新SAT写作证据(Evidence)分析解读之Example(例证)— 李盛
美国高考分析性写作命题及其启示
美国高考分析性写作命题及其启示作者：具春林张宇婷来源：《语文建设·上半月》2020年第07期SAT考试（Scholastic Assessment Test），中文名为“学术能力评估测试”，由美国大学委员会（College Board）主办，是美国国内也是世界各国高中生申请美国名校的重要依据，被誉为美国高考。
SAT写作考试始于2005年，形式为命题作文。
自2016年3月开始，SAT写作改革为“基于证据的”分析性写作。
崭新的写作形式，完备的评价体系，引发了学界的广泛关注。
考察SAT分析性写作的命题形式与其价值导向，可给予我国高考作文改革有益的启发。
一、考查方式：基于证据的分析性写作1.写作性质：基于阅读的分析性书写改革前的SAT写作为命题写作，题型为任务型。
写作任务先给一段提示，再给一个题目，要求“用你从阅读、学习、经历或观察所得的例子来论证你的观点”。
题目通常具有两面性，考生可以根据自己的认识选择立场，观点无所谓对错。
比如2015年6月的SAT写作试题：在你试图说服他人时，“听”是否比“说”更为重要？人们是否过于看重那些现实的想法或活动？有没有可能保持双重忠诚？对于这些题目，考生根据自己的认识选择一个角度论述即可，只要能做到旁征博引，有理有据地展开论述，论证结构完整，基本都能得较高的分值。
这种命题作文，自由发挥的空间比较大，学生套用准备好的写作模板、写作素材就可以得高分。
为了解决旧SAT写作的问题，公正客观地检测学生的学术能力，并以考试为契机提高学生的学术素养，新SAT写作改名为“论文写作”，这种论文写作是一种基于证据的分析性写作。
所谓“基于证据的分析性写作”，指的是针对所给的阅读材料，恰当中肯地评析材料的写作。
要求考生先阅读一篇议论文，字数多在650～750字（也有800多字的文章），写一篇分析性的文章，写作的重点是对阅读文章的分析。
例如：请写一篇作文来阐释作者Peter S.Goodman是如何针对新闻机构为美国人民增加专业性外国新闻报道的必要性，用自己的议论文（Argument）来说服读者的。
2020新SAT写作证据的分析方法
2020新SAT写作证据的分析方法2020新SAT写作证据的分析方法2020新SAT考试首考（美国时间3月5日）已经在北美举行。
本次考试横跨新旧SAT，自然备受注重。
新东方在线老师亲赴纽约，为大家带来第一手的新SAT考试资讯。
新东方在线SAT教研组深度解析新SAT考试，协助大家掌握SAT考试新动向，以便充分备考2020年新SAT。
在议论文中，作者常常使用不同的具体信息或细节来论证自己的观点。
常见的证据形式有facts（事实）, statistics（数据）, quotations from (other) experts（专家引言）, the results of experiments or other research（试验或研究结果）, examples（例子）等。
即使证据形式有所不同，但是它们的作用都是一致的——支撑作者的观点。
证据的来源比较广泛，包括机构（authorities）, 出版物（publications）, 学术研究（academic researches）, 调查（surveys）, 投票（polls）等等。
在新SAT写作中，需要指出作者使用了什么样的具体的证据形式，并指出该证据的内容是什么，同时分析作者为什么使用这个证据，该证据的使用能够达到什么样的效果。
也就是说，考试在证据分析中要完成识别-内容-分析三个步骤。
（１）识别首先考生需要识别作者在文章中使用了什么具体的证据形式（facts, statistics, quotations from experts, the results of experiments or other research, examples等），参考的表达能够是：Theauthoruses/adopts/utilizes/employs具体的证据形式tosupport/buttress/backup/emphasizehis/herargument/claim.（２）内容为了满足考试Reading评分的要求，考生需要写出作者使用的证据的具体内容是什么。
李盛 刘佳《浅析名词化在英语写作中的应用》
李盛刘佳《浅析名词化在英语写作中的应用》近几年来，名词化（nounification）在英语写作中越来越受到写作者的重视，把词汇和句子中的动词转换成名词、形容词，以便使句子和文章清晰易懂、简洁而有力，是英语写作中非常重要的技巧。
本文将以李盛刘佳的《浅析名词化在英语写作中的应用》为主题，对名词化的相关概念进行深入的探索和推断，以期提高读者在写作中的应用技巧。
首先，有必要了解名词化的定义。
可以说，名词化是指将动词、形容词等转换成名词的一种话语表达方式，必要时结合限定词，如the、a等。
以此来实现把一个形式简单的动词转换成一个更有效果的名词，这样就能使句子更紧凑，同时也能使文章产生更深刻的效果。
其次，要了解名词化在英语写作中的应用。
李盛刘佳指出，名词化在英语写作中的应用有很多。
首先，可以用来强调论点，以凸显文章的核心。
例如，在文章中写道“家庭乐趣的重要性（ Importance of Family Fun”，就可以更清晰地表达出家庭乐趣对我们生活的重要性。
此外，在英语写作中，名词化也可以用来增强句子的持久力，从而使句子更有条理、更具张力。
例如，在文章中写道“流行文化的蔓延（ Spread of Popular Culture）”，可以更具体地描述出当今流行文化正在影响和变化着我们的生活。
此外，可以用名词化来提升文章的口语性。
用名词化写文章可以把文章的抽象化的概念表达得更加具体，便于读者的理解。
例如，在文章中写道“政治冲突的破裂（ Breakdown of Political Conflict）”，可以更准确地表达出政治冲突给当今社会带来的危害。
最后，要提醒读者，在使用名词化的时候要注意避免拗口或者不符合语法的表达，如“参加社会服务的参与（ participation in social services）”，因为参加就是一种参与，所以前面的“参与”就可以省略掉。
总之，名词化在英语写作中有着重要的作用，可以使句子和文章更加清晰、流畅，从而提高文章的口语性和表达效果。
新SAT写作真题与范文 多读多写多看多听很重要
SAT写作题目:Write an essay in which you explain how Dana Gioia builds an argument to persuade his audience that the decline of reading in America will have a negative effect on society. In your essay, analyze how Gioia uses one or more of the features listed in the box above (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of his argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage.Your essay should not explain whether you agree with Gioia’s cla ims, but rather explain how Gioia builds an argument to persuade his audience.SAT写作满分范文：In the article, “Why Literature Matters” by Dana Gioia, Gioia makes an argument claiming that the levels of interest young Americans have shown in art in recent years have declined and that this trend is a severe problem with broad consequences. Strategies Gioia employs to support his argument include citation of compelling polls, reports made by prominent organizations that have issued studies, and a quotation from a prominent author. Gioia’s overall purpose in writing this article appears to be to draw attention towards shortcomings in American participation in the arts. His primary audience would be the American public in general with a significant focus on millenials. In his introduction paragraph, Gioia employs a distinct contrast with several listed positive changes in American life such as increased college attendance and increases in income, with the focus of his article: the fact that theinterest young Americans show in art has declined. This tool is utilized to establish an emphasis on his primary point by highlighting it as a negative development relative to other changes in American life. This literary tool serves a strong purpose by acting as a vehicle to draw the audience into the principle issue addressed by the writing.In paragraph 5, Gioia utilizes a synergistic reference to two separate sources of information that serves to provide a stronger compilation of support for his main topic. By citing a quotation from author Daniel Pinks who states, that the talents individuals require for success in the 21st Century are not, “linear, logical, analytic talents,” but ones that provide, “the ability to create artistic and emotional beauty,to detect patterns and opportunities,” and “to craft a satisfying narrative,” Gioia is able to build his point with the agreement of a respected individual. He then immediately follows with a statement that business leaders like to see,“imagination, creativity, and higher order thinking” as qualities for individuals in management positions. This dual utilization of claims from two separate sources conveys to Gioia’s audience the sense that the skills built through immersion in the arts are vital to succeeding in the modern workplace which aids in logically leading his audience to the conclusion that a loss of experience with the arts may foreshadow troubling results.In paragraph 6, Gioia follows up on the point established in paragraph 5 by introducing a negative example of the consequences of loss of the arts with afocu on literacy. Gioia cites a 2001 poll on the National Association of American Manufactures stating stating that poor reading skills ranked second among its employees surveyed for skill deficiencies while 38% of employees believed local schools inadequately taught reading comprehension. Gioias presentation of a numerical statistic based on a major employer adds significant logical weight to his argument by providing an example of the effects of a deficit in experience with art and literature. This may effect his audience by providing a more accurrate depiction of the true problems caused by disconnection with arts while possibly choosing an example they could personally relate to.Overall, Gioia provides an strong logical argument that disconnection with the arts is troubling for America. He employs strong logical connections and establishes realOworld foundations for his point.三立在线课程培训优势班级种类：（预约试听和科学选班请详询老师）一对一在线授课班，其优势：一对一是指听说读写都由不同的老师教授，而不是由一位老师负责学生的全部课程。
SAT写作：如何写出高质量作文主体段
2016年三月起实行的新sat考试较之老sat，各部分均发生了显著变化，难度有升有降。
其中写作部分改革最为彻底，由议论文写作变为议论文分析，对中国考生而言是一个极大的挑战。
新sat写作考察考生三个维度的能力：阅读、分析和写作。
其中难度系数最高的为分析维度，对文本的分析会作为核心内容体现在作文的主体段中，是得分的重点。
接下来就结合官方指南上的范例来解析一个高质量的新sat主体段的基本结构以及具体展开。
首先要明确任务，新sat作文对文本的分析包含三方面的大要点：evidence，reasoning 和stylistic elements，这在每篇文章前面的方框（prompt）里有明确的表述。
每个大要点又包括多个小论点，比如evidence一项就包括example, fact, statistic和quotation 等。
最终呈现在作文里的主体段有两种分配方式：立足整体式和要点选择式。
前者即结合全文内容对reasoning, evidence, 和stylistic elements三个大论点进行分别分析，后者则是从文章中选择对突出主题最重要的多个小要点（如一处例子）进行分析。
而具体到单个主体段，它们的结构及具体展开是基本一致的。
一、基本结构新sat作文主体段的结构并不复杂，可以用PAL结构来概括，具体对应如下：即一个完整的主体段需要有一个明确的主题句，一般是首句。
接下来对要点进行具体分析，最后有一句话进行起承转合，增强文章逻辑性。
结构简单明了，然而具体每一部分如何来写则是技巧性比较强的。
二、具体展开首先是主题句（point）。
主题句写法可以有多种，但是一定要包括本段要分析的要点，一般还需要包括作者、逻辑词、要点的作用等，如：1.Goodman begins by clearly laying out the raw statistics from a census produced by the American Journalism Review to show the dramatic decline of foreign correspondents and bureaus that had been "entirely eliminated" by American news organizations over the past decayed.（OGp194）2.Summers uses his words and research to reason with the reader and explain to them why plastic bags really are the correct choice. （OGp218）3.Persuasive elements are what make this passage successful. （OGp219）接下来的分析部分（Analysis）即对要点分析的具体过程和内容，需要建立在读懂原文的基础之上。
新SAT写作中的Evidence
新SAT写作中的Evidence新的写作评分标准主要包括reading, analysis, 和writing，其中的analysis对大家来讲应该是比较新颖的部分。
在满分的评分标准中，明确要求一篇好的文章应该能够“offers a thorough,well-considered evaluation of the author’s use of evidence, reasoning, and /or stylistic and persuasive elements, and/or features(s) of the student’s own choosing”. 换句话说，考生需要去分析作者怎样应用证据，说理或其他有说服力的风格要素来证明自己的观点。
Evidence in reading passage在仔细分析官方指南和CB公布的样题后( “Seasons of Life and Land”, “Beyond Vietnam”, “The Digital Parent Trap”, “Let There Be Dark”, “Why Literature Matters”, “Foreign News at a Crisis Point”, “Bag Ban Bad for Freedom and Environment”)，我们发现其中除了两篇演讲“Seasons of Life and Land”, “Beyond Vietnam”，其他5篇都包含了大量的evidence，也就是说，evidence构成了作者行文的主要内容。
In what forms?首先我们来看一下，什么样的内容叫做evidence。
在官方指南的第178页是这样描述的，“Evidence is information and ideas that the author uses to support a claim. Evidence takes many forms, … Evidence can come in the form of facts, statistics, quotations from(other) experts, the results of experiments or other research, examples, and the like…”从这里我们不难发现evidence可能出现的形式是事实，数据，引用别人的话，实验或研究的结果，具体的例子等。
新SAT写作文章分析的具体步骤
新SAT写作文章分析的具体步骤SAT写作对于考生来说难度还是比较大的，具体步骤大家了解吗?下面给大家分享的是新SAT写作文章分析的具体步骤，供大家参考。
步骤(一)：把论据分组，整理出一组最合适作文题目的论据(Evidence)和要说明的议题(Claim)，建立逻辑关系;
步骤(二)：在这组的论据里，提出所用的风格、说服方式、写作技巧(Stylistic, persuasive elements : word choice, appeals to emotion)的具体应用和达到的效果;
步骤(三)：对原文的诉求和具体论述方法作个总结: 作文的中心思想。
具体做法：
1.把原文中的论据分类，分出可分类的论据和通用的论据;
2取出最有力的一类论据(evidence)和通用论据建立与中心思想或某个话题(Main idea 或Claim )的关系。
用线条把它们连接起来;
3.理出原文的开头、结尾或某一段落的具体方法和技巧。
标记在段落旁边。
标出可以引用的原文句子;
4.深入分析原文中要用的一组证据和Claim 的关联和逻辑，所用的风格、说服方式、写作技巧(Stylistic, persuasive elements : word choice, appeals to emotion)的具体做法和效果。
标记在旁边。
同时标出准备引用的原文句子;
5.根据上面的分析，总结出原文的主要诉求和具体方法。
以精简明确地方式。
标记在原文开头;
6. 注意: 原文常有几组类似的证据，不相容的证据不要同时采用。
论据和诉求要一致(Evidence-claim must be consistent)。
新SAT写作范文赏析
新SAT写作范文赏析SAT考试中有很多文章写的很好，和小编一起来看看优秀的SAT写作范文吧!Is strong moral character the most important qualification for a leader?范文：Many people deem that achievement should be judged by how well one does in his or her personal career. However, as I fathom some high achievers’ experience, I hold the belief that ones’s achievement ought to be assessed by his or her help to others.Part of my certain belief derives from a celebrity from sports field. Billy Beane, the manager of Oakland Athletics of major League Baseball, was the one who reached the summit of his enterprise by helping questionable athletes against the perspective of the experts and the public. With limited budget, Billy was just capable of gathering third grade staffs and equipments. The public were convinced that the mediocre team would just conduct ordinary performance and his colleagues even forbade his members from taking the field. Nevertheless, reluctant to conform to such “biased” perception, Bill determined to take effective measures to prove that even the weaker voices have their values. In the first place, he decisively abandoned the traditional mode of employment by specially recruiting those baseball players who were bad-tempered andseemingly insufficient but proficient in certain areas of baseball. Then he selected these players by accurately evaluating their potential instead of judging from their former performance. Regardless of question and criticism, Bill eventually led his team to accomplish big triumph, and henceforth was venerated as a prominent sports manager. The aid Bill Beane offered his fellow team members in turn brought back himself greater achievement.Another biography of an outstanding artist could also illustrate my point. Dr Dre, who is noted by assisting myriad musicians to gain their success, is one of the most celebrated and prolific artists in contemporary music industry. As a teenager of 17, Dr Dre found the music style of rap suited to express his undergone feelings and sensitivities and it might be a shortcut to conduct a wealthier living, so he strived to be a professional rapper. Struggling to succeed in a predominantly non-mainstream music style, he pored and drilled his skills and refined his verses in his friend’s garage and finally made his name notable in underground music. Although rejected and despised by mainstream music in 1990s at first, the predicament of rap music was subverted by the efforts of Dr Dre and his legendary band NWA, with their songs inspiring millions of fans and records selling millions of copies. After that, he spent all his spirits in being a producer and promoting rap rookies, such as Eminem andSnoop Dogg, who also became extremely renowned. Dr Dre is now worshiped not only for his prominent achievement as a singer, but for his readiness to help and promote young people in music industry.From the two examples above, we can conclude that achievement should not be judged only by one’s remarkable professional career，but the help he offers others is more important criterion of achievement.。
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新SAT写作证据（Evidence）分析解读之Example（例证）新东方在线SAT教研组李盛在议论文写作中，Example（例子）是经常使用的一种论证形式。
作者往往会给读者呈现具体的细节，从而证明自己观点的正确性。
请阅读下面从文章中节选的段落：The rest of the world depends on darkness as well, including nocturnal and crepuscular species of birds, insects, mammals, fish and reptiles. Some examples are well known—the 400 species of birds that migrate at night in North America, the sea turtles that come ashore to lay their eggs—and some are not, such as the bats that save American farmers billions in pest control and the moths that pollinate 80% of the world’s flora. Ecological light pollution is like the bulldozer of the night, wrecking habitat and disrupting ecosystems several billion years in the making. S imply put, without darkness, Earth’s ecology would collapse . . . .在上面这段话中，为了说明黑暗对于动物的重要性，作者列举了若干个例子：Some examples are well known—the 400 species of birds that migrate at night in North America, the sea turtles that come ashore to lay their eggs—and some are not, such as the bats that save American farmers billions in pest control and the moths that pollinate 80% of the world’s flora.这里，作者通过几个例子说明了各种动物是如何依赖黑暗生存及在生物圈做出贡献的。
所以很明显地属于example。
在识别了该证据形式之后，考试需要写出证据的内容，由于选文的信息比较多，考生可以对于例子的内容进行总结（summarize）：Thewriterlists examples of howsome particular species (birds,turtles,batsandmoths)relyondarknesstosurviveandcontributeto human beingsintheecologicalcycle.最后需要去分析该例子的作用。
作者列举这几个例子的目的是为了证明本段开头的观点（The rest of the world depends on darkness as well），即动物们也是需要黑暗环境的。
通过给出这样的例子，能够让读者清晰地了解动物是如何依赖黑暗生存及在生物圈做出贡献，再次强调黑暗对于人类和动物都有不可或缺的作用。
把上面的分析用英语连贯地表达出来，可以是：The author lists several examples to back up his claim. By mentioning examples of howsome particular species (birds,turtles,batsandmoths)relyondarknesstosurviveandcontributeto human beingsintheecologicalcycle, the author helps the readers to see the truth of the statement that has been made at the top of the paragraph (“The rest of the world depends on darkness as well”). By using these known and unknown examples, the author presents the audience a vivid picture of how important the darkness is for a variety of animals, and therefore reinforces his central claim that darkness is indispensable for both human beings and animals.有时候例子也可以是个人经历（personalexperience）：作者和别人的交谈，作者亲身经历或见证的事件等。
例如，一位家长想要讨论电子设备的使用对于青少年的影响可以选择在文章一开始谈论自己的孩子每天放学回家花大量的时间玩手机游戏，而不按时完成老师布置的家庭作业；一个旅行者想要说明跟团旅游的好处，可以在文章中给出自己曾经某一次跟团去了欧洲的某个国家而省去了很多的不便等；一个作者想要强调兼职工作对于孩子的好处可以指出自己小时候通过做具体的某种兼职而得到了锻炼等。
从上面的例子可以看出，个人经历与读者联系更加直接（makesatopicmoreimmediateforareader），它可以使一个大的话题更加贴近读者的生活（illustratewhatalargeissuelookslikeinsomeone’sday-to-daylife）。
作者使用个人经历使得自己与读者联系更加紧密，从而使得读者更愿意相信作者的观点（Authorssometimesusepersonalexperiencetomakethemselvesseemrelatablea ndthereforetrustworthy）。
请阅读下面从文章中节选的段落：At my family’s cabin on a Minnesota lake, I knew woods so dark that my hands disappeared before my eyes. I knew night skies in which meteors left smoky trails across sugary spreads of stars. But now, when8 of 10 children born in the United States will never know a sky dark enough for the Milky Way, I worry we are rapidly losing night’s natural darkness before realizing its worth. This winter solstice, as we cheer the days’ gradual movement back toward light, let us also remember the irreplaceable value of darkness.在上面这段话中，为了引出文章讨论自然黑暗的这个话题，作者回忆了自己童年在明尼苏达湖畔生活的经历：At my family’s cabin on a Minnesota lake, I knew woods so dark that my hands disappeared before my eyes. I knew night skies in which meteors left smoky trails across sugary spreads of stars. 这里，作者描写了自己童年时代伸手不见五指的夜晚以及流星划过的夜空，所以很明显地属于personalexperience。
在识别了该证据形式之后，考试需要写出证据的内容，由于选文的信息比较多，考生可以同时对于例子的内容进行总结（summarize）和quote（引用）：a summer spent on a Minnesota lake where there was “woods so dark that [his] hands disappeared before [his] eyes.”最后需要去分析该例子的作用。
作者使用自己童年经历的目的是为了引出文章讨论自然黑暗这一话题。
通过描述自己的回忆，能够让读者了解黑暗中作者有趣的经历，引起读者对于黑暗的好奇。
把上面的分析用英语连贯地表达出来，可以是：Bogard starts his article off by recounting a personal story – a summer spent on a Minnesota lake where there was “woods so dark that [his] hands disappeared before [his] eyes.” In such a brief anecdote, Bogard remind the audience of a time where they could fully amass themselves in natural darkness void of artificial light. By drawing in his readers with a personal encounter about natural darkness, Bogard evokes the wonder of the night sky among his audience, offering a baseline of his argument.以上就是新东方在线SAT教研组李盛老师为大家带来的新SAT解读。
祝大家在2016希望大家好好准备，为自己的新SAT考试加油！。