机械类英语论文及翻译
专业英语--产品介绍
c.Press the INV key and you can raise the constant e (2.7182818) to x powers.
（4）选择合适的翻译技巧遣词造句，重述原文内容； a. Internet is of great help to our work. b.Mankind has always reverenced what Tennyson call “the useful trouble of the rain”.
4）后置定语很常见； The connecting rod, in essence, is a bar or strut with a bearing at each end, whose purpose is to transmit the piston thrust to the crankshaft. 5）名词连用 a. computer programming teaching device manual
What are the chances of a nuclear war in the near future? How many Americans would survive a nuclear attack? Would such an attack make living conditions impossible for the survivors? These and similar questions are being asked by citizens groups throughout this country as they debate the issue of arms control and nuclear disarmament.
机械类英语论文及翻译翻译
High-speed millingHigh-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.1 One of the advantages of high-speed machiningHigh-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.1.1 Increase productivityHigh-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface qualityHigh-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.1.3 Cutting reduce the heatBecause the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled partsHigh-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the company's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processingHigh-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of ahardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs .High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.2 High-speed millingHigh-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements.2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machiningGeneral use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 ~ 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magneticbearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled.High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 ~ 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.2.2 High-speed machining toolHigh-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 ℃ would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting toolHRC35 ~ 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC <5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 ~ 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.2.3 High-speed processing technologyHigh-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fullyplay its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.3 Die in high-speed milling processing ofMilling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,inMould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~ 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basicmeans of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology;(5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.5 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently,such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it e nter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further .5.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realizethe inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.。
英文学术论文范文英文学术论文范文范例(优秀7篇)
英文学术论文范文英文学术论文范文范例（优秀7篇）推荐英文学术论文篇一会议相关事项：1、正式开会时间为：20某某年8月17-19日。
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组委会成员如下：组长：江驹副组长：刘丽琳范祥涛王亚彤成员：沈星黄金泉赖际舟刘少斌左敦稳汪涛葛红娟刘友文张卓李栗燕屈雅红刘长江于敏王箭秘书：张廷赟沈楠郑珺子20某某年11月18日-20日中国某某某某大学㈠征稿范围本次国际学术会议征稿对象为某某大学硕、博士研究生（含留学生）、国内其他高校硕、博士研究生（含留学生）、国外研究生。
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机械工程专业英语教程第2版
In the field of mechanical engineering
• Mechanical engineers work in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, energy, manufacturing, and more.
Mechanical Engineering Professional English Tutorial 2nd Edition
目 录
• introduce • Fundamentals of Mechanical
Engineering • Professional vocabulary and
expressions • Professional literature reading and
03
流畅自然的表达
在保证准确性的前提下，使译文 流畅自然，符合中文的表达习惯， 易于读者理解。
05 Practical application and case analysis
Mechanical Design Cases
机械类英语论文及翻译
附录一:Mechanical DesignLiqingyu zhangjiaMachinery manufacturing equipment designAbstractA machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design ；Rules for Design ；Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimumutilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9.Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10.Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1.Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2.Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3.Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4.Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5.Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6.Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7.Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8.Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9.Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10.Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11.Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with theadministrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.机械设计李庆余, 张佳.机械制造装备设计摘要机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。
科技论文翻译
遗传学 genetics 力学/机械学 mechanics 热动力学 thermodynamics 天文物理学 astrophysics 园艺学 horticulture 畜牧业 animal husbandry
科技英语新词
Sina twitter, weibo， tweet 微博 podcast 播客 cybersquatting 抢注域 名 cyberspace 网络空间 Tele-office 远程办公 twitern (twitter实习生)
Clarity (明确性)
Clarity greatly facilitates effective communication between these professionals.
Accuracy(准确性)
Use accurate language to express the meanings exactly and clearly in scientific studies.
vocabulary?理论科学purescience?应用科学appliedscience?模型model?假设hypothesis?现行的科学定律theworkinglawofscience?生命周期thelifecycle?方程式equation?放射性radioactivity?金属疲劳metalfatigue?人类学anthropologyvocabularyextendedreading?物理科学thephysicalscience?地球科学theearthscience?生命科学thelifescience?天文学astronomy?古生物学paleontology?海洋学oceanography?气象学meteorology?植物学botany?动物学zoology?遗传学genetics?力学机械学mechanics?热动力学thermodynamics?天文物理学astrophysics?园艺学horticulture?畜牧业animalhusbandry科技英语新词?sinatwitterweibotweet微博?podcast播客?cybersquatting抢注域名?cyberspace网络空间?teleoffice远程办公?twiterntwitter实习生?flextime弹性工作制?ecommence电子商务?ejournal电子期刊?brexit英国退出欧盟的戏谑说法tryit?itisessentialthattheoverallprogramstrategybecompletelymappedoutbeforeanyofthedetailedprogrammingactuallybegins
机械状态监测和故障诊断的最新进展 毕业论文_英文论文及翻译
Recent Progress on Mechanical Condition Monitoring and Fault diagnosisChenxing Sheng, Zhixiong Li, Li Qin, Zhiwei Guo, Y uelei Zhang Reliability Engineering Institute, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, P. R. China Huangpi Campus, Air Force Radar Academy, Wuhan 430019, P. R. ChinaAbstractMechanical equipments are widely used in various industrial applications. Generally working in severe conditions, mechanical equipments are subjected to progressive deterioration of their state. The mechanical failures account for more than 60% of breakdowns of the system. Therefore, the identification of impending mechanical fault is crucial to prevent the system from malfunction. This paper discusses the most recent progress in the mechanical condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. Excellent work is introduced from the aspects of the fault mechanism research, signal processing and feature extraction, fault reasoning research and equipment development. An overview of some of the existing methods for signal processing and feature extraction is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed. The review result suggests that the intelligent information fusion based mechanical fault diagnosis expert system with self-learning and self-updating abilities is the future research trend for the condition monitoring fault diagnosis of mechanical equipments.© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of [CEIS 2011]Keywords: Condition monitoring; Fault diagnosis; Vibration; Signal processing1. IntroductionWith the development of modern science and technology, machinery and equipment functions are becoming more and more perfect, and the machinery structure becomes more large-scale, integrated, intelligent and complicated. As a result, the component number increases significantly and the precision requirement for the part mating is stricter. The possibility and category of the related component failures therefore increase greatly. Malignant accidents caused by component faults occur frequently all over the world, and even a small mechanical fault may lead to serious consequences. Hence, efficient incipient fault detection and diagnosis are critical to machinery normal running. Although optimization techniques have been carried out in the machine design procedure and the manufacturing procedure to improve the quality of mechanical products, mechanical failures are still difficult to avoid due to the complexity of modern equipments. The condition monitoring and fault diagnosis based on advanced science and technology acts as an efficient mean to forecast potential faults and reduce the cost of machine malfunctions. This is the so-called mechanical equipment fault diagnosis technology emerged in the nearly three decades [1, 2].Mechanical equipment fault diagnosis technology uses the measurements of the monitored machinery in operation and stationary to analyze and extract important characteristics to calibrate the states of the key components. By combining the history data, it can recognize the current conditions of the key components quantitatively, predicts the impending abnormalities and faults, and prognoses their future condition trends. By doing so, the optimized maintenance strategies can be settled, and thus the industrials can benefit from the condition maintenance significantly [3, 4].The contents of mechanical fault diagnosis contain four aspects, including fault mechanism research, signal processing and feature extraction, fault reasoning researchand equipment development for condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. In the past decades, there has been considerable work done in this general area by many researchers. A concise review of the research in this area has been presented by [5, 6]. Some landmarks are discussed in this paper. The novel signal processing techniques are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of these new signal processing and feature extraction methods are discussed in this work. Then the fault reasoning research and the diagnostic equipments are briefly reviewed. Finally, the future research topics are described in the point of future generation intelligent fault diagnosis and prognosis system.2. Fault Mechanism ResearchFault Mechanism research is a very difficult and important basic project of fault diagnosis, same as the pathology research of medical. American scholar John Sohre, published a paper on "Causes and treatment of high-speed turbo machinery operating problems (failure)", in the United States Institute of Mechanical Engineering at the Petroleum Mechanical Engineering in 1968, and gave a clear and concise description of the typical symptoms and possible causes of mechanical failure. He suggested that typical failures could be classified into 9 types and 37 kinds [7]. Following, Shiraki [8] conduced considerable work on the fault mechanism research in Japan during 60s-70s last century, and concluded abundant on-site troubleshooting experience to support the fault mechanism theory. BENTLY NEV ADA Corporation has also carried out a series experiments to study the fault mechanism of the rotor-bearing system [9]. A large amount of related work has been done in China as well. Gao et al. [10] researched the vibration fault mechanism of the high-speed turbo machinery, investigated the relationship between the vibration frequency and vibration generation, and drew up the table of the vibration fault reasons, mechanism and recognition features for subsynchronous, synchronous and super-synchronous vibrations. Based on the table they proposed, they have classified the typical failures into 10 types and 58 kinds, and provided preventive treatments during the machine design and manufacture, Installation and maintenance, operation, and machine degradation. Xu et al. [11] concluded the common faults of the rotational machines. Chen et al. [12] used the nonlinear dynamics theory to analyze the key vibration problems of the generator shaft. They established a rotor nonlinear dynamic model for the generator to comprehensively investigate the rotor dynamic behavior under various influences, and proposed an effective solution to prevent rotor failures. Yang et al. [13] adopted vibration analysis to study the fault mechanism of a series of diesel engines. Otherresearchers have done a lot in the fault mechanism of mechanics since 1980s, and have published many valuable papers to provide theory and technology supports in the application of fault diagnosis systems [14-18]. However, most of the fault mechanism research is on the qualitative and numerical simulation stage, the engineering practice is difficult to implement. In addition, the fault information often presents strong nonlinear, non stationary and non Gaussian characteristics, the simulation tests can not reflect these characteristics very accurately. The fault diagnosis results and the application possibility may be influenced significantly. As a result, the development of the fault diagnosis technique still faces great difficulties.3. Advanced Signal Processing and Feature Extraction MethodsAdvanced signal processing technology is used to extract the features which are sensitive to specific fault by using various signal analysis techniques to process the measured signals. Condition information of the plants is contained in a wide range of signals, such as vibration, noise, temperature, pressure, strain, current, voltage, etc. The feature information of a certain fault can be acquired through signal analysis method, and then fault diagnosis can be done correspondingly. To meet the specific needs of fault diagnosis, fault feature extraction and analysis technology is undergoing the process from time domain analysis to Fourier analysis-based frequency-domain analysis, from linear stationary signal analysis to nonlinear and nonstationary analysis, from frequency-domain analysis to time-frequency analysis.Early research on vibration signal analysis is mainly focused on classical signal analysis which made a lot of research and application progress. Rotating mechanical vibration is usually of strong harmonic, its fault is also usually registered as changes in some harmonic components. Classical spectrum analysis based on Fourier transform (such as average time-domain techniques, spectrum analysis, cepstrum analysis and demodulation techniques) can extract the fault characteristic information effectively, thus it is widely used in motive power machine, especially in rotating machinery vibration monitoring and fault diagnosis. In a manner of speaking, classical signal analysis is still the main method for mechanical vibration signal analysis and fault feature extraction. However, classical spectrum analysis also has obvious disadvantages. Fourier transform reflects the overall statistical properties of a signal, and is suitable for stationary signal analysis. In reality, the signals measured from mechanical equipment are ever-changing, non-stationary, non-Gaussian distribution and nonlinear random. Especially when the equipment breaks down, this situation appears to be more prominent. For non-stationary signal, some time-frequency detailscan not be reflected in the spectrum and its frequency resolution is limited using Fourier transform. New methods need to be proposed for those nonlinearity and non-stationary signals. The strong demand from the engineering practice also contributes to the rapid development of signal analysis. New analytical methods for non-stationary signal and nonlinear signal are emerging constantly, which are soon applied in the field of machinery fault diagnosis. New methods of signal analysis are main including time-frequency analysis, wavelet analysis, Hilbert-Huang transform, independent component analysis, advanced statistical analysis, nonlinear signal analysis and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed below.4. Research on Fault ReasoningAt present, many methods are adopted in the process of diagnostic reasoning. According to the subject systems which they belong to, the fault diagnosis can be divided into three categories: (1) the fault diagnosis based on control model; (2) the fault diagnosis based on pattern recognition; (3) the fault diagnosis based on artificial intelligence. Among them, the fault diagnosis based on control model needs to establish model through theoretic or experimental methods. The changes of system parameters or system status could directly reflect the changes of equipments physical process, and hence it is able to provide basis for fault diagnosis. This technology refers to model establishment, parameters estimation, status estimation, application of observers, etc. Since it requires accurately system model, this method is not economically feasible for the complicated devices in the practice.Pattern recognition conducts cluster description for a series of process or events. It is mainly divided into statistical method and language structure method. The fault diagnosis of equipments could be recognized as the pattern recognition process, that is to say, it recognizes the fault based on the extraction of fault characteristics. There are many common recognition methods, including bayes category, distance function category, fuzzy diagnosis, fault tree analysis, grey theory diagnosis and so on. Recent years, some new technologies have been also applied in the field of the fault diagnosis of rotary machines, such as the combination of fuzzy set and neural network, the dynamic pattern recognition based on hidden markov model, etc.5. Research and Development of Fault Diagnosis DevicesFault diagnosis technology ultimately comes down to the actual devices, and at present research and development of fault diagnosis devices is in the following two directions: (1) Portable vibration monitoring and diagnosis (including data collector system), and (2) On-line condition monitoring and fault diagnosis system. Portable instrument is mainly adopted single-chip microcomputers to complete data acquisition, which has certain ability for signal analysis and fault diagnosis. On-line monitoring and diagnosis system is usually equipped with sensors, data acquisition, alarm and interlock protection, condition monitoring subsystem, etc. And it is also fitted with rich signal analysis and diagnosis software. These software include America BENTLY Corporation 3300, 3500 and DM2000 systems, America Westinghouse Company PDS system, the 5911 system developed by ENTECK and IRD Company, Japan Mitsubishi MHM system, the Danish B&K Company B&K 3450 COMPASS system, etc. China has also successively developed large on-line monitoring and fault diagnosis system, which has been put into use on steam turbine and other important equipments.Based on the realization of condition monitoring of equipments, network diagnostics center can monitor and diagnose the operation of equipments at any time through the network to achieve the long distance information transmission. The remote monitoring system can also achieve the collaborative diagnosis of production equipments, multiple diagnostic systems serve the same piece of equipment, and multiple devices share the same diagnostic system.6. ConclusionsTo achieve a dynamic system condition monitoring and fault diagnosis, primary task is the need to get enough reliable characteristic information from the system. Due to the fluctuation of the system itself and the environment disturbance, reliable signal collection is seriously affected. It is therefore very urgent for advanced signal processing technology to eliminate noise to get true signal. No matter classical or advance fault diagnosis techniques, they have achieved great progress in various applications. In the point of systematic view, every technology is a part of the whole diagnostic system, and the efficient fusion of these parts will provide best performance for the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. Thus, the fault mechanism research, signal processing and feature extraction, fault reasoning research and equipment development will connect even tighter to form an effective fault diagnostic expert system in the future. To realize the expert system, the core issue is to break through the bottleneck of knowledge acquisition, update the data model in a reliable manner and provide good generalization ability of the expert system. By doing so, the fault diagnostic expert system can offer accurate estimation of the potential abnormalities, and prevent them before breaking out to ensure the normal operation of the machines. Hence, the loss caused by the machine breakdowns can be minimized significantly.AcknowledgementsThis project is sponsored by the grants from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(NSFC) (No. 50975213).References[1] Wu XK. The fault diagnosis based on information fusion theory and its application in internal combustion engine. Ph.D. thesis, Wuhan University of Technology, 1998.[2] Chen YR. Modern signal processing technology in the application of vibration diagnosis of internal combustion engine.Ph.D. thesis, Wuhan University of Technology, 1998.[3] Qu LS, He ZJ. Mechanical fault diagnostics. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1986.[4] Huang WH, Xia SB, Liu RY. Equipment fault diagnosis principle, technology and application. Beijing: Science Press, 1996.[5] Jayaswalt P, Wadhwani AK. Application of artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic and wavelet transform in fault diagnosis via vibration signal analysis: A review. Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2009; 7: 157-172.[6] Daneshi-Far Z, Capolino GA, Henao H. Review of failures and condition monitoring in wind turbine generators. 19th International Conference on Electrical Machines. Rome, Italy; 2010. [7] Sohre JS. Trouble-shooting to stop vibration of centrifugal. Petrop Chem. Engineer 1968; 11: 22-23.[8] Shiraki T. Mechanical vibration lectures. Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou Mechanical Institute; 1984.[9] Bently DW. Forced subrotative speed dynamic action of rotating machinery. USA: ASME Publication, 74-pet-16.[10] Gao JJ. Research on high speed turbine machinery vibration fault mechanism and diagnostic method. Ph.D. thesis, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 1993.[11] Xu M, Zhang RL. Equipment fault diagnosis manual. Xi’an: Xi'an Jiaotong University Press, 1998.[12] Chen YS, Tian JY, Jin ZW, Ding Q. Theory of nonlinear dynamics and applied techniques of solving irregular operation of a large scale gas turbine in a comprehensive way. China Mechanical Engineering 1999; 10: 1063-68.[13] Yang JG, Zhou YC. Internal combustion engine vibration monitoring and fault diagnosis. Dalian: Dalian Maritime University Press, 1994.[14] Wang Y, Gao JJ, Xia SB. The study of causes and features of faults in supporting system for rotary machinery. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology 1999; 31:104-6.[15] Liu SY, Song XP, Wen BC. Catastrophe in fault developing process of rotor system. Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science) 2004; 17:159-162.[16] Han J, Zhang RL. Rotating machinery fault mechanism and diagnostic technique. Beijing: China Machine Press, 1997.[17] Chen AH. Research on some nonlinear fault phenomenon of rotating machinery. Ph.D. thesis, Central South University of Technology, 1997.[18]Zhang W, Zhang YX. Missile power system fault mechanism analysis and diagnosis technology. Xi’an: Northwest Indus trial University press, 2006.机械状态监测和故障诊断的最新进展Chenxing Sheng, Zhixiong Li, Li Qin, Zhiwei Guo, Y uelei Zhang武汉理工大学，能源与动力工程学院，可靠性工程研究所，中华人民共和国，武汉，430063空军雷达学院，黄陂校区，中华人民共和国，武汉，430019摘要机械设备被广泛应用于各种工业应用。
毕业设计论文--机器人
煤矿救援机器人是一种能够在煤矿井下灾害环境遥控或自主导航工作的机器人，能代替煤矿的搜救队员深入井下，抢救矿难后被困矿工，并以这种方式减少甚至避免救护队员的伤亡。
同时在煤矿爆炸事故后的探测救援过程中，救护人员在井下高温环境下负重作业，其体力以及氧气消耗都很大。
救援机器人主要作用是代替救护人员搬运、转移伤员和遇难者至安全区域，而且救援机器人需要携带必要的救护设备和仪器，因此救援机器人应该具有足够大的尺寸和动力以及良好的续航能力。
首先，本文在满足上述要求的基础上，设计了煤矿救援机器人行走机构的机械部分。
在综合比较后选择轮式的行走机构。
同时考虑到救援机器人的特殊工作环境，通过链传动实现了各轮的同步移动，克服了轮式移动机构跨沟能力差及易打滑等缺点。
参照PACKBOT机器人增加摆臂，机器人伸出摆臂有利于越障。
其次，详细设计了煤矿救灾机器人控制系统的硬件电路，包括数据采集单元电路、运动控制单元电路、编码器解析单元电路等。
关键字：轮式；同步移动；摆臂；数据采集；运动控制Coal mine rescue robot is one kind of robots used in underground destroyed coal mine. It can rescue trapped miners in the underground instead of mine rescue team after mine disaster. It will avoid casualties of mine rescue team in this way. At the same time after the explosion and the rescue process of detection in the coal mine, mine rescue team in underground load operation under high temperature environment, and their physical as well as consumption of oxygen is huge. A major role in the coal mine rescue robot is to replace the mine rescue team to transport, and transfer the wounded and the victims to a safe area. Rescue robots had to carry the necessary equipment and apparatus, so the rescue robot should have sufficient size and power and good endurance capacity.First of all, on the basis of these requirements, I designed the mechanical parts of the coal rescue robot. In comparison, I choose the wheel body. At the same time, I take the special working environment for the coal mine rescue robot into account, so I try to achieve all-round mobile synchronization through the chain drive. And it can overcome the shortcomings of Wheeled Mobile institutions such as the cross-channel capabilities and easy to spin. In refer to PACKBOT robot, I design the arm for the robot, so it can across the barriers more easily.Secondly, hardware circuit of robot control system is designed in detail, such as data acquisition unit circuit, motion control unit circuit; encoder analyzing unit circuit and so on.Keyword：Wheeled；Sync mobile；Arm；Data Acquisition；Motion Control目录1绪论 (1)1.1 引言 (1)1.2 设计背景、意义 (1)1.2.1设计的背景和意义 (1)1.3 设计基础 (3)1.4 国内外研究与应用现状 (4)1.5 本章小结 (5)2行走机构方案确定 (6)2.1 煤矿灾害现场特征 (6)2.2 矿井灾害的非结构环境特征 (7)2.3 行走机构方案选择与确定 (7)2.3.1轮式机器人 (7)2.3.2 履带式机器人 (8)2.3.3 腿式机器人 (9)2.3.4 其它形式机器人 (9)2.4 行走方案的确定 (11)2.5 本章小结 (11)3机器人行走机构的机械设计 (13)3.1 机器人行走机构总体方案 (13)3.1.1 主传动系统设计 (14)3.1.2 摆臂方案设计 (14)3.2 机器人行走机构具体设计 (15)3.2.1 主传动系统的具体设计 (15)3.2.2 摆臂方案的具体设计 (38)3.3 本章小结 (42)4 电气系统的分析与设计 (43)4.1 数据采集单元电路 (43)4.1.1 A/D转换电路设计 (43)4.1.2 高速光耦电路设计 (45)4.1.3 串行通信电路设计 (46)4.1.4 单片机程序设计 (47)4.2 运动控制单元电路 (48)4.2.1 后轮电机驱动电路 (48)4.2.2 摆臂电机驱动电路 (49)4.2.3 串行通信电路设计 (50)4.2.4 单片机程序设计 (51)4.3 编码器解析单元电路 (55)4.3.1 电路设计 (55)4.3.2 单片机程序设计 (56)4.4 本章小结 (57)5 结论 (58)参考文献： (59)翻译部分： (61)英语原文 (61)中文翻译 (68)致谢............................................. 错误!未定义书签。
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ＭeｃｈanｉcaｌDesｉgnＡｂstract:A mａcｈinｅｉs a ｃoｍbiｎaｔioｎof ｍechanisms and otｈｅr cｏｍponents whiｃhｔransformｓ,ｔrａｎsｍits. Eｘampleｓare enginｅs，turbines, vehicles，hoｉsts,ｐrinting ｐrｅsｓeｓ，waｓhinｇmａchinｅs,and movie cａｍeras. Ｍany of thｅprinciplｅs aｎd ｍｅｔhoｄs ｏｆdesigｎｔｈat appｌy tｏmａchi ｎｅsａｌso apply to manufactuｒeｄarticlｅｓtｈａt areｎot true machiｎes. Tｈｅｔerm "mechaｎicａl ｄesigｎ＂is usｅｄin a b ｒoaｄer sense than"machiｎe deｓign" ｔｏincｌｕｄｅtheiｒdesigｎ.the mｏtiｏｎand ｓｔrucｔural aspeｃｔs ａnd the provi ｓions fｏr retenｔｉon and eｎclｏsurｅaｒｅconsiｄeraｔioｎs in mechanicaｌdesｉｇn. Ａpｐｌicaｔions occｕr ｉn the field ｏf mechanicａl engineｅriｎｇ, and in other engｉneering ｆieｌds ａs well,aｌl ofｗhich reｑuｉｒe mechanicaｌdevices，such as ｓw ｉtches，caｍｓ,valves, ｖeｓsｅls, aｎｄｍixers．Ｋｅyｗｏrds:Ｍeｃhaniｃal Dｅsign ;Ruｌes forＤeｓign;DｅsｉgｎPrｏｃeｓｓTｈe Ｄｅsiｇn ProｃessDesigｎing staｒtｓwiｔh ａneｅdｒeaｌ．Exisｔiｎg apparatｕs maｙneed improvements ｉn durabｉlity, efｆiciencｙ，weight，ｓpeｅd, or cost.Ｎew appａｒaｔus ｍay bｅｎｅeｄeｄto pe ｒｆorm a funcｔiｏn previousｌy done ｂｙmen, ｓuchａs com ｐutaｔion，aｓsemblｙ, or sｅrvｉciｎｇ. With tｈｅobjective whol ｌy oｒpａrtly．In tｈｅdeｓigｎpreｌｉminary sｔａgｅ,should aｌlｏｗtｏｄesign the perｓoｎnel fully ｔo displａyｔhe crｅativｉty, nｏｔeach kind oｆresｔraｉｎt. Eｖenｉｆｈas had ｍany ｉmpractiｃal ideａs，ａlｓo caｎｉnｔhe desｉgｎearｌy time，ｎaｍｅly i ｎfroｎt oｆthe plan blｕepｒinｔis ｃorreｃｔｅｄ.Ｏｎly ｔhen,only ｔhｅn dｏes nｏt sｅnｄｔo stops uｐthe innovation the menｔalｉty. Ｕsually, ｍust prｏpｏseｓｅｖeｒal ｓｅts of design ｐrｏposalｓ, then perfｏrm the compａｒｉson. Has the possibility veｒy much in ｔｈe ｐlaｎｗhｉch ｆinalｌy ｄｅsi ｇnatｅｄ, has uｓed cｅrtain nｏt ｉn ｐｌan some ideasｗhｉｃｈａcceｐts．When the geｎeｒal sｈape and a ｆew dimeｎsiｏns of ｔｈe ｓe ｖeｒaｌcoｍｐoneｎtｓbｅｃomｅappａrent, aｎalyｓiｓcaｎbeｇinｉn earneｓt.Ｔhe aｎaｌysｉs will ｈave ａs ｉtｓobｊective ｓatisfactory or ｓｕpｅrioｒｐｅrformanｃｅ，plus safｅｔｙand duraｂility witｈｍinimｕm weｉｇht，anｄa compｅｔｉtｉve cｏst.Optimum pｒoportions and ｄｉmｅｎsioｎs wilｌｂe ｓougｈt ｆor eａｃｈｃritiｃalｌy loaded seｃtion, toｇeｔhｅr ｗｉｔha bａlａｎcｅbetwｅｅnｔhe sｔrengｔhs of theｓeｖeｒal ｃomponeｎtｓ．Materiａｌs and their treatment ｗillｂｅchosen. Th ｅｓe iｍporｔanｔｏｂｊectiveｓｃａｎbe ａttained only by ａnalｙsiｓbased uｐon thｅprinｃiples oｆｍｅｃｈanicｓ,suｃh ａs those of sｔatic for reaction ｆｏrｃeｓand ｆｏｒthe optiｍu ｍｕtiliｚatｉon of ｆriｃtion; oｆdynaｍｉcs for inertｉａ, ａｃcel ｅratｉoｎ, and eｎｅrgy；oｆeｌasｔiciｔy anｄstreｎgtｈofｍaterials fｏｒｓtreｓs and defleｃtiｏn; ｏf physiｃａl ｂehａvｉor ｏf ｍateriａlｓ; and of ｆluid mechａnｉcs foｒｌuｂrication and hy ｄrodynamic drivｅｓ. Thｅanalyｓｅs maｙｂe maｄe bｙthe same engｉｎeeｒwho cｏnceived ｔｈｅaｒrａngemｅnt oｆmechａniｓms, or, in a large company,ｔｈｅy may be mａdｅby ａseparate ａnalysiｓdiｖiｓｉon or ｒesｅａrch ｇroｕp．Deｓi ｇn is a reiteratｉve anｄcoopｅrａtｉve proｃesｓ，ｗhｅｔｈｅr doｎe fｏrmalｌｙor ｉnfoｒmally, and the anａlyst ｃan ｃonｔribut ｅｔo ｐhａｓes ｏｔheｒtｈan his own．Proｄｕct deｓigｎrequ ｉres ｍuch rｅsearｃｈand ｄevelｏpment.ＭａnｙCｏnceptｓｏf an idea mｕsｔbe ｓtudied,trieｄ,and thｅn ｅｉtｈer ｕｓed or diｓcaｒded. Altｈoｕgh the cｏｎteｎt oｆeaｃh eｎgineering pr ｏｂlem is uniquｅ,tｈe desiｇｎerｓfolｌow ｔhｅsimｉｌaｒｐｒocesｓto solvｅthe pｒoblｅms.Pｒｏｄuct liａｂilitｙｓuits designers aｎd forceｄin materｉａl selｅction, using tｈe ｂest proｇram．In the procｅｓs oｆmaｔｅrｉａl, the ｍost comｍoｎｐｒobｌems for fiｖe (a）don＇t ｕnde ｒstaｎd or nｏｔｕsｅabｏuｔthe ｌatest appliｃation ｍaｔｅrials ｔo thｅbｅsｔinfoｒmatｉon,(b) failｅｄto fｏresee aｎd consi ｄeｒtｈe reasoｎａbｌｅusｅmａteｒial may （ｓuch as poｓｓible, desigｎers shoulｄfurther forecaｓt and consideｒｄuｅto imprｏpeｒusｅproduｃtｓ．In ｒecｅｎt yeaｒｓ, maｎy ｐroｄuct ｓliabiliｔy in ｌitｉgaｔion，the usｅof prｏductｓand hｕｒt ｔhe pｌaintiｆf accｕsed manufactuｒｅr, ａｎｄwon thｅdecｉｓion),（ｃ)ｏf thｅmaterials used ａlｌｏr soｍe of tｈe ｄａta，dａtａ, esｐecially when the uncertａinｔy ｌonｇ-term peｒformanｃe dａｔa is so，(d)quａｌitｙcoｎtroｌｍｅthｏd is not suitaｂlｅand unpｒovｅｎ，(e)byｓｏｍe compｌetely ｉncompeteｎｔperｓons ｃhoose materiａls.Through to thｅabovｅfｉｖe qｕesｔions aｎａlｙｓｉs, may obtａiｎtｈese ｑuesｔｉonｓｉs does not have the suffｉciｅｎt reason exｉｓteｎｃe the coｎcｌusｉoｎ. May foｒavoid these qｕestiｏｎs tｏthｅｓｅquestionｓresearcｈanalyses the appearaｎｃe indicating the ｄirｅcｔion. Aｌthough ｕses the besｔchoicｅof m ａteｒiaｌmｅtｈod not ｔｏbｅablｅto ａvoiｄhaving the produｃｔresponsibiｌity laｗsuｉt, designs the ｐerｓoｎｎｅｌand thｅindusｔry ｃarｒｉeｓon tｈe choｉce of mａteｒｉａlaccordｉｎg to the suitａbｌe pｒocedurｅ，ｍａy gｒeaｔly reduce the laｗｓuit the quａｎtitｙ.Mａy see from the aboｖｅdｉsｃussｉoｎ，ｔhe cｈoicｅmaterialｐeopｌe should to the material natuｒe，tｈｅcharacｔｅｒistiｃaｎdｔｈeｐrocｅsｓing meｔhod hａve coｍpｒｅｈe ｎsｉｖe and the bａsｉc uｎdersｔandｉｎｇ.Finally, a desｉｇn basｅｄupｏｎfuｎcｔｉｏn, aｎd a prototype may be built.Ｉｆitsｔｅsｔｓaｒeｓatiｓfactory, ｔhe inｉtial desiｇｎwｉll undｅrｇo certain ｍｏｄｉｆicatiｏns tｈat enablｅiｔtｏｂeｍanｕfacｔｕreｄin quａntｉty aｔａlo ｗer cost．Durｉng ｓubseｑｕｅｎt years of mａnuｆaｃｔuｒe ａnd serviｃe, the ｄｅsｉgn iｓlikｅly to uｎdｅrgｏｃhaｎｇes aｓnew ideas arｅconceiｖed oｒaｓfurther analｙseｓｂased uｐo ｎtestｓaｎd eｘｐeｒience iｎdicate ａｌteｒａｔiｏns.Saｌes aｐpｅal．Soｍe Rules for DesignIｎthiｓsectioｎｉt ｉs sｕggested ｔhat，applied with a crｅａｔｉve attｉtude, anaｌｙｓｅs can lｅad ｔoｉmｐｏｒｔant improvements anｄto the cｏnceｐｔion and perfectｉonｏf alternate,perhａps moｒｅfｕnctional, ecoｎoｍｉcａl，ａｎd durａble ｐｒoｄucｔs.To ｓtimulate creａｔive thｏｕght, the fｏlｌｏwinｇruｌeｓare suｇgesｔｅd for the deｓigner and analｙsｔ. Ｔhe fiｒst ｓix r ｕｌｅｓaｒe paｒticulaｒlｙａｐplicaｂlｅfor ｔhe analyst.1．A crｅative use of ｎeedｏf physical pｒopeｒtｉeｓand ｃontｒｏl procesｓ．２. Recoｇｎize fｕnctｉonaｌｌoads and thｅir significance.3. Antiｃipａte uniｎtｅntｉonａl loads.4. Devｉse more favoｒabｌe loadｉng conｄｉtｉons.5．Ｐｒｏvide for favｏraｂlｅstreｓs distｒｉbution and sｔiffn ｅss with minimumｗeｉgｈt．6．Use bａsiｃequatiｏns to pｒoportion and optimiｚｅdｉmensｉonｓ.7. Cｈoose mａteriaｌs for a cｏmbｉnaｔiｏn of propｅｒtiｅs.8. Sｅleｃtｃaｒefully, ｓｔoｃk aｎd integrａl componｅnｔs. 9．Moｄiｆｙ a functionaｌdesign ｔo fit the mａｎｕfａcturing process ａnd reduce ｃost．10. Ｐrovide foｒａccｕrａte lｏｃaｔｉon and nｏnｉｎterference oｆparts in assｅmbｌy.Macｈinery design coｖeｒs theｆollowｉnｇcｏｎtentｓ．1．Pｒｏviｄes an iｎtroｄuctioｎtｏtｈe desigｎproｃｅsｓ, pｒoｂleｍfｏrｍulaｔｉｏｎ，safety ｆａctｏrs.2. Ｒｅviewｓthｅmａｔerial pｒｏpertiｅs ａｎd ｓtatic ａnddｙnａmic loading analysiｓ,Including beａm ，ｖibratｉon and impａcｔｌｏａdiｎg．3.Ｒeviｅｗs thｅfunｄａmentａls oｆstｒesｓanｄdeｆec ｔｉon analysis.4. Introｄｕcｅs fａtｉｇue-faiｌｕreｔｈｅorｙwith thｅemphasis on stress－life ａppｒoacｈｅs toｈｉgｈ－ｃｙcle fati ｇue dｅｓｉgn，which is commonly usｅdｉｎthｅdesign oｆｒｏｔａtiｏｎｍaｃhinery.5.Discｕsses ｔhoｒoughｌy the phenｏmｅna ofｗear mechaｎisms，surface cｏntact stresses,ａnｄsuｒfaceｆatigue．6. Ｉnｖｅsｔigaｔes shaft deｓiｇn ｕsｉng the fａtiguｅ-ａnａlｙｓis ｔeｃhniquｅs．7. Dｉsｃｕssｅs ｆluid-fiｌm and rollｉng-elemｅnt beａrｉnｇtheory and applicatiｏｎ８．Ｇives ａthorougｈiｎｔｒｏdｕｃtion to tｈe kinemaｔics，dｅsiｇn and stress anａlysis of ｓpuｒgｅaｒs , and aｓimpｌｅintroduction ｔo heｌical ,bｅｖel ,aｎｄｗorm ｇearing．9. Diｓcussｅｓspｒing desigｎinｃludｉng cｏmｐrｅssio ｎ，extｅnsion aｎd ｔorsｉｏn sｐrings.10.Dｅａｌｓwｉtｈscrews and fasteneｒs iｎｃｌｕding power scｒew and prｅｌoaｄfastenerｓ.11.Inｔrｏｄucｅs ｔhe deｓign anｄsｐecifｉcatioｎof ｄiskand druｍcｌutches ａｎdｂｒakes.Mａchine DesignＴｈe ｃｏｍｐｌete design oｆ a ｍachｉnｅｉs a comｐlex procｅss．Thｅmaｃｈｉｎe desｉgn ｉs ａcreaｔiｖe ｗork. Proj ｅｃt enｇｉneer not oｎlyｍusｔhave the creatiｖity in ｔhe worｋ, ｂuｔaｌso mustｉn ａspecｔａnd so oｎmｅchaｎicａl dｒawｉng, ｋｉnematｉcs,ｅngｉneerｉｇmａterial, materｉａl ｓmechanicｓanｄｍａcｈine manｕfactｕreｔｅchnoloｇy has the ｄeeｐｅlｅmentary knowlｅｄge．Oneｏf the fｉrｓt steps inｔhe design ｏf ａｎy prodｕｃt is to seleｃt thｅmateｒiａlｆrom whiｃｈｅaｃh parｔiｓto bｅmaｄｅ.Nuｍeroｕｓｍaｔeriaｌs aｒe avaiｌablｅtｏtoday'ｓdeｓiｇｎers. Ｔｈe ｆunction ｏf tｈe ｐrｏduct, ｉtｓappeａrａnce, tｈｅcｏst of ｔｈe ｍaｔerial，ａｎd tｈe cｏst of fabrｉcation are ｉｍpｏrtａntｉn ｍａkiｎg a seｌectioｎ. Ａcａｒefｕl evaｌuatｉｏn of the proｐerties of a.mａｔｅrial must ｂe madｅpｒior to any cａｌculａtiｏｎs．Caｒeful caｌｃulaｔions aｒe neｃessａrｙｔo ensure thｅvａliditｙｏｆa desｉgn. Ｉn cａse of any paｒt ｆailuｒeｓ,it ｉs ｄｅsｉraｂle to knｏw what waｓdoｎe iｎｏriｇinally ｄesｉgｎing tｈe dｅfectivｅｃｏmｐonｅntｓ. Thｅcheｃｋiｎｇoｆｃalｃｕｌations （and ｄrawingｄimensions) is of uｔmｏｓt import ａnｃｅ. Tｈe misplacemeｎt of one deciｍal poiｎt can ruin aｎｏth ｅｒwise accepｔablｅproject. All aspeｃtｓof desｉｇｎwoｒk sｈoulｄbｅｃhｅｃkｅd ａnd rechｅcｋeｄ.Tｈe comｐutｅr is a tｏol hｅlｐｆｕl to mｅchaｎical ｄｅsiｇners ｔo liｇhtｅｎtedious calcuｌａtiｏnｓ,and prｏvidｅｅxtｅnde ｄaｎalyｓis of availaｂle dａｔa．Iｎteｒacｔive ｓysｔｅms,ｂasedｏn cｏｍputer caｐabilｉｔieｓ, have made pｏｓｓiｂlｅtｈe concｅpts ｏf cｏｍputer aｉdeｄdｅｓigｎ（CAD）andｃomｐuter-ａｉdｅd manufacturｉｎg （CAM）. How does the psychologi ｓt fｒeｑueｎtly diｓcuss causes ｔhe ｍａchｉne which ｔhｅpeople adａｐts thｅｍtｏｏperaｔe.Desｉgnｓpｅrｓonnel'＇s ｂａsic reｓｐｏｎsibｉlｉty isｄilｉgently cａuseｓthe mａcｈi ｎｅtｏadａｐt tｈeｐeople. Thｉｓcertａiｎｌｙis not an eａsy woｒk，becaｕse cerｔainｌy does not ｈavｅtoａll people to sａy ｉｎｆact ａll iｓｔｈe ｍost superiｏｒopｅratinｇaｒeａanｄthe oｐeratｉng proｃｅsｓ.Another imｐortaｎｔquestiｏn, proｊｅct ｅngiｎeer mｕst bｅａbleｔｏｃarｒy on the exchanｇe anｄthe ｃonsultａtioｎwith other concerned persoｎnel. Ｉn the in ｉtiaｌstａge，dｅsignｓthｅpｅrｓonnel tｏｈaｖe to carry on tｈｅexｃhａnge anｄthe cｏｎsuｌtation ｏｎtｈe prelimiｎary deｓigｎwitｈthe aｄmｉniｓtｒatｉve perｓonnel,and iｓａｐprovｅｄ. Tｈｉs ｇenerally ｉs tｈroｕgh ｔhｅorａl ｄiｓcussion，the sｃhematic diagraｍand the wriｔiｎg ｍaterｉａl cａrrｉes ｏn. Ｉｆfｒont sｕｅs,thｅｍaｃhｉnｅdesigｎgoaｌｉs the ｐｒoduction can meｅt the huｍａn nｅeｄthe product. The inventiｏｎ，tｈe dｉscovｅｒy ａｎd teｃｈｎｉcａl ｋnowｌedｇe ｉtself certａinly ｎot necesｓarｉｌy ｃａn bｒing the advaｎtａge tｏthe humａnｉtｙ,onｌy hａs wｈen they ａre applｉｅd ｃanｐro ｄucｅｏn ｔhe prodｕｃt ｔｈe beｎefit. Tｈus，should rｅalｉzｅtｏcarrｉeｓｏｎｂefore tｈｅdeｓignｉn ａｓpｅcific pro ｄｕcｔ, mｕｓt fiｒst dｅｔermiｎe wｈetheｒtｈe peoplｅdo need tｈｉs kind ｏf proｄuctＭuｓt regard asｔhe macｈine dｅｓigｎis tｈｅmachine desiｇn personnelｃarrieｓon usinｇｃｒｅative abiliｔy tｈe ｐrodｕｃt desiｇn，thｅsystem ａｎａlysis and a foｒmulａtioｎprｏduct ｍanufacｔure teｃhnology ｇooｄopporｔｕnｉｔy．Grasｐs the p ｒojeｃt ｅｌementaｒy kｎowleｄge to have to mｅmoｒize some dａｔa ａndｔheｆｏrmula iｓmorｅimpoｒtanｔthａn.Thｅmerelyｓerｖice dａtaａnd theｆormｕlaｉs insufficient tｏthe coｍpletely decision which ｍaｋes in ａgoｏd desｉgn ｎeｅds. On theｏｔｈer hａnd, should beｅarnest pｒｅcisｅｌy cａrrｉes on all opeｒations．For ｅｘample，eveｎｉｆpｌaces wronｇa decimal point positiｏn, aｌso cａn cａｕse tｈｅｃorrect deｓiｇntoｔurn ｗronｇly.Ａgood ｄesign ｐersonnｅl sｈoｕld darｅtｏpropose ｔhｅnew idea，moｒeover ｉsｗiｌling to uｎderｔakｅthe certaiｎｒisk，whｅn the nｅw method ｉsｎot suitable，use original ｍethｏd．Thｅrｅfore, deｓigns the ｐersonnｅl to have ｔｏhａve to have tｈe paｔiｅｎce,beｃaｕsｅspｅnds thｅtiｍe aｎd the endｅavor certaiｎlｙcannoｔguaｒanｔee brings sｕccｅssｆｕｌlｙ. Ａｂrand-ｎew desigｎ, the rｅquesｔscrｅｅｎaｂandonｓobｓo ｌｅteｌy many, knoｗs veｒy wｅll the meｔhｏd ｆor tｈｅpeople．Ｂecａuｓe many persｏｎoｆｃｏnservativeｎeｓs，does this cｅｒtainly is not an easy ｍatter. A mechanｉcal dｅsignerｓh ｏulｄuncｅasinｇly ｅxploｒe the impｒovemenｔeｘｉstiｎg prodｕct ｔhe method, should ｅarnesｔｌｙchoｏsｅｏriｇｉnalｌy，tｈe procｅｓs confirmatｉoｎｐｒinｃｉple oｆdesign in ｔhis ｐrocess, wｉｔh has not unifieｄit ａfter theｃonfirmａｔion new id ｅa.外文论文翻译译文机械设计摘要:机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。