phonetics
phonetics
Phonetics (Speech Sounds)Means of communicationproduction of speech sounds speech sounds traveling in the air perception of speech soundsThree branches ofphonetics-the study of the production of speech-the study of the physical properties of the-concerned with the perception of speech sounds. (和语音感知有关)Classification of speechsoundsSpeech Organslung windpipe larynx ( vocal cords) voiceless mouth noseSpeech organs 发音器官The diagram of speech organsClassification of English speech sounds?Main difference:whether there is obstruction.vibrationthe air stream passes through the mouth.oral or nasalEnglish consonants[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g][m] [n] [ŋ][ f ] [v] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [θ] [ð] [ʧ] [ʤ][ l ] [ r ] [ h ] [w] [ j ]Classification of consonants1. Voicingapart freelytogetherthrough the two vocal cords and cause them to vibrate.z-z-z-z s-s-s-sVocal cords are together Vocal cords are apart1. Voicing[-voiced]: [p] [t] [k] [h]Production of English Consonants 2. Place of articulation (Where they are articulated? )La bials: (唇音)[p] [b] [m] pill bill mill[f] [v] feel veal[w] [M] / [hw] (to be discussed later)[θ] [ð] bath bathe teeth teethe[t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r] tip dip nip sip zip lip rip[ʃ] [ʒ] [ʧ] [ʤ] [j] show pleasure choke joke yolksheep measure cheap jeep yes [k] [g] [ŋ] lock log longTeamwork5. Palatals ( [ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ], [ʤ], [j])6. Velars ([k], [g], [ŋ])7. Glottals ( [h] ). Stops 闭止音[p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]. Fricatives 摩擦音[f], [v], [θ], [ð ], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] [h]Affricates 塞擦音[ ʧ], [ ʤ]Production of English ConsonantsNasals 鼻音[m], [n], [ŋ]. Liquids 流音[l], [r]alveolar ridge, it is called a retroflex （卷舌音）.6. Glides 滑音[j], [w]-Compare “east” and “yeast” -Question: Labiovelar glide ?Description of English Consonants[p] voiceless bilabial stop[g] voiced velar stop[v] voiced labiodental fricative[n] voiced alveolar nasalNow you are to describe the following consonants: [θ] [h] [w] [j] [ʃ] [ʤ] [l] [r][θ] voiceless interdental fricative[h] voiceless glottal fricative[w] voiced labiovelar glide cf. [M][j] voiced palatal glide[ʃ] voiceless palatal fricative[ʤ] voiced palatal affricate[l] voiced alveolar liquid lateral/ lateral [r] voiced alveolar liquid retroflex/ retroflexVowels/course/chapter1/ vowels.htmlVowelsThe diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so farmentioned:Classification of EnglishVowelsmonophthongs and diphthongs1.English simple vowels ( monophthongs )According to the first ( [i:], [i], [e], [æ], [ɑ])( [ɜ:], [ə], [ʌ] )c. English back vowels ( [u:], [ʊ], [ɔ:], [ɔ], [ɑ:])( [æ], [ɑ],[ʌ], [ɔ], [ɑ:] )b.Semi-open vowels ( [ə], [ɔ:], )c. Semi-close vowels ([e], [ɜ:])( [i:], [i], [u:], [ʊ] )2.English diphthongs [ei], [ai], [ɔi], [au], [əu], [i ə], [ɛə], [u ə]Phonetic transcriptions & the International Phonetic Alphabet。
语言学phonetics解析
1.2 Three Phases in Communication process
speaker encodes meaning into sounds and utters strings of sounds
Articulatory phonetics:
（发音语音学）
speech production by
1. the place of articulation 2. the manner of articulation
1.7.1 The place of articulation
▪ Bilabial 双唇音 e.g. [p], [m]. ▪ Labio-dental 唇齿音 e.g. [f]. ▪ Dental 齿音 e.g. [ð] ▪ Alveolar 齿龈音 e.g. [t] ▪ Palatal 腭音 e.g. [j] ▪ Palato-alveolar 腭龈音 e.g. [ʃ] ▪ Velar 软腭音 e.g. [k] ▪ Glottal 声门音，喉音 e.g. [h] ▪ Retroflex 卷舌音 ▪ Uvular 小舌音 ▪ Pharyngeal 咽音ory phonetics
1.3 The process of producing speech
air breathed in lungs
air pressed out
Pharynx 咽
Larynx 喉 trachea (windpipe)
nasal cavity 鼻腔
Articulatory phonetics: （发音语音学）
speech production by speech organs
Acoustic phonetics: （声学语音学） physical properties of speech sounds
语音学phonetics整理
语音学phonetics整理●语言●语言的本质特征●任意性Arbitrariness 叫啥任意●二重性Duality 两层●能产性/创造性Productivity/Creativity 新词●文化传播性Cultural transmission 后天学习●互换性Interchangeability 可作为发出者和接收者●语言的主要功能●信息功能 Informative function 信息真假●移位性Displacement 时间空间●人际功能 Interpersonal f 称呼●施为功能 Performative f 做事情●情感功能 Emotive f 情感改变●寒暄功能 Phatic f 打招呼●娱乐功能 Recreational f for fun●元语言功能 Metalinguistic f 一种语言解释另一种语言●语音学phonetics●发音语音学，声学语音学，听觉语音学●英语语音分类（气流是否受阻）●元音vowels 20个●单元音monophthongs 12个●划分方式●位置:前4，央3，后5●高度:高4，中5，低3（开合，开大舌低）●长度/松紧:长5，短7，紧5松7●圆展度:圆4，非圆●双元音diphthongs 8个●（阻）辅音Consonants 28 个●按发音方式分●爆破音stops/plosives /p/ ，/b/ ，/t/ ，/d/， /k/●摩擦音fricatives /f /，/v/，/ s/，/Θ/ ，/δ/ ，/z/, /ς/, /3/，/h/，●塞/破擦音affricatives /tf/ /dg/ /dr/ /dz/ /tr/●鼻音nasals/m/，/n/，/n/●边音lateral /l/●近音approximants /w/ /r/ /j/●按发音部位分●双唇音 bilabial /p/，/b/，/m/，/w/●唇齿音 labiodental /f/，/v/，●齿间音dental /Θ/,/δ/●齿龈音 alveolar /t/,/d/,/s/,/z/,/l/,/r/●后齿龈音 post alveolar●硬腭音 palatal /j/●软腭音 velar /k/ /g/ /n/●声门音 glottal /h/●按带声性划分voicing（声带震动）●清辅音voiceless consonants●浊辅音voiced consonants。
音节划分phonetics解析
的轻音
浊辅音
/b/
/d/
/g/
/v/
/ð /
/z/
伯
得
个
勿 齿咬舌头
自
的浊音
轻辅音
/ʃ/
/h/
/ts/
/tʃ/
/tr/
西 轻音
和
次 轻音 七 轻音
缺
浊辅音
/ʒ/
/r/
/dz/
/dʒ/
/dr/
衣 浊音 蕊 浊音 自 浊音 姬 浊音 撅 浊音
鼻音
/m/
/n/
/ŋ/
呣
呢
半元音
/j/ / w/
也
我
边音
/ǀ/
[i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a:] [ʌ]
[p] [b] [k] [g] [t] [d] [f] [v]
[ɔ:] [ɔ]
[s] [z]
[ə:] [ə] [u:] [u]
[θ] [ð]
[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ]
[ei] [ai] [ɔi] [tr] [dr]
[əu] [iə]
[au] [eə]
请大声的读出下面的辅音
/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ /f/, /v/, /∫/, /3 /, /θ /,/δ /, /s/, /z/, /h/, /r/ , /tʃ/, /d3/, /tr/, /dr/ ,/ts/, /dz/
/m/, /n/, /ŋ/ /l/ /w/, /j/
了
[m] 【嘴巴闭住，然后发音，气流从鼻子出 来，浊音】
[n] 【嘴巴微张，舌尖顶住上颚，气流从鼻 子出来而不是从嘴巴出来，浊音】
[ŋ] 【嘴巴长大，舌头向下弯曲，气流从鼻 子出来而不是从嘴巴出来，浊音】
phonetics
Thank you!
name. ③ Tim and Kurt need to stop fighting over
toys. ④ Are you certain you want one? ⑤ Stop it!
Vowels
• Two kinds of vowels: monophthongs and diphsthongs.
• Classification of English vowels:
• The position of the tongue in the mouth—舌位上 下
• The openness of the mouth– 口的张开程度 • The shape of the lips—圆唇与否 • Length of the vowels– 元音的长度
➢ Initiator of air-stream--- lungs ➢ Producer of voice---vocal cords ➢ Resonating cavities--- nose, mouth, pharynx
Voiced & voiceless
• Closed tightly→ air-stream blocked narrow passage → pressure of air →vibrate →voiced
• thin [ɵin] think [ɵiɧk] • rooms [ru:mz] books [bu:ks] • 面包， 人民 • 단련 [달련], 관하다 [과나다]
Elision
• friendship, knowledge, design, condemn
• This “omission〞 of a sound segment which would be present in the deliberate pronunciation of a word in isolation is technically described as elision.
语言学导论-第2章(1)Phonetics
Velar软腭音: back of the tongue raised to soft palate (velum) [k] [g] [ŋ]
Glottal喉音: at the larynx (space between vocal cords) [h]
Labial
Lips
Dental
Teeth
Consonants 辅音 Vowels 元音
Difference: In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever.
Consonants 辅音
In terms of manner of articulation 发音方式
Pah vs. Bah
•
• • •
b: voiced (bah), p: voiceless (pah) ba: vocal cord vibrates right away, pa has 80 ms delay What happens in between? No hybrids: either ba or pa
[k] [p] [s] (Speech sounds 语音)
What is phonetics 语音学
Phonetics: The study of speech sounds.
Articulatory(发音的)phonetics: how speech sounds are made. Acoustic(声学的)phonetics: physical properties of speech. Auditory(听觉的)phonetics: perception of speech sounds.
Phonetics 语言学方面
2.1 Phonetics
• Three Branches of phonetics
1. Articulatory phonetics 2. Acoustic phonetics 3. Auditory phonetics
Phonetics
----A branch of linguistics which studies the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology
语音学与音系学
Main Contents of the Lecture：
I. Phonetics语音学
II. Phonology音系学
Revision
1. The major branches of linguistics
2. Some important distinctions in linguistics
The diagram of speech organs 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 小舌
The diagram of speech organs
7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 舌面
9. Back of tongue 舌背
Articulatory phonetics
• 发音语音学： 研究语音的发生。
• Acoustic phonetics---deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.
Acoustic phonetics
英语语言学lecture 3 Phonetics
fricatives
When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point.[f][v][s][z]…(p.53)
Classification of English speech sounds:
Vowels (20):
the sounds are produced when the air-streams meet no
obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the
Stops:or plosive consonants:
When the obstruction created by the speech organ is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive: [p][b][t][d][k][g]
There are two kinds of transcription: narrow transcription and broad transcription. A narrow transcription records as many features of an utterance as possible. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. A broad transcription omits many of the irrelevant and predictable details of pronunciation . This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and textbook for general purposes.
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➢ The position of the tongue in the mouth—舌位高低 ➢ The openness of the mouth– 口的张开程度 ➢ The shape of the lips—圆唇与否 ➢ Length of the vowels– 元音的长度
The manner of articulation
① Stop/plosive(爆破音)-- [b] [p] [g] [k] [d] [k] ② Fricative(摩擦音)-- [f] [v] [s] [z] [S] [Z] [T] [D] ③ Affricate(破擦音)-- [ts] [dz] ④ Nasal-- [m] [n] [N] ⑤ Approximant-- [r] [h] [l] [w] [j] ⑥ The glottal stop and the flap ( 声门塞音和闪音）
The classifications of the consonants
• The positions of the vocal cord when we pronounce a speech sound
• The place of articulation
• The manner of articulation
[p] [t] [k] [f] [T] [s] [S] [ tS] [ts] [tr] [r] [h]
The place of articulation
① Bilabial(双唇音)-- [b] [p] [m] [w] ② Dental(齿音)-- [T] [D] ③ Labiodental(唇齿音)-- [f] [v] ④ Alveolar(齿龈音)-- [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l] [r] ⑤ Alveo-palatals (齿龈硬腭音)-- [S] [ts] [Z] ⑥ Velar(软腭音)-- [k] [g] [N] ⑦ Glottal(喉音)-- [h]
The flap
• Vowel + /t/ + unstressed vowel →flap /t/
➢water ➢fighting
[t] ----------[d]
➢ How about ‘little’?
The glottal stop and the flap
① Betty needs a little help today. ② Patrick can’t remember his doctor’s
name. ③ Tim and Kurt need to stop fighting over
toys. ④ Are you certain you want one? ⑤ Stop it!
Vowels
• Two kinds of vowels: monophthongs and diphsthongs.
Voiced & voiceless
• Closed tightly→ air-stream blocked narrow passage → pressure of air →vibrate →voiced
• Wide open →free air-stream →no vibration →voiceless
Phonetics
• ulatory phonetics (发音语音学)- how speech sounds are made.
➢ Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学)- deals with the perception, via the ear, of speech sounds.
The Sounds of Language
Phonetics (语音学)
• Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language;
• Phonetics is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.
➢ Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学)- deals with the physical properties of speech as sound waves “in the air”.
➢ Forensic phonetics (法庭语音学)- deals with legal cases.
The glottal stop → /ʔ/
• Before
• Before final /t/
➢I can’t. → at the end of a statement ➢If you like it, tell me. → before a pause ➢Let me know. → before a consonant sound
The position of the vocal cord
• Voiced consonants: We can feel a vibration if we place a fingertip on our ‘Adam’s apple ’, when we pronounce this kind of sounds
Articulation
• Vocal organs: like a musical instrument
➢ Initiator of air-stream--- lungs ➢ Producer of voice---vocal cords ➢ Resonating cavities--- nose, mouth, pharynx
[b] [d] [g] [v] [D] [z] [Z] [dZ] [dz] [dr] [m] [n] [N] [l] [j] [w]
• Voiceless consonants: We can not feel a vibration on our ‘Adam’s apple, when we pronounce this kind of sounds