托福TPO2听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO50听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO50听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO50听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO50听力Conversation2文本Listen to a conversation between a student and the head of building maintenance.Teacher: Can I help you?Student: Yeah, I um……I’m taking summer classes right now and they put me in Robert’s Dormitory, over by the library.Teacher: Ok.Student: And I guess they are painting the library or doing something to the outside of the building?Teacher: Ah……yes, they are. They are replacing the bricks on the outside walls.Student: Well, whatever it is, it’s like……really disturbing, for those of us with windows facing the library. They are working on the wall right opposite us. I mean, dust is everywhere coming in the windows, and, the noise, cos we are like…… what, ten feet away. And……well, it is just not a pretty picture.Teacher: Right, well, that’s why we waited until now to start work on it. I mean, most students have already left campus for summer vacation.Student: Yeah, but Robert’s Hall has been used by all the summer students.Teacher: Really? The housing didn’t notify us of that.Student: Yeah. It’s pretty full. I mean, I can’t sleep at night, because of the smell and the dust and……You know, I’d love to just like close the windows but you know (it’s) being summer now.Teacher: Yes, I know. There is no air-conditioning in that building.Student: Right! So I mean, we got five more weeks of classes left, and we were really wondering how much longer they are going to be working on that particular wall. Because maybe it’s going to be a while.Do you think they could maybe work on a different side of the building for now, one that's not facing people’s dorm rooms, and wait until the students are gone? To come back and finish this side? I mean, that way the dust and noise won’t be coming directly into our windows while we are here.Teacher: You know, I wish it weren’t being done this way and it doesn’t make sense. But……this p articular decision was made by a special committee and their plan was finalized several months ago. They just didn’t realize there would be students in Robert’s Hall now.Student: Yeah.Teacher: Plus, well, the equipment is all set up, you know, the scaffolding is up on that side of the building and……oh it just won’t be practical to have the construction workers move everything to another side and leave a whole side of the library all torn out like that.Student: I guess not. Isn’t there another dorm open anywhere?Teacher: Not that I know. Oh, wait. I overheard someone saying today that Manchester Hall isn’t being used by the city’s summer camp after all. You know, most years they house their participants in that dorm all summer.Student: Well, there is an idea.Teacher: Now it’s a smaller dorm and it’s a little out of theway but……well, I bet……I bet they could move the affected student from Robert’s Hall.Student: Wow, I think a lot of people would definitely appreciate that.Teacher: Ok, well, let me call the housing people and I will get back to you. Leave your name and number, ok? And I will let you know what I find out.Student: Great. Thanks.托福TPO50听力Conversation2题目1.What problem is the student having?A. His dormitory is in need of repairs.B. He does not have summer housing.C. He is bothered by construction on campus.D. He is not able to use the university library.2.What does the student suggest that the construction workers do?。
托福(综合)模拟试卷2(题后含答案及解析)
托福（综合）模拟试卷2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 2. Structure & Written Expression 3. Reading Comprehension 4. SPEAKINGSection One：Listening Comprehension听力原文：Questions 1 through 3. Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor.W: Professor Wilson, can I ask you something?M: Sure.W: What I’d like to do for my survey project is interview three people. Would that be OK? Because in class you said a survey is usually done with a large number of people.M: That’s right, it is. But tell me about your idea.W: My idea is to interview three people in my host family. There’s a grandmother who has a lot of opinions—oh, about everything. I want to compare what she says with what the mother says, and also the fourteen-year-old daughter. Would that be all right? M: It’s a start, but what would your focus be? You said the grandmother has opinions about everything—opinions about what?W: It’s a philosophy of life, I guess.M: Here’s my suggestion. Why don’t you prepare a list of questions—maybe five, six—no more than ten possible ideas for your interviews. When you’ve done that, show me the list, and we’ll go from there.W: All right. I’ll work on it tonight. Thanks for the advice.M: You’re welcome.1. Why does the student speak to her professor?2. What is the student’s idea for her project?3. What does the professor suggest the student do?1．Why does the student speak to her professor?A．She wants to know his philosophy of life.B．She needs advice about an assignment.C．She has a problem with her grandmother.D．She needs more time to finish her project.正确答案：B解析：The student needs advice about an assignment. She says What I’d like to do for my survey project is interview three people. Would that be OK? 知识模块：听力2．What is the student’s idea for her project?A．A survey of grandmothersB．A handbook for host familiesC．A story about a fourteen-year-old girlD．A comparison of opinions正确答案：D解析：The student would like to do a comparison of opinions. She says My idea is to interview three people...; ...a grandmother who has a lot of opinions...; I want tocompare what she says with what the mother says, and also the fourteen-year-old daughter. 知识模块：听力3．What does the professor suggest the student do?A．Prepare a list of possible questionsB．Choose a more interesting topicC．Express her opinion more clearlyD．Interview at least ten people正确答案：A解析：The student should prepare a list of possible questions. The professor says Here’s my suggestion. Why don’t you prepare a list of questions—maybe five, six—no more than ten possible ideas for your interviews. 知识模块：听力听力原文：Questions 4 through 8. Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.Research on the play of young children has revealed that children have a culture of their own. Where do we find this culture? We find it in the sandbox and at the daycare center. We find it in the schoolyard. We find it wherever two or more children are together and reveal their private code of rules in their play.Games and play are the realities of child culture. At the age of three, children are initiated into the secrets of child culture. Younger children eagerly pick up the rules of play from older children. Older children are the leaders of play activities because, of course, older children are experienced players. At age three, the ability to learn is enormous. There are so many skills to be mastered, including body language, spoken language, humor, songs, and so on. All of these are like keys that open the door to the fellowship of child culture. It’s a culture preserved in an oral tradition of songs and rhymes.In preschool, children are extremely active. They have good control of their bodies, and they enjoy activity for its own sake. They love opportunities to run, climb, and jump. The play of preschool children has a broad range. Traditional games like hopscotch and ring around the rosy are an important part of their play. Just as important, however, are the open games, which are mostly created by the children themselves. These open games can be changed at will—kind of like improvisation on a theme.In primary school, children are extreme in their physical activities and tend to express their emotions freely. Around the age of five, children start caring about the rules, and the games of five-year-olds tend to be more structured than the games of preschool children. Games are spontaneous and creative, but they also contain the rules, norms, and values of the group. At age six or seven, children like organized games in small groups, but they can be overly concerned with rules, or get carried away by team spirit. There are frequent quarrels, and many children indulge in punching, shoving, and wrestling.4. What is the main idea of the lecture?5. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. “At the age of three, children are initiated into the secrets of child culture. Younger children eagerly pick up the rules of play from older children. Older children are the leaders of play activities because, of course, older children are experienced players.”What does the professor imply about child culture?6. Why doesthe professor say this:”There are so many skills to be mastered, including body language, spoken language, humor, songs, and so on. All of these are like keys that open the door to the fellowship of child culture.”7. What characterizes the play of preschool children?8. How are the games of older children different from those of younger children?4．What is the main idea of the lecture?A．Young children have the ability to learn quickly.B．It is important for children to play every day.C．Children have a culture in which play is central.D．The best games for children have clear rules.正确答案：C解析：The main idea of the lecture is that children have a culture in which play is central. The professor says Research on the play of young children has revealed that children have a culture of their own; We find it wherever two or more children are together and reveal their private code of rules in their play. Most of the lecture discusses the role of play in child culture. 知识模块：听力5．Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. What does the professor imply about child culture?A．Parents should tell children that child culture has rules.B．Child culture involves the ability to keep a secret.C．Children learn child culture from other children.D．Older children often treat younger children unfairly.正确答案：C解析：The professor implies that children learn child culture from other children. The professor says Younger children eagerly pick up the rules of play from older children. 知识模块：听力6．Why does the professor say this:A．To list important elements of child cultureB．To compare various types of communicationC．To explain why children need good teachersD．To describe a typical preschool curriculum正确答案：A解析：The professor’s purpose is to list important elements of child culture: body language, spoken language, humor, songs.... 知识模块：听力7．What characterizes the play of preschool children? Choose two answersA．Physical activityB．Team sportsC．Strict rulesD．Open games正确答案：A, D解析：Physical activity characterizes the play of preschool children: In preschool, children are extremely active. They have good control of their bodies, and they enjoy activity for its own sake. Also, open games characterize their play: Just as important, however, are the open games, which are mostly created by the children themselves. These open games can be changed at will—kind of like improvisation on a theme. 知识模块：听力8．How are the games of older children different from those of younger children?A．They are more difficult to play.B．They are the creation of teachers.C．They are played on the computer.D．They are more structured by rules.正确答案：D解析：The games are more structured by rules. The professor says Around the age of five, children start caring about the rides, and the games of five-year-olds tend to be more structured than the games of preschool children; At age six or seven, children like organized games in small groups, but they can be overly concerned with rules.... 知识模块：听力Sections Two：Structure & Written Expression9．Rosa Bonheur Ashe lived in Paris and was Bone of the most popular Cartists of her Dday.A．B．C．D．正确答案：A解析：Omit she, an incorrect duplicate subject. The subject is Rosa Bonheur. 知识模块：语法10．AHow the diesel Bengine is similar to the gasoline engine, but Cit runs on a heavier grade of Dfuel.A．B．C．D．正确答案：A解析：Omit how, a subordinator, which is incorrect at the beginning of an independent clause. 知识模块：语法11．Bayberries, small Atrees or shrubs with leathery leaves, Bthey have berries that produce a Cwax used in making Dcandles.A．B．C．D．正确答案：B解析：Omit they, an incorrect duplicate subject. The subject is bayberries. 知识模块：语法12．ABecause an elementary school girl who is proud of her athletic Bability may face an Cadjustment by the time Dshe enters high school.A．B．C．D．正确答案：A解析：Omit because, a subordinator, which is incorrect at the beginning of an independent clause. 知识模块：语法13．The digital Acamera, which has computer abilities, Bit does not need Cfilm but records onto computer Dmemory.A．B．C．D．正确答案：B解析：Omit it, an incorrect duplicate subject. The subject is the digital camera. 知识模块：语法14．In addition to Apain on swallowing, Bwith a sore throat may be associated with Cfever, headache, and a stuffy Dnose.A．B．C．D．正确答案：B解析：Omit with, a preposition, which is incorrect before the subject, a sore throat. 知识模块：语法15．The Puerto Rican Acommunity in the United States is a young and growing Bpopulation, and Puerto Ricans Cthey are becoming more politically Dactive.A．B．C．D．正确答案：C解析：Omit they, an incorrect duplicate subject. The subject of the second clause is Puerto Ricans. 知识模块：语法16．Ichthyology, Ais a branch of zoology dealing with fish, has made important Bdiscoveries about the Ceffects of pollution on the world’s fish Dresources.A．B．C．D．正确答案：A解析：Omit is, a verb, which is incorrect before a noun structure that is an appositive. 知识模块：语法17．It was Aby the failure of the stock Bmarket in COctober 1929 that led to the Great Depression of the D1930s.A．B．C．D．正确答案：A解析：Omit by, a preposition, which is incorrect before the true subject, the failure. 知识模块：语法18．Although heat, water, or pressure Athey can affect the Bformation of a crystal, its Cstructure will fall into Done of seven groups.A．B．C．D．正确答案：A解析：Omit they, an incorrect duplicate subject. The subject of the first clause is heat, water, or pressure. 知识模块：语法19．Ocean currents are responsible for______around the planet Earth.A．to move the waterB．the movement of waterC．the water is movingD．have moved water正确答案：B解析：The noun phrase the movement of water is the object of the preposition for. 知识模块：语法20．Because it decomposes violently when disturbed, ______must be handled cautiously.A．nitroglycerinB．it’s nitroglycerinC．for nitroglycerinD．nitroglycerin, it正确答案：A解析：The noun nitroglycerin is the subject of the main clause. 知识模块：语法21．Harvard,______in North America, was founded in 1636.A．was the first collegeB．it was the first collegeC．the first college wasD．the first college正确答案：D解析：The appositive the first college identifies Harvard. 知识模块：语法22．Water plants provide food for many animals, and______also supply oxygen to the water.A．what theyB．do theyC．theyD．they are正确答案：C解析：The pronoun they is the subject of the second clause. 知识模块：语法23．Of all the senses, it is______that triggers the strongest memories and emotions.A．the sense is to smellB．by the sense of smellC．the sense of smellD．how the sense of smell正确答案：C解析：The noun phrase the sense of smell is the true subject of the sentence; it is the false subject. 知识模块：语法24．Allergic reaction to bee venom can be life threatening, so there are______for avoiding bee stings.A．precautions that severalB．several precautions areC．for several precautionsD．several precautions正确答案：D解析：The noun phrase several precautions is the true subject of the second clause; there is the false subject. 知识模块：语法25．Coal is classified as a fossil fuel because______ is made from compressed plant fossils.A．itB．of itsC．is coalD．coal it正确答案：A解析：The pronoun it is the subject of the second clause. 知识模块：语法26．In order to sustain a snowfall, there must be ______to feed the growing ice crystals.A．a constant inflow of moisture isB．of a constant inflow of moistureC．a constant inflow of moistureD．moisture constantly flows in正确答案：C解析：The noun phrase a constant inflow of moisture is the true subject of the second clause; there is the false subject. 知识模块：语法27．_____, Edgar Allan Poe became known as the father of the modern detective story.A．The son of actors wasB．He was the son of actorsC．The son of actorsD．Acted as the son of正确答案：C解析：The appositive the son of actors describes Edgar Allan Poe. 知识模块：语法28．While it is difficult for some people to change unhealthy habits, there are______for exercising frequently and eating fewer fatty foods.A．an excellent reasonB．excellent reasonsC．reasons are excellentD．because excellent reasons正确答案：B解析：The noun phrase excellent reasons is the true subject of the second clause; there is the false subject. 知识模块：语法Sections Three：Reading Comprehension1 Dementia, a general decrease in intellectual abilities, involves impairment of memory, judgment, and social functioning. The two most frequent causes of dementia are Alzheimer’s disease and multiple small strokes, but it can also be caused by depression, drug intoxication, alcohol abuse, head trauma, and advanced stages of AIDS.2 Studies from China, Japan, Sweden, Italy, and the United States suggest that between3 and 6 percent of all adults over age 65 show significant signs of dementia. The researchers concluded that as many as 47 percent of all adults 85 and older suffer from some level of dementia, and medical experts generally agree that the rate of dementia is highest in adults over 85.3 The cause of approximately half of all cases of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease involves specific processes in the brain, most prominently a kind of tangling of the fibers in the nerve cell bodies. This tangling, which contributes to a major loss of synapses, occurs mostly in the areas of the brain that regulate new learning and memory. While all aging adults appear to have some such tangling, those that show symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease have far more. This tangling short-circuits many of the brain pathways, interfering with the person’s ability to remember even well-learned skills, such as driving a car and using a fork.29．The word impairment in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA．partB．growthC．studyD．loss正确答案：D解析：Impairment means loss in this context. Clue: ...a general decrease in intellectual abilities.... 知识模块：阅读30．The passage lists all of the following as causes of dementia EXCEPTA．depressionB．heart attackC．AIDSD．alcohol abuse正确答案：B解析：The passage does not list heart attack as a cause of dementia. All of the other answers are given: ...it can also be caused by depression,...alcohol abuse,... and advanced stages of AIDS. 知识模块：阅读31．What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?A．To list the symptoms of dementiaB．To give rates of dementia in older adultsC．To define the various types of dementiaD．To explain how dementia progresses正确答案：B解析：The purpose of the paragraph is to give rates of dementia in older adults. Clues: ...between 3 and 6 percent of all adults over age 65...; ...as many as 47 percent of all adults 85 and older... the rate of dementia is highest in adults over 85. 知识模块：阅读32．The author mainly explains Alzheimer’s disease as the result ofA．tangling of the fibers in brain cellsB．multiple small strokes or head traumaC．a major loss in sensory functionD．changes that are a normal part of aging正确答案：A解析：The author mainly explains Alzheimer’s disease as the result of tangling of the fibers in brain cells. Clue: ...Alzheimer’s disease involves specific processes in the brain, most prominently a kind of tangling of the fibers in the nerve cell bodies. 知识模块：阅读33．What does the author say about tangling?A．It involves a decrease in a certain protein in brain cells.B．It affects areas of the brain that control memory.C．It is less evident in people with Alzheimer’s disease.D．It has been a subject of controversy among researchers.正确答案：B解析：Tangling affects areas of the brain that control memory. Clue: This tangling...occurs mostly in the areas of the brain that regulate new learning and memory. 知识模块：阅读34．Why does the author mention driving a car and using a fork in paragraph 3?A．To argue that older adults can not learn new skillsB．To point out tasks that most people perform every dayC．To give examples of skills affected by Alzheimer’s diseaseD．To suggest exercises for people with Alzheimer’s disease正确答案：C解析：The author’s purpose is to give examples of skills affected by Alzheimer’s disease. Clues: ...those that show symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease...; ... interfering with the person’s ability to remember even well-learned skills, such as.... 知识模块：阅读35．1 The jazz that was popular during the 1930s and 1940s was known as “big band” or “swing.” A big band, or jazz orchestra, consisted of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contained saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. The music was highly arranged: prepared in advance and written on charts. Occasionally the arranger called for an improvised solo, a short piece of music created spontaneously by one of the players. In many bands, the arranger was also the bandleader.2 Big band jazz was first and foremost dance music. The earliest bands played music characterized by a sweet and romantic melody, suitable for dancing. Later, the music acquired a “swing beat,”a style of playing with a strong, driving rhythm. The “hot” rhythms of bandleaders such as Benny Goodman and Count Basie became the dominant form of popular music after 1935. From this joyous, swinging music came the energetic style of dancing called “jitterbug.”3 However, many younger jazz players felt that swing jazz was the music of an older generation and did not express their experiences. The younger musicians wanted jazz to progress. Thus, the style of jazz known as “bebop” arose. Bebop)—later called simply “bop”—was a revolt against big bands and arrangements. A typical band consisted of five instruments: saxophone, trumpet, bass, drums, and piano. The “bopsters” rejected the traditional dance beat because they felt it prevented the free-flowing, improvisational expression of ideas. They viewed jazz not as dance music but as a form of art.4 The musician who brought bop to the attention of the public was trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie. In the late thirties and early forties, while playing with the major jazz orchestras of the time, Gillespie experimented with new forms. He and a few friends worked out the ideas that were to become the essence of bop: fast tempos and improvisation based on harmonic structure rather than melody. In 1945 Dizzy Gillespie formed his own band and started collaborating with saxophonist Charlie Parker. The band made a number of first-rate records, including “Salt Peanuts”and “Hot House.”Gillespie’s popularity with jazz fans led to the gradual acceptance of bebop as an art form distinct from the jazz of the dance hall.7. Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the form of jazz that they characterize. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used.Answer Choices(A) A band with five musicians (B) A strong, driving dance rhythm (C) Emphasis on harmonic structure (D) A slow melody (E) Musical arrangements on charts (F) A steady beat for marching (G) Jazz as a form of art正确答案：BEACG解析：B Big Band: A strong, driving dance rhythm: Big band jazz was first and foremost dance music; ...a style of playing with a strong, driving rhythm. E Big Band:Musical arrangements on charts: ...highly arranged: prepared in advance and written on charts. A Bebop: A band with five musicians: A typical band consisted of five instruments.... C Bebop: Emphasis on harmonic structure: ...based on harmonic structure rather than melody. G Bebop: Jazz as a form of art:... viewed jazz not as dance music but as a form of art; ...bebop as an art form....Answers (D) and (F) characterize neither big band nor bebop. 知识模块：阅读SPEAKINGSpeaking QuestionDirections: In this question, you will listen to a conversation. You will then be asked to talk about the information in the conversation and to give your opinion about the ideas presented. After you hear the question, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak.听力原文：Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.Birds have many physical features that contribute to their flying ability. Wings are important, but so are adjustable tails, strong muscles, large hearts, and light bones.A bird’s wings are designed so air above the wing is forced to move faster than air below the wing. This creates higher pressure under the wings, called lift, which pushes the bird up. Different wing types evolved for different ways of flying. Birds that fly long distances need long wings and the ability to soar. Other birds need superior maneuverability. Fast birds, like hawks and falcons, have wings with built-in spoilers that reduce turbulence during a speedy flight.A bird’s tail acts like a rudder to help the bird steer. Birds brake by spreading out their tails as they land. This adjustment allows them to make sudden, controlled stops—an essential skill, since most birds need to land on tree branches, or on the prey that will be their dinner.Flapping the wings to take off requires muscle strength, and strong muscles need oxygen. Birds have large, specialized hearts that beat much faster than the human heart and provide the necessary oxygen to the breast muscles. A bird’s breast muscle accounts for 15 percent of its body weight. On some birds, such as pigeons, the breast muscle accounts for one-third of their total body weight.Birds carry no excess baggage. They have hollow feathers and hollow bones. The bones have struts inside them, like the crossbeams in a bridge, which gives them strength without adding much ing points and examples from the lecture, explain how a bird’s physical features contribute to its ability to fly.36．TOEFL iBT Speaking. In this integrated speaking task, you will listen to part of a lecture. You will then be asked to summarize important information from the lecture.Cover the question while the lecture is playing. You may take notes, and you may use your notes to help you answer the question. After you hear the question, you may look at the question and prepare your response. You have 20 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to ing points and examples from the lecture, explain how a bird’s physical features contribute to its ability to fly.StopPreparation Time - 20 seconds Response Time - 60 seconds正确答案：- A bird’s wing design provides lift, which pushes the bird up. Different wing types provide the ability to soar, the ability to maneuver, and reduced turbulence during flight.- A bird’s tail helps the bird to steer. The tail allows the bird to brake as it lands and to make sudden stops.- A bird’s strong muscles allow it to flap its wings to take off.- A bird’s large heart beats fast and provides oxygen to the breast muscles.- A bird’s feathers and bones are hollow, which makes them light. The bones have struts, which adds strength without much weight. 涉及知识点：口语。
TPO2听力解析
TPO-2Section 11.Why does the man go to see his professor●To borrow some charts and graphs from her●To ask her to explain some statistical procedures●To talk about report he is writing●To discuss a grade he got on a paperStudent : Well, I have some quick questions about how to write up the research project I did this semester—about climate variations.学生是来找老师商量他报告的事儿的2.What information will the man include in his report?Click in the correct box for each phraseInclude in report Not include in reportClimate chartsInterviews with meteorologistsJournals notesStatistical testsStudent : Right. I understand. I was wondering if I should also include the notes from the research journal you suggested I keep.Professor : Yes, definitely. You should use them to indicate what your evolution in thought was through time. So, just set up, you know, what was the purpose of what you were doing—to try to understand the climate variability of this area—and what you did, and what your approach was.Student : OK. So, for example, I studied meteorological records; I looked at climate charts; I used different methods for analyzing the data, like certain statistical tests; and then I discuss the results. Is that what you mean?3.Why does the professor tell the man about the appointment at the doctor's office?●To demonstrate a way of remembering things●To explain why she needs to leave soon●To illustrate a point that appears in his report●To emphasize the importance of good healthFor example, I wen t to the doctor with my daughter and her baby son last week and we knew we wouldn’t remember everything we wanted to ask the doctor, so we actually made a list of five things we wanted answers to.老师说到了自己的little notepad可以让她在带小孩子去医院的时候写下注意事项，要问医生的东西，以免遗忘。
TPO2听力解析
TPO-2Section 11.Why does the man go to see his professorTo borrow some charts and graphs from herTo ask her to explain some statistical proceduresTo talk about report he is writingTo discuss a grade he got on a paperStudent : Well, I have some quick questions about how to write up the research project I did this semester—about climate variations.学生是来找老师商量他报告的事儿的2.What information will the man include in his report?Click in the correct box for each phraseInclude in report Not include in reportClimate chartsInterviews with meteorologistsJournals notesStatistical testsStudent : Right. I understand. I was wondering if I should also include the notes from the research journalyou suggested I keep.Professor : Yes, definitely. You should use them to indicate what your evolution in thought was through time. So, just set up, you know, what was the purpose of what you were doing—to try to understand the climate variability of this area—and what you did, and what your approach was.Student : OK. So, for example, I studied meteorological records; I looked at climate charts; I used different methods for analyzing the data, like certain statistical tests; and then I discuss the results. Is that what you mean?3.Why does the professor tell the man about the appointment at the doctor's office?To demonstrate a way of remembering thingsTo explain why she needs to leave soonTo illustrate a point that appears in his reportTo emphasize the importance of good healthFor example, I wen t to the doctor with my daughter and her baby son last week and we knew we wouldn’t remember everything we wanted to ask the doctor, so we actually made a list of five things we wanted answers to.老师说到了自己的little notepad可以让她在带小孩子去医院的时候写下注意事项，要问医生的东西，以免遗忘。
Toefl-2Listening
TOEFL——Listening目标27.5分83%的正确率=10题只可以错2题分类无加时加时时间60分钟80分钟篇数Conversations 2篇Lectures 4篇Conversations 3篇Lectures 6篇组成1个Conversation+2个Lectures=1个Section2个Sections 3个Sections题数Conversations 每个5题，共10题Lectures 每个6题，共24题共34题Conversations 每个5题，共15题Lectures 每个6题，共36题共51题听力用时每个讲座或对话长度为3—6分钟总分30分做题用时1个Section=10分钟答题每题30秒时间作答内容Conversations 校园生活场景Lectures 包罗万象科目，入门级别·答题策略：1、细听文章：每篇文章只听一次2、图片帮助理解：开头图片显示对话所处情景（如教室或学校办公室）和讲话的人其他图片（更换时会哔声提示）有助于理解段落内容3、边听边记笔记※笔记要点：1.洞悉要点出现规律2.简化笔记，减轻压力，着重理解（1）围绕一个中心话题发散的思路：使用速记符号因果∵∴举例eg：对比=、≈、≠、＞、＜、vs 分类①②③时间↑↓问答Q: A：建议sug：、→（2）其他内容：①常用熟悉的内容：可用中文写②关键而不熟悉的内容：写前两个音节③前文出现过的内容:箭头标示不重复④文中强调的内容：△、☆4、浏览问题，判断问题类型5、仔细考虑每个问题，选择问题最佳答案：只有一次回答机会，不可返回修改6、注意答题时间，所有题目都要答完Conversations:·对话发生的两个场景1、办公室：可能涉及学术内容或与课程要求有关。
2、学生服务：一般发生在大学校园中，常为非学术性内容·基本结构：P=problem C=cause S=suggestion/solution A=attitude·Basic Vocab:1、学习thesis学位论文、essay一般议论文、dissertation英式论文、paper论文、assignment作业、lab report实验报告、research report调查报告、grade成绩、presentation陈述、grading system评分体制、seminar研讨会、quiz测试、exam考试2、选课credit学分、major专业、minor辅修专业、required course必修课、intermediate course、elective/optional course选修课、prerequisite course预修课程、take选、drop弃选retake重选、introductory course基础入门课、advanced course高级课程3、论文term paper学期报告、topic、abstract摘要、introduction介绍、literature review文献综述、body正文、conclusion结语、bibliography/reference参考文献outline大纲、format格式、preliminary research前导性研究、research data、statistics、draft草稿、analyze/analysis、rewrite、revise修订、due到期的、submit/hand in提交4、图书馆publication出版簿、academic journal学术报刊、periodical期刊、back issue过期报刊、current issue近期杂志、book catalogue图书目录、title index索引、alphabetical index字母索引、call number编目号码、reserved books馆藏书、on reserve预留制度、borrowing privileges优先借书、reference room阅览室、facilities设施、circulation借书柜台、electronic sources电子设备资源、library database、reference参考书、check out借出、overdue过期的、overdue fine过期罚金、suspend禁用、renew续借5、学校tuition、register/registration、registrar注册主任、enroll、student’s union学生会、council、association学生会、board董事会、president校长、dean院长、faculty教职工、staff/personnel 人员、bulletin公告栏、fellowship（研究成果奖学金）、financial aid助学金、transfer转学Lectures:·对话发生的场景：老师课堂授课·话题类型：1、Arts艺术：Architecture建筑、Industrial design/art工业设计/艺术、City planning城市规划Crafts手工艺（weaving纺织，knitting编织，fabrics织物，furniture家具，carving雕刻、mosaics镶嵌工艺品，ceramics陶瓷工艺，folk and tribal art民间艺术和部落艺术）Cave/rock art岩洞/石壁艺术、Music and music history音乐和音乐史、Photography摄影、Literature and authors文学和作家Books书籍,newspapers报纸,magazines杂志,journals期刊2、Life Science生命科学Extinction of or conservation efforts for animals and plants动植物的灭绝或保护Fish and other aquatic organisms鱼类和其他水生生物Bacteria and other one-called organisms细菌和其他单细胞生物Viruses病毒、Medical techniques医疗技术、Public health公共卫生、Physiology of sensory organs感觉器官的生理机能、Biochemistry生物化学、Animal behavior动物行为(migration迁徙,food foraging觅食,defenses防御行为)Habitats and the adaptation of animals and plants to them动植物的栖息地以及动植物对栖息地的适应Nutrition and its impact on the body营养及其对机体的影响Animal communication动物交流3、Physical Science自然科学Weather and atmosphere天气和大气、Oceanography海洋学、Glaciers冰川,glacial landforms冰川地形,ice ages冰河纪、Deserts and other extreme environments沙漠和其他极端环境Pollution污染,alternative energy替代能源,environmental policy环境政策Other planets’ atmospheres其他星球的环境Astronomy and cosmology天文学和宇宙学、Properties of light,optics光的特性、光学、Properties of sound声的特性、Electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射、Particle physics粒子物理学、Technology of TV,radio,radar电视、广播和雷达技术Seismology(plate structure,earthquakes,tectonics,continental drift,structure of volcanoes) 地震学：板块结构、地震、构造地质学、大陆漂移、火山结构4、Social Science社会科学Anthropology of nonindustrialized civilizations非工业化文明社会的人类学Early writing systems早期文字系统、Historical linguistics历史语言学Business商业,management管理,marketing市场,accounting会计TV/radio as mass communication作为大众传媒的电视/电台Child development儿童发展、Education教育Social behavior of groups,community dynamics,communal behavior群体的社会行为、群落动态、集群行为Modern history (including the history of urbanization and industrialization and their economic and social effects)现代历史，包括城市化和工业化的历史及其带来的经济和社会影响·考查：与细节相关联的点，题目基于各个段落·要点：理清段落结构；划分段落；筛选关键信息·Basic structure：Term术语Definition定义/Characteristic特征Example例子Option见解在Lecture中1、注意材料中professor提到的新词或新概念，通常会写在黑板上2、注意整个讲座的组织结构以及讲座内容是如何衔接的·题型概要：1、基本理解：主旨、细节2、实际理解：目的、态度3、信息连结：组织结构、推断题型1——内容主旨题·考查：理解主旨大意，总体内容·题目类型：1、What problem does the man have?2、What are the speakers mainly discussing?3、What is the main topic of the lecture?·方法：1、要对听到的信息进行归纳总结2、排除只涉及局部听力材料的选项3、利用笔记：确定于笔记细节最为贴切的主题，选择与主题最接近选项题型2——目的主旨题·考查：对话或讲座的目的·题目类型：1、Why does the student visit the professor?2、Why does the student visit the registrar’s office?3、Why did the professor ask to see the student?4、Why does the professor explain X?·方法：1、此类问题较有可能出现在对话中，偶尔会出现在讲座中、2、情景：学生去办公室找教授；教授邀请学生来办公室讨论作业情况等3、利用笔记：在笔记中找寻信息以明确最初目的是什么4、对话的目的并不总是跟对话的主要内容相关5、学生服务对话情景：学生经常试图解决一个问题。
托福(口语)模拟试卷2(题后含答案及解析)
托福（口语）模拟试卷2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listen for a question about a familiar topic. After you hear the question, you have 15 seconds to prepare and 45 seconds to record your answer.Narrator 1: If you were asked to choose one movie that has influenced your thinking, which one would you choose? Why? What was especially impressive about the movie? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.Narrator 2: Please prepare your answer after the beep.Beep[Preparation Time: 15 seconds]Narrator 2: Please begin speaking after the beep.Beep[Recording Time: 45 seconds]BeepNarrator 2: Number 2. Listen for a question that asks your opinion about a familiar topic. After you hear the question, you have 15 seconds to prepare and 45 seconds to record your answer.Narrator 1: Some people think that teachers should be evaluated by the performance of their students on standardized tests at the end of the term. Other people maintain that teachers should be judged by their own performance in the classroom, and not by the scores that their students achieve on tests. Which approach do you think is better and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.Narrator 2: Please prepare your answer after the beep.Beep[Preparation Time: 15 seconds]Narrator 2: Please begin speaking after the beep.Beep[Recording Time: 45 seconds]BeepNarrator 2: Number 3. Read a short passage and listen to a talk on the same topic. Then listen for a question about them. After you hear the question, you have 30 seconds to prepare and 60 seconds to record your answer.Narrator 1: A meeting is planned to explain the residence requirements for instate tuition. Read the policy in the college catalogue printed on page 73. You have 45 seconds to complete it. Please begin reading now.[Reading Time: 45 seconds]Narrator 1: Now listen to a student who is speaking at the meeting. He is expressing his opinion about the policy.Student:Well, I agree with most of the policy, but what I don’t understand is why I have to use my parents’ address as my permanent address. This is my third year in a dorm on campus, and I’ve gone to school every summer, so I’ve lived in this state for three consecutive years. I don’t pay state taxes because I don’t earn enough as a full-time student to, uh, to pay taxes, but I don’t receive support from my parents either. I have a small grant and a student loan that I’m responsible for, and . . . and I plan to live and work in this state after I graduate, so, urn, I think students like me should be eligible for a waiver.Narrator 1: The student expresses his opinion of the policy for instate tuition. Report his opinion and explain the reasons that he gives for having that opinion.Narrator 2: Please prepare your answer after the beep.Beep[Preparation Time: 30 seconds]Narrator 2: Please begin speaking after the beep.Beep[Recording Time: 60 seconds]BeepNarrator 2: Number 4. Read a short passage and listen to a lecture on the same topic. Then listen for a question about them. After you hear the question, you have 30 seconds to prepare and 60 seconds to record your answer.Narrator 1: Now read the passage about communication with primates printed on page 74. You have 45 seconds to complete it. Please begin reading now.[Reading Time: 45 seconds]Narrator 1: Now listen to part of a lecture in a zoology class. The professor is talking about a primate experiment.Professor:Let metell you about an experiment that didn’t turn out quite like the researcher had expected. Dr. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh had been trying to train a chimpanzee to use a keyboard adapted with symbols. But no luck. What is interesting about the experiment is that the chimpanzee’s adopted son Kanzi, also a bonobo Chimpanzee, well, Kanzi had been observing the lessons and had acquired a rather impressive vocabulary. After that, Kanzi was not given structured training, but he was taught language while walking through the forest or in other informal settings with his trainers. By six years of age, Kanzi had acquired a vocabulary of more than 200 words and was able to form sentences by combining words with gestures or with other words. So, the question is this: should we proceed by trying to teach language to primates in a classroom environment, or should we simply live with them and interact informally like we do with beginning learners of language in our own species? I tend to side with those whoNarrator 1: Explain the importance of the Kanzi experiment in the context of research on primate communication.Narrator 2: Please prepare your answer after the beep.Beep[Preparation Time: 30 seconds]Narrator 2: Please begin speaking after the beep.Beep[Recording Time: 60 seconds]BeepNarrator 2: Number 5. Listen to a short conversation. Then listen for a question about it. After you hear the question, you have 20 seconds to prepare and 60 seconds to record your answer.Narrator 1: Now listen to a conversation between a student and her friend.Friend: Did you decide to take Johnson’s class?Student: Yeah. I’m going to work it out somehow. Yesterday I walked from the chemistry lab to Hamilton Hall—that’s where Johnson’s class is.Friend: And?Student: And it took me twenty minutes.Friend: Uh-oh. You only have fifteen minutes between classes, so that means you’ll be five minutes late. Listen, why don’t you buy a bike? I’m sure you could cut at least five minutes off your time if you took the bike trail.Student: I thought about that. But then I’d have to get a license, and I’d have to find somewhere to store it at night. I thought it might be a hassle.Friend: Oh, it’s not so bad. I have a bike. The license is only ten dollars, and I just park my bike on the deck outside my apartment when the weather’s good. And the weather should be okay for most of spring semester.Student: That’s true.Friend: Well, your other option is to talk with Dr. Johnson. Maybe he’ll give you permission to be five minutes late to his class because of the distance from your lab. Actually, I’ve had several classes with him, and he seems very approachable. Anyway, it’s an alternative to the bike, if you don’t want to do that.Narrator 1: Describe the woman’s problem, and the two suggestions that her friend makes about how to handle it. What do you think the woman should do, and why?Narrator 2: Please prepare your answer after the beep.Beep[Preparation Time: 20 seconds]Narrator 2: Please begin speaking after the beep.Beep[Recording Time: 60 seconds]BeepNarrator 2: Number 6. Listen to part of a lecture. Then listen for a question about it. After you hear the question, you have 20 seconds to prepare, and 60 seconds to record your answer.Narrator 1: Now listen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class. The professor is discussing the habitable zone.Professor:Of course, stars are too hot to support life, but the light from a star warms orbiting planets or moons, supplying the energy needed for life to develop. Besides energy, a liquid, let’s say, a chemical solvent of some kind, is also necessary. On Earth, the solvent in whichlife developed was water, but others such as ammonia, hydrogen fluoride, or methane might also be appropriate. So, in order for the solvent to remain in liquid form, the planet or moon must lie within a certain range of distances from the star. Why is this so? Well, think about it. If the planet is too close to the star, the solvent will change into a gas, boiling and evaporating. If it is too far from the star, the solvent will freeze, transforming into a solid. For our sun and life as we know it, the habitable zone appears to lie between the orbits of Venus and Mars. Within this range, water remains liquid. And until recently, this area was indeed the accepted scientific definition of the habitable zone for our solar system. But now scientists have postulated that the habitable zone may be larger than originally supposed. They speculate that the strong gravitational pull caused by larger planets may produce enough energy to heat the cores of orbiting moons. So that means that these moons may support life. There may be habitable zones far beyond Venus!Narrator 1: Using the main points and examples from the lecture, describe the habitable zone, and then explain how the definition has been expanded by modern scientists.Narrator 2: Please prepare your answer after the beep.Beep[Preparation Time: 20 seconds]Narrator 2: Please begin speaking after the beep.Beep[Recording Time: 60 seconds]Beep1．If you were asked to choose one movie that has influenced your thinking, which one would you choose? Why? What was especially impressive about the movie? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.Preparation Time: 15 seconds Recording Time: 45 seconds正确答案：The movie that has influenced my thinking the most is Fantasia because it’s my first memory of classical music and ballet. One reason the movie was so impressive is, urn, I was at a very impressionable age when I saw it—five years old. Besides that, it was made using the latest technology. In the 1950s, it was amazing to see detailed animation and ... and hear high quality sound. But what really influenced me was the music and the dance scenes. I especially remember Mickey Mouse dancing with the brooms and I’m sure I took ballet lessons because of it. The coordination of the storm scene with the music from The Hall of the Mountain King still impresses me when I see it today and, thanks to Walt Disney, classical music is still my favorite music. 涉及知识点：口语2．Some people think that teachers should be evaluated by the performance of their students on standardized tests at the end of the term. Other people maintain that teachers should be judged by their own performance in the classroom, and not by the scores that their students achieve on tests. Which approach do you think is better and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.Preparation Time: 15 seconds Recording Time: 45 seconds正确答案：I think it’s good to evaluate teachers by their student’s performace on standardized tests because when teachers and students are judged by the same criteria, they’ll work efficiently toward the same goals. Now some teachers argue that tests aren’t important but still, students need good scores for admission to universities sothe tests are important to them. If teachers were evaluated on the same basis, then they would pay more attention to the criteria on tests to design their lessons so both students and teachers would benefit. Another reason to use this evaluation is to compare teachers from different schools on a standardized scale. And this system would be more fair, too, because the possibility of a teacher getting a high evaluation because of friendship with the supervisor is also eliminated. 涉及知识点：口语3．Reading Time: 45 secondsPolicy for TuitionIn order to qualify for instate tuition, a student must have lived within this state for a period of not less than one year. Furthermore, the instate address must be the permanent residence of the student. College campus addresses may not be used as permanent residences. The student’s driver’s license and any vehicles must be registered in the state, and the previous year’s state tax form must have been submitted to this state. V oter registration and a high school diploma may also be used as evidence of instate status. Spouses and children of military personnel qualify for instate tuition without residence requirements.The student expresses his opinion of the policy for instate tuition. Report his opinion and explain the reasons that he gives for having that opinion.Preparation Time: 30 seconds Recording Time: 60 seconds正确答案：The student said that he mostly agreed with the policy for instate tuition but he disagreed with a couple of requirements. For one thing, you can’t use a campus address as a permanent address, but he’s a dorm student, and he explained that he’s lived in the dorm for three years because he’s gone to school every summer without returning to his parent’s home to live so the dorm really is his permanent address right now. He doesn’t think he should have to use his parent’s out-of-state address. Besides that, he hasn’t been subsidized by his parents. In the policy, the most recent taxes must be filed in the state of residence but, uh, he didn’t make enough money to pay taxes. He didn’t mention in which state he had his voter’s registration or car registration and driver’s licenses, but he said that he plans to continue living and working in the state after graduation, and he thought that he should be eligible for a waiver of the out-of-state fees. 涉及知识点：口语4．Reading Time: 45 secondsCommunication with PrimatesEarly experiments to teach primates to communicate with their voices failed because of the differences in their vocal organs, not their intellectual capacity. Dramatic progress was observed when researchers began to communicate by using American Sign Language. Some chimpanzees were able to learn several hundred signs that they put together to express a number of relationships similar to the initial language acqusition of children. In addition, success was achieved by using plastic symbols on a magnetic board, each of which represented a word. For example, a small blue triangle represented an apple. Chimpanzees were able to respond correctly to basic sequences and even to form some higher-level concepts by using the representative system.Explain the importance of the Kanzi experiment in the context of research on primatecommunication.Preparation Time: 30 seconds Recording Time: 60 seconds正确答案：The experiment with Kanzi is important because it supports the theory that language should be acquired in natural settings instead of in a formal classroom. Previous research to teach primates to communicate included direct instruction in American Sign Language and, uh, also plastic shapes that could be arranged on a magnetic board. Earlier research ... I think it was with Kanzi’s mother... it replicated this formal approach. But when Kanzi learned vocabulary by observing the lessons, the direction of the experiment changed. In informal settings with trainers, Kanzi acquired a vocabulary of about 200 words, and began to create sentences with words and gestures to ... to communicate with human, uh, companions. Children of our own species learn by informal interaction with adults. The Kanzi experiment suggests that this may be a better way to teach language to primates. 涉及知识点：口语5．Describe the woman’s problem and the two suggestions that her friend makes about how to handle it. What do you think the woman should do, and why?Preparation Time: 20 seconds Recording Time: 60 seconds正确答案：The problem is that the woman has only fifteen minutes between classes but it takes twenty minutes to walk from the chemistry lab to Hamilton Hall where Professor Johnson’s class is held. So she would like to take the class with Johnson but she would be late. Urn, her friend suggests that she buy a bike but her concern is that she would need a license and would have to store the bike somewhere at night. The other, uh, recommendation is ... is to ask Dr. Johnson for permission to enter the class five minutes late. So... I think the woman should talk with the professor first. Her friend says he’s approachable and he might give her permission to be late for class. The first five minutes in a class is usually just business anyway—taking attendance and handing back papers—so she wouldn’t miss much. And, if he refuses, then she can always resort to the other alternative. She can buy a bike and a license, and she can find a place to store it. 涉及知识点：口语6．Using the main points and examples from the lecture, describe the habitable zone, and then explain how the definition has been expanded by modern scientists.Preparation Time: 20 seconds Recording Time: 60 seconds正确答案：The habitable zone is an area in which life can develop. There are several requirements, including an energy source and a chemical solvent that retains its liquid form. Okay, that means that the moon or the planet where life may develop has to be close enough to the energy source—probably a star—close enough that the solvent will remain a liquid. Outside the habitable zone, it would freeze or boil, depending on whether it was far way or too close to the star. In the case of Earth, the Sun supplied the energy and water was the chemical solvent. So, for life to evolve in ways similar to our own, the habitable zone would have to fall between Venus andMars. But, modern scientists are questioning whether the forces of gravity on larger planets might not generate enough energy to heat up the cores of the moons that orbit them. Now, if that’s the case, then there could be habitable zones at a great distance from Venus, which was the previously determined limit for a habitable zone in our solar system. 涉及知识点：口语。
托福TPO2套听力真题(文本)
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TPO-2TPO 02 – Listening PartConversationNarratorListen to a conversation between a student and a professor.StudentUh, excuse me, Professor Thompson. Iknow your office hours are tomorrow, but I was wondering if you had a few minutes freenow to discuss something.ProfessorSure, John. What did you want to talkabout?StudentWell, Ihave some quick questions about how to writeup theresearch project I did this semester—about climate variations.ProfessorOh, yes. You were looking at variations in climate in the Grant Cityarea, right?How far along have you gotten?StudentI’ve got all mydata, so I’m starting to summarize it now,preparing graphs and stuff.But I’m just. . . I’m looking at it and I’m afraid that it’s not enough, but I’m not sure what else to put in the report.ProfessorI hear thesame thing from everystudent. You know,you have t o remember now that you’retheexperton what you’ve done. So, think about what you’d need to include if you weregoing to explain your research project to someone with generalor casual knowledge about thesubject,like . . .like your parents. That’s usual lymy rule ofthumb: would myparentsunderstand this?StudentOK. I getit.ProfessorI hope you can recognizeby mysaying that how much you do know about thesubject.StudentRight.I understand. I was wondering if I should also include the notesfrom the researchjournalyou suggested I keep.ProfessorYes, definitely.You should use themto indicate what your evolution in thought was through time.So, just setup, you know, what was the purpose ofwhat you were doing—to tryto understandthe climate variabilityof this area—and what you did, and what your approach was.StudentOK. So, for example,I studied meteorological records; Ilooked at climate charts; I used differentmethods for analyzing the data, like certain statistical tests; and thenI discuss theresults. Isthat what you mean?ProfessorYes, that’s right. You should include allof that.The statistical tests areespecially important.And also be sure you include a good referencesection whereall your published and unpublisheddat a came from, ‘cause you have a lot of unpublished climate data.StudentHmm . .. something just came into mymind and wentout the other side.ProfessorThat happens to me a lot, so I’ve come up with a prettygood memory management tool. Icarryalit tle pad with me allthe time and jot down questions or ideas that I don’t want to forget.Forexample,I wentto the doctor with mydaughter and her baby son last week and we knew wewouldn’t remembereverything we wanted toask thedoctor, so we actually made a list offivethings we wanted answers to.StudentA notepad is a good idea. Since I’m so busy now at the end ofthe semester,I’m getting prettyforgetfulthese days. OK. I just remembered what I wastrying to say before.ProfessorGood. I was ho ping you’d come up with it.StudentYes. Itends up that I have data on more than just the immediate Grant Cityarea, so Ialsoincluded some regional data in the report.With everything else it should be a pretty goodindicator of the climate in this part of thestate.ProfessorSounds good. I’d be happy to look over a draft version before you hand in thefinal copy,if youwish.StudentGreat.I’ll plan to get you a draft of the paper by nextFriday. Thanks very much. Well,see ya.ProfessorOK.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein a philosophy class.ProfessorOK. Another ancient Greekphilosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle—Aristotle’s ethicaltheory.What Aristotle’s ethical theory is allabout is this: he’s trying to s how you how to behappy—what truehappiness is.Now,why is he interested in human happiness? It’s not just because it’s something that allpeople want to aim for. It’s more than that.But to get there we need to first make a veryimportant distinction. Letme introduce a couple oftechnicalterms: extrinsic value and intrinsicvalue. To understand Aristotle’s interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction.Some things weaim for and value, not for themselvesbut for what theybring about in additionto themselves. IfI value something as a means to something else, then it has what we will call“extrinsic value.” Otherthings we desire and hold to be valuable for themselvesalone. Ifwevalue something not as a means to something else,but for itsown sake, letus say that it has“intrinsic value.” Exercise. Theremay be some people who value exercise for itself, but I don’t.Ivalue exercise because if Iexercise, I tend to stay healthier than I would if I didn’t. SoI desire to engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically .. . not for its own sake, but as ameans to something beyond it. Itbrings me good health.Health.Why do Ivalue good health? Well, hereit getsa littlemore complicated for me.Um,health is important for me because Ican’t . ..do other things I want to do— play music, teachphilosophy—if I’m ill. So health is important to me—has value to me—as a meansto a productivelife. Buthealth is also important to me because I just kind oflike to be healthy—it feelsgood. It’spleasant to be healthy,unpleasant not to be. So to some degreeI value health both for itselfandas a means to something else: productivity.It’s got extrinsic and intrinsic value for me. Thenthere’s some things that are just valued for themselves. I’m a musician, not a professionalmusician; I just play a musical instrument for fun. Why do I value playing music? Well,like mostamateur musicians, I only play because, well, Ijust enjoy it.It’s something that’s an end in itself.Now,something else I value is teaching. Why? Well, it brings in a modest income,but Icouldmake more moneydoing otherthings. I’d do it even if theydidn’t payme. I just enjoy teaching.In that sense it’s an end to itself.But teaching’s not something that has int rinsic value for allpeople—and that’s true generally.Most things that areenjoyed in and of themselvesvary fromperson to person.Some people value teaching intrinsically, but othersdon’t. So how does allthis relateto humanhappiness? Well, Aristotle asks: is theresomething that all human beings value .. . and valueonly intrinsically,for itsown sake and only for itsown sake? Ifyou could find such a thing, thatwould be the universal final good, or trulythe ultimate purpose or goal for all human beings.Aristotle thought the answer was yes. What is it?Happiness. Everyone will agree,he argues, thathappiness is theultimate end to be valued for itselfand really only for itself. For what otherpurpose is therein being happy? What does it yield? The attainment ofhappiness becomes theultimate or highest good for Aristotle.The nextquestion that Aristotle raises is: what is happiness? We all want it; weall desire it; weall seekit. It’s thegoal we have in life. But what is it? How do we fin d it? Here he notes,withsome frustration, people disagree.But he does give us a couple ofcriteria, or features, to keep inmind as welook for what true human happiness is. True human happiness should be,as he putsit, plete in that it’s allwe require. Well,true human happiness .. . if you had that,what else do you need?Nothing. And, second, truehappiness should be something that I canobtain on myown. I shouldn’t have torely on other people for it. Many people value fame andseekfa me. Fame for them becomesthegoal. But,according toAristotle, this won’t work either,because fame dependsaltogether too much on other people.I can’t getit on myown, withouthelp from other people. Inthe end, Aristotle says that true happiness is theexercise of reason—alife of intellectualcontemplation . . .of thinking. So let’s see how he comes tothat.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa psychology lecture.The professor is discussing behaviorism.ProfessorNow,many people consider John Watson tobe the founder ofbehaviorism. And like otherbehaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors theycan observeand measure. They’renot interested in mentalprocesses. While a person could describe histhoughts, no one else can see or hear them toverify the accuracyof his report.Butone thing youcan observe is muscular habits. What Watson did wasto observe muscular habits because heviewed them as a manifestation of thinking. One kind ofhabit that he studied are laryngealhabits. Watson thought laryngeal habits . . .you know, from larynx, in other words, relatedto thevoice box . . . he thought those habits were an expression of thinking. Heargued that for veryyoung children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself because theytalk out loud even ifthey’renot trying to communicate with someone in particular. Asthe individual matures, thatovert talking to oneselfbecomes coverttalking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as alaryngeal habit. One ofthe bits ofevidence that supportsthis is that when people are trying tosolve a problem, they, um, typically have increased muscular activityin the throat region. That is,if you put electrodeson the throatand measure muscle potential—muscle activity—you discoverthat when people are thinking, like if they’re diligently trying to solve a problem, thatthere ismuscular activity in the throat region.So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set ofbehaviors—a set of responses—and in this case theresponse he observed was the throat activity.That’s what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit. Now,as Iam thinking about what I amgoing to be saying, mymuscles in mythroat are responding. So, thinking can be measured asmuscle activity.Now,the motor theory.. . yes?StudentProfessor Blake,um, did he happen to look at people who sign? I mean deaf people?ProfessorUh, he did indeed,um, and to jump ahead, what one finds in deafindividuals who use sign language when they’re given problems ofvarious kinds, theyhave muscular changes in their hands when theyaretrying to solve a problem .. . muscle changes in the hand, just like themuscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals. So,for Watson, thinkingis identicalwith the activity ofmuscles. A related conceptof thinking was developed by William James. It’s called ideomotor action.Ideomotoraction is an activity that occurswithout our noticing it,without our being aware ofit.I’ll give you one simple example.Ifyou think of locations, theretends to be eyemovement thatoccurswith your thinking about that location. In particular,from wherewe’resitting, imaginethat you’re asked tothink of our university library. Well, if you close your eyesand think of thelibrary, and if you’re sitting directlyfacing me,then according tothis notion, your eyeballs willmove slightly to theleft, to your left, ‘cause the library’s in that generaldirection.James and otherssaid that this is an idea leading to a motor action, and that’s why it’s called“ideomotor action”—an idea leads to motor activity.Ifyou wish to impress your friends andrelatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick. Ask people to do something suchas I’ve just described: think ofsomething on theirleft; think of something on their right. You getthem to thinkabout two things on eitherside with their eyesclosed, and you watch their eyesverycarefully. And if you do that, you’ll discover that you can see rather clearlythe eyemovement—that is, you can see themovement of the eyeballs. Now,then you say, thinkofeitherone and I’ll tellwhich you’rethinki ng of.OK. Well, Watson makesthe assumption that muscular activity is equivalent to thinking. Butgiven everything we’ve been talking about here,one has to ask: are therealternativesto thismotor theory—this claim that muscular activitiesare equivalent to thinking? Isthereanythingelse that might accountfor thischange in muscular activity,otherthan saying that it is thinking?And theanswer is clearlyyes. Isthereany way to answer the question definitively? I think theanswer is no.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturein an astronomy class. You will not need to rememberthe numbers theprofessor mentions.ProfessorOK. Let’s get going. Today I’m going to talkabout how the asteroid belt was discovered.And .. . I’m going to start bywriting some numbers on the board. Heretheyare:We’ll startwith zero,then 3, .. . 6, .. . 12.Uh, tellme what I’m doing.Female studentMultiplying by2?ProfessorRight.I’m doubling thenumbers, so 2 times12 is 24, and the nextone I’m going to w riteafter 24would be . ..Female student48.Professor48. Then 96. We’ll stop therefor now. Uh, now I’ll writeanother row of numbers under that.Tellme what I’m doing. 4, 7, 10 . . .How am Igetting this second row?Male StudentAdding 4 to the numbers in the first row.ProfessorI’m adding 4 to each number in the first row to give you a second row.So the last two will be 52,100, and now tellme what I’m doing.Female StudentPutting in a decimal?ProfessorYes, Idivided all t hose numbersby 10 by putting in a decimal point. Now I’m going to writethenames ofthe planets under the numbers. Mercury. .. Venus. . . Earth.. .Mars. So,what do thenumbers mean? Do you rememberfrom the reading?Male StudentIsit the distance of theplanets from theSun?ProfessorRight.In astronomical units—not perfect, but tantalizingly close. The value for Marsis off by. . .6or 7 percentor so. It’s . .. but it’s within 10 percentof theaverage distance to Marsfrom theSun.But Ikind of hav e toskip the one afterMars for now. Then Jupiter’s right thereat 5-pointsomething, and then Saturn is about 10 astronomical units from the Sun. Um, well, thispattern isknown as Bode’s Law.Um, it isn’t really a scientific law, not in thesense of predi cting gravitationmathematically or something, but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing ofthe planets, and itwas noticed byBode hundreds of years ago. Well,you can imagine thatthere was some interestin whythe 2.8 spot in the pattern was skipped, and um . .. but therewasn’t anything obviousthere,in the earlytelescopes. Then what happened in the late 1700s? The discovery of . .. ?Female StudentAnother planet?ProfessorThe nextplanet out,Uranus—after Saturn. And look, Uranus fits in the next spot in the patternprettynicely,um, not perfectly,but close. And so then people got really excitedabout thevalidityof this thing and finding the missing object between Marsand Jupiter.And telescopes,remember,weregetting better.So people wentto work on finding objectsthat would be at thatmissing distance from theSun, and then in 1801, the object Cereswas discovered.And Cereswas in the right place—themissing spot. Uh,but it was waytoo faint to be a planet. Itlooked like a little star. Uh, and because of itsstarlike appearance, um, it was called an“asteroid.” OK? “Aster” is Greekfor “star,” as in “astronomy.” Um,and so, Cereswas the firstand is thelargest ofwhat became many objectsdiscovered at that same distance. Not just onething, but all the objectsfound at thatdistance from the asteroid belt. So the asteroid belt is themost famous success ofthis Bode’s Law.That’s how the asteroid belt was discovered.LectureNarratorListen to part ofa lecturefrom a Botanyclass.ProfessorHi, everyone. Good tosee you all today.Actually, I expected the population to be a lot lowertoday.It typically runs between 50 and 60 percenton the day theresearch paper is due. Um, I was hoping to have your examsback today,but, uh, the situation was that Iwent away for theweekend, and Iwas supposed to get in yesterdayat five, and I expected tofully completeall the examsby midnight or so, which is the time that Iusually go to bed,but myflight was delayed,and Iended up not getting in unt ilone o’clock in the morning. Anyway,I’ll do mybest to have them finished by the nexttime we meet.OK. In the last class, we started talking about useful plant fibers. In particular,we talked about cotton fibers, which we said were veryuseful, not only in thetextile industry,but also in the chemicalindustry,and in the production of manyproducts, such as plastics,paper,explosives,and so on. Todaywe’ll continue talking about useful fibers, and we’ll begin with a fiber that’s commonly known as “Manila hemp.” Now, for some strange reason, manypeople believe thatManila hemp is a hemp plant. But Manila hemp is not really hemp. It’s actually a member of the banana family—it even bears littlebanana-shaped fruits. The “Manila” part of thename makes sense, because Manila hemp is produced chiefly in the Philippine Islands and, ofcourse, the capitalcity ofthe Philippines is Manila.Now,as fibers go,Manila hemp fibers arevery long. Theycan easily be severalfeetin length and they’realso verystrong, veryflexible. Theyhave one more characteristic that’s veryimportant, and that is that theyare exceptionally resistant to salt water.And this combination ofcharacteristics—long, strong, flexible, resistant to salt water—makes Manila hemp a greatmaterialfor ropes, especially for ropesthat are gonna be used on ocean-going ships. In fact,bythe early1940’s, even though steelcableswere available, most ships in the United StatesNavywerenot moored with steelcables; theyweremoored with Manila hemp ropes.Now,whywas that? Well,the main reason wasthat steelcablesdegrade very, veryquickly incontactwith salt water.Ifyou’ve ever been to San Francisco, you know that the Golden GateBridge is red.And it’s red because ofthe zinc paint that goes on those stainless steelc ables. That, if theystartat one end ofthe bridge and theywork to theother end, bythe time theyfinish, it’s already time togo back and start painting the beginning of the bridge again, because the bridge was built with steelcables, and steelcablescan’t takethe salt air unless they’re treatedrepeatedly with a zinc-based paint.On the other hand, plant products like Manila hemp, you can drag through the ocean for weekson end.Ifyou wanna tie your anchor to it and drop it right into theocean, that’s no p roblem,because plant fibers can stand up for months, evenyears, in direct contactwith salt water.OK.So how do you take plant fibers that individually you could break with your hands and turn them into a rope that’s strong enough to moor a ship that w eighs thousands of tons? Well,what youdo is you extract these long fibers from the Manila hemp plant, and then you takeseveral of these fibers, and you group them into a bundle, because by grouping the fibers you greatlyincrease their breaking strength—that bundle of fibers is much stronger than any of theindividual fibers that compose it.And then you takethat bundle offibers and you twist it a little bit, because by twisting it, you increase itsbreaking strength even more. And then you take severalof these little bundles, and you group and twist them into bigger bundles, which you then group and twist into even bigger bundles, and so on, until eventually,you end up with a very, verystrong rope.源于：小马过河相关推荐：2012年11月18日托福写作真题解析2012年11月18日托福口语真题解析2012年11月18日托福阅读真题解析2012年11月18日托福听力真题解析。
托福TPO52听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO52听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO52听力Conversation2文本 标题：Selling Self-made Ceramic Bowls Listen to part of a conversation between a student and an employee at the campus store. Student: I’d like the ceramic coffee mugs you have on display at the other end of the store. Were they made by students? Employee: Oh, we only use certain suppliers, wholesalers who’ve been selected by the store manager. Student: Do you ever sell things made by students? Employee: We used preferred vendors only because……I mean if we said yes to one student, we’d have to say yes to any student who asks. And this store is only so big. Student: That’s too bad because I make these pretty ceramic bowls. I designed them myself. I’m a studio art major. Anyway… um… I was hoping I could sell them here. You see I’m taking art 202, marketing your art. And for my final project I need to find a way to sell my own art work. Employee: Um… what about selling on line? A lot of art and crafts so marketed that way…… Student: I really don’t have the computer skills or the time to manage a website. Employee: What about the emporium? You know, that gift shop downtown. I’ve seen items by the local artists there. Student: They’re importing buys directly from the artists? Employee: Well, they sell items on consignment. Student: Consignment… I think my professor mentioned that. Employee: Yeah, you give them some items to sell on your behalf and then you and the stores split the purchase price. But they wouldn’t pay you anything up front if that’s what you want. And you might need to provide your own display case. Student: Oh, I already have display case, a portable one with three shelves. But aren’t the shops that were… you know, just buy stuff from me outright? Because if not enough bowls were sold, how would I recruit the cost of my materials? They are not cheap and neither was the case. Employee: All the stores around here that sell craft items are small and independently owned, like the emporium. For them, selling in consignment lowers their risk. They don’t get stuck with unsold items. They can return them to the owner. You just have to make sure you set the retail price high enough to make it worth you want. But you’re right, consignment isn’t for everyone. What about the spring craft fair? You know that outdoor market that‘s held on Saturdays? Plenty of local people sell their stuff there, ceramics, jewelry, decorative items. The demand fee is nominal I believe. Student:Oh, yeah. I remember seeing that last year. All those tables lined up at that weekend on main street, right? Employee:。
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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO2听力Conversation2文本
Choosing Courses
Girl: Did you register already for your classes next semester?
Boy: Yes, I did.
Girl: What are you taking?
Boy: Um…contemporary literature, English style, um… the teaching seminar, and I still have to do my student teaching. I’m gonna help teach a writing class of the junior high.
Girl: That’s a heavy schedule.
Boy: Yeah, it will be really busy and I’m also taking a theory class. But I have to quit my job a couple of weeks cause it will be just too much.
Girl: Where do you work at?
Boy: Buster’s coffee shop, but just till the end of the month. What are you doing next semester?
Girl: Actually a teaching seminar too. And I will have to start writing my thesis. You know, I’m also going for my master’s degree.
Boy: So you are not writing any poetry, I imagine.
Girl: No, I was actually thinking about revising some of my poems and sending them into places for publication.
Boy: Cool, you should. Um, did you hear about that new poetry club, The Poetry Kitchen?
Girl: Yeah, no time.
Boy: It’s fun; it’s Sunday night. You don’t do anything at Sunday nights?
Girl: I do homework Sunday nights.
Boy: Well, it’s only from 7 to 9.
Girl: Is it every Sunday?
Boy: Last Sunday of every month. I don’t know about this month, cause it’s probably a little too close to Thanksgiving, so they might move it up. I don’t know what they are gonna to do, but it’s a good time, it’s fun, some really impressive readings.
Girl: Who? From our class?
Boy: Some people from our class are reading. A lot of them go, sometimes even the professor.
Girl: Really? I don’t know if I would want to read in front of her.
Boy: You wouldn’t have to read, you can just watch. I just watched the first time, but it’s a good environment to read them, I think anyway.
Girl: I probably have to write something new, so maybe during the summer, I just can’t now.
Boy: Yeah, it wouldn’t be the same just reading old stuff. Are you going to do summer school?
Girl: Definitely, otherwise, I will be short 6 credits. I have no choice.
Boy: Yeah, me too. This is the second summer. I’ll have to take classes. I gotta go now, my Shakespeare class starts in twenty minutes.
托福TPO2听力Conversation2题目
1.What are the students mainly discussing?
a) Their courses for next semester
b) Their plans for the weekend
c) A poetry club
d) A class assignment
2.What does the man plan to do at the end of the month?。