外文文献翻译最新
外文文献翻译：原文+译文文献出处：Forcada N. The research of Intelligent lighting control system[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 55: 62-77.原文The research of intelligent lighting control systemForcada NAbstractThe growing shortage of energy and the continuous improvement of the living standards of people, people for indoor lighting system for energy saving, comfort, pursue also more and more intense, the traditional lighting system is hard to meet people's needs. People want new indoor lighting control system installation designed to be simple and beautiful, and can according to the variation of indoor scene, automatically set the corresponding lighting mode. When indoor personnel quantity increasing, for instance, or indoor light dimmed, system automatically enhance indoor illumination brightness; When the researchers focused on the interior of a certain position, the brightness of the lighting system to automatically increase the corresponding position, and at the same time reduce the away from the target location of the brightness of the light; When people are watching TV, the system automatically shut off the corresponding lighting lamps and lanterns or weaken the corresponding the brightness of the lighting, etc.People expected indoor lighting system will automatically according to the change of the indoor scene, automatically switch to get the corresponding lighting model. In this way, not only can satisfy the requirement of people for the comfort of indoor lighting, also can achieve the goal of energy saving lighting.Keywords: intelligent lighting; Control system; photoelectric detection1 IntroductionNew design of indoor lighting control system it should be possible under the condition of the minimum power consumption, meet the needs of people living and working for. And existing traditional household indoor lighting control system, weadopt manual closing or disconnect switches for simple control, the controller of the dispersed, will not be able to realize the centralized control, in addition, now the traditional household lighting control system, for using single mode is also very light, system can't according to different indoor intensity of illumination and the flexibility to make corresponding adjustment, and also can't make different according to different requirements of lighting model of flexible adjustment accordingly. Single way of lighting, already caused the waste of resources, and can not meet the changes on the intensity of illumination automatically adjust the indoor environment, so as to keep the ideal intensity of illumination demand. It is because of these reasons, traditional way of indoor lighting control, now has lagged far behind the modern intelligent household demand for lighting control. In general, the condition of the traditional indoor lighting control system is simple. For traditional lighting control system, it adopts single control on line system more or the double control circuit control mode. In a single control circuit of the system, the control switch will pick up directly in the load circuit, it also can be to implement a simple function of on or off; For the double control circuit of the control system, it can be used two single-pole double switch to implement the system of dual control, but because of the connection between the switch lighting cable, therefore, when multicast integrated control, with the increase in the number of laying cable connection between switch, line installation also become very complex, the difficulty of construction projects. Rapid development of modern computer technology and wireless communication technology, to upgrade the traditional household lighting control system, the technical advantage of assurance. By studying intelligent household lighting control system, we can successfully solve the traditional lighting elaborate trivial, controller decentralized to centralized control, the indoor illumination cannot achieve flexible adjustment, severe waste of resources, many of the existing problems, and so on. Traditional lighting control system, adopt the way of manual switch more so, relatively backward management way, must gradually open or close them one by one, and the system control mode of single: only two control state and off rotation.And intelligent lighting control technology, it is with the development ofcomputer technology, and wireless communication technology, modern sensor technology, the development of network technology and automatic control technology and developed a kind of comprehensive application of modern technology. Intelligent lighting control technology application has a long history, it can be traced back to the 90 s of the 20th century, at the time of intelligent lighting control systems are mostly based on Field bus (Field bus) technology, the use of this technology, the control system can make the lighting control extends to the end of the equipment. Today’s intelligent lighting control system is to use a couple more twisted pair as a communication medium, namely cable intelligent lighting control system. In cable intelligent lighting control system, control network composed of twisted-pair cable connect all system control unit, a control signal from the system control unit, via the twisted-pair network spread in the whole control system, system of each control unit from control signal from the twisted pair, according to the communication protocol of the control system, in accordance with the provisions of the command action, the network intelligent control field. This kind of cable intelligent network control system has strong anti-interference ability, good communication effect, and high system stability.2 The kinds of lighting control system2.1 Dynallte intelligent lighting control systemThe control system mainly by the switch module, dimmer module, liquid crystal display touch screen control panel, intelligent sensors, clock manager, programming day, hand-held programmer and PC monitoring machine parts. This Dynallte control system USES the DyNet network connection, DyNet network is a distributed intelligent network, and it USES the RS - 485 communication protocols. The main working principle of this control system is: control module is controlled by the characteristics of the processor, all control components in the system interconnection on the DyNet network, and each device on the network within the remaining ^ ^: all are separate entities required for the operation of instruction. Users can use the control panel, through the button to select a preset scenes, is one of the most simple control method.96 each dimmer can preset scenario. In addition, the use of clock control isalso a common way of lighting control. Another common device is a common sensor, it consists of noise detection infrared tracking, photometric detection of photocell and receiver for remote control.2.2 C Bus intelligent lighting control systemThe Bus system is made up of Australia, C a electrical company develops in 1994, the C a Bus control system have been widely used in many countries and regions.C a Bus system is a two wire Bus type of intelligent control system, it is mainly used for the control of lighting system. In addition, can also be used to fire the linkage control system, etching the C a Bus system, the system all the cells device (except the power) are built into the processor and memory cell, all unit device consists of a pair of signal lines (twisted pair) connected to the network. Control system of each unit is set only unit address set its function, and software system through the output unit to control the load of each circuit. General principles of the group address and the output and input cell components set up corresponding contact. When system has input, input unit into a C a Bus signal, and then will be broadcast on the C a Bus system Bus, at this point, all the output of the unit in the control system receives the signal and make a judgment, control the corresponding output circuit’s a Bus system control mode generally includes the scene control, infrared sensor control, timing control, centralized switch control, local control and group control, centralized dimming Integrated control, wide-area control and system control, etc.2.3 The EIB intelligent control system installationThe EIB (European Installation Bus) the European electrical wiring device Bus intelligent control system.EIB it is for electrical wiring device of intelligent control system, intelligent lighting system is a part of the system.EIB standard is an open nature of the control system, it can be treated by a variety of chips in a variety of platforms, and expand the space.EIB intelligent control system by the bus, bus power supply, intelligent sensor (fuzzy switch, the light sensor, mobile sensors, time controller), intelligent switch drive and other intelligent components (logical module bus coupler).EIB is a kind of typical fieldbus control system, in the EIB control system, each component is a node, the different nodes are connected in a 2 coretwisted pair of medium on the bus, they both master-slave subordinate relations, can realize the communication between each other, thereby Implement control and be controlled.3 Intelligent lighting system control strategyIntelligent lighting system, usually is to use modern computer technology, network communication technology, automatic control technology, microelectronics technology, such as science and technology, according to environmental changes, objective request, the user condition such as reserve requirements and the various information in the automatic acquisition system, and the information collected in the corresponding logic analysis, reasoning, judgment, the results according to the specific form for storage, display, transmission and feedback control to 迖the best control effect of a kind of intelligent lighting control system. Generally, intelligent lighting control system should be based on the function of the environment in a certain area, in different period of the day, according to the indoor brightness or different USES of the region to automatic control of lighting, lighting control can transition from the traditional ordinary switch control to intelligent switch control. The application of intelligent lighting technology, the purpose is for people's work and provide new life comfortable and efficient lighting environment. Intelligent lighting it is the combination of intelligent technology and conventional lighting technology, from the basic form of its composition; it can be roughly divided into two major categories.Intelligent lighting lamps and lighting system, intelligent control to intelligent control unit and intelligent sensing unit for the system of the core of intelligent switches, intelligent lamps and lanterns, etc., can be single or several of the road lights on or off the control, the control of the bright or dark, delay or simple program control, and close the remote control and induction control, etc.This control system control and sensing unit has small volume, simple structure, small control power, etc.This type of product easy to use, low cost, and thus more be applied in such small space inside the bedroom environment intelligent lighting. Based on computer and intelligent communication network of intelligent lighting control system of intelligentlighting control system based on LAN mainly can be divided into the central system of centralized control and distributed control system of two types. Distributed intelligent lighting control system, is mainly introduced in the field of lighting control using the field bus technology, its work principle is system USES the main power supply, after dimmer module can be divided into multiple adjustable output circuit to realize the control of light lamp power supply. Lighting lamps and lanterns is the regulation of the switch and brightness can be controlled through a programmable multi-function control panel, in all the dimmer system and control panel can be realized by programming every street lamp of various types of control purpose, which can produce different types of lighting control scenarios and lighting effects.译文智能照明控制系统研究摘要能源的日益短缺及人们的生活水平的不断提高，人们对于室内照明系统的节能、舒适度的追求也越来越强烈，传统的照明系统很难再满足人们的需求。
智能照明控制系统英文文献
Distributed Intelligent City Street Lamp Monitoring and Control System Based onWireless Communication chip nRF401Yu CHEN, Zhaoyu LIUZhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry ManagementZhengzhou, Chinae-mail: chenyu@Abstract—Traditional street lamp lighting system’s control style has disadvantage of low efficient, high cost and difficult to monitor, etc, so, it has not met modern city requirement. In order to realize distributed long distance city street lamp state automatic control in real time, we introduces a kind of wireless long distance intelligent city street lamp monitoring and control system based on SCM technology, electric power carrier communication, and wireless communication technology, etc. System is composed of upper PC, main controller, and each terminal controller. Upper PC controls main controller SCM MSP430F19, and transmits control instruction to field controller, MSP430F149 controls corresponding lighting lamp switch’s state changing by wireless transceiver nRF401. Upper PC can effectively complete wireless long distance lighting equipment control in real time. Through experiments, transmission distance can reach 1000m in maximum. In addition, we design illumination monitor equipment, which can assure lamp shut down automatically when communication network failure.Keywords-street lamp monitoring and control; MSP430F149; nRF401; wireless communication; AT89C51; electric power carrier communicationI.I NTRODUCTIONStreet lamp lighting is city part of infrastructure, which plays important position at traffic safety, society security, people living, city appearance style and feature, as well as making a city strength and mature degree. Traditional street lamp controlling adopts time-controller or transformer (distribution box) to realize decentralized control, which has disadvantages of bad centralized management, and high failure rate. Due to without long distance data collection and communication function, street lamp management in real time has not been realized, so, lamp working, operation result, etc can not be centralize monitor, record, and static, which usually can not get timely maintenance. This paper introduces a kind of street lamp long distance monitoring and control system through research work principle, realization, and character, etc based on SCM technology, wireless communication technology, etc after analyzing disadvantages of traditional monitoring and control system. This system realizes lighting according to needed, and monitor alarming, which complete long distance street lamp monitoring and control and has stronger feasibility. [1]II.S YSTEM C OMPOSITION AND P RINCIPLE System is composed of each single lamp monitoring-control terminal controller equipment, street lamp monitor central station and upper PC, etc. Each street lamp monitor central station connects with work central station by wireless transmission, and central station links with upper PC through RS232/485 or USB interface by wire style. According to different of geographical distribution situation, each work central station connects with one or multiple work slave station by wireless communication links. Upper PC obtains lighting equipment switch state by communicating with terminal equipment. And work central station can communicate with upper PC by RS232/485 or USB bus interface. Upper PC displays field lighting equipment state in real time.Each single lamp monitor-control terminal controller can realize lighting lamp start or close by upper PC, because city lamp distance is longer, we can make street lamp monitor central station as data collection equipment through electric power carrier line as communication medium. That is to say, after central station connected, then connects with upper PC through interface, which can fit to large scale field needs of city and realize longer distance data transmission. Distributed network structure principle is shown as Figure 1.Figure 1. Distributed lamp monitoring and control system structure.Each monitor terminal lower PC can itself set street lamp work information or download control schema through upper PC, such as clock calendar, open/close time, etc. Upper can each street lamp working state; monitor central station node can transmit instruction to upper PC through wireless jumping communication among each nodes; each street lamp node controls its working information, and realize failure2009 International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computingalarming through electric power carrier line; if some lamp node failure, beyond this node and communication, as well as feedback this information to control central and upper PC. SCM MSP430F149 acts as monitor central station controller; upper PC connects with work central station by RS232/485 or USB bus and realizes information exchange, which responds whole system monitor and management. Monitor central station controller receiver all kinds of operation control command and setting parameters of upper PC, and each field street lamp controller collects switch analogy and realize long distance lighting lamp control according to control schema. Upper PC connects work central station by RS485 or USB bus interface; gets and storages monitoring data through work slave station uploading monitoring data. As well as downloading control schema and avoid system out of control phenomenon appearance because of network failure. In addition, each single street lamp controller has ability of light-intensity detection module, which can realize automatically on-off according to night or day.III. H ARDWARE C IRCUIT D ESIGNSystem street lamp monitor central station controller adopts America TI .co SCM of MSP430F149; it is a kind of low power mix-signal controller, which has 16 bit RSIC structure, 16 bit register and constant generator of CPU. On running of CPU, if it goes wrong, DCO will automatically start, and assures system work normally. If program error, we can set watch dog to solve it. And on program fleeting, watch dog will appear overflow situation, watch dog will produce reset signal, and make system restart, which can assure system running stability.A. Single Lamp Monitoring EquipmentMain function of single lamp monitor terminal is switch on-off of controlling lamp, collecting lamp working information in real time, and communication with monitor central station controller, its hardware module frameFigure 2. Single lamp monitoring and control system structure.ISL29000 working lighting intensity range is between 1lux and 10000lux, and can transfer it into currency; outputting currency is proportional to receiving lightingintensity of photodiode. Outputting currency is converted into voltage, calculate outer circumstance lighting intensity through A/D conversion, and SCM judges if street on or off. Through lighting intensity monitor module, system can realize to automatically control street lamp on-off to avoid communication failure. Lower PC can get each street lamp terminal address through setting digital port coding, and realize relay driving on-off state, as well as using currency transformer to obtain lamp working state information.Single lamp monitor terminal adopts SCM AT89C51, and realize communication with MSP430F149 through electric power carrier communication. Electric power communication module is composed by electric power carrier communication professional chip SSC P300 and SSC P111. [2]B. Wireless Transceiver Circuit DesignSystem adopts nRF401 wireless transceiver chip of Nordic of Norway as core of wireless communication module [3]. Core architecture of Bluetooth technology, the ability of anti-jamming is very strong of type of modulation FSK. The working frequency is stable and reliable and peripheral components are few. So it is adapt to design portable hand-in products. Owing to its low transmitting frequency, high receiving sensitivity and carrier frequency which value is 433MHz of ISM frequency band. nRF401 satisfies the demands of wireless supervisor and permitting license is unnecessary. nRF401 can convert standby state to common one or transmitting state to receiving one. According to real design demands, the control port PWR_UP, CS, TXEN of nRF401 connects to SCM through pull down resistance. So, when the corresponding port of MSP430F149 is in input state, owing to pull down resistance, the current consumption is nearly zero. [4] Because SCM of MSP430F149 series automatically has serial communication ports, it can be connected to transceiver circuit of nRF401. Level transform is unnecessary. The working frequency band of Radio frequency module is set by the interface CS of serial peripheral equipments of nRF401.In addition, through adjusting bias resistance of RF_PWR port, radiated power can be adjusted. The maximum radiated power can be +10dBm. Also, the chip’s VCO circuit needs external connection of VCO inductance whose value is 22nH and the inductance is very crucial. Q>433MHz, the precision is 2%. The wireless transceiver principle is shown as Figure 3.Figure 3. Wireless communication module.The structure of inspection device is as same as each detection apparatus wireless transceiver unit. The wireless interface is designed to be coil aerial with small bulk and low costs and it can be corroded to PCB board directly. It is very suit to portable and low consumption productions.C.System Anti-jamming DesignTo prevent electromagnetic jamming, this system adopts anti-jamming measure; because electromagnetic jamming frequency segment is 0.1Hz~50MHz, so, system communication adopts frequency 433MHz, which can avoid main electromagnetic interference.Under field circumstance, antenna selection can improve system anti-jamming function, so, inspection touring station selects high-gain omni-directional antenna. To avoid much more terminal station number, antenna tuning of PCB outer, and trouble of circle antenna field tuning, etc. We select low price single whip antenna and fix it on top of suitable position, which can obtain best transceiver effect. nRF401 DC near VDD adopts high character capacity to decouple, nRF401 power has been filtered and let it isolates with digital circuit. In addition, because inspection touring equipment controller connects with central station PC by RS-485 bus, output port is double end balance driver, input port is double different amplifier. So, jamming noise can be cancelled out.Because work slave station single lamp monitoring and control equipment has delay switch action, which producing micro variable voltage du/dt, and micro currency di/dt are all jamming source. Method of reducing jamming source du/dt is parallel capacity, and reducing jamming source di/dt is series inductance or resistance to increase fly wheel diode. In this system, we increase fly wheel diode of delay coil to eliminate jamming of reverse electromotive force when disconnecting coil. But, if only add fly wheel diode will produce time delay, so, we add zener diode to realize action more times in unit time. [5]IV.S YSTEM S OFTWARE D ESIGNSoftware design is anther key to realize system function. To convenient to replant and resource sharing, software system adopts structured process design scheme, which can make system has better modularity and portability. Software design is composed of single lamp monitor-control program, street lamp monitor central station control program, upper PC display-control program, wireless communication program, etc. Key of system software design is street lamp monitor station and wireless communication module design, etc. Single lamp monitor-control slave station software is responsibility to data collection and communication, etc. Wireless communication module is made up of initial program, transmitting and receiving program, etc. Because system any one of nodes can communicate with other nodes at any time. So, each monitor-control node communication program is basic same. Main program of system includes two parts, which one is street lamp monitor central station MSP430F149 receiving upper PC correct instruction, then transmitting corresponding instruction to field lighting lamp. The other part is controlling each single lamp state according to receiving instruction.A.Upper PC CommunicationUpper PC adopts VB language to design friend man-machine interface, which can reach higher control demand, and cost is lower. As well as meet many number control system requirement. We use Microsoft Comm Control communication control file that VB provides, only need compiling little program code, and can realize data transceiver. MSP430F149 SCM adopts IARC430 language to design and complete communication with upper PC. Upper PC monitor software structure flow is shown as Figure 4.Figure 4. Monitor program flow of upper PC.B.Wireless Transceiver ModuleDesign of transceiver module communication between monitor central station controller MSP430F149 and lower PC controller AT89C51 is connected through wireless transceiver nRF401 chip, which realizes data transmission. When transceiver module has transmitting or receiving task, SCM fulfills by interruption style, which assures control main program running normally. [6]Transmission data must fit communication protocol that can be recognized by receiver. So, we need packet data, and add protocol head, transmission length, check, etc. Packet data can be sent into interface, and transmitted by wireless module. Data marking head is used to express a new data block’s starting; block length assures data can not be lost. On programming, we should pre-design communication protocol and think data error correction. Error correction can adopts checksum style or CRC check style, checksum is adding data except marking head, which assures receiving data can not error because of circumstance jamming. Transceiver process flow is shown as Figure 5.Figure 5. Wireless transceiver process flow diagram.C.Single Lamp Monitor ModuleSingle lamp monitor terminal management module, which mainly completes function of monitor controller and single lamp monitor address setting, adding, and modifying, etc; single lamp state controlling and checking module, which mainly completes central station controller time adjusting, single lamp switch controlling and state monitoring, as well as on line programming timing-controlling, and night lamp controlling, etc; failure alarming module, which is realize street lamp remote abnormal, state abnormal, or currency failure, etc recording and alarming in sound-light style, until processing in time after user notice normal; lighting lamp rate module, maintenance management module, etc.V.E XPERIMENT AND C ONCLUSIONS This paper designs a wireless long distance lighting control system based on electric power carrier communication and wireless communication technologies, and based on chip of SCM MSP430F149, AT89C51 and nRF401, etc, which realizes centralized management and distributed control function, etc. Experiment results show that transmission distance between a PC and multi work slave station controller can reach 1000m through system experiment, and completes field street lamp lighting equipment control accuracy. This paper mainly introduces hardware and software design of wireless communication module and upper PC interface module. System uses VB visualization character to design application program, and realizes lighting lamp long distance automatically control effect under Windows circumstance. System has many advantages of high anti-jamming, better expansibility, simple structure, low cost, and strong practicality. [7] System adopts wireless data transmission technology, it not only improves snr (signal-to-noise ratio) and monitors precision, but also avoids many heavy works such as signal transmission cable traffic, cable routing, cable connection, and cable monitor, etc. And reduce monitor and system monitor workload, time and cost, so, in great degree, it has broader applicability and better economy. If we change measurement style, for example, fix other monitor sensor, and modify corresponding software, we can easy to realize many other industry control value monitor in real time. Such as coal mine harmful gas concentrations monitor, grain storage temperature monitor, intelligent building monitor, etc. So, system has better popularization value and application prospect.VI.C ONCLUSIONSThis paper introduces street lamp long distance upper PC monitoring and control system design method, structure, and design hardware/software, etc. System uses wireless communication technology and electric power carrier cable communication technology, etc, which completes city street lamp monitoring and control in real time. System can also find failure in time and easy to maintenance, and reach to save energy on night lamp controlling, as well as on line program dividing groups’ timing control, which can assure lighting lamp rate, so, it realizes city street lamp information management.System adopts advanced street lamp long distance monitoring and control technology, which makes system has advantages of high automation, reliable operation, high efficiency power saving, and convenient to maintenance, etc, which can make up insufficiency of traditional street lamp lighting system.R EFERENCES[1]Cui Guimin, Qin Huibin, Luo You.“The Study ofWirelessStreetLampControl System,” Electronics & Packaging, 2007.12, p.42.[2]Tang Guizhong, Zhang Guangming, Ji Chuihua. “Design of WirelessMonitor Terminal for City Street Lamp Based on MSP430,”Microcomputer and Information, 2004.9, pp. 77-79.[3]Nordic VLSI. “nRFTM Radio Protocol Guidelines Nan400-07,”Http://www.nvlsi.no. 2002.12.[4]Li Jinfeng Cao,Shun Wei, Lifeng. “The Application of WirelessReceive Transmitter nRF401 in the Mine System,” Microcomputer Information. 2006.1-2, pp. 242-243.[5]Zeng Shuiping, Shi Kai. “The Design For Universal Serial Bus BasedOn MSP430F449,”China Science and Technology Information, 2008.11, pp. 143-144.[6]Han Xuejun, Liu Bintao, Chen Yonghui. “Design of Circuit BreakerTemperature On-line Monitoring System Based on Wireless Communication,” Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2006.8, pp.84-85.[7]Song Chengyan, Li Yang, Mei Yunhua. “The City Street Lamp’sMonitor and Control System Based on Wireless Communication,”Microcomputer Information, 2007.2-3, p.19-20.。
led照明毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
led照明毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Renewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsHigh-brightness LEDs—Energy efficient lighting sources and their potential in indoor plant cultivation ABSTRACTThe rapid development of optoelectronic technology since mid-1980 has significantly enhanced the brightness and efficiency of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LEDs have long been proposed as a primary light source for space-based plant research chamber or bioregenerative life support systems. The raising cost of energy also makes the use of LEDs in commercial crop culture imminent. With their energy efficiency, LEDs have opened new perspectives for optimizing the energy conversion and the nutrient supply both on and off Earth. The potentials of LED as an effective light source for indoor agriculturalproduction have been explored to a great extent. There are many researches that use LEDs to support plant growth in controlled environments such as plant tissue culture room and growth chamber. This paper provides a brief development history of LEDs and a broad base review on LED applications in indoor plant cultivation since 1990.Contents1. Introduction2. LED development.3. Color ratios and photosynthesis4. LEDs and indoor plant cultivation.4.1. Plant tissue culture and growth4.2. Space agriculture84.3. Algaculture4.4. Plant disease reduction5. Intermittent and photoperiod lighting and energy saving6. Conclusion1. IntroductionWith impacts of climate change, issues such as more frequent and seriousdroughts, floods, and storms as well as pest and diseases are becoming more serious threats to agriculture. These threats along with shortage of food supply make people turn to indoor and urban farming (such as vertical farming) for help. With proper lighting, indoor agriculture eliminates weather-related crop failures due to droughts and floods to provide year-round crop production, which assist in supplying food in cities with surging populations and in areas of severe environmental conditions.The use of light-emitting diodes marks great advancements over existing indoor agricultural lighting. LEDs allow the control of spectral composition and the adjustment of light intensity to simulate the changes of sunlight intensity during the day. They have the ability to produce high light levels with low radiant heat output and maintain useful light output for years. LEDs do not contain electrodes and thus do not burn out like incandescent or fluorescent bulbs that must be periodically replaced. Not to mention that incandescent and fluorescent lamps consume a lot of electrical power while generating heat, which must be dispelled from closed environments such as spaceships and space stations.2. LED developmentLED is a unique type of semiconductor diode. It consists of a chip of semiconductor material doped with impurities to create a p–n junction. Current flows easily from the p-side (anode), to the n-side (cathode), but not in the reverse direction.Electrons and holes flow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of a photon. The color (wavelength) of the light emitted depends on the band gap energy of the materials forming the p–n junction. The materials used for an LED have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible or near-ultraviolet light.The key structure of an LED consists of the die (or light-emitting semiconductor material), a lead frame where the die is placed, and the encapsulation which protects the die (Fig. 1).Fig.1LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide. Advances in materials science have made possible the production of devices with ever-shorter wavelengths, producing light in a variety of colors. J.Margolin reported that the first known light-emitting solid state diode was made in 1907 by H. J. Round. No practical use of Round’s diode was made for several decades until the invention of the first practical LED by Nick Holonyak, Jr in 1962. His LEDs became commercially available inlate 1960s. These GaAsP LEDs combine three primary elements: gallium, arsenic and phosphorus to provide a 655nm red light with brightness levels of approximately 1–10 mcd at 20mA. As the luminous intensity was low, these LEDs were only used in a few applications, primarily as indicators. Following GaAsP, GaP (gallium phosphide) red LEDs were developed. These device sex hibit very high quantum efficiencies at low currents. As LED technology progressed through the 1970s, additional colors and wavelengths became available. The most common materials were GaP green and red, GaAsP orange, and high efficiency red and GaAsP yellow. The trend towards more practical applications (such as in calculators, digital watches, and test equipment) also began to develop. As the LED materials technology became more advanced, the light output was increased, and LEDs became bright enough to be used for illumination.In 1980s a new material, GaAlAs (gallium aluminum arsenide) was developed followed by a rapid growth in the use of LEDs. GaAlAs technology provides superiorperformance over previously available LEDs. The voltage requirement is lower, which results in a total power savings. LEDs could be easily pulsed or multiplexed and thus are suitable for variable message and outdoor signs. Along this development period, LEDs were also designed into bar code scanners, fiber optic data transmission systems, and medicalequipment. During this time, the improvements in crystal growth and optics design allow yellow, green and orange LEDs only a minor improvement in brightness and efficiency. The basic structure of the material remained relatively unchanged.As laser diodes with output in the visible spectrum started to commercialize in late 1980s, LED designers used similar techniques to produce high-brightness and high reliability LEDs. This led to the development of InGaAlP (indium gallium aluminum phosphide) visible light LEDs. Via adjusting the energy band gap InGaAlP material can have different color output. Thus, green, yellow, orange and red LEDs could all be produced using the same basic technology. Also, light output degradation of InGaAlP material is significantly improved.Shuji Nakamura at Nichia Chemical Industries of Japan introduced blue LEDs in 1993. Blue LEDs have always been difficult to manufacture because of their high photon energies (>2.5 eV) and relatively low eye sensitivity. Also, the technology to fabricate these LEDs is very different and less advanced than standard LED materials. But blue is one of the primary colors (the other two being red and green). Properly combining the red, green, and blue light is essential to produce white and full-color. This process requires sophisticated software and hardware design to implement. In addition, the brightness level is low and the overall light output of each RGB die being used degrades at a different rate resulting in an eventual color unbalance. The blue LEDs available today consist of GaN (gallium nitride) and SiC (silicon carbide) construction. The blue LED that becomes available in production quantities has result in an entire generation of new applications that include telecommunications products, automotive applications, traffic control devices, and full-color message boards. Even LED TVs can soon become commercially available.Compare to incandescent light’s 1000-h and fluorescent light’s 8000-h life span, LEDs have a very significantly longer life of 100,000 h. In addition to their long life, LEDs have many advantages over conventional light source. These advantages include small size, specific wavelength, low thermal output, adjustable light intensity and quality, as well as high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Such advantages make LEDs perfect for supporting plant growth in controlled environment such as plant tissue culture room and growth chamber. Table 1 is a list of some common types of LEDs as compiled from .The chlorophyll molecules in plants initiate photosynthesis bycapturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy to help transforming water and carbon dioxide into the primary nutrient for living beings. The generalized equation for the photosynthetic process is given as:CO2 + H2O—light—>（CH2O）+ O2where (CH2O) is the chemical energy building block for thesynthesis of plant components.Chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths most efficiently. The green and yellow wavelengths are reflected or transmitted and thus are not as important in the photosyntheticprocess. That means limit the amount of color given to the plants and still have them grow as well as with white light. So, there is no need to devote energy to green light when energy costs are aconcern, which is usually the case in space travel.The LEDs enable researchers to eliminate other wavelengths found within normal white light, thus reducing the amount of energy required to power the plant growth lamps. The plants grow normally and taste the same as those raised in white light.Red and blue light best drive photosynthetic metabolism. These light qualities are particularly efficient in improving the developmental characteristics associated with autotrophic growth habits. Nevertheless, photosynthetically inefficient light qualities also convey important environmental information to a developing plant. For example, far-red light reverses the effect of phytochromes, leading to changes in gene expression, plant architecture, and reproductive responses. In addition, photoperiod (the adjustment of light and dark periods) and light quality (the adjustment of red, blue and far-red light ratio) also have decisive impacts on photomorphogenesis.The superimposed pattern of luminescence spectrum of blue LED (450–470 nm) and that of red LED (650–665 nm) corresponds well to light absorption spectrum of carotenoids and chlorophyll. Various plant cultivation experiments are possible when these twokinds of LED are used with the addition of far-red radiation (730–735 nm) as the light source. Along the line of the LED technology advancement, LEDs become a prominent light source for intensive plant culture systems and photobiological researches. The cultivation experiments which use such light sources are becoming increasingly active. Plant physiology and plant cultivation researches using LEDs started to peak in 1990s and become inevitable in the new millennium. Those researches have confirmed that LEDs are suitable for cultivation of a variety of algae,crop, flower, fruit, and vegetable.Some of the pioneering researches are reviewed in the followings.Bula et al. have shown that growing lettuce with red LEDs in combination with blue tubular fluorescent lamp (TFL) is possible. Hoenecke et al. have verified the necessity of blue photons for lettuce seedlings production by using red LEDs with blue TFL. As the price of both blue and red LEDs have dropped and the brightness increased significantly, the research findings have been able to be applied in commercial production. As reported by Agence France Press, Cosmo Plant Co., in Fukuroi, Japan has developed a red LED-based growth process that uses only 60% of electricity than a fluorescent lighting based one.Tennessen et al. have compared photosynthesis from leaves of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) enclosed in a leaf chamber illuminated by LEDs versus by a xenon arc lamp. The responses of photosynthesis to CO2 are similar under the LED and xenon arc lamps at equal photosynthetic irradiance. There is no statistical significant difference between the white light and red light measurements in high CO2. Some leaves exhibited feedback inhibition of photosynthesis which is equally evident under irradiation of either lamp type. The results suggest that photosynthesis research including electron transport, carbon metabolismand trace gas emission studies should benefit greatly from the increased reliability, repeatability and portability of a photosynthesis lamp based on LEDs.Okamoto et al. have investigated the effects of different ratios of red and blue (red/blue) photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) levels on the growth and morphogenesis of lettuce seedlings. They have found that the lettuce stem length decreases significantly with an increase in the blue PPFD. The research has also identified the respective PPFD ratio that (1) accelerates lettuce seedlings’stem elongation, (2) maximizes the whole plant dry weight, (3) accelerates the growth of whole plants, and (4) maximizes the dry weights of roots and stems. Photosynthesis does not need to take place in continuous light. The solid state nature allows LEDs to produce sufficient photon fluxes and can be turned fully on and off rapidly (200 ns), which is not easily achievable with other light sources. This rapid on–off feature has made LEDs an excellent light source for photosynthesis research such as pulsed lighting for the study of photosynthetic electron transport details. The off/dark period means additional energy saving on top of the LEDs’low power consumption.4. LEDs and indoor plant cultivation4.1. Plant tissue culture and growthTissue culture (TC), used widely in plant science and a number of commercial applications, is the growth of plant tissues or cells within a controlled environment, an ideal growth environment that is free from the contamination of microorganisms and other contaminants. A controlled environment for PTC usually means filtered air, steady temperature, stable light sources, and specially formulated growth media (such as broth or agar). Micropropagation, a form of plant tissue culture (PTC), is used widely in forestry and floriculture. It is also used for conserving rare or endangered plant species. Other uses of PTC include:1short-term testing of genetic constructions or regeneration oftrans genic plants,2 cross breeding distantly related species and regeneration of the novel hybrid,3 screening cells for advantageous characters (e.g. herbicidere sistance/tolerance),4embryo rescue (i.e. to cross-pollinate distantly related specie sand then tissue culture there sulting embryo which would normally die),5 large-scale growth of plant cells in liquid culture inside bioreactors as a source of secondary products (like recombinant proteins used as biopharmaceuticals).6production of doubled monoploid plants from haploid cultures to achieve homozygous lines more rapidly in breeding programs (usually by treatment with colchicine which causes doubling of the chromosome number).Tissue culture and growth room industries have long been using artificial light sources for production. These light sources include TFL, high pressure sodium lamp (HPS), metal halide lamp (MHL) and incandescent lamp, etc. Among them, TFL has been the most popular in tissue culture and growth room industries. However, the use of TFL consumes 65% of the total electricity in a tissue culture lab. That is the highest non-labor costs. As a result, these industries continuously seek for more efficient light sources. The development of high-brightness LED has made LED a promising light source for plant growth in controlled environments.Nhut et al. have cultured strawberry plantlets under different blue to red LED ratios as well as irradiation levels and compared its growth to that under plant growth fluorescent. The results suggest that a culture system using LED is advantageous for the micropropagation of strawberry plantlets. The study also demonstrates that the LED light source for in vitro culture of plantlets contributes to an improved growth of the plants in acclimatization.Brown et al. have measured the growth and dry matter partitioning of ‘Hungarian Wax’pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants grown under red LEDs compared with similar plants grown under red LEDs with supplemental blue or far-red radiation. Pepper biomass reduces when grown under red LEDs without blue wavelengths compared to plants grown under supplemental blue fluorescent lamps. The addition of far-red radiation results in taller plants with greater stem mass than red LEDs alone. Fewer leaves developed under red or red plus far-red radiation than with lamps producing blue wavelengths. The results of their research indicate that with proper combination of other wavelengths, red LEDs may be suitable for the culture of plants in tightly controlled environments.4.2. Space agricultureBecause re-supply is not an option, plants are the only options to generate enough food, water and oxygen to help make future explorers self-sufficient at space colonies on the moon, Mars or beyond. In order to use plants, there must be a light source. Standard light sources that used in homes and in greenhouses and in growth chambers for controlled agriculture here on Earth are not efficient enough for space travel. While a human expedition outside Earth orbit still might be years away, the space farming efforts are aimed at developing promising artificial light sources. LEDs, because of their safety, small mass and volume, wavelength specificity, and longevity, have long been proposed as a primary light source for space-base plant research chamber or bioregenerative life support systems .Infrared LEDs that are used in remote controls devices have other uses. Johnson et al. have irradiated oat (Avena sativa cv Seger) seedlings with infrared (IR) LED radiation passed through a visible-light-blocking filter. The irradiated seedlings exhibited differences in growth and gravitropic response when compared to seedlings grown in darkness at the same temperature. This suggests that the oat seedlings are able to detect IR LED radiation. These findings also expand the defined range of wavelengths involved in radiation–gravity (light–gravity) interactions to include wavelengths in the IR region of the spectrum.Goins et al. grow wheat under red LEDs and compare them to the wheat grown under (1) white fluorescent lamps and (2) red LEDs supplemented with blue light from blue fluorescent lamps. The results show that wheat grown under red LEDs alone displayed fewer subtillers and a lower seed yield compared to those grown under white light. Wheat grown under red LEDs + 10% BF light had comparable shoot dry matter accumulation and seed yield relative to those grown under white light. These results indicate that wheat can complete its life cycle under red LEDs alone, but larger plants and greater amounts of seed are produced in the presence of red LEDs supplemented with a quantity of blue light.The research of Goins and his team continues in plant growth chambers the size of walk-in refrigerators with blue and red LEDs to grow salad plants such as lettuce and radishes. They hope the plant growth chamber would enable space station staff to grow and harvest salad greens, herbs and vegetables during typical fourmonth tours on the outpost .4.3. AlgacultureAlgaculture, refers to the farming of species of algae, has been a great source for feedstock, bioplastics, pharmaceuticals, algae fuel, pollution control, as well as dyes and colorants. Algaculture also provides hopeful future food sources.Algae can be grown in a photobioreactor (PBR), a bioreactor which incorporates some type of light source. A PBR is a closed system, as opposed to an open tank or pond. All essential nutrients must be introduced into the system to allow algae to grow and be cultivated. A PBR extends the growing season and allows growing more species. The device also allows the chosen species to stay dominant. A PBR can either be operated in ‘‘batch mode’’or ‘‘continuous mode’’in which a continuous stream of sterilized water that contains air, nutrients, and carbon dioxide is introduced. As the algae grows, excess culture overflows and is harvested.When the algae grow and multiply, they become so dense that they block light from reaching deeper into the water. As a result, light only penetrates the top 7–10 cm of the water in most algalcultivation systems. Algae only need about 1/10 the amount of direct sunlight. So, direct sunlight is often too strong for algae. A means of supplying light to algae at the right concentration is to place the light source in the system directly.Matthijs et al. have used LEDs as the sole light source in continuous culture of the green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa). The research found the light output of the LED panel in continuous operation sufficient to support maximal growth. Flash operation at 5-ps pulse ‘‘on’’ duration between dark periods of up to 45 ps would stillsustain near maximum growth. While longer dark periods tend to cut the growth rate, the light flux decrease resulting from such operation does not reduce the growth as much as that of the similar flux decrease in continuous operation. Their research concludes that the use of flashing LEDs (which means intermittent light) in indoor algal culture yielded a major gain in energy economy comparing to fluorescent light sources. An additional advantage is that heat waste losses are much smaller. The most interesting discovery of this study may be that adding blue light to the red LED light did not change the growth properties.In order to take advantage of the biotechnological potential of algae, Lee and Palsson have calculated theoretical values of gas mass transfer requirements and light intensity requirements to support high-density algal cultures for the 680 nm monochromatic red light from LED as a light source. They have also designed a prototype PBR based on these calculations. Using on-line ultra filtration to periodically provide fresh medium, these researchers have achieved a cell concentration of more than 2×109cells/ml (more than 6.6%, vol/vol), cell doubling times as low as 12 h, and an oxygen production rate as high as 10 mmol oxygen/l culture/h. This research indicates that the development of a small LED-based algal photobioreactors is economically achievable.Another research of algae via LEDs is conducted by Nedbal et al. Their research is a study of light fluctuation effects on a variety of algae in dilute cultures using arrays of red LEDs to provide intermittent and equivalent continuous light in small-size (30 ml) bioreactors. The results endorse that the algae growth rates in certain calculated intermittent light can be higher than the growth rate in the equivalent continuous light. Yanagi and Okamoto has grown five spinach plants under the red LEDs and another five under 40W plant growth fluorescent lamps at the same light intensity of 125 mmol/m2/s. The dry matter production under the LEDs is slightly less than that under the fluorescent lamps. The plant leaf area under the red LEDs is also smaller than that under the fluorescent lamps. Nevertheless, they reach a conclusion that LEDs can qualify as an artificial light source for plant growth.4.4.Plant disease reductionSchuerger and Brown have used LED arrays with different spectral qualities to determine the effects of light on the development of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) in peppers and powdery mildew on cucumbers. Their research concludes that spectral quality may alter plant disease development. Latter research regarding bacterial wilt on tomato has confirmed this conclusion and demonstrates that spectral quality may be useful as a component of an integrated pest management program for space-based ecological life support systems. Schuerger et al. have shown that the spectral quality effects on peppers’ anatomical changes in stem and leaf tissues are corr elated to the amount of blue light in primary light source.Miyashita et al. use red LEDs (peak wavelength: 660 nm) and white fluorescent lamps as light sources for potato plantlets growth in vitro. They found that shoot length and chlorophyll concentration of the plantlets increases with increasing 630–690 nm red photon flux (R-PF) while there are no significant differences in dry weight and leaf area of the plantlets with different R-PF levels. This means red lightaffects the morphology rather than the growth rate of potato plantlets in vitro. As a result, they suggest that red LEDs can be used for controlling plantlet morphology in micropropagation.5. Intermittent and photoperiod lighting and energy savingTime constants for photosynthetic processes can be divided into three ranges: primary photochemistry, electron shuttling, and carbon metabolism. These three photosynthetic processes can be uncoupled by providing pulses of light within the appropriate range for each process. At high frequencies, pulsing light treatments can be used to separate the light reactions (light harvesting and charge separation) from the dark reactions (electron shuttling) of photosynthetic electron transport. LEDs’ flexible pulsating ability can be coupled with such characteristics of photosynthesis and lead to additional energy saving.Tennessen et al. use LEDs to study the effects of light pulses (micro- to milli-second) of intact tomato leaves. They found that when the equivalent of 50 mmol photons mp -2s-1 is provided during 1.5 ms pulses of 5000 mmol photons mp -2s-1 followed by 148.5 ms dark periods, photosynthesis is the same as in continuous 50 mmol photons mp -2s-1 . Data support the theory that photons in pulses of 100 ps or shorter are absorbed and stored in the reaction centers to be used in electron transport during the dark period. Pigments of the xanthophyll cycle were not affected by pulsed light treatments. This research suggests that, instead of continuous light, using effectively calculated intermittent light (which means less energy consumption) might not affect the plant production.Jao and Fang have investigated the effects of intermittent light on growth of potato plantlets in vitro. They also use conventional TFLs for the experiment to explore the electrical savings realized by adjusting the frequency and duty ratio of LEDs. TFLs provide continuous fluctuating light at 60 Hz while LEDs provide nonfluctuating light and pulse light of the preset frequency and duty ratio. When the growth rate is the only concern, LEDs at 720 Hz (1.4 ms) and 50% duty ratio with 16-h light/8-h dark photoperiod stimulated plant growth the most. When energy consumption is the major concern, using LEDs at 180 Hz (5.5 ms) and 50% duty ratio with 16-h light/8-h dark photoperiod would not significantly sacrifice plant growth, especially when energy for heat removal is also taken into account.6. ConclusionsThe first sustained work with LEDs as a source of plant lighting occurred in the mid-1980s when a lighting system for plant growth was designed for space shuttles and space stations for it is realized that people cannot go to the Moon, Mars, or beyond without first mastering the art of indoor farming on Earth. As the performance of LED continues to improve, these lighting systems progress from red only LED arrays using the limited components available to high-density, multi-color LED chip-on-board technologies. Today, space age gardeners who have been testing high-efficiency light sources for future space colonists have identified energy efficient LEDs as the major light source not only to grow food but also to generate and purify oxygen and water—key sustainers of human life. The removal of carbon dioxide from a closed environment is another added benefit.LEDs are the first light source to provide the capability of true spectral composition control, allowing wavelengths to match to plant photoreceptors to optimize production as well as to influence plant morphology and composition. They are easily integrated into digital control systems, facilitating complex lighting programs like varying spectral composition over the course of a photoperiod or with plant development stage. LEDs do not contain mercury. They are safer to operate than current lamps since they do not have glass envelopes or high touch temperatures.While the process of photosynthesis does not require continuous light of full spectrum, LEDs can produce sufficient photon fluxes of specific wavelength on and off rapidly. Such mechanism of photosynthesis coupled with the solid state characteristics of LEDs constitute two ways of energy saving (cutting out unnecessary spectrum segment and turning off the light periodically) on top of the LEDs’ low power consumption. These are not easily achievable with other light sources.This paper provides a broad base review on LED applications in horticulture industry since 1990. These researches pave the way for the researches of similar types using different species and lead to comparable conclusion that LEDs are well qualified to replace its more energy demanding counterparts as controlled environment light source for agricultural research such as providing tissue culture lighting as well as supplemental and photoperiod lighting for greenhouses.With the energy it can save, LED’s becoming ec onomically feasible in large-scale indoor farming lighting applications is just around the corner.再生可持续能源评论高亮高效节能LED灯的来源及其在室内植物栽培中的潜力摘要自1980年中期以来，光电子技术的迅猛发展，显著调高了发光二极管（LED）的亮度和效率。
Intelligentlightingcontrolsystem(智能照明控制系统)外文翻译
Intelligent lighting control systemAbstract: Intelligent lighting control system the main aim is to save energy, smart lighting control system with a variety of "pre-set" control mode and control components, at different times on different degrees of illumination for accurate set-up and rational management of energy-saving. This automatic adjustment of the illumination means, take full advantage of the natural outdoor light, only when necessary when the lamp or light to the required brightness, use the least energy to ensure that the required illumination level, energy-saving effect is very clear, usually ranging from more than 30%.Keywords: Intelligent lighting control system bus-type star-shaped structure1 the use of intelligent lighting control system for the superiority of1.1 good energy saving effectIntelligent lighting control system using the main purpose is to save energy, smart lighting control system with a variety of "pre-set" control mode and control components, at different times on different degrees of illumination for accurate set-up and rational management of energy-saving. This automatic adjustment of the illumination means, take full advantage of the natural outdoor light, only when necessary when the lamp or light to the required brightness, use the least energy to ensure that the required illumination level, energy-saving effect is very clear, usually ranging from more than 30%. In addition, the intelligent lighting control system for fluorescent lamp dimming control, etc., due to the use of a fluorescent active tunable filter electronic ballast technology and reduce the harmonic content, to improve the power factor and reduce the low-voltage reactive power loss.1.2 to extend the life span of light sourceLight source can not only extend the life savings, but also significantly reduce the workload of lamp replacement, reducing the operating costs of lighting systems, management and maintenance becomes simple.Both the thermal radiation source, or gas discharge light source, voltage fluctuations are a major cause of light damage. Therefore, the effective suppression of the fluctuations in voltage can extend the life of light sources.Intelligent lighting control system can successfully suppress the surge voltage power grid, but also have a voltage limit and the conjugate stream functions of filtering, to avoid over-voltage and under-voltage damage to the light. The use of soft-start and soft turn-off technology, to avoid the impact of current damage to the light. Through this method, the light source to extend the life span of usually 2 to 4 times.1.3 to improve the working environment, improve efficiencyGood working environment is to improve the efficiency of a necessary condition. Good design and reasonable choice of light source, lamps and lighting quality control systems, can improve the quality of lighting.Intelligent lighting control system dimming control panel module to replace the traditional lighting of the level switch control is an effective way to control the overall room illumination value, thereby enhancing the uniformity of illumination. At the same time, this control method used in electrical components have also solved the stroboscopic effect, will not create uncomfortable, confused, feeling eyestrain.1.4 to achieve a variety of lighting effectsA wide range of lighting control, the same building can have a variety of artistic effect, for a lot of construction hyperchromic. Modern buildings, lighting is not simply to meet people on the visual effect of light and shade, they should have control of a variety of programs to make buildings more vivid, more artistic, giving a wealth of visual effects and aesthetics. As an example of a project, building the exhibition hall, lecture hall, lobby, atrium, etc., if with intelligent lighting control system, according to different times, different uses, different effects, using the corresponding pre-set scene control, can achieve the wealth of artistic effect.1.5 facilitate the management of maintenanceIntelligent lighting control system for the control of lighting based on the automatic control of modular-based, supplemented by manual control, preset lighting scenes to the parameters stored in the EPROM Digital, these information is very convenient to set up and replaced, so that building lighting management and maintenance easier.1.6 have a high economic rate of returnOur reference point for the Shanghai region, from energy-saving lights and provincial estimates of the two made a come to this conclusion: with three to five years, the owner can recover the basic intelligent lighting control system to increase the total costs. Intelligent lighting control system can improve the environment and improve employee productivity and reduce maintenance and management costs, but also for the owners to save a substantial amount of costs.2 intelligent lighting control system componentsWe know that the intelligent lighting control system of building control system is only one part of the. If you want to focus on the various control systems to the control center to control, then the control system must have the standard communication interface and protocol version. Although such a system integration is feasible in theory, but it is very difficult to put into practice. Thus, in engineering, intelligent management of our building a distributed system, distributed, that is relatively independent of each control subsystem, self-contained, the implementation of specific control, intelligent building management system control subsystem of the relative independence, self-contained, the implementation of specific control, intelligent building management system from the control subsystem is a signal collection and monitoring role.At present, the intelligent lighting control system in accordance with sub-network topology, the following two forms, namely, bus and star-shaped structure-based hybrid. Both forms have the characteristics of a number of bus more flexibility, easy expansion, control of relative independence, lower costs; mixed some high reliability, fault diagnosis and rule out the simple, easy access to the agreement, transfer rate higher.Engineering design, we consider the building of intelligent lighting control system as an independent subsystem, use of international standards and agreements of the communication interface text, into the intelligent building management systems. Intelligent lighting control system uses a distributed, distribution-based approach, that is, the dimming control unit is relatively independent, self-contained, non-interfering, through centralized management and information interfaces, and intelligent building managementsystem linked to the achievement of the building control center subsystem of the collection and monitoring of the signal. In short, the intelligent lighting control should be the main system is a centralized management, and the main trunk and information interface components consisting of the regional implementation of the same sample of control and signal networks; its subsystems should be a dimmer by the various types of modules , control panels, illumination detector dynamic and static and dynamic components consisting of detectors, respectively, of the regional implementation of the specific control of different networks, the main system and subsystems, such as between the components through the interface to connect, to achieve data transmission.3 Intelligent lighting control system and control of the control of the contentA project to control the use of intelligent lighting control system include the following categories: technology office hall, computer center and other important room, lecture hall, such as multi-function hall, exhibition hall, conference center, lobby and courtyard, walkways and elevators, such as the Office of Public site; building facade lighting in general and also by the intelligent lighting control systems to control switch signal.Control the content of the term of the Interpretation:(1) clock controlClock management, etc. through the electrical components, to achieve the normal work of regions for the state of lighting in different time control.(2) the automatic adjustment control illuminationThrough each module and illumination dimming dynamic electrical components such as detectors, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of the automatic lighting dimming control, making the region, such as illumination will not be outside with the sunshine factors change, and always maintain the default value in the illumination around.(3) control of the regional sceneThrough each dimmer module and the control panel and other electrical components, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of the scene lighting control switch.(4) static and dynamic detection of controlThrough each dimming modules and electrical components, such as movement detectors, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of the automatic lighting control switch.(5) Reduction state of emergency controlThrough each of the normal lighting control module, such as dimming of the electrical components, to achieve a state of emergency for the normal work of the various districts in the state of lighting and to give up the number of relief, such as dimming control.(6) Manual remote controlThrough the infra-red remote control, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of lighting control and manual control of the regional scene.(7) Emergency lighting controlHere mainly refers to the control of intelligent lighting control system to the specialregion by the implementation of the emergency lighting control, including the following two controls:1) under normal illumination and the automatic adjustment control of the regional scene with the regulation of the normal work of lighting the same manner as the control.2) a state of emergency automatic discharge dimming control, through each of the emergency lighting dimming control module, such as electrical components, to achieve a state of emergency for the regions under a state of emergency lighting dimmers, such as giving up control, so that the accident in the state of emergency lighting to reach 100%.These are the characteristics of intelligent lighting control systems analysis and office buildings in a specific application in a number of experiences, hoping to play the role of forward, so that the field of technology in the lighting to fully play its role.智能照明控制系统摘要：采用智能照明控制系统的主要目的是节约能源，智能照明控制系统借助各种不同的"预设置"控制方式和控制元件，对不同时间不同环境的光照度进行精确设置和合理管理，实现节能。
自动照明控制系统的设计和实现外文文献
自动照明控制系统的设计和实现外文文献XXX of a white LED automatic control system that maintains the XXX of an object n。
The system uses AT89S52 as the controller and light sensor ICBH1750 with I2C bus to measure then of the object n。
PWM signals are generated to control the RMSof the current。
which XXX of the white LED。
The control algorithm used is numeral PID。
XXX dimming are described in this paper。
The experiments show that the steady-state error isless than 2%。
the dynamic characteristics are excellent。
and the system can reject XXX.2 Design and XXXThe white LED automatic control system consists of three main components: the controller。
the light sensor。
and the white LED。
The AT89S52 microcontroller is used to control the system。
The light sensor ICBH1750 with I2C bus is used to measure the nof the object n。
The white LED is used to provide the XXX。
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智能照明系统的外文文献原稿和译文IntroductionIntroduction With the continuous development of our economy, rapidly rising living standards, people working and living environment have become increasingly demanding, while the lighting system requirements have become more sophisticated, the traditional lighting technology has been a strong blow. On the one hand because of information technology and computer technology changes in lighting technology, providing technical support; the other hand, due to energy shortage, the state more and more attention on energysaving lighting, new lighting control technology to develop rapidly to meet with By energy conservation, comfort, convenience requirements. Lighting control lighting control from the traditional manual method, automated lighting control to today's intelligent lighting control. Intelligent lighting control system is based on computercontrolled alldigital platform, modular, distributed bus control system, the central processor modules communicate directly through the network bus, the bus makes use of lighting, dimming, blinds, scene control to achieve intelligent, and become a complete bus system. Can be based on changes in the external environment in the device automatically adjust the status of the bus to reach safety, energy conservation, human effects, and can use in the future, in accordance with the requirements of users through the computer Way to increase or modify the system's functionality, without having to relaying of cables, intelligent lighting control system, high reliability, flexible control, lighting control is the traditional way can not be done.The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System components Intelligent lighting control system is usually dimmer module, switch module, input module, the control panel, liquid crystal display touch screen, smart sensors, PC interface, time management module, handheld programmer, monitoring computer (need to bridge a large network connection) and other components composition.（1）The basic principle of the dimming module is a microprocessor (CPU) The size of the opening angle control SCR to control the average amplitude of the output voltage to adjust the brightness of light sources.（2）switch module is controlled by the power switch relay output to control light.（3）input module is to accept passive contact signals transmitted to the microprocessor via the bus.（4）The control panel is intuitive operation for control of lighting scenes were the parts, which is controlled by a microprocessor, can be programmed to complete a variety of different control requirements. Enter symbol identifying the microprocessor, after processing control information sent via the bus, to control the corresponding dimming of the light source module or switching module control the dimming or switch control.（5）The illumination of the sensor interface module for connection to detection, there is detection, motion detection and other sensors.（6）Time Management module control system with another device on the bus interface to automate tasks and time control. Monitoring Contents（1）The central control system through the central station and the system software on the switch, dimming, clock, lighting, monitoring and management of the state.（2）switch control, by the central station, local control panel for lights for open, close control.（3）dimming control, by the central station, local control panel for lighting the illumination from zero to maximum control.（4）The time clock control system based on preset time for light to open and close control.（5）The astronomical clock control, enter the local latitude and longitude, the system automatically calculate the day of the sunset time, this time to control lighting according to the scene changes.（6）The scene control, through the central station, local control panel programming, lights were on, off, dimming control settings.（7）Remote control, remote control via handheld control panel with infrared light for theregion under the control turned off, dimming control.（8）The illumination system according to the illumination detection sensor detection data (light, light and dark), in accordance with the preset parameters to automatically turn on lights, turn off, dimming control.（9）exists, motion control, according to presence detection, motion detection sensors and other detection data, in accordance with the preset parameters to automatically turn on lights, turn off, dimming control.（10）joint control, through the input module receives the video security monitoring system, intrusion alarm systems, access control systems, automatic fire alarm system in the coordinated control signals to switch on the light source control or dimming control.（11）Remote control, lighting control through the Internet for remote monitoring and control system: including lighting box lighting system parameter setting changes; on the system to monitor the state of the scene illumination; state of the system to control lighting scenes.（12）Graphic control, users can use the electronic map function on the entire region for visual control of the lighting, the floor plan of the whole building can be entered into the system, and use different colors to represent the current state of the region.Intelligent lighting control system data transmissionIntelligent lighting control system data transmission In the international lighting control system data transmission network without uniform standards, the current way of the main twisted pair, power line carrier transmission and three types of radio frequency transmission. These three transmission data rates, reliability of transmission is quite different. twistedpair transmission To twisted pair transmission twisted pair transmission network for information, the laying of lines separately for new construction, expansion of the project. There are in this way The following advantages:（1）hardware and software protocol completely open, perfect, common good.（2）lines at both ends of transformer isolation, immunity to interference,lightning protection performance.（3）transmission speed. （4）The system capacity is almost unlimited, the system will not increase the emergence of unexpectedfailures.（5）as an information transmission medium, a large number of sophisticated equipment for general use. Power Line Carrier transmission Use of electric power line carrier transmission of information transmission network, without laying a single line for data transmission of the signals can be applied to new construction, expansion of the project, and especially for reconstruction projects. Power line carrier transmission in the current fluctuations due to power lines, data transfer rate and reliability of data transmission by a greater impact, reducing efficiency. When the monitoring equipment for a long time, no reliable data transmission may cause the system to a standstill. Radio frequency transmission Radio frequency transmission of information using wireless radio transmission network as the system can not only satisfy the functional requirements, indoor no wiring, simple construction, can save the construction investment for new construction, expansion of the project, and especially for reconstruction project. RF operating frequency consistent with IEEE802.11b standards.The scope of application of intelligent lighting control system The scope of application of intelligent lighting control system Lighting control system can be incandescent, fluorescent, energy saving lamps, quartz lamps and other light dimming the lights on all occasions to control the environment to meet a variety of lighting requirements.（1）offices, schools, hospitals, factories and other places of the lighting system, using the time control system on the light on, turn off the automatic control, the use of illumination sensor that automatically adjusts the illumination, energy conservation. Can be the central monitoring and control system can be connected with the construction equipment.（2）Theatre, conference rooms, clubs and other places of use of system functions and dimming the scene switches can be easily converted a variety of lighting scenarios, multipoint control. Light source can be controlled through the system, air conditioning, electric fans, electric curtains,Canada Heater and other electrical equipment.（3）The venue sports venues match required by hierarchical control, large venue should be a single light control.（4）The municipal works, squares, parks and other outdoor public places, the group using the system control software can control lighting throughout the region, the use of illumination sensors, time switches to achieve lighting automation control, system monitoring software using intelligent lighting control.（5）areas where street lighting should be based on the geographical location and seasonal variation to determine a reasonable time to switch lights and the sky brightness changes according to the necessary amendments, the use of light control and time control of a combination of intelligent control.（6）Landscape lighting used in peacetime, the general holidays, major holidays and other control mode.Technical Analysis Intelligent lighting control systemTechnical Analysis Intelligent lighting control system is a system through the control bus to the various input, output and system support unit connected, power cable directly received from the distribution cabinet lighting or other electrical load, and without going through the switch. Do not have to consider when installing any control relationship, and then installed in the 1 Line Investment savings system settings through the software code of each unit's address in order to establish relations between the corresponding control. Compared with the traditional control method saves a lot of the original receipt of the switch to cable, but also shorten the time of installation and construction, saving labor costs. 2 significant energy savings（1）Intelligent lighting control system can take advantage of smart sensor sensing outdoor light, automatic adjustment of light intensity, the outdoor light intensity, indoor lighting weaker; outdoor natural light is weak, the indoor lighting to strong, to keep the interior a constant standard of illumination, both to create the best work environment, but also to save energy.（2）Since the lighting control system, through sound management, the use of smart clock management devices according to different dates, different times of the various functional areas in accordance with the operationof preset for illumination, no light, to ensure the lights off; in In fact, the majority of cases, many areas do not need all the lights on or open to the brightest, lighting control systems can provide the most economical energy consumption the most comfortable lighting; in some public areas such as conference rooms, lounges, etc., the use of existing detection function When someone entered the lamp is lit or switch to a preset scene. 3 extend the source life is the cause of death in light damage to overvoltage grid. The higher voltage source, doubling its life reduced. Therefore, maintaining a suitable light source voltage is an effective way to extend lamp life. Lighting control system can successfully suppress the impact of power grid voltage and surge voltage, the light will not cause the premature failure of the above. Can also be determined by the system to artificially limit the voltage to improve the light source life. Extend the life of not only save a lot of light fixtures, but also significantly reduce the workload of replacement light source, effectively reducing the operating costs of lighting systems, light sources for the difficult and expensive to install area lighting also has a special significance. 4 improve management, reduce maintenance cost intelligent lighting control system, general lighting artificial opening and closing converted into intelligent management, will greatly reduce operation and maintenance costs of lighting systems, and return on investment.ConclusionIntelligent lighting control system allows a high degree of flexibility in lighting solutions, the system put into use, will bring highquality lighting environment, improve the level of intelligent management of the entire building, you can easily adjust the lighting system, both to meet the aesthetic and practical requirements, at the same time to reach the green energy saving targets. Therefore, the intelligent lighting control system will have broader application.译文介绍随着我国经济的不断发展，人民生活水平迅速提高，人们对工作和生活环境的要求越来越高，同时对照明系统的要求也越来越高，传统的照明技术受到了强烈冲击。