写作与修辞contrast_and_comparison的用法与比较
托福写作之论证逻辑-类比和对比论证
托福写作之论证逻辑-类比和对比论证类比和对比两种论证方式有什么区别，在托福写作中又该如何正确使用t它们，下面一起来看看吧！托福写作之论证逻辑-类比和对比论证类比和对比是英语写作中非常常见的两种段落发展的论证手段，一般涉及到两个或若干个事物之间的比较。
这两种方法有着很大的区别，类比(compare)重点强调两个事物的相同点，比如A和B的相同点是什么。
而对比(contrast)重点强调两个事物的不同点。
在托福写作中，经常会涉及到两件事情的比较，找到这两件事情各自的优点和缺点是什么，然后去衡量取舍。
一、段内类比可以用到的连接词similarly, similar to, as, like, corresponding to, likewise, by the same token, the same is true of , in comparison, 等等。
我们来看一个段内类比的范文1：Some of the funniest pieces of literature is actually very close to being tragic, and vice versa. By the same token, try to imagine the face of a clown: One half of his face laughs and the other half cries。
翻译：一些最滑稽的文学作品实际上很接近悲剧，反之亦然。
同样地，想象一下小丑的脸庞：一半脸会大笑，另一半脸会大哭。
这段文字类比的是：滑稽的文学作品的特点和小丑的脸的特征，都是悲喜交加。
我们来看一个段内类比的范文2：Different pressures will distract people from their concentration. Employees who are exposed to the pressure from colleagues may hardly focus on their daily work. Similarly, students who have to cope with intense peer pressure may have a hard time concentrating on their academic subjects.翻译：不同的压力会使人们无法专注于一件事情上。
英文写作中的比较和对比技巧
英文写作中的比较和对比技巧在英文写作中，比较和对比是一种常用的表达方式，它能够帮助我们清晰地理解事物之间的差异和相似之处。
然而，在运用比较和对比技巧时，我们需要注意一些要点，以确保表达的准确性和逻辑性。
首先，我们应该选择合适的词汇和表达方式来进行比较和对比。
在英语中，有许多词汇和短语可以用来表示比较和对比，如"比较而言"（by comparison），"与此相反"（in contrast to），"与……相比"（compared to）等等。
这些词汇和短语能够帮助我们准确地引出比较和对比的对象，使读者更好地理解我们的观点。
其次，我们需要将比较和对比的对象进行合理的分类。
比较和对比需要建立在明确的比较标准之上，否则容易造成混淆。
举个例子，假设我们要比较两个城市的气候，我们可以选择温度、湿度、降雨量等方面作为比较标准。
通过合理的分类，我们能够更好地组织我们的思路，提供一个清晰的框架。
此外，我们还可以使用图表、图像和实例来支持我们的比较和对比。
图表和图像能够直观地展示事物之间的差异，使读者更好地理解我们的论点。
实例则可以提供具体的案例来支持我们的观点，增加论证的有力性。
例如，如果我们要比较两种教育制度的优劣，我们可以引用一些成功的案例来说明其中的不同之处。
此外，我们还应注意在比较和对比中保持客观和中立。
当我们描述事物的优劣时，我们需要基于客观的标准来进行评判，而非主观偏见。
这样做能够增加我们文章的可信度和说服力。
同时，我们也要尊重他人的观点，避免批判或偏见的表达方式。
最后，我们需要总结我们的比较和对比，并给出一个明确的结论。
比较和对比只是我们表达观点的一种手段，而非唯一目的。
结论是我们对比较和对比结果的总结和归纳，是整个文章的重点和亮点。
我们要注意结论的准确性和简洁性，让读者能够清晰地理解我们的观点。
总之，比较和对比在英文写作中是一种十分重要的技巧。
实用英语写作技巧之二十四如何用比较与对照法推展篇章
24.1 Comparison and Contrast（⽐较与对照） Often we may want to describe several aspects of two subjects that have both similarities and differences.When we compare two things，we show how they are similar；when we contrast two things，we show how they are different.We may compare or contrast two schools，two cars，two friends，two jobs，two cities，etc.。
For this purpose，we may employ the combined techniques of comparison and contrast.In writing the essay，you should always bear two important decisions in mind：①Whether you are to do a comparison，a contrast，or a mixture，or②Whether you are to use an item-to-item（逐事⽐较）or point-to-point（逐点⽐较）method of development（both have been explained and illustrated in Unit14） Model Essay 24-1 Shanghai and New York are two of the biggest cities in the world.They are different in some ways，but they are similar in some other ways. Shanghai is one of the most densely populated cities in Asia，and New York is one of the most densely populated cities in North America.The population of Shanghai is homogenous，but thepopulation of New York is heterogeneous.The people in Shanghai speak Chinese；the people in New York speak English instead.The cost of living in Shanghai is generally low in comparison with that in New York.While the people in Shanghai take buses or ride bikes to go to work，the people in New York drive cars or take subways to get to work.The people in Shanghai use fans to keep cool，where as the people in New York use air-conditioning. Both Shanghai and New York are cities of great wealth and poverty.In both cities，there is a great deal of beauty and a great deal of ugliness.Many people in Shanghai are as kind and helpful as those in New York.Conversely，some people in Shanghai are as dangerous as those in New York.In both cities，there are people who work all day and people who work all night.Both cities are never asleep. To some visitors，both Shanghai and New York are a paradise and a jungle. 24.2 Analysis of the Model Essay（范⽂分析） From the above point-to-point essay，we can see that the similarities and differences of Shanghai and New York are as follows： ①Differences： a.population（homogeneous S （heterogeneous NY nguage （Chinese S （English NY C.cost of living（low S （high NY d.transportation（buses and bikes S （cars and subways NY e.cooling appliances（fans S （air-conditioning NY ②Similarities： a.both are most densely populated b.both are cities of great wealth and poverty c.both are beautiful and ugly d.both have kind and helpful people and dangerous people e.both are never asleep 通过以上⽐较和对照法的结合使⽤，作者巧妙地将与主题有关的五个异同点联系在⼀起，交替进⾏逐点⽐较、对照，这使得读者从始⾄终能够把握⽐较与对照的线索。
比较与对比写作方法[1]
![比较与对比写作方法[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/9b2b7c125fbfc77da369b19e.png)
Comparison and Contrast比较和对照的写作方法一．目标、重点和难点目标：掌握英语作文中比较和对照的写作方法（比较着重相似点，而对照强调不同之处）；重点：熟悉比较和对照写作方法的特点、模式及相关写作语块（词组、结构及句子）；难点：训练学生对作文主题的思维拓展以及相关语言表达的总结。
二. 基本Comparison and Contrast的写作方法1. Definition: Comparison and contrast come in three different ways.1) Comparison: You are asked to explain how two or more things are alike.2) Contrast: You are asked to explain how two or more things are different.3) Comparison and contrast: You are asked to explain how two or more thingsare alike and different.2. An ExampleHere are two different ways (T-Chart and Venn Diagram) to organize information. As an example, we will look at the Smilodon and the Caribou -- two animals that lived during the Ice Ages.1) The T-Chart:Smilodon CaribouCharacteristicsenvironment the Arctic the Arcticdiet meat plantsweapons teeth, claws antlers, hoovesteeth sharp, pointed blunt, roundedanimal group mammal mammalwhen it lived Ice Ages Ice Ages/present2) The Venn Diagram:Questions：1) Compare: How were the caribou and the smilodon alike?The caribou and the smilodon were both mammals. The smilodon lived in the Arctic regions during the Ice Ages, as did the caribou. Like the smilodon, the caribou was able to protect itself from predators.)2) Contrast: How were the smilodon and caribou different?Although the caribou and the smilodon were both mammals, they were very different in many ways. The caribou was a plant-eater, unlike the smilodon, which ate meat. The caribou had blunt, rounded teeth for eating plants, whereas the smilodon had sharp, pointed ones. The smilodon became extinct at the end of the Ice Ages, in contrast to the caribou, which still lives in the Arctic regions today.三．使用比较和对照写作方法的一般是说明文与论说文，常见的比较对照有两种方式:1. 块状比较方式（block method），先A后B，即A1, A2, A3...；B1，B2，B3...。
写作与修辞contrast and comparison的用法与比较 PPT课件
Subject-by-subject Pattern
1. stress is caused by daily having to contend with crowds of people and restricted space.
2.Travel in rush hour can be a real headache.
The point-by-point pattern works best with subjects that contain a lot of points. It can bring into sharp focus the similarities and differences for the reader to see as he reads along.
1. Here the pace of life is gentle.
2. There is time to reflect on the beauty of the world.
3. In a village,life is closer to nature.The changing seasons can be clearly observed.
The Greeks were preoccupied with the visible world. They found their desires satisfied in what they could actually see around them. The ancient statues of Apollo, for instance, resemble the strong young bodies of athletes contending in the Olympic Games. Generally the Greek artists found their gods in idealized beauty or intelligence of actual human counterparts. They had no wish to create some hideous fantasy that they called god.
写作与修辞contrast and comparison的用法与比较PPT精选文档
Subject-by-subject Pattern
1. stress is caused by daily having to contend with crowds of people and restricted space.
2.Travel in rush hour can be a real headache.
4. Ther is ample space for everyone, and fresh air to breathe.
3
Subject-by-subject Pattern
For Americans ‘a long time’ may be anything from forty years to forty minutes, depending on the circumstances. To an American businessman a proposal that could be completed within forty years might be ‘too far into the future’ to be considered. A motorist who gets involved in a traffic accident would be in great trouble with the police if he waited twentyfour hours to report the accident. An hour would be too long a time to be late for a business appointment or a date. Americans are so timeconscious that promptness is not only a virtue; it is an obligation.
写作与修辞ContrastandComparison的用法与比较
01
Contrast和Comparison虽然都是修辞手法，但它们的用法和目 的不同。Contrast用于强调两个或多个相反或不同的方面之间的 差异，而Comparison则用于强调两个或多个相似或可比的方面 之间的相似之处。
02
在写作中，要避免将Contrast和Comparison混淆使用。 如果需要使用这两种修辞手法来表达相似的意思，可以尝 试将它们结合起来使用，例如在对比两个不同的事物时， 可以同时强调它们之间的相似之处和差异之处。
来增强文本的表达效果和读者的理解。
输标02入题
01
示例
03
2. "有的人活着，他已经死了；有的人死了，他还活 着。"（臧克家《有的人》）通过生与死的对比，揭示
了不同人生态度和价值观的差异。
04
1. "黑夜给了我黑色的眼睛，我却用它寻找光明。"（ 顾城《一代人》）这里通过“黑夜”与“光明”的对 比，表达了主人公对光明的执着追求。
Comparison
将两个或多个相似的事物进行比较， 强调它们之间的相似点和共同点，以 加深读者对事物的理解和认识。
02
Contrast和Comparison的定义与区别
Contrast的定义及示例
定义：Contrast是一种修辞手法，通过突出两个或多 个相反或截然不同的概念、事物或观点之间的差异，
种事物、概念或观点。
区别
Contrast强调差异和对比，通过突出相反或截然不同的特点来揭示事物的本质；而 Comparison则强调相似和关联，通过找出共同点或相似之处来建立联系和理解。在实 际应用中，Contrast和Comparison往往相互补充，共同构建文本的丰富性和深度。
作文资料Comparison and Contrast 比较和对照的写作
Comparison and Contrast 比较和对照的写作1.目标：掌握英语作文中比较和对照的写作方法（比较相似点，对照强调不同之处）2.使用比较和对照写作方法一般是说明文和议论文，常见的比较对照有两种方式：1.块状比较方式：(block method )先A 后B,即A1，A2，A3----; B1,B2,B3----。
2.逐点比较方式：(point-by-point method ) AB交错，即A1，B1;A2，B2;A3，B3----范文一：(块状比较法)Country life and City lifeIt is really hard to say which is better than the other,city life or rural life .Both have their merits and shortcomings .living in the city has a great many advantages .,First ，you can enjoy various kinds of foods，both foreign and domestic .Second, there are more cultural activities in the city —you can go to the concert ,the theatre ,the movies or the disco club after a day’s hard work .But city life has many problems too. The overcrowded population ,traffic jam , industrial pollution ,and the lack of understanding between people may result in disease and unhappiness .living in the country ,however ,you can watch the magnificent sunrise and sunset and listen to the bird singing in the tree. If you want ,you can certainly have a huge garden while asmall green space seems a luxury in the city .In the country ,you don’t have so much worries .You can enjoy the pleasure of work by planting seeds in the soil and watching them grow into flowers and finally into fruits or food .But rural life may not perfect .Things are going so slowly that sometimes you may feel that you are absolute left behind in some remote corners of the world .You may again miss the parties ,friends and movies in the city .Like anything else ，country life and city life have their Advantages and disadvantages .The best solution may be that you enjoy pleasure of both lives and get rid of their inconveniences.范文二：（逐点比较法）Middle School life and college LifeThere are many differences between middle school and the college .First , in the middle school , we have to listen to what the teacher says in class to understand the content of the text .But in college ,we must study by ourselves before class. If not ,we couldn’t follow the teacher .Second ,there are lots of rules in the middle school .For example , we should wear the uniform ,the girls must have their hair cut short .and we are not allowed to make boy-girl friends . However ,in college ,we have more freedom .We can wear the clothes we like .And the girls could have longbeautiful hair . We are also free to make boy or girlfriends .The third ,in the middle school ,we must study first .That means we could do nothing but study .In contrast ,we have to do everything by ourselves in college .That means we must plan our time carefully .There are also other differences between our school life and our college life .We have to learn to adapt ourselves to college life .。
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1. Here the pace of life is gentle.
2. There is time to reflect on the beauty of the world.
3. In a village,life is closer to nature.The changing seasons can be clearly observed.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Subject-by-subject Pattern
But many other cultures have no such concept of ‘a long time’. During W W II, a local truck driver arrived breathlessly at military government headquarters report that a murderer was running loose in his village. Under question he told them the murder had occurred seventeen years earlier and that the murderer had remained unmolested in the village all the time. In a South American city, an American was asked to present immediately his credentials to a local official and was kept waiting outside his office for almost two hours. For such people, promptness is not only unreasonable but also irritating. They often wonder why Americans make such a fuss about it. To a South Asian person, a long time may be 1,000years, or even forever.
3. Pollution of various kinds is the result of industrialization.
4. Cars spew toxic fumes into the atmosphere.
5. Noise bellows out from every side.
Development by Comparison and
Contrast
Comparison and contrast are two thinking processes we constantly perform in our daily life. We might compare and contrast two cities, two products, two books, two plays or films, etc. although comparison usually indentifies similarities and contrast points out differences, the two are structurally similar and can be discussed together. The purpose of comparing or contrasting is to understand either of the two things more clearly and, at times, to make judgments about them.
4. Ther is ample space for everyone, and fresh air to breathe.
Subject-by-subject Pattern
For Americans ‘a long time’ may be anything from forty years to forty minutes, depending on the circumstances. To an American businessman a proposal that could be completed within forty years might be ‘too far into the future’ to be considered. A motorist who gets involved in a traffic accident would be in great trouble with the police if he waited twentyfour hours to report the accident. An hour would be too long a time to be late for a business appointment or a date. Americans are so timeconscious that promptness is not only a virtue; it is an obligation.
Subject-by-subject Pattern
1. stress is caused by daily having to contend with crowds of people and restricted space.
2.Travel in rush hour can be a real headache.
A. Americans’ concept of “a long time”: _______________________________. Examples: (1)___________________ (2)___________________ (3)___________________ Attitudes to promptness: ___________