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专业代码

专业代码专业名称5101农业技术类510101作物生产技术510102种子生产与经营510103设施农业技术510104观光农业510105园艺技术510106茶叶生产加工技术510107中草药栽培技术510108烟草栽培技术510109植物保护510110植物检疫510111农产品质量检测510112茶艺510113绿色食品生产与经营510114绿色食品生产与检验510115园艺技术/国际贸易实务(双专科) 510116园艺/日语(双专科)510117作物生产技术/文秘(双专科) 510118现代农艺/高级文秘(双专科) 510130药用植物栽培加工510131食药用菌5101H农业技术类(中外合作办学)5102林业技术类510201林业技术510202园林技术510203森林资源保护510204野生植物资源开发与利用510205野生动物保护510206自然保护区建设与管理510207森林生态旅游510208林产化工技术510209木材加工技术510210森林采运工程510211商品花卉510212森林工程技术510213城市园林510251林副新产品加工510252园林技术/环境艺术设计(双专科) 510253园林技术/计算机应用技术(双专科) 510254园林技术/旅游管理(双专科) 510255园林技术/物业管理(双专科)5102H林业技术类(中外合作办学)5103畜牧兽医类510301畜牧兽医510302畜牧510303饲料与动物营养510304特种动物养殖510305兽医510306兽医医药510307动物防疫与检疫510308兽药生产与营销510310动物医学510315实验动物养殖510320宠物养护与疫病防治510323宠物医学510350蚕桑技术510351动物科学与技术510352动物防疫与检疫/国际经济与贸易(双专科) 510353动物防疫与检疫/英语(双专科)510354畜牧兽医/市场营销(双专科)510355兽医/英语(双专科)5103H畜牧兽医类(中外合作办学)5104水产养殖类510401水产养殖技术510402水生动植物保护510403海洋捕捞技术510404渔业综合技术510405城市渔业510406水族科学与技术5104H水产养殖类(中外合作办学)5105农林管理类510501农业经济管理510502农村行政管理510503乡镇企业管理510504林业经济信息管理510505渔业资源与渔政管理510506农业技术与管理510507林业信息工程与管理510551都市林业资源与林政管理510599农村行政与经济管理5105H农林管理类(中外合作办学)5201公路运输类520101公路运输与管理520102高等级公路维护与管理520103路政管理520104汽车运用技术520105交通安全与智能控制520106城市交通运输520107公路监理520108道路桥梁工程技术520109工程机械控制技术520110工程机械运用与维护520111工程机械技术服务与营销520112公路机械化施工技术520119道路桥梁工程技术/工程造价(双专科)520113公路工程管理520120汽车运用技术/计算机应用技术(双专科) 520114公路工程造价管理520115汽车运用技术/市场营销(双专科)520116汽车运用技术/物流管理(双专科)520117道路桥梁工程技术/计算机应用技术(双专科) 520118工程机械运用与维护/道路桥梁工程技术(双专科) 5201H公路运输类(中外合作办学)5202铁道运输类520201高速铁道技术520202电气化铁道技术520203铁道车辆520204铁道机车车辆520205铁道通信信号520206铁道交通运营管理520207铁道运输经济520208铁道工程技术520210高速动车组检修技术520211高速动车组驾驶520212高速铁路工程及维护技术5202H铁道运输类(中外合作办学)5203城市轨道运输类520301城市轨道交通车辆520302城市轨道交通控制520303城市轨道交通工程技术520304城市轨道交通运营管理5203H城市轨道运输类(中外合作办学)5204水上运输类520401航海技术520402水运管理520403国际航运业务管理520404海事管理520405轮机工程技术520406船舶工程技术520407船舶检验520408航道工程技术520419国际航运业务管理/海事管理(双专科) 520409船机制造与维修520410国际航运业务管理/英语(双专科)520420船舶工程技术/计算机应用技术(双专科) 520411船舶舾装520412船舶工程技术/英语(双专科)520413轮机工程技术/电气自动化技术(双专科) 520414轮机工程技术/英语(双专科)520415海洋船舶驾驶/英语(双专科)520416海洋船舶轮机管理/英语(双专科)520417船舶与港口电气化/计算机应用技术(双专科) 520418航海技术/英语(双专科)5204H水上运输类(中外合作办学)5205民航运输类520501民航运输520502飞行技术520503空中乘务520504航空服务520505民航商务520506航空机电设备维修520507航空电子设备维修520508民航特种车辆维修520509航空通信技术520510空中交通管理520511民航安全技术管理520512航空油料管理和应用520513飞机制造技术520514航空港管理520515航空电子电气技术520516飞机维修520517飞机控制设备与仪表520520航空发动机装配与试车520521民航空中安全保卫5205H民航运输类(中外合作办学)5206港口运输类520601港口业务管理520602港口物流设备与自动控制520603集装箱运输管理520604港口工程技术520605报关与国际货运520606港口与航运管理520607港口机械应用技术520612报关与国际货运/英语(双专科)520608港口物流管理520609港口物流设备与自动控制/计算机应用技术(双专科) 520610现代港口设备及自动化/计算机及应用(双专科) 520611国际运输管理/英语(双专科)5206H港口运输类(中外合作办学)5207管道运输类520701管道工程技术520702管道工程施工520703管道运输管理5207H管道运输类(中外合作办学)520801交通运营管理5301生物技术类530101生物技术及应用530102生物实验技术530103生物化工工艺530104微生物技术及应用530105生物技术及应用/英语(双专科)530106生物与化学制药/市场营销(双专科)5301H生物技术类(中外合作办学)5302化工技术类530201应用化工技术530202有机化工生产技术530203高聚物生产技术530204化纤生产技术530205精细化学品生产技术530206石油化工生产技术530207炼油技术530208工业分析与检验530209化工设备维修技术530210涂装防护工艺530211化工设备与机械530221花炮生产与管理530241精细化工/国际贸易(双专科)530222火工工艺技术530240精细化学品生产技术/计算机应用技术(双专科) 530223烟花爆竹安全与质量技术530224精细化学品生产技术/日语(双专科)530225精细化学品生产技术/市场营销(双专科)530226精细化学品生产技术/物流管理(双专科)530227有机化工生产技术/工商企业管理(双专科) 530228有机化工生产技术/市场营销(双专科)530229应用化工技术/电气自动化技术(双专科)530230应用化工技术/计算机应用技术(双专科)530231应用化工技术/市场营销(双专科)530232应用化学与检测技术/市场营销(双专科)530233化工工艺/电气技术(双专科)530234化工工艺/工业外贸(双专科)530235化工工艺/计算机应用(双专科)530236化工工艺/日语(双专科)530237化工工艺/企业管理(双专科) 530238化工工艺/市场营销(双专科) 530239工业分析与检验/市场营销(双专科) 5302H化工技术类(中外合作办学)5303制药技术类530301生化制药技术530302生物制药技术530303化学制药技术530304中药制药技术530305药物制剂技术530306药物分析技术530307化学制药技术/市场营销(双专科) 5303H制药技术类(中外合作办学)5304食品药品管理类530401食品药品监督管理530402药品质量检测技术530403药品经营与管理530404保健品开发与管理530406技术监督与商检5304H食品药品管理类(中外合作办学) 5401资源勘查类540101国土资源调查540102区域地质调查及矿产普查540103煤田地质与勘查技术540104油气地质与勘查技术540105水文地质与勘查技术540106金属矿产地质与勘查技术540107铀矿地质与勘查技术540108非金属矿产地质与勘查技术540109岩矿分析与鉴定技术540110宝玉石鉴定与加工技术540111宝玉石鉴定与营销540112矿山资源开发与管理540113珠宝鉴定与营销5401H资源勘查类(中外合作办学)5402地质工程与技术类540201矿山地质540202工程地质勘查540203水文与工程地质540204钻探技术540205地球物理勘查技术540206地球物理测井技术540207地球化学勘查技术540208地质灾害与防治技术540209环境地质工程技术540210工程地震与工程勘察540219地质信息技术540251岩土工程技术5402H地质工程与技术类(中外合作办学) 5403矿业工程类540301煤矿开采技术540302金属矿开采技术540303非金属矿开采技术540304固体矿床露天开采技术540305沙矿床开采技术540306矿井建设540307矿山机电540308矿井通风与安全540309矿井运输与提升540310冶金工艺与设备540311矿山安全技术与监察5403H矿业工程类(中外合作办学)5404石油与天然气类540401钻井技术540402油气开采技术540403油气储运技术540404油气藏分析技术540405油田化学应用技术540406石油与天然气地质勘探技术540407石油工程技术540408瓦斯综合利用技术540411宝玉石鉴定与营销5404H石油与天然气类(中外合作办学)5405矿物加工类540501矿物加工技术540502选矿技术540503选煤技术540504煤炭深加工与利用540505煤质分析技术540506选矿机电技术5405H矿物加工类(中外合作办学)5406测绘类540601工程测量技术540602工程测量与监理540603摄影测量与遥感技术540604大地测量与卫星定位技术540605地理信息系统与地图制图技术540606地籍测绘与土地管理信息技术540607矿山测量540608测绘与地理信息技术540609测绘工程技术540610测绘与地质工程技术5406H测绘类(中外合作办学)5501材料类550101金属材料与热处理技术550102冶金技术550103高分子材料应用技术550104复合材料加工与应用技术550105材料工程技术550106建筑装饰材料及检测550107无机非金属材料工程技术550108建筑材料工程技术550109磨料磨具制造550110高分子材料应用技术/电子商务(双专科) 550111高分子材料应用技术/建筑工程管理(双专科) 550112高分子材料应用技术/日语(双专科) 550113高分子材料应用技术/物流管理(双专科) 550114高分子材料与工程/国际贸易(双专科) 550115材料工程技术/计算机应用技术(双专科) 550116高分子材料/工商管理(双专科)550119首饰设计与工艺5501H材料类(中外合作办学)5502能源类550201热能动力设备与应用550202城市热能应用技术550203农村能源与环境技术550204制冷与冷藏技术550205制冷与空调技术550206工业热工控制技术550208制冷与冷藏技术/市场营销(双专科) 550207反应堆与加速器550209节能工程技术5502H能源类(中外合作办学)5503电力技术类550301发电厂及电力系统550302电厂设备运行与维护550303电厂热能动力装置550304火电厂集控运行550305小型水电站及电力网550306供用电技术550307电网监控技术550308电力系统继电保护与自动化550309高压输配电线路施工运行与维护550310农村电气化技术550311电厂化学550312输变电工程技术550314电力客户服务与管理5503H电力技术类(中外合作办学)5601建筑设计类560101建筑设计技术560102建筑装饰工程技术560103中国古建筑工程技术560104室内设计技术560105环境艺术设计560106园林工程技术560107建筑设计技术/城镇规划(双专科) 560108建筑设计技术/室内设计技术(双专科) 560109建筑装饰/工程监理 (双专科)560110建筑装饰工程技术/工程监理(双专科) 560111建筑装饰工程技术/市场营销(双专科) 560112建筑装饰技术/计算机应用(双专科) 560113建筑装饰设计/电脑动画(双专科) 560114建筑装饰设计/广告设计(双专科) 560115室内设计/工程管理(双专科)560116室内设计/计算机应用(双专科)560117室内设计技术/工程监理(双专科) 560118环境艺术设计/计算机多媒体技术(双专科) 560119环境艺术设计/建筑工程(双专科) 560120风景园林设计/盆景与花卉(双专科)5601H建筑设计类(中外合作办学)5602城镇规划与管理类560201城镇规划560202城市管理与监察560203城镇建设560204城镇规划/计算机应用技术(双专科)5602H城镇规划与管理类(中外合作办学)5603土建施工类560301建筑工程技术560302地下工程与隧道工程技术560303基础工程技术560304土木工程检测技术560305建筑工程/楼宇自动化(双专科)560306建筑工程技术/电子信息工程技术(双专科) 560307建筑工程技术/环境艺术设计(双专科) 560308建筑工程技术/计算机应用技术(双专科) 560309建筑工程技术/建筑装饰工程技术(双专科) 560310房屋建筑工程/环境艺术设计(双专科) 560311房屋建筑工程/装饰技术(双专科)560312建筑材料/工程项目管理 (双专科)5603H土建施工类(中外合作办学)5604建筑设备类560401建筑设备工程技术560402供热通风与空调工程技术560403建筑电气工程技术560404楼宇智能化工程技术560405工业设备安装工程技术560406供热通风与卫生工程技术560407供热通风与空调工程技术/工程造价(双专科) 560411机电安装工程560412楼宇智能电气技术/电子商务(双专科) 560413楼宇智能化/房地产开发与经营(双专科) 5604H建筑设备类(中外合作办学)5605工程管理类560501建筑工程管理560502工程造价560503建筑经济管理560504工程监理560505电力工程管理560506工程质量监督与管理560507建筑工程项目管理560508工程监理/计算机应用技术(双专科) 560509工程造价/房地产经营与估价(双专科) 560510工程造价/审计(双专科)560511工业与民用建筑/计算机应用(双专科)5605H工程管理类(中外合作办学)5606市政工程类560601市政工程技术560602城市燃气工程技术560603给排水工程技术560604水工业技术560605消防工程技术560606建筑水电技术5606H市政工程类(中外合作办学)5607房地产类560701房地产经营与估价560702物业管理560703物业设施管理560704物业管理/计算机应用技术(双专科) 560705物业管理/园林技术(双专科)5607H房地产类(中外合作办学)5701水文与水资源类570101水文与水资源570102水文自动化测报技术570103水信息技术570104水政水资源管理5701H水文与水资源类(中外合作办学) 5702水利工程与管理类570201水利工程570202水利工程施工技术570203水利水电建筑工程570204灌溉与排水技术570205港口航道与治河工程570206河务工程与管理570207城市水利570208水利水电工程管理570209水务管理570210水利工程监理570211农业水利技术570212水利工程造价管理570213水利工程实验与检测技术5702H水利工程与管理类(中外合作办学) 5703水利水电设备类570301水电站动力设备与管理570302机电设备运行与维护570303机电排灌设备与管理570304水电站设备与管理5703H水利水电设备类(中外合作办学) 5704水土保持与水环境类570401水土保持570402水环境监测与分析5704H水土保持与水环境类(中外合作办学) 5801机械设计制造类580101机械设计与制造580102机械制造与自动化580103数控技术580104电机与电器580105玩具设计与制造580106模具设计与制造580107材料成型与控制技术580108焊接技术及自动化580109工业设计580110计算机辅助设计与制造580111精密机械技术580112医疗器械制造与维护580113光电制造技术580114激光加工技术580115飞行器制造工艺580116钢结构建造技术580117家具设计与制造580118假肢与矫形器设计与制造580119机械质量管理与检测技术580120内燃机制造与维修580121药剂设备制造与维护580122服装机械及其自动化580123武器制造技术580124机械制造工艺及设备580125机械制造生产管理580126特种加工技术580150电线电缆制造技术580151锁具设计与工艺580152乐器制造与维修580170机械设备及自动化/工业外贸(双专科) 580153乐器制造技术580154机械设计与制造/产品造型设计(双专科) 580155机械设计制造及其自动化/质量管理(双专科) 580156机械制造工艺与设备/工业电气自动化(双专科) 580157机械制造与自动化/电气自动化技术(双专科) 580158机械制造与自动化/工商企业管理(双专科) 580159机械制造与自动化/计算机应用技术(双专科) 580160机械制造与自动化/英语(双专科)580161机械制造与自动化/物流管理(双专科) 580162模具设计与制造/产品造型设计(双专科) 580163模具设计与制造/市场营销(双专科)580164模具设计与制造/日语(双专科)580165精密模具制造技术/市场营销(双专科) 580166数控技术/国际贸易实务(双专科)580167数控技术/计算机应用技术(双专科)580168计算机辅助设计与制造/产品造型设计(双专科) 580169工业设计/计算机辅助机械设计(双专科)5801H机械设计制造类(中外合作办学)5802自动化类580201机电一体化技术580202电气自动化技术580203生产过程自动化技术580204电力系统自动化技术580205计算机控制技术580206工业网络技术580207检测技术及应用580208理化测试及质检技术580209液压与气动技术580210包装自动化技术580211机电一体化/工业外贸(双专科)580212机电一体化技术/国际经济与贸易(双专科) 580213机电一体化技术/计算机应用技术(双专科) 580214机电一体化技术/英语(双专科)580215机电一体化技术/市场营销(双专科)580216机电一体化技术/应用德语(双专科)580217机电一体化技术/日语(双专科)580218电气工程及自动化/物业管理(双专科) 580219电气技术/工业外贸(双专科)580220电气技术/市场营销(双专科)580221电气自动化/电子商务(双专科)580222电气自动化技术/工商企业管理(双专科) 580223电气自动化技术/计算机网络技术(双专科) 580224电气自动化技术/计算机应用技术(双专科) 580225电气自动化技术/市场营销(双专科)580226电气自动化技术/物流管理(双专科)580227电气自动化技术/物业管理(双专科)580228电气自动化技术/应用德语(双专科)580229电气自动化技术/英语(双专科)580230生产过程自动化技术/英语(双专科)580231机电技术应用/环境工程(双专科)580232自动化设备/英语(双专科)580233自动控制/企业管理(双专科)5802H自动化类(中外合作办学)5803机电设备类580301机电设备维修与管理580302数控设备应用与维护580303自动化生产设备应用580304医用电子仪器与维护580305医学影像设备管理与维护580306医疗电子工程580307设备安装技术580308医用治疗设备应用技术580309导弹维修580311冶金设备应用与维护580312电气设备应用与维护580313物流工程技术580314数控设备应用与维护/市场营销(双专科)580315机电设备维修与管理/工程造价(双专科)5803H机电设备类(中外合作办学)5804汽车类580401汽车制造与装配技术580402汽车检测与维修技术580403汽车电子技术580404汽车改装技术580405汽车技术服务与营销580406汽车整形技术580407汽车运用与维修580408摩托车制造与维修580409汽车营销与维修580410农业机械应用技术580411汽车电子技术/商务管理(双专科)580412汽车技术服务与营销/会计(双专科)580413汽车检测与维修技术/国际贸易实务(双专科) 580414汽车检测与维修技术/市场营销(双专科)580415汽车营销与售后服务/涉外会计(双专科)580416现代汽车技术/计算机及应用(双专科)580417智能电子技术(汽车智能电子)/市场营销(双专科) 5804H汽车类(中外合作办学)5901计算机类590101计算机应用技术590102计算机网络技术590103计算机多媒体技术590104计算机系统维护590105计算机硬件与外设590106计算机信息管理590107网络系统管理590108软件技术590109图形图像制作590110动漫设计与制作590111计算机网络与安全管理590112网站规划与开发技术590113游戏软件590114数据通信与网络系统590115航空计算机技术与应用590116软件开发与项目管理590117广告媒体开发590118三维动画设计590119计算机音乐制作590147计算机网络技术/电子商务(双专科)590120软件测试技术590148计算机网络技术/社区管理与服务(双专科) 590121嵌入式技术与应用590122计算机网络技术/市场营销(双专科) 590123计算机网络技术/文秘(双专科)590124计算机网络技术/英语(双专科)590125计算机系统维护/电子商务(双专科) 590126计算机信息管理/电子商务(双专科) 590127计算机信息管理/国际金融(双专科) 590128计算机信息管理/英语(双专科)590129计算机信息管理/印刷图文信息处理(双专科) 590130计算机应用/动画制作(双专科)590131计算机应用技术/财务管理(双专科) 590132计算机应用技术/电子商务(双专科) 590133计算机应用技术/广告设计与制作(双专科) 590134计算机应用技术/机电一体化技术(双专科) 590135计算机应用技术/商务管理(双专科) 590136计算机应用技术/日语(双专科)590137计算机应用技术/英语(双专科)590138计算机应用技术/市场营销(双专科) 590139计算机应用技术/文秘(双专科)590140计算机应用技术/物流管理(双专科) 590141计算机应用技术/影视广告(双专科) 590142软件技术/日语(双专科)590143软件技术/英语(双专科)590144软件工程/电子商务(双专科)590145网络技术/电气自动化(双专科)590146网络技术/商贸实务(双专科)5901H计算机类(中外合作办学)5902电子信息类590201电子信息工程技术590202应用电子技术590203电子测量技术与仪器590204电子仪器仪表与维修590205电子设备与运行管理590206电子声像技术590207电子工艺与管理590208信息安全技术590209图文信息技术590210微电子技术590211无线电技术590212广播电视网络技术590213有线电视工程技术590214光电子技术590215智能产品开发590216信息技术应用590217音响工程590218电光源技术590219电子产品质量检测590220飞行器电子装配技术590221信息技术应用590222数字媒体技术590223无损检测技术590224电子信息技术及产品营销590225电子组装技术与设备590226嵌入式系统工程590227电子电路设计与工艺590228电子表面组装技术/电子产品质量检测(双专科)590229电子信息工程技术/电子产品质量检测(双专科)590230电子信息工程技术/电子商务(双专科)590252电子信息工程技术/英语(双专科)590231液晶显示与光电技术590232电子信息技术/质量管理(双专科)590233应用电子技术/电子商务(双专科)590234应用电子技术/工商企业管理(双专科)590235应用电子技术/国际经济与贸易(双专科)590236应用电子技术/计算机信息管理(双专科)590237应用电子技术/日语(双专科)590238应用电子技术/英语(双专科)590239应用电子技术/市场营销(双专科)590240应用电子技术/应用韩语(双专科)590241应用电子技术/营销与策划(双专科)590242应用电子技术/质量管理(电子产品调测与维护技术)(双专科) 590243微电子技术/电子产品质量检测(双专科)590244微电子技术/国际经济与贸易(双专科)590245微电子技术/英语(双专科)590246微电子制造工程/电子商务(双专科)590247光电技术应用/电子产品品质管理(双专科)590248信息与网络技术/电子商务(双专科)590249信息与网络技术/现代文秘(双专科)590250信息管理/计算机应用(双专科)590251信息技术/商务管理(双专科)5902H电子信息类(中外合作办学)5903通信类590301通信技术590302移动通信技术590303计算机通信590304程控交换技术590305通信网络与设备590306通信系统运行管理590307卫星数字技术590308通信线路590309光纤通信590310邮政通信590350通信工程设计与管理590354通信技术/电子商务(双专科)590351电信商务590352通信技术/市场营销(双专科)590353通信设备制造技术/英语(双专科)5903H通信类(中外合作办学)6001环保类600101环境监测与治理技术600102环境监测与评价600103农业环境保护技术600104资源环境与城市管理600105城市检测与工程技术600106水环境监测与保护600107城市水净化技术600108室内检测与控制技术600109环境工程技术600110环境监测与治理技术/工业分析与检验(双专科)600111环境监测与治理技术/计算机应用技术(双专科)600112环境监测与治理技术/园艺技术(双专科)600113环境工程/生物技术(双专科)600114建筑环境工程/房地产营销(双专科)6001H环保类(中外合作办学)6002气象类600201大气科学技术600202大气探测技术600203应用气象技术600204防雷技术6002H气象类(中外合作办学)6003安全类600301工业环保与安全技术600302救援技术600303安全技术管理600304安全保卫600305信息技术与地球物理600308城市应急救援辅助决策技术600309安全技术管理/法律事务(双专科)6003H安全类(中外合作办学)6101轻化工类610101染整技术610102高分子材料加工技术610103制浆造纸技术610104香料香精工艺610105表面精饰工艺610151皮革制品设计与工艺610152染整技术/国际经济与贸易(双专科)6101H轻化工类(中外合作办学)6102纺织服装类610201现代纺织技术610202针织技术与针织服装610203丝绸技术610204服装设计610205染织艺术设计610206纺织品装饰艺术设计610207新型纺织机电技术610208纺织品检验与贸易610209纺织品设计610210服装工艺技术610211服装设计与加工610212服装制版与工艺610214服用材料设计与应用610215服装营销与管理610250服装养护技术610251鞋类设计与工艺610252服装工艺/国际贸易(双专科)610253服装设计/电脑艺术设计(双专科)610254服装设计/国际贸易实务(双专科)610255服装设计/日语(双专科)610256服装设计/英语(双专科)610257服装设计/市场营销(双专科)610258电脑服装设计/国际贸易(双专科)610259针织技术与针织服装/国际贸易实务(双专科) 610260针织技术与针织服装/日语(双专科) 610261纺织产品设计/计算机应用及维护(双专科) 610262纺织品设计/国际经济与贸易(双专科) 610263现代纺织技术/国际贸易实务(双专科)。

热衷冷门的公共管理专业

热衷冷门的公共管理专业

热衷冷门的公共管理专业看过电影《第九区》吗?影片中突然冒出来的数以百万计的“营养不良”的外星人,给人类带来了巨大的恐慌。

虽然外星人对地球并无恶意,但他们对地球的不适应以及无法跟人类和谐相处的境况,迫使政府做出新的规划:让第九区成为收容这些外星人的专门居所。

参与管理外星人移居的管理专员威库斯,在帮助外星人迁移的过程中,一心一意想帮助这些外星人尽可能获得舒适的生活,而其他的人却怀着夺取外星人DNA激活外星武器的想法。

影片的最后,威库斯意外融合了外星人DNA,渐渐转化成与外星人相似的异类,于是他被同类排斥、追捕,无奈之下,他也只能跟其他的外星人一样,孤独地生活在他曾经参与管理的第九区。

我们当然不需要去考虑如何解决外星人的归属问题,值得我们注意的是,这便是公共管理学的应用——运用公共管理的各种知识,解决现代社会出现的日益增多且日渐复杂的各种社会问题。

公共管理学以公共利益为核心,展开对公共机构与其它社会机构(各类企业和公共组织等)以及与个人之间的利益关系问题的研究,更重视从经济学视角来研究公共管理问题。

今天,我们要隆重为大家介绍隶属于公共管理学的三大极具发展前景的冷门专业——城市管理专业、国防教育与管理专业、航运管理专业。

城市管理专业电影《第九区》中,体现最多的其实就是城市管理问题。

突如其来的外星人不适合近距离与人类共同生活,所以政府才决定规划第九区作为外星人专区,把地球人与外星人分隔而治。

城市管理专业是为顺应我国快速城市化发展进程,满足国内对于城市管理专业人才的需求而设置的一个新型专业,它融经济学、管理学、城市规划学于一体,旨在培养高素质人才。

城市管理要求管理者通过分析、运用和控制影响城市发展的内部和外部因素,实现城市复合型生态系统的平衡和可持续发展,它所追求的是经济、社会、环境综合效益的最大化和城市的持续发展,城市管理者所进行是包括经济、行政、社会、法律等在内的系统管理行为。

作为一门应我国城市化发展需要而诞生的新兴专业,城市管理专业培养的是掌握现代城市管理的基础知识和基本技能,能在城市规划与建设部门、城市市容环境和园林绿化管理部门、城市公用事业单位以及城市社区从事管理工作的复合型、应用型高级专门人才。

《公共管理专业英语》部分课文翻译

《公共管理专业英语》部分课文翻译

1.1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开Citizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunit y to be a visitor at municipal government meetings, thanks to the gov ernment’s recent efforts to open its administration-adopting the Mea sures for Inviting Citizens to Listen to the Administrative Meeting, which came into effect on December 16, 2001.得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。

Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on admini strative affairs. The number of citizen listeners invited to very imp ortant meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies to the city’s people’s congress, members of the local committee of the Chinese Peo ple’s Political Consultative Conference, personages of democratic, m embers of the Association of Industry and Commerce and others. They m ust be at least 18 years of age, and willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。

专业中英文对照表

专业中英文对照表

中南财经政法大学证书翻译用词中英对照参考表一、学位:法学学士: Law 文学学士: Arts理学学士: Science 史学学士: Hislosophy经济学士: Economics 管理学士: Management哲学学士: Philosophy 工学学士: Engineering二、学院专业:01、哲学院: School of Philosophy哲学: Philosophy政治学: Politics国际政治: International Politics02、马克思主义学院:School of Marxism历史学: History思政教育: Ideological and Political Education03、经济学院: School of Economics国际商务: International Business经济学专业: Economics工业经济学 Industrial Economics农业经济学 Agricultural Economics商业经济 Commercial Economics经济策划 Economic Planning发展经济学 Development Economics国民经济计划 National Economy Planning国民经济管理 Management of National Economy国际经济合作 International Economical Cooperation04、财政税务学院 School of Public Finance and Taxation财政学 Public Finance税务 Taxation农业税收 Agricultural Taxation国际税收 International Taxation注册税务师方向 Certified Tax Agents05、新华金融保险学院Xinhua School of Finance and Insurance金融学 Finance金融工程 Financial Engineering保险 Insurance统计学 Statistics工程管理 Engineering Management国际金融 International Finance国际贸易 International Trade投资学 Investments投资经济 Investment Economics国际投资 International Investment投资项目评估 Evaluation on Investment Project证券 Securities证券投资 Security Investment房地产经营管理Real estate Management理财学 Management of Financial Affairs货币银行学 Money and Banking农村金融与保险 Agricultural Finance and Insurance银行经营管理 Operation and Administration of Bank06、法学院 School of Law法学 Law经济法 Economic Law国际经济法 International Economic Law07、刑事司法学院 School of Criminal and Justice公安学院 School of Public Security侦查学 Investigation治安学 Public Security边防管理 Management of Border Defence08、外国语学院 School of Foreign Languages英语 English日语 Japanese09、新闻与文化传播学院School of Journalism and Mass Communication汉语言文学 Chinese Language and Literature新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication汉语与写作 Chinese and Writing艺术设计(动画方向) Art and Design (Animation)广电新闻学 Journalism of Broadcasting and Television10、工商管理学院 School of Business Administration工商管理 Business Administration工程管理 Engineering Management物流管理 Logistics Management市场营销 Marketing国际经济与贸易 International Economics and Trade国际贸易 International Trade贸易经济 Trade and Economic商贸英语 Business English人力资源管理 Management of Human Resources电子商务 Electronic Commerce管理科学 Science of Administration.旅游管理 Tourism Management农林经济管理:Management of Agricultural and Forestry Economy国际企业管理Management of International Enterprises11、会计学院 School of Accounting财务管理 Financial Management会计学 Accounting国际会计 International Accounting注册会计师 Certified Public Accountant12、公共管理学院 School of Public Administration劳动与社会保障 Labor and Social Security行政管理 General Administration公共关系学 Public Relation劳动人事管理 Personnel Administration公共事业管理 Management of Public Affairs国有资产管理 Management of Stated-Owned Assets城市管理 Urban Management13、统计与数学学院 School of Statistics and Mathematics统计学 Statistics信息与计算科学 Information and Calculate Science14、信息与安全工程学院School of Information and Safety Engineering安全工程 Safety Engineering环境工程 Environmental Engineering计算机应用 Application of Computer电子商务(信息技术方向) Electronic Commerce计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology数据库系统 Data Base System管理信息系统Managerial Information System信息管理与信息系统Information Management and Information System。

学科专业的分类

学科专业的分类

学科专业的分类一、文秘类:汉语言文学(含汉语言文学教育)、汉语言、对外汉语、中国语言文化、应用语言学、文学、中国文学、汉语言文学与文化传播、秘书学、中文应用、文秘与档案、文秘、秘书、现代秘书与公共关系、现代秘书与微机应用、公共关系与文秘、涉外文秘与公共关系、文秘与办公自动化、科技文秘、司法文秘、商务文秘、行政管理办公自动化、涉外秘书、涉外文秘、法律文秘、文秘教育、经济秘书。

二、哲学、马克思主义理论、逻辑学类。

三、教育学类:教育学、中文教育、思想政治教育、数学教育、生物学教育、人文教育、科学教育、文秘教育、物理学教育、化学教育、英语教育、小学教育。

四、新闻传播学类:新闻学、广播电视新闻学、编辑出版学、传播学、新闻学与大众传播、广告学。

五、历史学类:历史学、世界历史、民族学、博物馆学、中国革命史与中共党史。

六、档案学类:档案学、科技档案、图书档案管理、图书馆学、信息资源管理。

七、法律类:法学、经济法、国际法、国际经济法、劳动改造法、商法、刑事司法、法律、行政法、涉外经济与法律、知识产权法、律师、涉外经济法、经济法律事务、行政法律事务。

八、计算机与信息科学类:电子信息科学与技术、电子与信息技术、信息安全、信息科学技术、应用电子技术、电子信息工程、计算机科学与技术、电子科学与技术、软件工程、计算机软件技术、网络工程、网络工程技术、通信工程、光电信息工程、电气工程及其自动化、自动化、计算机通信、计算数学及其应用软件、电子工程、光电信息科学与技术、计算机及应用、计算机软件、计算机科学教育、计算机器件及设备、空间信息与数字技术、信息对抗技术、信息资源管理、信息管理与技术、电子信息、信息管理与信息系统、电子应用、电子与信息技术、计算机应用与维护、电子技术及微机应用、微型计算机及应用、办公自动化技术、电子工程与计算机应用、计算机与信息管理、计算机控制、电器与电脑、计算机控制与管理、财会与计算机应用、信息管理应用软件、信息工程、经济信息管理与计算机应用、信息与计算机科学、计算机网络技术、计算机应用技术、多媒体与网络技术、网络技术与信息处理、数据库应用及信息管理、数据库管理、网络系统管理、计算机办公应用、计算机网络与通讯。

专业代码

专业代码

2011年全国成人高考专业代码表院校名称专业名称及代码科类名称学习形式学制★11077长沙学院(原长沙大学)101日语11文史、中医类业余 2.5年102汉语言文学11文史、中医类函授 2.5年103艺术设计12艺术类业余 2.5年104动画12艺术类业余 2.5年105机械设计制造及其自动化13理工类函授 2.5年106材料成型及控制工程13理工类函授 2.5年107电子信息工程13理工类函授 2.5年108计算机科学与技术13理工类函授 2.5年109软件工程13理工类函授 2.5年110光电信息工程13理工类函授 2.5年111土木工程13理工类函授 2.5年112工程管理14经济管理类函授 2.5年113市场营销14经济管理类函授 2.5年114财务管理14经济管理类函授 2.5年115物流管理14经济管理类函授 2.5年116公共事业管理14经济管理类函授 2.5年501应用英语55理工类业余 2.5年502应用日语55理工类业余 2.5年503建筑工程技术55理工类函授 2.5年504建筑工程管理55理工类函授 2.5年505物业管理55理工类函授 2.5年506模具设计与制造55理工类函授 2.5年507机电一体化技术55理工类函授 2.5年508计算机应用技术55理工类函授 2.5年509计算机网络技术55理工类函授 2.5年510软件技术55理工类函授 2.5年511应用电子技术55理工类函授 2.5年512通信技术55理工类函授 2.5年513 会计55理工类函授 2.5年514经济管理55理工类函授 2.5年515市场营销55理工类函授 2.5年516电子商务55理工类函授 2.5年517工商企业管理55理工类函授 2.5年518物流管理55理工类函授 2.5年519旅游管理55理工类函授 2.5年520酒店管理55理工类函授 2.5年521公共事务管理55理工类函授 2.5年522行政管理55理工类函授 2.5年523文秘55理工类函授 2.5年524主持与播音55理工类函授 2.5年525新闻采编与制作55理工类函授 2.5年526服装设计57艺术(理)业余 2.5年527电脑艺术设计57艺术(理)业余 2.5年528装饰艺术设计57艺术(理)业余 2.5年院校名称专业名称及代码科类名称学习形式学制★湖南农业大学101机械设计制造及其自动化13 理工类函授 2.5年102 机械电子工程13 理工类函授 2.5年103 计算机科学与技术13 理工类函授 2.5年104 水利水电工程13 理工类函授 2.5年105 环境工程13 理工类函授 2.5年106 经济学14 经济管理类函授 2.5年107 国际经济与贸易14 经济管理类函授 2.5年108 金融学14 经济管理类函授 2.5年109 工程管理14 经济管理类函授 2.5年110 工商管理14 经济管理类函授 2.5年111 市场营销14 经济管理类函授 2.5年112会计学14 经济管理类函授 2.5年113 土地资源管理14 经济管理类函授 2.5年114 农林经济管理14 经济管理类函授 2.5年115 法学17 法学类函授 2.5年116农学16 农学类函授 2.5年117园林17 农学类函授 2.5年118 农业资源与环境17 农学类函授 2.5年119 动物医学17 农学类函授 2.5年120 水产养殖学17 农学类函授 2.5年501 商务英语51 文史类业余 2.5年502 商务日语51 文史类业余 2.5年503 水产养殖技术51 文史类函授 2.5年504 农业经济管理51 文史类函授 2.5年505 金融保险51 文史类函授 2.5年506 会计电算化51 文史类函授 2.5年507国际经济与贸易51 文史类函授 2.5年508 电子商务51 文史类函授 2.5年509 工商企业管理51 文史类函授 2.5年510 国土资源管理55 理工类函授 2.5年511 法律事务55 理工类函授 2.5年512 作物生产技术55 理工类函授 2.5年513 畜牧兽医55 理工类函授 2.5年514 城镇规划55 理工类函授 2.5年515 机电安装工程55 理工类函授 2.5年516 水利工程55 理工类函授 2.5年517 摸具设计与制造55 理工类函授 2.5年518 计算机应用技术55理工类函授 2.5年519 环境工程技术55理工类函授 2.5年院校名称专业名称及代码科类名称学习形式学制★11527湖南城市学院101 英语11 文史中医类业余 2.5年102 汉语言文学11 文史中医类函授 2.5年103对外汉语11 文史中医类函授 2.5年104音乐学12 艺术类业余 2.5年105音乐表演12 艺术类业余 2.5年106美术学12 艺术类业余 2.5年107数学与应用数学13 理工类函授 2.5年108信息与计算科学13 理工类函授 2.5年109物理学13 理工类函授 2.5年110通信工程13 理工类函授 2.5年111计算机科学与技术13 理工类函授 2.5年112电子科学与技术13 理工类函授 2.5年113建筑学13 理工类函授 2.5年114城市规划13 理工类函授 2.5年115土木工程13 理工类函授 2.5年116建筑环境与设备工程 13 理工类函授 2.5年117给水排水工程13 理工类函授 2.5年118测绘工程13 理工类函授 2.5年119环境工程13 理工类函授 2.5年120化学工程与工艺13 理工类函授 2.5年121交通工程13 理工类函授 2.5年122生物工程13 理工类函授 2.5年123地理信息系统14经济管理类函授 2.5年124信息管理与信息系统14经济管理类函授 2.5年125工程管理14经济管理类函授 2.5年126房地产经营管理14经济管理类函授 2.5年127工商管理14经济管理类函授 2.5年128人力资源管理14经济管理类函授 2.5年129旅游管理14经济管理类函授 2.5年130城市管理14经济管理类函授 2.5年131体育教育16教育学类函授 2.5年132园林17农学类函授 2.5年501商务英语51文史类业余 2.5年502英语教育51文史类业余 2.5年503建筑设计技术51文史类函授 2.5年504工程造价51文史类函授 2.5年505房地产经营与估价51文史类函授 2.5年506会计电算化51文史类函授 2.5年507旅游服务与管理51文史类函授 2.5年508汉语51文史类函授 2.5年509文秘51文史类函授 2.5年510语文教育51文史类函授 2.5年511音乐教育53艺术(文)业余 2.5年南华大学106电气工程及其自动化13理工类函授 2.5年107自动化13理工类函授 2.5年108通信工程13理工类函授 2.5年109计算机科学与技术13理工类函授 2.5年110软件工程13理工类函授 2.5年111网络工程13理工类函授 2.5年112土木工程13理工类函授 2.5年113给水排水工程13理工类函授 2.5年114安全工程13理工类函授 2.5年115药学14经济管理类业余 2.5年116工商管理14经济管理类函授 2.5年117市场营销14经济管理类函授 2.5年118会计学14经济管理类函授 2.5年119法学15法学类函授 2.5年120预防医学18医学类业余 2.5年121临床医学18医学类业余 2.5年122麻醉学18医学类业余 2.5年123医学影像学18医学类业余 2.5年124医学检验18医学类业余 2.5年125口腔医学18医学类业余 2.5年126护理学18医学类业余 2.5年501应用英语51文史类业余 2.5年502物业管理51文史类函授 2.5年503计算机信息管理51文史类函授 2.5年504会计51文史类函授 2.5年505国际经济与贸易51文史类函授 2.5年506市场营销51文史类函授 2.5年507工商企业管理51文史类函授 2.5年508法律事务51文史类函授 2.5年509临床医学55理工类业余 2.5年510口腔医学55理工类业余 2.5年511麻醉学55理工类业余 2.5年512护理55理工类业余 2.5年513药学55理工类业余 2.5年514医学检验技术55理工类业余 2.5年515医学影像技术55理工类业余 2.5年516卫生检验与检疫技术55理工类业余 2.5年517卫生监督55理工类业余 2.5年518应用化工技术55理工类函授 2.5年519煤矿开采技术55理工类函授 2.5年520建筑工程技术55理工类函授 2.5年521给排水工程技术55理工类函授 2.5年522数控技术55理工类函授 2.5年523模具设计与制造55理工类函授 2.5年注:以上1开头为本科,5开头为专科。

城市轨道交通专业英语

城市轨道交通专业英语

城市轨道交通运营管理专业专业英语ListListChapter 1: Development of Urban Rail Transit Speeds up in China (3)Chapter 2 Rapid Transit (12)Chapter 3RAIL TRANSIT IN NORTH AMERICA (23)Chapter 4 The Railroad Track (40)Chapter 5 General Vehicle Description (45)Chapter 6A TP Transmission and Moving Block (53)Chapter 7Control of Railway Operation (62)Chapter 8Train Station Passenger Flow Study (74)Chapter 9Metrocard Fare Incentives (81)Chapter 10 Audible Information Design in the New York City Subway (86)Chapter 1: Development of Urban Rail Transit Speeds up in China With the development of urban rail transit, on the one hand, it is promoting the process of urban modernization, alleviating congested traffic in cities, and narrowing the distance between time and space. On the other hand, it changes the way people travel, accelerates the pace of their life and work, and affects the quality of life.The state of urban rail transit reflects a country's comprehensive strength and is a symbol of a city's modernization level. At present, rail transit system is available in 135 cities in nearly 40 countries and regions. In cosmopolitan cities, accounting for a proportion of 60 per cent - 80 per cent, rail transit has become the leading means of transportation in these cities. Yet so far, in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Guangzhou, etc., rail transit accounts for less than 10 percent in the cities total traffic capacity.Urban rail transit offers comprehensive advantages, like small land occupation, large traffic volume, high speed, non-pollution, low energy consumption, high safety and great comfort. With most facilities being installed underground and the operation going on underground, subways require very limited occupation of land, and do not compete with other means of transportation for space. Urban light rail, trolley bus as well as suburban rail and magnetic suspension train are basically railways, which makes it possible to make the most of land resources.Urban rail transit system offers immense transport capacity. During rush hours, the maximum unidirectional transport capacity may reach up to 60, 000- 80, 000 person-times per hour, which is unmatchable to other means of transportation. The hourly traveling speed of rail transit generally exceeds 70 kilometers-100 kilometers, offering high punctuality. Moreover, mostly being hauled by electric locomotives, rail transit requires low energy consumption, and it causes little pollution to cities. Therefore, it is called "green transportation".From a macro perspective, urban rail transit plays an important role in improving the structure of urban transport, alleviating urban ground traffic congestion, and promoting the utilization efficiency of urban land.Nevertheless, compared with other means of transportation, rail transit has some drawbacks, like long construction cycle, heavy initial investment, slow withdrawal of funds and poor economic benefits in operation. For example, currently the building of subway costs some RMB500 million-700 million per kilometer; urban light rail and magnetic suspension train, RMB200 million-300 million; trolley bus and suburban rail, about RMB100 million.In China, rail transit dates back to the late 1960s, when the first subway was built inBeijing. That was nearly one century later than developed countries in the West. However, since it made its debut, urban rail transit has helped ease the immense pressure caused by urban traffic congestion and brought great convenience and comfort to passengers. Take Beijing for example. Currently, subways provide a transport volume of approximately 1.5 million person-times per day. Without subways, the traffic congestion in this city would simply be inconceivable.At present, rail transit has evolved from the startup stage to a period of stable, sustainable and orderly development in this country. In China (excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan), the length of subways completed totals 193 kilometers; project urban rail under construction, 334 kilometers; planned urban rail, 420 kilometers. Among big cities with a population of over 2 million, those that already have or are building urban rail transit include Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Dalian, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Nanjing, Chongqing and Changchun. Now, seven cities have announced or are still working on their plan to build rail transit: Chengdu, Hangzhou, Shenyang, Xi'an, Harbin, Qingdao and Suzhou.According to plan, by 2008, there will be thirteen rail transit lines and two spur lines in Beijing, with a total length of 408.2 kilometers. In Shanghai, there will be 21 rail transit lines, totaling more than 500 kilometers in length. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the total length will hit 780 kilometers. In Tianjin, there will be four subway lines, totaling 106 kilometers. That, coupled with 50 kilometers of suburban light rail and one loop subway 71-kilometers set aside, will bring the total length to 227 kilometers. Meanwhile, there will be seven rail transit lines totaling 206.48 kilometers in Guangzhou, and seven rail transit lines totaling 263.1 kilometers in Nanjing. With other cities' planning taken into account, the total length of rail transit lines will come to some 2, 200 kilometers in this country.At present, the constraints to the development of rail transit in China mainly lie in three aspects:First, there is severe shortage of construction funds. According to the foregoing planning, it is necessary to invest in approximately RMB300 billion. Projects to be completed by 2006 alone require more than RMB150 billion. Furthermore, in most cases, funds come from investments of the central and local governments as well as bank loans. Still a developing country as it is, China has very limited financial strength.Second, as rail transit is demanding on technical standard, some key technical facilities at low ratio of home mading at present largely rely on imports. Thus, construction cost remains hig h due to the import of large quantity of technolog y and equipment.Third, in most cases, rail transit operates at a loss in China. That aggregates the centraland local governments' financial burdens, which, in return, checks the development of rail transit to some extent.For this reason, China formulated the guideline of "doing what the strength allows, implementing rules-based management and pursuing stable development". In the development of rail transit, it is required that homemade equipment should take up at least 70 per cent. Meanwhile, it is essential to ensure that development of rail transit suits the pace of economic development in the cities and prevent blind development and irrational attempts to advance forward.Railway Terms and New Wordsurban adj. 城市的, 市内的, urban rail transit(URT)城市轨道交通alleviate vt. 减轻congested adj. 拥挤的,congest vt.,congestion n.accelerate v. 加速, 促进comprehensive adj. 全面的,广泛的cosmopolitan adj. 世界性的,全球(各地)的proportion n. 比例, 均衡, 面积, 部分underground adj. 地下的, 地面下的, 秘密的n. [英] 地铁adv. 秘密地trolley bus n. 电车, (电车)滚轮, 手推车, 手摇车, 台车magnetic adj. 磁的, 有磁性的, 有吸引力的suspension n. 吊, 悬浮, 悬浮液, 暂停, 中止, 悬而未决, 延迟basically adv. 基本上, 主要地unidirectional adj. 单向的, 单向性的the Tenth Five-Year Plan 第十个五年规划at a loss 低于成本的in return 作为报答compete with 与…争夺,competition n.Reading MaterialThe Rising Motorization of ChinaChina’s motorization rate has grown in accordance with other rapidly developing countries, but because of China’s high population, the impacts of motorization are potentially more severe. Figure 1 shows the exponential increase in personal automobile ownership rates. Currently, there are about seven personal automobiles per 1000 people,5compared to over 700 vehicles per 1000 people in industrialized nations like the United States. This figure does not include privately owned trucks or publicly owned vehicles (including buses and trucks), which increases the number of automobiles to about 28 vehicles per 1000 people. If China were to achieve motorization rates comparable to those of developed countries, the environmental and economic consequences could be disastrous. By 2020, the total automobile fleet (not including motorcycles) is expected to grow by between three and seven times the current size depending on economic growth rates (NRC 2003).The population distribution of China is diverse, with the majority of the population (60%) living in rural areas. However, in the past several decades, the improved economic situation of the cities has caused a rapid urban in-migration. This trend has resulted in a nearly three-fold increase in urban development and density in the last decade as displayed in Figure 2. Much of this development is not necessarily representative of sustainable transit and pedestrian oriented growth. Although this new development is very dense, low land cost at the periphery cause developers to build spatially separated housing and commercial developments with few transit connections to the urban center (Gaukenheimer 1996).The western provinces are the most sparsely populated with the largest urban population centers located in provinces along the eastern coast, in metropolises such as Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou. These cities have been experiencing high motorization rates partially because of their higher incomes, but non-motorized modes still capture approximately 70% of the work trip commutes in these cities, while the personal automobile only accounts for 7% (Hu 2003). Much of the transportation and planning research has been centered on these cities, although they constitute a rather small portion of the entire population. Figure 3 shows the amount of cities of different sizes and the approximate total population of people living in cities of different size. Two thirds of the urban population resides in cities with populations between 0.5 and 2 million, indicating that much of the planning and transportation research related to China is focusing on problems that might not be relevant or applicable to the majority of the Chinese population. Economically, most of these cities are years or decades behind the more developed Chinese cities and have not developed many of the transportation problems Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou have. Focusing planning efforts in these cities could have much greater returns.The Chinese economy has been growing at a phenomenal rate for the past decade and has doubled in size in the last nine years. In fact, the growth rate is so fast that the Chinese government is imposing several measures to try to control growth to keep it at a more sustainable level (Economist 2004). China’s growth has largely been a result of investment in a few “pilla r” industries. The highest growing pillar industries are: electronic manufacturing, automobiles, electric power, and steel. The eighth five-year plan (1991-1995) designated the automobile industry as one of the pillar industries of economic development. This policy statement encourages the growth of an indigenous auto industry that will be able to supply a large portion of its domestic demand and create a strong export market. It calls for the consolidation of over one hundred companies into 3 or 4 largecompetitive companies. The auto industry accounts for 20% of Shanghai’s gross regional product (Hook 2002). However, with China’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, they must reduce tariffs on imported automobiles and can no longer protect their market. This has spurred development of the domestic automobile industry to a level that can compete with international competitors. One of the greatest challenges of cities in China is controlling automobile ownership growth, while fostering the national policy of growing the automobile industry.Costs and Benefits of MotorizationThe cost and benefit implications for Chinese motorization are enormous. Motorization is a major economic growth strategy. The government has adopted a strategy of developing an automobile manufacturing industry. Automobiles can also provide indirect economic benefits of decreased travel time, improved accessibility to goods and services, and new found mobility that will cause people to travel more and achieve a more mobile lifestyle that they would not have otherwise been able to experience.The potential costs are enormous. The United States has the highest motorization rate in the world and perhaps the most mature automobile industry. However, the US has also experienced very high costs associated with our level of motorization. The most obvious and potentially most severe cost is the air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the automobile. The US emits 26% of the global greenhouse gases but only constitutes 5% of the worl d’s population. China’s policy goal is to achieve Euro II emissions standards by 2005 (about a decade behind Europe) and be internationally compliant with Euro IV standards by 2010. This is a very ambitious goal, but it is necessary if Chinese automakers want to compete in the international market and improve the air quality in their own country. With the three to seven-fold growth rate anticipated in the next 15 years, CO2 emissions will likely quadruple, CO, and hydrocarbons will likely triple, and NO x and particulate matter will likely stay the same. This assumes an aggressive emissions regulation strategy and a modest economic growth rate (NRC 2003). The US EPA has identified all of these emissions as having serious health effects at high concentrations. From a global perspective, China’s motorization could have adverse effects on the global climate. Currently, the transportation sector accounts for 17% of the greenhouse emissions, but this proportion could increase significantly if the motorization trends continue. China is also the second highest consumer of oil in the world (behind the United States). If China motorizes as rapidly as expected, the increase demand could cause the global price of fuel to skyrocket.Another major issue associated with increased motorization is changes in land use. As incomes increase, people desire more living space, which reduces density and encourages expansion at the urban fringe. Figure 4 shows the growth of residential floor space per capita, which is a force toward lower density. This requires more auto oriented transportation infrastructure as well as more land for development. In Shanghai, approximately 10% of the land area is devoted to transportation infrastructure (compared to 20-25% in Europe) (Shen 1997). Because of the built environment, most of the new transportation infrastructure is expanding at the periphery, encouraging auto oriented developments. An increasingly open housing market, where people choose where to live is also creating a spatial jobs-housing imbalance that did not previously exist, when industry provided housing for its employees adjacent to their plants. This greatly increases the cost of transportation for Chinese households as indicated by Figure 5. The proportion of a households income spent on transportation has increases ten fold in less than 15 years. Another major consideration is the conservation of agricultural land. China currently has a very low amount of agricultural land per capita (World Bank 2001)and cannot afford to lose more through urban expansion (Franke 1997).Additional costs include accidents and injuries associated with motorization. Currently, the fatality rate (deaths per mile of travel) is 30 times that of the United States, with over 100,000 deaths per year since 2001, many of which are pedestrians and bicyclists (NRC 2003, Hook 2002b). Additionally equity issues must be considered, specifically the dislocation of the poor. Even with the high projected growth rates in automobile ownership, most Chinese will not own vehicles, so alternative modes must be supplied that can serve the increasing spatial separation between origins and destinations. The cost of the required infrastructure will be enormous and the government will likely have to provide more subsidies to the transportation sector, potentially restricting its investment in other sectors.Causes of MotorizationThe primary impetus for the motorization of China has been the rapid growth of the economy. With a rise in the economic growth of a country comes a desire and means to become more motorized. Motorization rates are associated with a country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Countries with low GDP (below $800) generally have a high proportion of trucks and buses in their vehicle fleets. As GDP increases up to about $10,000, the share of personal automobiles increases drastically until a saturation level is reached (NRC 2003). China’s GDP has been increasing by more than 8% annually for over a decade. A large proportion of upper income people can now afford the luxury of the automobile.Kenworthy et. al. (1999) argue that, while GDP plays an important role, there are many other factors that likely influence motorization rates. By comparing cities with similar GDP and very different transportation energy use, they conclude that land use is a primary factor influencing energy use and thus motorization. Additionally demand management schemes can limit the adverse effect of motorization in China. Currently China’s regulatory structure is weak and inconsistent. Some cities have effectively provided competitive transit alternatives and limited outward expansion (Joos 2000). Others have fully embraced the automobile, pushing many other modes to the side.Railway Terms and New Wordsmotorization n.动力化, 摩托化exponential diverse migration metropolis adj.adj.n.n.指数的, 幂数的不同的, 变化多的移民, 移植, 移往, 移动大城市Chicago, the metropolis of the Midwest.skyrocket v.暴涨,猛涨迅速和突然地升高或使升高:fringe n.边缘, 须边, 刘海periphery n.外围fatality n.命运决定的事物, 不幸, 灾祸, 天命dislocation n.混乱, 断层, 脱臼saturation n.饱和(状态), 浸润, 浸透,饱和度in accordance with 与...一致, 依照per capita 按人口平均计算Chapter 2 Rapid TransitA rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated, or metro system is a railway system, generally in an urban area, that generally has high capacity and frequency, with large trains and total or near total grade separation from other traffic.Definitions and NomenclatureThere is no single term in English that all speakers would use for all rapid transit or metro systems. This fact reflects variations not only in national and regional usage, but in what characteristics are considered essential.One definition of a metro system is as follows; an urban, electric mass transit railway system totally independent from other traffic with high service frequency.But those who prefer the American term "subway" or the British "underground" would additionally specify that the tracks and stations must be located below street level so that pedestrians and road users see the street exactly as it would be without the subway; or at least that this must be true for the most important, central parts of the system. On the contrary, those who prefer the American "rapid transit" or the newer term "metro" tend to regard this as a less important characteristic and are pleased to include systems that are completely elevated or at ground level ( at grade) as long as the other criteria are met. A rapid transit system that is generally above street level may be called an "elevated" system (often shortened to el or, in Chicago, "L" ). In some cities the word "subway" applies to the entire system, in others only to those parts that actually are underground; and analogously for "el".Germanic languages usually use names meaning "underground railway" (such as "subway" or "U-Bahn"), while many others use "metro".Train Size and Motive PowerSome urban rail lines are built to the full size of main-line railways; others use smaller tunnels, limiting the size and sometimes the shape of the trains (in the London Underground the informal term tube train is commonly used). Some lines use light rail rolling stock, perhaps surface cars merely routed into a tunnel for all or part of their route. In many cities, such as London and Boston's MB-TA, lines using different types of vehicles are organized into a single unified system.Although the initial lines of what became the London Underground used steam engines, most metro trains, both now and historically, are electric multiple units, with steel wheels running on two steel rails. Power is usually supplied by means of a single live third rail (as in New York) at 600 to 750 volts, but some systems use two live rails (noticeably London) and thus eliminate the return current from the running rails. Overhead wires, allowinghigher voltages, are more likely to be used on metro systems without much length in tunnel, as in Amsterdam; but they also exist on some that are underground, as in Madrid. Boston's Green Line trains derive power from an overhead wire, both while traveling in a tunnel in the central city and at street level in the suburban areas.Systems usually use DC power instead of AC, even if this requires large rectifiers for the power supply. DC motors were formerly more efficient for railway applications, and once a DC system is in place, converting it to AC is usually considered too large a project to contemplate.TracksMost rapid transit systems use conventional railway tracks, though since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to wet weather, they are often fixed to the floor instead of resting on ballast. The rapid transit system in San Diego, California operates tracks on former railroad rights of way that were acquired by the governing entity.Another technology using rubber tires on narrow concrete or steel railways was pioneered on the Paris M6tro, and the first complete system to use it was in Montreal. Additional horizontal wheels are required for guidance, and a conventional track is often provided in case of flat tires and for switching. Advocates of this system note that it is much quieter than conventional steel-wheeled trains, and allows for greater inclines given the increased traction allowed by the rubber tires.Some cities with steep hills incorporate mountain railway technologies into their metros. The Lyon Metro includes a section of rack (cog) railway, while the Carmelit in Haifa is an underground funicular.For elevated lines, still another alternative is the monorail. Supported or "straddle" monorails, with a single rail below the train, include the Tokyo Monorail; the Schwebebahn in Wuppertal is a suspended monorail, where the train body hangs below the wheels and rail. Monorails have never gained wide acceptance except for Japan, although Seattle has a short one, which it hopes to replace with a new, larger system, and one has lately been built in Las Vegas. One of the first monorail systems in the United States was installed at Anaheim's Disneyland in 1959 and connects the amusement park to a nearby hotel. Disneyland's builder, animator and filmmaker Walt Disney, offered to build a similar system between Anaheim and Los Angeles.Crew Size and AutomationEarly underground trains often carried an attendant on each car to operate the doors or gales, in addition to a driver. The introduction of powered doors around 1920 permitted crew sizes to be decreased, and trains in many cities are now operated by a single person. Where the operator would not be able to see the whole side of the train to tell whether thedoors can be safely closed, mirrors or closed-circuit TV monitors are often provided for that purpose.An alternative to human drivers became available in the 1960s, as automated systems were developed that could start a train, accelerate to the correct speed, and stop automatically at the next station, also taking into account the information that a human driver would obtain from lineside or cab signals. The first complete line to use this technology was London's Victoria Line, in 1968. In usual operation the one crew member sits in the driver's position at the front, but just closes the doors at each station; the train then starts automatically. This style of system has become widespread. A variant is seen on London's Docklands Light Railway, opened in 1987, where the "passenger service agent" (formerly "train captain") rides with the passengers instead of sitting at the front as a driver would. The same technology would have allowed trains to operate completely automatically with no crew, just as most elevators do; and as the cost of automation has decreased, this has become financially attractive. But a countervailing argument is that of possible emergency situations. A crew member on board the train may be able to prevent the emergency in the first place, drive a partly failed train to the next station, assist with an evacuation if needed, or call for the correct emergency services (police, fire, or ambulance) and help direct them.In some cities the same reasons are considered to justify a crew of two instead of one; one person drives from the front of the train, while the other operates the doors from a position farther back, and is more conveniently able to help passengers in the rear cars. The crew members may exchange roles on the reverse trip ( as in Toronto) or not (as in New York ) .Completely crewless trains are more accepted on newer systems where there are no existing crews to be removed, and especially on light rail lines. Thus the first such system was the VAL (automated light vehicle) of Lille, France, inaugurated in 1983. Additional VAL lines have been built in other cities. In Canada, the Vancouver Sky Train carries no crew members, while Toronto's Scarborough RT, opening the same year (1985) with otherwise similar trains, uses human operators.These systems generally use platform-edge doors (PEDs) , in order to improve safety and ensure passenger confidence, but this is not universal; for example, the Vancouver SkyTrain does not ( And on the contrary, some lines which retain drivers, however, still use PEDs, noticeably London' s Jubilee Line Extension. MTR of Hong Kong also uses platform screen doors, the first to install PSDs on an already operating system. ) With regard to larger trains, the Paris Metro has human drivers on most lines, but runs crewless trains on its newest line, Line 14, which opened in 1998. Singapore's North EastMRT Line (2003) claims to be the world' s first completely automated underground urban heavy rail line. The Disneyland Resort Line of Hong Kong MTR is also automated.Tunnel ConstructionThe construction of an underground metro is an expensive project, often carried out over many years. There are several different methods of building underground lines.In one usual method, known as cut-and-cover, the city streets are excavated and a tunnel structure strong enough to support the road above is built at the trench, which is then filled in and the roadway rebuilt. This method often involves extensive relocation of the utilities usually buried not for below city streets—especially power and telephone wiring, water and gas mains, and sewers. The structures are generally made of concrete, perhaps with structural columns of steel; in the oldest systems, brick and cast iron were used. Cut-and-cover construction can take so long that it is often necessary to build a temporary roadbed while construction is going on underneath in order to avoid closing main streets for long periods of time; in Toronto, a temporary surface on Yonge Street supported cars and streetcar tracks for several years while the Yonge subway was built.Some American cities, like Newark, Cincinnati and Rochester, were originally built around canals. When the railways took the place of canals, they were able to bury a subway in the disused canal's trench, without rerouting other utilities, or acquiring a right of way piecemeal.Another common way is to start with a vertical shaft and then dig the tunnels horizontally from there, often with a tunneling shield, thus avoiding almost any disturbance to existing streets, buildings, and utilities. But problems with ground water are more likely, and tunneling through native bedrock may require blasting. (The first city to extensively use deep tunneling was London, where a thick sedimentary layer of clay largely avoids both problems. ) The confined space in the tunnel also restricts the machinery that can be used, but specialised tunnel-boring machines are now available to overcome this challenge. One disadvantage with this, nevertheless, is that the cost of tunneling is much higher than building systems cut-and-cover, at-grade or elevated. Early tunnelling machines could not make tunnels large enough for conventional railway equipment, necessitating special low round trains, such as are still used by most of the London Underground, which cannot fix air conditioning on most of its lines because the amount of empty space between the trains and tunnel walls is so small.The deepest metro system in the world was built in St. Petersburg, Russia. In this city, built ii the marshland, stable soil starts more than 50 meter deep. Above that level the soil is mostly made up of water-bearing finely dispersed sand. As a result of this, only three stations out of nearly 60 are built near the ground level and three more above the ground.。

高考英语职业名词分类汇总

高考英语职业名词分类汇总

高考英语职业名词分类汇总在高考英语中,职业名词是一个常见的题型,涉及到各个行业和职业。

了解职业名词的分类和相关知识,对于高考英语的备考非常重要。

下面将详细介绍高考英语职业名词的分类。

一、工商管理类1. 管理者/主管 - manager/supervisor2. 行政人员 - administrative staff3. 会计师 - accountant4. 接待员/前台 - receptionist5. 财务经理 - financial manager6. 人力资源专员 - human resources specialist7. 市场营销经理 - marketing manager8. 国际业务经理 - international business manager9. 销售代表 - sales representative10. 项目经理 - project manager二、教育类1. 教师 - teacher2. 幼儿园老师 - kindergarten teacher3. 学校校长 - school principal4. 教育顾问 - education consultant5. 辅导员 - counselor6. 教育研究员 - educational researcher7. 高中生辅导员 - high school guidance counselor8. 大学教授 - university professor9. 课程设计师 - curriculum designer10. 校外培训员 - extracurricular trainer三、医疗保健类1. 医生 - doctor2. 护士 - nurse3. 外科医生 - surgeon4. 牙医 - dentist5. 心理咨询师 - psychologist6. 助产士 - midwife7. 药剂师 - pharmacist8. 康复治疗师 - physical therapist9. 保健专家 - health specialist10. 医学研究员 - medical researcher四、科技类1. 工程师 - engineer2. 计算机程序员 - computer programmer3. 网络管理员 - network administrator4. 数据分析师 - data analyst5. 软件开发人员 - software developer6. 电子工程师 - electrical engineer7. 信息安全专家 - information security specialist8. 网络安全专家 - network security specialist9. 科学家 - scientist10. 技术支持 - technical support五、艺术类1. 演员 - actor/actress2. 歌手 - singer3. 舞者 - dancer4. 画家 - painter5. 摄影师 - photographer6. 剧作家 - playwright7. 设计师 - designer8. 影视制作人 - filmmaker9. 音乐家 - musician10. 雕刻家 - sculptor六、法律类1. 律师 - lawyer2. 法官 - judge3. 检察官 - prosecutor4. 法律顾问 - legal advisor5. 合同专员 - contract specialist6. 仲裁员 - arbitrator7. 司法调查员 - forensic investigator8. 刑事辩护律师 - criminal defense lawyer9. 知识产权律师 - intellectual property lawyer10. 法案撰写员 - bill drafter七、体育类1. 运动员 - athlete2. 教练 - coach3. 裁判 - referee4. 体育记者 - sports journalist5. 运动理疗师 - sports physical therapist6. 足球运动员 - soccer player7. 游泳教练 - swimming coach8. 体育评论员 - sports commentator9. 体育营销经理 - sports marketing manager10. 体育科学家 - sports scientist八、媒体与传播类1. 记者 - journalist2. 编辑 - editor3. 出版商 - publisher4. 广播主持人 - radio/TV host5. 公关专员 - public relations specialist6. 社交媒体经理 - social media manager7. 广告创意总监 - creative director8. 摄影记者 - photojournalist9. 网络内容创作者 - content creator10. 传媒分析师 - media analyst九、公共服务类1. 警察 - police officer2. 消防员 - firefighter3. 社会工作者 - social worker4. 心理咨询师 - psychologist5. 社区服务人员 - community service worker6. 图书馆管理员 - librarian7. 公园管理员 - park ranger8. 城市规划师 - urban planner9. 环境保护专家 - environmental protection expert10. 海关官员 - customs officer十、其他职业1. 翻译 - translator2. 导游 - tour guide3. 飞行员 - pilot4. 宇航员 - astronaut5. 军事人员 - military personnel6. 宗教领袖 - religious leader7. 艺术家 - artist8. 作家 - writer9. 发明家 - inventor10. 探险家 - explorer以上是高考英语职业名词的分类汇总。

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?Possible institutional reforms include reform of the urban administrative hierarchical system, a new role for mayors, and restructuring of urban finances, to help provide incentives for improved management of cities and urban living conditriers skill exist to labor mobility between the rural and urban sector.
?Removing barriers would lead to more efficient migration and labor usage, enhancing economic growth and reducing inequality.
?Competition would be promoted if the administrative hierarchy across cities was reformed, so cities compete on an equal basis, facing the same tax base, financing and rate structure, and intergovernmental transfer formulas.
The reports discusses three specific reforms concerning urban finances, to provide further incentives to improve living conditions, to make better public infrastructure investments, and to encourage more efficient industrial composition.
?The basic could be accomplished now by granting migrants the same access as residents to urban labor and credit markets, emerging formal sector housing rental markets, urban social insurance and social security, schooling for children, advanced job training for adults, and so on.
POLICY OPTIONS FOR URBANIZATION IN THE NEXT DECADE
The rapid urbanization forthcoming in the next decade provides China with enormous opportunities to maintain high growth through more efficient uses of its existing resources, through increased growth of high value manufacturing and services, and through increased domestic demand relative to export demand as hinterland cities accelerate their growth.
Strengthening property rights and integrating markets across the urban and rural sectors would allow factors to be employed in their highest and most productive uses and help the rural sector.
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