大四综合英语期末复习

Exposition:Paraphrase:1.On the basis of controlling purpose we traditionally divide all prose into three kinds: narration,description, and exposition. (Para.1)According to the main purpose we traditionally classify all prose into three kinds: narration, description, and exposition.2.Seldom is any piece of writing pure exposition. (Para.3)It’s hard to find an essay which is an absolute exposition.3.Deciding upon reader and purpose is easily half the task of writing. (Para.4)After choosing reader and purpose, the writer has possibly half-done his writing.4.The expository writer may throw new light upon two things by comparing and contrastingthem, by showing how they are alike and yet different. (Para.7)The expository writer may explain two things with the comparison and contrast and show their similarities and differences, to make it easily understood.Translation:1. Deciding upon reader and purpose is easily half the task of writing. Once the writer hasdetermined what point he intends to make, his composition is already half organized, if not completely planned. The writer has already saved himself time by eliminating several false starts, and he has already resisted the temptation to lose himself and his reader in the thickets and bypaths of his subject. With his reader in mind he has already solved many of his problems of diction and tone as well, and, however awkwardly he has expressed himself when he has done, he will know that he has fulfilled the first requirement of writing—a definite point for definite readers.锁定目标读者，确定写作目的，这常常就意味着文章已经成功了一半。

作者一旦确立了自己想要表达的观点，即便其写作计划还没有完全达成，其内容的组织却可算是完成了一半。

作者已经为自己节省了时间，因为他避免了文章起头就弄错，没有头脑一发热，拿一大堆的主题将自己及读者搞得头晕眼花。

而当作者心里很清楚自己的目标读者时，很多关于遣词造句和语气风格方面的问题，也就迎刃而解了。

这样，不管作者在表达方面有多么的别扭，至少有一点是很清楚的，就是自己已经做到了写作的第一条金科玉律：论点明晰，读者明确。

2. The expository writer, therefore, uses the common methods of logic and thinking: hedevelops his material by offering examples as evidence, by comparing and contrasting, by making analogies, by restating, by giving reasons, by classifying and dividing his subject, by showing cause and effect, by defining, by arguing form premise to conclusion.因此，写说明文时，作者的写作常常是以逻辑思维来进行的：文章内容的推进有很多方法，包括举例证明，类比和对比，打比方，观点重申，说理，主题分类，因果推理，下定义，提出问题最后得出结论，等等。

3.The expository writer, therefore, uses the common methods of logic and thinking: he developshis material by offering examples as evidence, by comparing and contrasting, by making analogies, by restating, by giving reasons, by classifying and dividing his subject, by showing cause and effect, by defining, by arguing form premise to conclusion.The Emotive Component of MeaningParaphrase:1.If the human mind were a strictly logical device like a calculating machine, it would deal withwords simply as names of categories, and with categories as essential tools for imposing order and system on a universe which otherwise presents itself as an unsorted chaos of sense stimuli.(Paragraph 1)2.Whenever the users of a language evince a fairly uniform emotional response to a given word,that response becomes part of the connotation, therefore part of the standard meaning of the word in that language.(Paragraph 1)3.Not that it is always easy to distinguish the emotional response to a word itself from theemotional response to the class of things or concepts the word names.(Paragraph 2)4.He is usually not attacking your right to refer to the thing(s) you are referring to, but onlyurging you to abstain from an expression that in itself, quite apart form its denotation and linguistic connotation, is offensive to his ear or eye.(Paragraph 2)5.But the different words have different odors too, and the nose that is insensitive to their scentis apt to end up a punched nose; the ear that does not hear their harmonies and discords, a cauliflower ear.”Different words carry different degree of emotional charge, positive or negative; therefore, inappropriate use of certain words may cause embarrassment and serious result. Translation:1.If the human mind were a strictly logical device like a calculating machine, it would deal withwords simply as names of categories, and with categories as essential tools for imposing order and system on a universe which otherwise presents itself as an unsorted chaos of sense stimuli.如果人的头脑是象计算机那样严密的一台逻辑装置的话，它就会把词简单地分门别类，并且以分类作为基本手段，硬把本来令人感到杂乱无章的世界万物条理化和系统化。

2.But human reaction to words, like much other human behavior, is also motivated by irrationalimpulses such as those we label love, hate, joy, sorrow, fear, awe, and so forth. whenever the users of a language evince a fairly uniform emotional response to a given word, that response becomes part of the connotation, therefore part of the standard meaning of the word in that language.每当使用某种语言的人们对某个特定的词做出了比较一致的情感反应，这个反应就成为该词内涵的一部分，从而也就成为该词标准意义的一部分。