夹层资本
2023年基金从业资格证之私募股权投资基金基础知识强化训练试卷B卷附答案

2023年基金从业资格证之私募股权投资基金基础知识强化训练试卷B卷附答案单选题(共50题)1、“四位一体”的监管格局不包括()。
A.政府监管为核心B.行业自律为纽带C.科学技术为基础D.机构内控为基础【答案】 C2、私募基金管理人应当在私募基金募集完毕后()内,通过私募基金登记备案系统进行备案。
A.10日B.20个工作日C.10个工作日D.20日【答案】 B3、()不是法律尽职调查的主要内容。
A.确认目标公司的合法成立和有效存续B.分析公司对税收政策的依赖程度和对未来经营业绩、财务状况的影响C.从合规角度核查目标公司所提供文件资料的真实性、准确性和完整性D.发现和分析目标公司现存的法律问题和风险并提出解决方案【答案】 B4、基金募集机构对普通投资者要按照风险承受能力由低到高至少分为()A.C1、C2二种类型B.C1、C2、C3三种类型C.C1、C2、C3、C4四种类型D.C1、C2、C3、C4、C5五种类型【答案】 D5、夹层资本是杠杆收购的收购资金来源之一,下列关于夹层资本的说法,错误的是()。
A.夹层资本是指处于资本结构的中间位置,收益和风险介于银行贷款和股权资本之间的资本形态B.在杠杆收购融资中,夹层资本比银行贷款优先级低、成本高C.在杠杆收购融资中,夹层资本比股权资本优先级高、成本低D.夹层资本通常采取普通股的形式【答案】 D6、下列不属于股权投资基金现金流量模式的主要因素的是()。
A.缴款安排B.未投资资本C.收益分配约定D.补缴细则【答案】 D7、(2018年真题)关于股权投资协议中的回售权条款,描述错误的是()A.一般在新老股东之间发生B.体现了对股权投资方利益的保护C.体现了目标企业要求投资方保护商业机密的权利D.体现了投资方对目标企业或大股东回售股权的权利【答案】 C8、基金信息披露分成()A.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ⅣB.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、ⅢC.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、ⅣD.Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ【答案】 B9、私募股权基金常用估值方法的成本法包括()和()。
什么是夹层融资

什么是夹层融资融资⼀直是企业和投资⼈所关⼼的问题,因为其关系到⾃⾝的利益。
选择合适的⽅式来进⾏融资,可以事半功倍。
其中有⼀种融资形式是夹层融资。
那么什么是夹层融资呢?下⾯店铺的⼩编就给⼤家介绍⼀下,希望对⼤家有所帮助。
夹层融资是指在风险和回报⽅⾯介于优先债务和股本融资之间的⼀种融资形式。
夹层融资⼀般采取次级贷款的形式,但也可以采⽤可转换票据或优先股的形式。
对于公司和股票推荐⼈⽽⾔,夹层投资通常提供形式⾮常灵活的较长期融资,这种融资的稀释程度要⼩于股市,并能根据特殊需求作出调整。
⽽夹层融资的付款事宜也可以根据公司的现⾦流状况确定。
夹层就是在优先级和劣后级之间,再加⼊⼀层杠杆。
最终的结果就是使得杠杆倍数平⽅了(显著扩⼤),节约了劣后的资⾦占⽤。
夹层融资是⼀种⽆担保的长期债务,这种债务附带有投资者对融资者的权益认购权。
夹层融资只是从属债务的⼀种,但是它常常从作为从属债务同义词来⽤。
夹层融资的利率⽔平⼀般在10%~15%之间,投资者的⽬标回报率是20%~30%。
⼀般说来,夹层利率越低,权益认购权就越多。
通俗地讲,它是向融资⽅提供介于股权与债券之间的资⾦,通常是填补⼀些在考虑了股权资⾦、普通债权资⾦后仍然不⾜的资⾦缺⼝,因⽽夹层基⾦本质上仍是⼀种借贷资⾦,在企业偿债顺序中位于贷款之后。
夹层融资是⼀种融资的技术⼿段,在很多情况下起到“过桥”融资的作⽤,⼀般期限是⼀到两年。
例如,做房地产夹层融资,从企业拿到⼟地到取得开发贷之间的资⾦需求由夹层融资来满⾜。
夹层投资也是私募股权资本市场的⼀种投资形式,是传统创业投资的演进和扩展。
在欧美国家,有专门的夹层投资基⾦。
如果使⽤了尽可能多的股权和优先级债务来融资,但还是有很⼤资⾦缺⼝,夹层融资就在这个时候提供利率⽐优先债权⾼但同时承担较⾼风险的债务资⾦。
由于夹层融资常常是帮助企业改善资产结构和迅速增加营业额,所以在发⾏这种次级债权形式的同时,常常会提供企业上市或被收购时的股权认购权。
2024年基金从业资格证之私募股权投资基金基础知识过关检测试卷B卷附答案

2024年基金从业资格证之私募股权投资基金基础知识过关检测试卷B卷附答案单选题(共45题)1、关于杠杆收购中的夹层资本,以下说法正确的是()A.收益比股权资本高B.通常会要求融资企业提供资产抵押C.灵活性小,无法满足个注化交易需求D.成本比银行贷款高【答案】 D2、关于杠杆收购中的夹层资本,以下表述正确的是()。
A.收益比股权资本高B.灵活性小,无法满足个性化交易需求C.成本比银行贷款高D.通常会要求融资企业提供资产抵押【答案】 C3、(2020年真题)股权投资基金募集期间,不属于宣传推介材料中必须向投资者披露的信息是()A.基金管理人最近三年的投资业绩说明B.基金估值政策、程序和定价模式C.基金的投资信息D.基金合同的主要条款【答案】 A4、(2017年真题)在母基金一级投资业务中,母基金对股权投资基金的投资阶段、投资单笔规模、投资行业等进行分析是对股权投资基金的()进行考察。
A.投资理念B.管理团队C.投资流程D.基金条款【答案】 A5、下列不属于业务尽职调查内容的是()。
A.企业基本情况B.管理团队C.风险分析D.财务健康程度【答案】 D6、创业投资基金的投资方式通常采取()。
A.参股性投资B.控股性投资C.多点投资D.定点投资【答案】 A7、某美元基金投资境内未上市企业,可以采用的退出方式是()。
B.Ⅰ.Ⅱ.ⅢC.Ⅱ.Ⅲ.ⅣD.Ⅰ.Ⅱ.Ⅲ.Ⅳ【答案】 D8、()无须办理工商注册登记程序,根据投资者和管理人签署的信托契约设立。
A.公司型基金B.信托(契约)型基金C.合伙型基金D.股权投资基金【答案】 B9、股权投资基金管理人未向中国证券投资基金业协会履行管理人登记手续,说法正确的是()A.可以公开介绍该基金管理公司的产品并向合格投资者募资B.可申请新的股权投资基金产品备案C.其从业人员不得参加基金从业资格考试D.不得从事股权投资基金管理、募集业务【答案】 D10、由股权投资基金尽职调查的风险发现中可知,最终在交易文件中可以通过()进行风险和责任的分担。
房地产夹层融资

房地产夹层融资随着中国城市化进程的不断推进,房地产行业的发展日益壮大。
然而,随之而来的也是对资金的巨大需求。
为了满足这一需求,房地产行业采取了各种融资手段,其中夹层融资成为了一种较为普遍的选择。
本文将探讨房地产夹层融资的概念、特点及其对行业的影响。
一、房地产夹层融资的概念和特点夹层融资是指企业通过发行夹层资本工具,融资门槛介于普通股权和债务之间。
在房地产行业中,夹层融资是指开发商通过发行夹层资本工具来融资,以填补普通股权和债务融资之间的缺口。
房地产夹层融资的特点主要有以下几点:1. 可灵活调整资本结构:夹层融资在融资结构中起到“橡皮筋”的作用,既具备债务融资的灵活性,又具备股权融资的灵活性。
在资本回报方面,夹层融资优先于股权融资,但次于债务融资。
2. 高回报与高风险并存:由于夹层融资处于资本结构的中间位置,其回报也更高,但相应的风险也更大。
开发商需要承担更多的风险,包括项目销售不佳、房价下跌等因素的影响。
3. 丰富了企业融资渠道:夹层融资为房地产企业提供了一种多元化的融资渠道,减轻了对传统银行贷款的依赖性。
这种多元化的融资结构有助于企业降低融资成本,提升竞争力。
二、房地产夹层融资对行业的影响房地产夹层融资在一定程度上促进了房地产行业的发展,同时也对行业产生了一定的影响。
1. 补充了企业资金缺口:房地产项目通常需要大量的资金投入,传统的债务融资和股权融资方式无法满足这一需求。
夹层融资的出现填补了这一资金缺口,为企业提供了更为灵活和多元化的融资选择。
2. 促进了企业的成长和扩张:夹层融资为房地产企业提供了更多的资金来源,使得企业有更多的机会进行新的项目开发和扩张。
这不仅促进了企业的成长,也推动了整个行业的发展。
3. 提高了企业的资本效率:夹层融资使得企业能够更好地平衡债务和股权之间的关系,提高了资金运作的效率。
同时,夹层融资还可以帮助企业降低财务风险,减少对单一融资渠道的依赖。
4. 加大了行业风险:夹层融资虽然提供了更多的融资选择,但也增加了企业的风险承担。
夹层融资

夹层融资模式研究一、夹层融资的简述夹层融资,是一种介于优先债务和股本之间的融资方式,指企业或项目通过夹层资本的形式融通资金的过程。
它包含两个层面的含义:从夹层资本的投资方角度出发,称为夹层资本;从夹层资本的需求方角度出发,称为夹层债务。
夹层资本的收益和风险介于企业债务资本和股权资本之间,本质是长期无担保的债券类风险资本。
二、夹层融资的操作流程1、夹层融资的适用条件夹层资本在进行投资时,主要倾向于具有稳定的高成长性或高的进入壁垒的行业,具有多年稳定增长的成长型企业,在行业内占有很大市场份额的高市场地位企业。
企业并购融资和企业上市前融资中,夹层资本也是一个重要融资渠道。
2、夹层融资的特点夹层融资的最大特点是灵活性,通过融合不同的债权及股权特征,可以产生无数的组合,满足投资者及借款者的各种需求。
与优先债务一样,夹层资本要求融资方按期还付本息,通常要求比优先债务更高的利率水平。
夹层资本的收益通常包含现金收益和股权收益两部分。
夹层融资对借款人的限制相对较小,对贷款人的退出机制比较明确。
3、夹层融资产品夹层融资产品是夹层资本所依附的金融合同或金融工具,通常包括两部分:一是次级债融资部分,二是股权部分。
次级债融资部分通常具有以下特点:一是期限较长,为5—8年;二是利率较一般贷款利率高,年息为8—12%;三是融资条款与银行贷款条款类似,有固定的还款期。
股权部分则具有下列特点:一是投资方拥有股票衍生类产品,如股票转换权、认股证权,股票期权或利润分红;二是投资方享有股东权益,包括任命董事会代表(通常以观察者身份出席董事会);三是投资方不要求控股。
4、夹层融资的主要形式典型的夹层债务提供者可以选择将融资金额的一部分转换为融资方的股权,如期权、认股证、转股权或是股权投资参与权等权力,从而有机会通过资本升值而获利。
最常见的夹层融资形式包括含转股权的从属债务、可转换债和可赎回优先股。
●夹层贷款模式夹层贷款是指夹层借款人并非以项目资产作为抵押,而是以其对项目的所有者权益作为偿还保障的融资方式。
浅析中小航运企业船舶融资新模式-夹层融资

浅析中小航运企业船舶融资新模式-夹层融资一、中小航运企业融资难的现状及原因经过了全球金融危机的冲击后,航运业正处于一个恢复期,在这种背景下作为资金密集型的航运业势必要解决融资问题。
我国大型航运企业自主利用国际、国内两个资本市场筹资发展己成为现实,而中小航运企业在融资方面还存在着很多困难。
在一次交通部召开的中小型民营航运企业座谈会中,大多数中小型航运企业代表都提到,航运业是一个高投入、高风险的行业,企业发展壮大过程中面临的最大问题是资金问题。
安徽鸿运轮船有限公司代表反映,中小航运企业由于船舶流动分散,在申办贷款时,即使是新船,银行也只给予20%至30%的抵押。
舟山中昌海运有限责任公司代表反映,银行贷款比例越来越低,自筹比例越来越高。
该公司新购的”中昌118”轮,筹资与贷款比例为1∶1。
经过分析,造成中小航运企业融资难的原因主要有以下几点:1、就航运业而言,本身就是一个高风险行业,受到众多如市场、法律政策、政治经济环境等外部因素的影响,这就会导致航运企业在融资过程中会面临诸多具有复杂性和不可预见性的风险,一旦遭遇风险,中小企业容易收受到致命打击;2、船舶投资回收期长,通常航运企业的船舶的投资回收期在十年以上,投资方不具备专业人才,对项目进行长期跟踪,导致之后的回收与否具有不确定性;3、就中小型航运企业自身而言,规模小,很多都为单船公司,管理不规范,资金实力较薄弱、经营较不稳定;4、就银行或其他金融投资公司而言,由于信息不对称,对中小航运企业存在歧视和偏见。
为控制风险,在银根紧缩的环境下,往往更偏向于资金实力雄厚、资信佳的大型航运企业。
二、夹层融资的引入所谓”夹层融资”(mezzanine financing),mezzanine来源于拉丁语的medianus,意思是中间。
在金融学里,它代表介于优先债务和普通股本之间的那层融资。
之所以会引入夹层融资,主要是考虑到中小航运企业在其他融资渠道中遭遇的尴尬。
夹层资本Bond_Capital_Mezzanine_Finance

Mezzanine FinanceJanuary, 2006Corry Silbernagel, P.Eng., MBADavis VaitkunasMezzanine Debt--Another Level To ConsiderMezzanine debt is used by companies that are cash flow positive to fund: further growth through expansion projects; acquisitions; recapitalizations; and, management and leveraged buyouts. When mezzanine debt is used in conjunction with senior debt it reduces the amount of equity required in the business. As equity is the most expensive form of capital, it is most cost effective to create a capital structure that secures the most funding, offers the lowest cost of capital, and maximizes return on equity.Mezzanine debt has been around for over 30 years, however its use in Western Canada and the Pacific Northwest is relatively new and growing. Leading companies in this region are starting to use mezzanine debt to fund the growth today that the chartered banks will not fund until tomorrow.What Is Mezzanine Debt?Mezzanine debt capital generally refers to that layer of financing between a company's senior debt and equity, filling the gap between the two. Structurally, it is subordinate in priority of payment to senior debt, but senior in rank to common stock or equity (Exhibit #1). In a broader sense, mezzanine debt may take the form of convertible debt, senior subordinated debt or private "mezzanine" securities (debt with warrants or preferred equity).Mezzanine capital is typically used to fund a growth opportunity, such as an acquisition, new product line, new distribution channel or plant expansion, or in private business’ for the company owners to take money out of the company for other uses or to enable management to buyout company owners forsuccession purposes. Although it makes up a portion of a company's total available capital, mezzanine financing is critical to growing companies and in succession planning in recent years. The gap in funding between senior debt and equity is common for the following reasons:1)accounts receivable, inventories and fixed assets are being discounted at greater rates than inthe past for fear that their values will not be realized in the future; 2) many balance sheets now contain significant intangible assets, and,3) as a result of defaults and regulatory pressure, banks have placed ceilings on the amount of totaldebt a company can obtain. While additional liquidity can be obtained from equity investors, equity is the most expensive source of capital. Further, equity capital, by its nature, dilutes existing shareholders. As a result, mezzanine debt can be an attractive alternative way to obtain much needed capital.Capital StructuresWhile there are no hard and fast rules for optimizing a company’s capital structure, companies that are ahead of the curve use an efficient combination of senior debt, mezzanine debt, and equity capital to minimize their true cost of capital.In Exhibit 2, mezzanine debt is shown adding significant capital enabling a company to grow with no dilution to Company owners. On the positive side: the owners face little dilution and maintain their control of the business; the companies total cost of capital is reduced; and the mezzanine debt has a flexible payment term that is structured as “self liquidating” and is paid off over time. On the negative side this is a debt structure that requires interest payments over time.The table in Exhibit 3 outlines differences between capital sources:Secure More Total CapitalSome closely held companies, particularly those that are family controlled, are reluctant to consider mezzanine financing because it requires relinquishing a certain amount of ownership. However, a mezzanine investor's goal isn't to be a long-term shareholder, but rather to achieve a target return rate by some specified time. In fact, a typical mezzanine transaction has the mezzanine fund as a minority equity holder, with buyout terms to remove the mezzanine fund at the appropriate time. It's also important for a business owner to analyze the difference in value between a ownership interest in a stagnant or underperforming business and an ownership in a growing company. What's more, having mezzanine debt in place actually can help a company secure more total capital and avoid the small business pitfall of being under capitalized.For example, a business owner approaches a bank and says, 'I'm buying a company for $20 million and I want all the debt to be bank debt and I'll put the balance in as equity,' and requests a $10 million banking facility. Often, when a bank is approached with a $10 million request for financing they typically discount the business owners request as excessive and will lend only 75% of funding requested leaving the business owner to fund $12.5 million with equity. In this situation a mezzanine lender might offer to fund $5 million in mezzanine and work with the business owner to secure senior debt through a chartered bank. With a mezzanine component, the bank see’s the mezzanine as equity and as a reputable partner and is willing to lend the original request of $10 million, and often at a better rate with the addition of the mezzanine component. The total amount raised through external sources isnow $15 million with the mezzanine layer compared with $7.5 million without. Ultimately this reduces the equity requirement from $12.5 million to $5 million.Banks often look more favorably on companies that are backed by institutional investors such as mezzanine lenders and may extend more credit under more attractive terms. This is a result of the mezzanine lenders' reputation, and the increased involvement of the mezzanine lender with the company as compared with a bank alone. Simply put, the risk to the banks investment is reduced because of their knowledge that the mezzanine lender through a more active role – may enhance the success of the business. Additionally, mezzanine lenders are a source of reserve capital for a business owner helping to diversify a company’s banking relationships thus reducing dependence on any one lender.Lowering the Cost of Capital and Improving Equity ReturnsIn addition to securing more capital a mezzanine structure also allows a business to reduce its cost of capital, and boost both return on equity and absolute profits. The following three cases illustrate a traditional all equity company (Case 1: Traditional) transitioning to a more efficient capital structure through a small recapitalization (Case 2: Typical Debt) into a typical company with debt, and then recapitalizing again to a final optimized structure using a high degree of leverage (Case 3: high Leverage). The result of the transition from traditional company into a more efficient capital structure lowers the company’s cost of capital, improves the return on equity, and releases significant capital to a company’s existing owners as demonstrated in Exhibit 4.The capital received by the company’s owners can be used to diversify risk exposure to other investments or retirement, to reinvest in the company, or to acquire other businesses.Mezzanine HistoryMezzanine lending has been around for more than two decades. In the 1980's, the business was dominated by insurance companies and savings and loan associations. By the 1990's, limited partnerships (LPs) had entered the arena. Today, investors include pension funds, hedge funds, leveraged public funds, LPs and insurance companies, as well as banks that have established stand-alone mezzanine efforts.Traditional mezzanine lenders are book-and-hold investors, generally focused on cash-flow lending, looking for a minimum term (call protection) and equity participation to generate longer term results. Unlike traded equity, high-yield debt, and interest rates which fluctuate with economic conditions, traditional mezzanine finance is a consistent and stable market. The coupon rate on mezzanine notes and targeted returns of mezzanine investments have remained relatively constant as shown in Exhibit 6.Typical Mezzanine TermsThe biggest benefit mezzanine debt provides is reducing the amount of equity required in the transaction. Mezzanine investors are looking for between 15 and 25 percent IRR (internal rate of return) compared to 25 to 50 percent for equity investors, so it's more cost effective.While mezzanine debt is more expensive than bank debt, it is not as rigid. Generally, it shares the same covenant package as a bank deal, but the measurement characteristics are looser. For instance, if the maximum leverage of EBITDA on a bank deal is three and a half times, a mezzanine deal would becloser to four or five. Exhibit 7 depicts average debt multiples of leveraged companies and differentiates between bank debt as a multiple of EBITDA, and non-bank debt (often mezzanine debt) as a multiple of EBITDA. For example, an average US highly leveraged company with EBITDA of $10 million per year in 2004 would have had 3.2 time EBITDA or $32 million in bank debt, with 1.0 times EBITDA or $10 million in non-bank debt. The ability of smaller companies (<$100 million in revenue) in western Canada and the pacific northwest of the United States to attract senior debt levels at this average is difficult, especially for non-traditional transactions and special situations. As a result of reduced senior debt levels initially, the use of mezzanine capital is more relevant in this region.Typically, mezzanine lending includes both subordinated debt and an equity component. The debt is issued with a cash pay interest rate of 12 to 18 percent and a maturity ranging from five to seven years with the ability of the borrower to buy out the debt earlier. The remainder of the required 15 to 25 percent all-in-return consists of warrants to buy common stock, which the investor values based on the outlook of the company, or incremental interest paid on a "pay-in-kind" or PIK basis.Mezzanine ExitMost mezzanine investments are taken out either through a change-of-control sale or recapitalization of the company. Many mezzanine capital providers believe the IPO "home run" is a rarity. While some mezzanine providers may look to invest in companies that represent strong IPO candidates, more frequently the mezzanine capital provider is bought out by the initial owner through a recapitalization with inexpensive senior debt, through the accumulated profits generated by the business or through an acquisition of the company by a competitor. The typical mezzanine transaction is for 5 to 8 years, with the possibility of early exit.。
十大名词解释完整版

十大名词一第三方理财第三方理财是指那些独立的中介理财机构,它们不代表银行、保险等金融机构,却能够独立地分析客户的财务状况和理财需求,判断所需投资工具,提供综合性的理财规划服务。
二风险控制风险控制是指风险管理者采取各种措施和方法,消灭或减少风险事件发生的各种可能性,或者减少风险事件发生时造成的损失三财富管理财富管理范围包括: 现金储蓄及管理、债务管理、个人风险管理、保险计划、投资组合管理、退休计划及遗产安排。
其主要功能是帮助我们制定及达成财务目标。
这些目标可以是债务重整,可以是子女教育经费,可以是购买汽车或房屋,也可以是退休以后的生活保障。
通过财富管理,不单止可以增加我们的投资收入,而且更可以累积更多的财富,提供更大保障,从而提高我们的生活水平和改善我们的生活质素。
金钱是美好的,愈多愈好,这个假设相信是大多数人都同意。
由于食物、居所和其它基本资源都是生活的所需。
在这种情况下,人们累积财富的动力不断增强,也就形成一种竞争性,社会便因此得已繁荣及进步。
大部份人所拥有的金钱要满足自己生活的最低所需,应该都无问题,香港是一个成熟的社会,累积财富的目的,首先是为了填饱肚子,然后再考虑买一些新玩意。
例如: 电子产品、汽车或者新的家庭用品。
所以,累积财富不只是为了生存,更是为了寻求快乐与幸福。
处身于信息科技发达的社会,人们的时空地域距离不断地拉近,事物变化的速度加快,人们对于财富管理的需求越加迫切,我们必须正视财富管理,以达至财务及保障得以健康进行。
透过财富管理我们可以更了解自己所面对的风险及知道如何做好风险管理。
我们所面对不同风险,主要包括早逝、失业、自然灾害、个人财产意外及退休生活缺乏保障等。
风险管理的方法则有避免风险、承担风险、转移风险、保险、分散投资及对冲等等。
在管理过程中,作出适当的预算计划,可改善入不敷支的情况及进行债务管理、从而减轻债务。
四 CPI、PPI、PMI、GDP、欧债、美元、原油PPI:生产者物价指数是一个用来衡量制造商出厂价的平均变化的指数,它是统计部门收集和整理的若干个物价指数中的一个。
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夹层资本
什么是夹层资本
夹层资本是在夹层融资这一融资过程中出现的一个专有名词,是针对融资过程中资金的提供方也就是出资方而言的。
夹层资本(Mezzanine Capital)是收益和风险介于企业债务资本和股权资本之间的资本形态,本质是长期无担保的债权类风险资本。
当企业进行破产清算时,优先债务提供者首先得到清偿,其次是夹层资本提供者,最后是公司的股东。
因此,对投资者来说,夹层资本的风险介于优先债务和股本之间。
夹层资本的应用
夹层资本通常常用于那些接受后续风险资本的公司,或者在杠杆收购时银行的高级贷款不能提供收购所需的所有资金的情况下使用。
因此,夹层资本向公司发放次级贷款,在资本结构顺序中位于银行贷款之下,但在来自LBO基金的股本之上。
夹层资本也提供大量的成长资本。
当一家成长中的企业无法从银行得到所需的全部资金时,它往往要向夹层贷款人求助。
因此夹层贷款人索取的回报比银行高得多,但比风险投资公司和LBO基金低得多。
夹层债务与优先债务一样,要求融资方按期还本付息,但通常要求比优先债务更高的利率水平,其收益通常包含现金收益和股权收益两部分。
典型的夹层债务提供者可以选择将融资金额的一部分转换为融资方的股权,如期权(Option),认股证(Warrant),转股权(Convertibility)或是股权投资参与权(Equity Participation Rights)等权力,从而有机会通过资本升值中获利。
常见的夹层资本形式包括含转股权的次级债(Subordinated Debt with Warrants),可转换债(Convertible Debt)和可赎回优先股(Redeemable Preferred Equity)。
因此,夹层资本的收益也介于优先债务和股本之间。