专业英语考试--TG
gct英语复习资料及技巧
gct英语复习资料及技巧gct英语复习资料及技巧GCT报名工作即将启动，不少考生已经进入复习阶段。
如何提前做好GCT英语复习工作,提高GCT英语整体水平?下面店铺为大家收集了GCT英语简单句的复习要点及技巧，希望能帮助到大家。
英语中,只含有一个主谓结构并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子或分句叫做简单句。
在简单句中主语和谓语是句子的主干,是句子的核心。
1.主语+谓语主语+不及物动词:They are dancing.2.主语+系动词+表语系动词to be:We are students.系动词为turn, get, become, look:Things become complicated.The leaves are turning yellow.You will get older.3.主语+谓语+宾语主语+及物动词+宾语:He loves sports.主语+不及物动词+介词/副词+宾语:She picks up the coin.主语+动词+to do作宾语:I prefer to take a walk.主语+动词+doing作宾语:We like having a party.一、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配，有时可译成否定句。
1. These goods are in short supply.这些货物供应不足。
2. This equation is far from being complicated.这个方程一定也不复杂。
二、为了使译文自然流畅，读起来顺口，在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词“很”、“最”等字。
1. It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.这是我度过最愉快的一天。
2. It is easy to compress a gas.气体很容易压缩。
三、有时可将英语的“形容词+名词短语”译成汉语的主谓结构1到100的英语单词。
民航专业英语考试
民航专业英语考试引言概述：民航专业英语考试是评估民航从业人员英语水平的重要考试之一。
具备良好的英语能力对于从事民航工作的人员来说至关重要。
本文将从五个大点出发，详细阐述民航专业英语考试的相关内容。
正文内容：1. 英语基础知识1.1 语法和词汇：民航专业英语考试要求考生掌握英语的基本语法规则和常用词汇，包括动词时态、名词复数形式、形容词和副词的用法等。
1.2 句型和语法结构：考生需要熟悉并掌握各种常用句型和语法结构，如倒装句、被动语态、条件句等。
2. 专业词汇2.1 航空词汇：民航专业英语考试中会涉及大量的航空词汇，如飞机部件、航空器性能、航空安全等。
考生需要掌握这些专业词汇的英文表达。
2.2 航空术语：考生需要了解并掌握航空术语的用法和意义，如航班号、航空公司代码、机场代码等。
3. 阅读理解3.1 理解文章主旨：考生需要能够快速准确地理解文章的主旨和核心内容，抓住关键信息。
3.2 掌握细节信息：考生需要能够从文章中获取细节信息，如数字、日期、地点等。
3.3 推理判断能力：考生需要根据文章内容进行推理判断，理解作者的观点和意图。
4. 听力理解4.1 听取关键信息：考生需要能够听取并理解关键信息，如航班信息、机场指示等。
4.2 掌握口音和语速：考生需要适应不同的口音和语速，确保准确理解对话内容。
4.3 掌握听力技巧：考生需要掌握一些听力技巧，如预测答案、注意关键词等。
5. 写作能力5.1 书面表达：考生需要具备良好的书面表达能力，包括写作格式、语法和词汇的正确运用等。
5.2 写作思路清晰：考生需要能够清晰地表达自己的观点和意见，组织合理的段落结构。
5.3 文章连贯性：考生需要注意文章的连贯性和逻辑性，确保文章内容的一致性和完整性。
总结：民航专业英语考试对于从事民航工作的人员来说具有重要意义。
通过掌握英语基础知识、专业词汇，提高阅读和听力理解能力，以及良好的写作能力，考生可以更好地应对民航专业英语考试，并在实际工作中有效运用英语。
pcb线路板专业英语(中英)
3
h-9 UV烘烤 (UV Cure) h-10 文字印刷 ( Printing of Legend ) h-11 噴砂 ( Pumice)(Wet Blasting) h-12 印可剝離防焊 (Peelable Solder Mask)
化學蒸著鍍 圓周性之孔破 包夾金屬 無塵室 間隙 鍍外表 防焊覆蓋錯誤
8
coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) 熱澎脹系數
cold solder joint
冷焊點
cold-weld
金屬粉末冷焊
color
顏色
color error
顏色錯誤
compensation
1
* Process Module 說明 :
A. 下料 ( Cut Lamination) a-1 裁板 ( Sheets Cutting) a-2 原物料發料 (Panel)(Shear material to Size)
B. 鑽孔 (Drilling) b-1 內鑽 (Inner Layer Drilling ) b-2 一次孔(Outer Layer Drilling ) b-3 二次孔 (2nd Drilling) b-4 雷射鑽孔 (Laser Drilling )(Laser Ablation ) b-5 盲(埋)孔鑽孔 (Blind & Buried Hole Drilling)
突出
coordinate list
資料清單
copper claded laminates (CCL)
銅箔基板
copper exposure
線路露銅
加速試驗
2024年专业技术人员电力英语和计算机水平考试
2024年专业技术人员电力英语和计算机水平考试全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Big Exam for Grown-Ups Who Work with Electricity and ComputersWow, there's a really important exam happening next year that a lot of adults have to take! It's called the 2024 Professional Technical Personnel Electric Power English and Computer Proficiency Exam. That's a really long name, but I'll try my best to explain what it's all about.You see, there are lots of grown-ups who work with electricity and computers, like engineers and technicians. They make sure that our lights turn on, our phones and computers work, and all sorts of amazing machines and gadgets keep running. It's a really important job!But it's also a very difficult job, because electricity and computers can be pretty complicated. That's why thesegrown-ups need to take a special exam to show that they know a lot about these subjects. The exam tests their knowledge ofEnglish too, because a lot of the technical words and manuals are written in English.The exam has two main parts: one part is all about electric power, and the other part is all about computers. I'll tell you a bit about each part.The electric power part tests how well these grown-ups understand things like generators, power lines, transformers, and all the different ways that electricity is made and transported. They need to know about safety rules too, because electricity can be dangerous if you don't handle it properly.The computer part tests their skills with programming, databases, networks, and all the different software and hardware that makes computers work. They need to know how to troubleshoot problems, write code, and keep everything running smoothly.I can imagine that studying for this exam is really hard work. There's so much to learn and remember! But these grown-ups are really dedicated to their jobs, and they want to be the best they can be at what they do.The exam happens every year, and thousands of people take it all across the country. Some of them are just starting theircareers, while others have been working in these fields for a long time. But no matter how much experience they have, they all have to take the exam and prove their skills.I think it's really impressive that these grown-ups are willing to go through such a tough exam. It shows how committed they are to their jobs and how much they care about doing things the right way.So if you know any grown-ups who are taking this exam next year, you should wish them good luck! It's not going to be easy, but if they've been studying hard and paying attention in their jobs, I'm sure they'll do just fine.And who knows, maybe one day when I grow up, I'll be the one taking this big exam! For now, I'll just have to keep working hard in school and learning as much as I can. But I'll always remember how amazing it is that we have people who are willing to dedicate themselves to mastering these complex and important fields.篇2The Big Exam For Grown-Ups Who Work With Electricity and ComputersHi friends! Today I want to tell you all about a very important exam that some grown-ups have to take. It's called the Professional Technical Personnel Electrical English and Computer Proficiency Exam. That's a really long name, so I'll just call it the Big Exam.The Big Exam is for grown-ups who work with electricity and computers as part of their jobs. Maybe their job is to fix electrical wires or build new power plants. Or maybe their job is to write code and make websites or apps. Whatever their exact job is, they have to know a lot about electricity and computers.The Big Exam tests how well these grown-ups know English related to their jobs. It also tests their computer skills to make sure they can use different programs and do coding if needed. Getting a good score on the Big Exam shows that someone is really good at the English and computer parts of their job.From what I understand, the Big Exam has two main sections - one for English and one for computers. The English part has reading, writing, listening, and speaking sections. The reading has passages about electrical and computer topics that the grown-ups have to read and answer questions on. The writing section has them write reports, emails, and instructions related to their work.For the listening, there are recordings they have to listen to, like lectures or conversations about electrical or computer things. Then they answer comprehension questions. And for the speaking, they have to give presentations and have conversations to show their English speaking skills.The computer part seems really hard! There are sections testing their skills with common computer programs like word processors, spreadsheets, and presentation software. They might have to create documents, enter data, or build slide decks.But the hardest part is probably the coding and programming section. The grown-ups have to write code, identify errors, and explain how different programs work. They get tested on coding languages like Python, Java, C++, and more.I don't really understand coding that much yet since I'm just a kid. But I know it's super important for a lot of electrical and computer jobs.From what my parents tell me, studying for the Big Exam is a huge amount of work. The grown-ups have to review tons of technical English vocabulary and grammar related to their fields. They read books, take classes, and practice examples for months to get ready.Same goes for the computer part - they use study guides, take online courses, and just spend hours and hours practicing on different programs and coding languages. It's like having to study really hard for a final exam in school, except way more difficult since it covers such complex topics.The exam happens once a year and lasts for several hours over multiple days. I can't even imagine having to take a test that long on such hard subjects! Lots of grown-ups get really nervous and stressed while preparing. But they know that passing the Big Exam can help them get better jobs and higher pay. It proves they have great skills.If a grown-up passes the Big Exam, they get a certificate. The certificate shows their score and that they have the required English and computer levels for their profession. It's an important achievement that they can share with employers. Some grown-ups even frame their certificates and hang them on the wall!The Big Exam happens every year in lots of countries around the world. Millions of electrical and computer professionals take it annually. From what I've heard, the tests are always being updated with the latest terms and technologies to make sure the grown-ups stay on top of their fields.That's the basics of the Professional Technical Personnel Electrical English and Computer Proficiency Exam! It sure seems like a tough test. I'm just glad I don't have to worry about it for many more years. For now, I'll stick to my math homework and spelling tests. Let me know if you have any other questions! Time for a snack break.篇3The Big Tests for Grown-Ups in 2024Hey kids! Did you know that grown-ups have to take really important tests too? It's true! Every year, there are these huge exams called the Professional and Technical Personnel Power English and Computer Proficiency Exams. They're kind of like the tests you take at school, but way harder and more serious.The Power English test is all about seeing how wellgrown-ups can read, write, listen and speak in English. You know how we learn English in school? Well, the grown-ups need to prove they're really good at it for their jobs. The test has listening sections where they hear recordings and have to answer questions. Then there's reading, where they read passages and answer comprehension questions. Writing is a big part too - they have to write essays, letters, reports and more. Speaking isprobably the scariest part - they have to actually talk out loud and have conversations in English!The Computer test looks at how skilled grown-ups are with computers and technology. They get tested on using different programs like word processors, spreadsheets and presentation software. There are questions on computer basics too, like hardware, networking and security. A lot of the test is about coding and programming in different languages. The grown-ups really have to know their stuff!I got to look at some practice questions for these exams and they were super hard! Way harder than anything I've ever seen. The English reading passages used crazy advanced vocabulary that I didn't recognize at all. The writing prompts wanted grown-ups to write about complex topics like international trade and environmental policies. As for the Computer section, just forget about it! I couldn't make any sense of the coding questions or technology concepts.Every year, millions of grown-ups across the country take these enormous exams. They have to sign up months in advance and pay expensive fees. On the test days, they get assigned to huge test centers and have to sit there for hours. Can you imagine?! My legs would fall asleep after the first hour! Thegrown-ups are not allowed to bring any food or drinks, use the bathroom except during breaks, or make any noise at all. One tiny peep and they'll get kicked out! No wonder everyone looks so stressed when they leave the test site.The results take forever to come back too. Grown-ups have to wait weeks and weeks to see if they passed or failed the exams. If they do well, they get nationally recognized certificates that can help them get better jobs or promotions. But if they fail... oh no! All that studying and stress for nothing! Many grown-ups have to retake the tests year after year until they finally pass. I don't know how they do it!So the next time your parents or teachers seem stressed, maybe they're getting ready for the Professional and Technical Personnel Power English and Computer Proficiency Exams. Just be glad you're not old enough for those difficult tests yet! As kids, we should enjoy the simple life while we can. Who knows, in a few decades it could be us sweating over those crazy exams. But for now, bring on the finger painting and nap time!篇4The Big Test for Grown-Ups Working with Electricity and ComputersNext year, there's going to be a super important test for all the grown-ups who work with electricity and computers. It's called the 2024 Professional Technical Personnel Power English and Computer Proficiency Examination. That's a really long name, isn't it? I'll just call it the Big Test.The Big Test is for making sure that all the grown-ups who work with electricity and computers are really good at understanding English and using computers. Because electricity and computers are so important these days, it's really important that the people who work with them know what they're doing!If you work with electricity, like at a power plant or fixing the electrical lines that bring electricity to our homes, you need to understand lots of words and instructions in English. That's because a lot of the machines and tools they use have English words and labels on them. If you can't read the English, you might make a mistake and get hurt or break something!It's the same for people who work with computers. So many of the computer programs and websites we use have English words and messages. If you can't understand the English, you won't be able to use the computer properly. That's why the grown-ups who work with computers need to be good at reading and understanding English.The Big Test will have different sections to check how good the grown-ups are at English and computers. There will probably be a reading section, where they have to read something in English and answer questions about it. There might also be a listening section, where they have to listen to someone speaking English and answer questions.For the computer part, there will likely be questions about using different computer programs and coding (that's like giving instructions to the computer). The grown-ups will have to show that they can use a computer properly and make it do what they want.If the grown-ups pass the Big Test, it means they are really good at English and computers, and they can keep working with electricity and computers. But if they don't pass, they might have to take more classes or training to get better.I think the Big Test is really important, because we need the grown-ups who work with electricity and computers to be the best they can be. Electricity keeps our lights on and our phones charged, and computers help us do so many things like watch movies, play games, and learn new things.We're so lucky to have all these amazing grown-ups who know how to work with electricity and computers. But they haveto keep learning and getting better, which is why they need to take the Big Test next year. I'm sure they'll all do great!Even though it's a test for grown-ups, maybe someday when I'm older, I'll get to take a test like that too. For now, I'll just keep practicing my English and computer skills in school. Who knows, maybe I'll grow up to be one of those amazing grown-ups who gets to work with electricity and computers!篇5The Awesome Power and Computer Test for Grown-Ups in 2024!Hi there, kids! Are you ready to hear about a super cool test that grown-ups have to take? It's called the Professional Technical Personnel Power English and Computer Proficiency Exam, but let's just call it the Awesome Power and Computer Test!This test is kind of like the tests you take in school, but it's wayyyy harder because it's for adults who work with electricity and computers. Can you imagine having to know everything about power lines, generators, coding, and all that crazy stuff? I sure can't!The English part of the test checks if the grown-ups can read, write, listen and speak English really well. English is super important because a lot of the technology words and manuals are written in English. If the grown-ups can't understand English properly, they might make big mistakes with the power and computers!The computer part tests if they know all about different programs, coding languages, networks, cybersecurity and more. It's like being a computer genius! They have to be experts at typing, troubleshooting problems, and keeping systems running smoothly.Now, I'm just a kid, but I've heard this Awesome Power and Computer Test is no joke. The grown-ups have to study really, really hard for months! They read ton of books, take classes, watch videos, and practice like crazy. My dad even has practice test books that are thicker than my school backpack!If the grown-ups pass the test, they get a special certificate that proves they know their stuff. It's like a gold star, but for adults! With that certificate, they can get better jobs and make more money. Pretty cool, right?Some parts of the test are multiple choice, where you pick the right answer from a few options. Other parts arefill-in-the-blank, short answers, or even essays and coding problems! The grown-ups have to speak English too by recording themselves or doing video chats. Talk about challenging!I can't even imagine having to know so much about power grids, electrical systems, hardware, software, programming languages and all that grown-up mumbo jumbo. It makes my head spin just thinking about it! Thank goodness I'm just a kid and can focus on things like riding my bike, playing video games, and bugging my parents.But you know what? Even though the Awesome Power and Computer Test sounds incredibly difficult, I have a lot of respect for the grown-ups who take it. It's not easy keeping our lights on, computers running, and the whole world powered up and connected. We owe the hardworking power and computer professionals a huge thank you!So there you have it, kids - the 2024 Awesome Power and Computer Test for Grown-Ups! Maybe someday if you study real hard, listen to your teachers, and become a total brainiac, you can take the test too. But for now, just be glad you're a kid who can have fun, dream big, and leave the really hard stuff to the adults. Don't grow up too fast!篇6The Awesome 2024 Power English and Computer Test!Hey there, kids! Are you ready to hear about the coolest test ever? It's called the 2024 Professional Technical Personnel Power English and Computer Proficiency Exam, but don't let the fancy name scare you! This test is all about showing off your skills with English and computers, and it's going to be a total blast!First things first, let's talk about the English part of the test. You know how you learn all those cool words and grammar rules in your English classes? Well, this test is your chance to show off everything you've learned! You'll get to read some fun stories and answer questions about them, and you'll also need to write a little bit. Don't worry, though – if you've been paying attention in class, you'll do just fine!Now, let's talk about the computer part of the test. You know how much fun it is to play games and watch videos on the computer, right? Well, this test is all about showing how good you are at using computers for other cool stuff, too! You'll get to solve some puzzles and challenges that will test yourproblem-solving skills and your ability to use different programs and tools.But wait, there's more! The best part about this test is that it's not just for students – it's for grown-ups, too! That's right, even your parents, teachers, and other adults have to take this test if they want to work in certain jobs that involve English and computers. Can you imagine your parents having to take a test just like the ones you take at school? Crazy, right?Now, you might be wondering, "Why do I need to take a test like this in the first place?" Well, it's because English and computers are super important in today's world. Being able to communicate in English and use computers effectively can help you get all sorts of cool jobs and opportunities when you grow up. Plus, it's just really fun and useful to know how to do these things!So, what do you say? Are you ready to start studying for the 2024 Professional Technical Personnel Power English and Computer Proficiency Exam? It might sound like a mouthful, but trust me, it's going to be a total blast! Just imagine how proud your parents will be when you ace this test and show off your amazing English and computer skills.Alright, kids, that's all for now. Remember, this test is all about having fun and showing off your skills, so don't stress too much. Just keep practicing, keep learning, and keep beingawesome! Who knows, maybe one day you'll be the one writing the questions for this test instead of taking it. Wouldn't that be cool?Happy studying, and good luck!。
TG——英语语言学理论
1.TG:transformational grammar:has seen five stages of development.the classical theory aims to make linguistics a science.the standard theory deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistics theory.the extended standard theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar.the revised extended standard theory(or GB)focuses discussion on government and binding.the lastest is the minimalist program,a further revision of the previous theory.the development of TG grammar can be regarded as a process of constantly minimalising theories and controlling the generative powers.although it has involved putting forward,revising,its aims and purposes have been consistent,to explore the nature,origin and the uses of human knowledge of language.2.PS rules:a grammar is seen as a system of finite rules generating an infinite number of sentences,and the rules must meet the following requirements:(1)generative:the rules must automatically generate sentences;(2)simple:the rules must be represented by symbols and formulae; (3)explicit:everything must be stated precisely,leaving nothing to chance; (4)exhaustive:the rules should cover all linguistic facts,leaving nothing uncovered;(5)recursive:the rules can be repeatedly applied so as to generate an infinite number of sentences.this is phrase structure grammar.nguage culture and society:it has long been recognized that language is an essential and important part of a given culture and that the impact of culture upon a given language is something intrinsic and nguage is an indispensable carrier of culture.culture finds a better representation througe language use.a joint study of these two subjects will definitely broaden the horizon of human knowledge in general and enrich the research of these sciences in particular.firth :context of situation;sapir-whorf hypotheses language and society:metaphorically,language is regarded as a mirror of society,through which we can understand social activities of a certain society better.functionally,society provides language with a suitable context of use,in which we can enjoy aspects of language vividly and truthfully.with the occurrence of sociolinguistics ,the relationships between the two has been emphasized.4.Some social factors that are believed to influence our language behavior in a social context :class;gender;age;ethnic identity;education background;occupation and religious belief.5.Sociolinguistics contribute to language:1,sociolinguistics has contribute to a change of emphasis in the content of language teaching;2,it has also contributed to innovations in materials and activities for the classroom;3,it has contributed to a fresh look at the nature of language development and use;4,it has contributed to a more fruitful research in this field.6.Cross-cultural communication:intra-cultural communication is not an easy job if some basic rules are not followed.we need to know some basic principles :1,Rogers:tripartite model for successful communication(1)(2)(3);basic guidelines:1,successful communication occurs when the hearer can see,feel,and understand issues from the speaker's point of view;2,successful communication occurs when the speaker and hearer know each other ' s intention ;3,...occurs when the two parties adopt a dynamic dialogue pattern.principles:1,when in Rome do as the Romans do(linguistic forms are different from one language to another.semantic selections vary across separate language systems.one thing you can conveniently say in a language may not be so in another language.this difference makes cross-cultural communication not an easy job to deal with.for example,greeting expressions.when two British people meet,they may greet each other by saying something about the weather. Wile when two chinese people meet,they may greet in this way:"where are you going?"or "have you eaten?"for most westerners,these lines sound far too personal or private,if not nosy.2,put yourself in other's shoes(successful communication in a cross-cultural setting depends much on a sensible interpretation and prediction of what the other party will think ,feel,and behave when some crucial things occur.3,oneculture's meat is another culture's poison(proverbs epitomize the essence of culture and the value system of society. A cross-linguistic survey of proverbial expressions will capture another point of interest:how do people from different cultures look at their relationships with animals? A ready example is found in English"love me ,love my dog". An equivalent in chinese will be "love me ,love my bird".these two proverbs reveal different attitudes English and Chinese speakers cherish toward these pets. This disparity ,if not cautioned,will invite unpleasantness in society. An expression is likely to take on different social significance,goos or bad,friendly or hostile,depending on a very important sociolinguistic rule of communication:who speaks what,to whom,when,where,and for what purpose(fishman).similarly, correct interpretation and smooth communication rely on a group of relevant factors.the implication the speaker wants to convey is one,the social relationships between interlocuters become another and a specific setting where communication takes place constituents a third.if these pre-conditional requirements are not met,it will produce compliant,unpleasantness and misunderstanding in a new cultural context.7.What are the three important points of the Prague School?First, it was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation but no rigid theoretical barrier is erected to separate diachronic study. Second, there was an emphasis on the systemic character of language. No element of any language can be satisfactorily analyzed or evaluated if viewed in isolation. Third, language was looked on as functional in another sense, that is, as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.8.How do you understand Chomsky’s L anguage Acquisition device:Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with a Language Acquisition Device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. He argues the child comes into the world with specific innate endowment, not only with general tendencies or potentialities, but also with knowledge of the nature of the world, and specifically with the knowledge of the nature of language. According to this view, children are born with knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal. The categories and relations exist in all human languages and all human infants are born with knowledge of them. According to him, the study of language, or the structure of language, can throw some light on the nature of the human mind. This approach to language is a reaction against behaviourism in psychology and empiricism in philosophy, making linguistics a branch of psychology.9.Three objectives to teach culture in our language class:1,to get the students familiar with cultural differences;2,to help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will;3,to emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices.1.Philosophers use connotation to mean the properties of the entity a word denotes.2.In the middle of 1960s, William Labov, a famous sociolinguist, conducted a rather meticulous survey at several departments in the City of New York.to examine the relationship between the speakers’ social stat us and their phonological variations.3.Applied linguistics serves as a mediating area which interprets the results of linguistic theories and makes them user-friendly to the language teacher and learner.4.Modern linguistics began from the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure who is often described as “father of modern linguistics”.5.The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology.Saussure......structuralism Roman Jacobson.......distinctive features P.Grice.......Theory of conversational implicature; cooperative principle John Lanoshaw Austin.....speech act theory Chomsky.....TG,LAD(language acquisition device)G.Leech......7 types of meaning in<senmantics> Radford.....MOP Hjemslev......Paradigmatic relations Katz and Fodor.......an integrated theory(compositionality) Firth........theory of context of situation;prosodic or analysis phonology M.A.K Halliday.........SF(systemic-functional grammar) Lakoff.........You are what you say Rogers........tripartite model municative dynamisn Franz Boas.......American structuralism。
新编汽车专业英语课后答案及题目
一．1.the internal combustion engine 内燃机2. a reciprocating engine 往复发动机3.exhaust emissions 废气排放4.fuel consumption燃料燃烧5.fuel economy 燃油经济性bustion chamber燃烧室7.hybrid-electric vehicle 混动汽车8.mass production大规模生产9.dual-fuel vehicle 双燃料汽车10.air-cooled engine 风冷式发动机二．1. A diesel engine compresses its cylinder air on its compresstion stroke before anyfuel enters the cylinder2.The internal combustion engine is the one most commonly used in theautomotive field.3.According to the fuel energy used,the internal combustion engines are alsodivided into gasoline engines,and diesel engine.4.The piston converts the potential energy of the fuel into the kinetic energy.5.The power production cycle consists of four strokes of the position in areciprocating engine.6.The engine is generally considered the “heart” of an automobile7.This four strokes cycle of piston within the cylinder is repeated time and again topush the vehicle foreard.8.There are actually various types of engines such an electric engines,steamengines,and internal combustion engines.1. compression ratio : the total volume divided bv the compression volume2. internal combustion engine : burning their fuel inside their cylinders3. engine : a heart of an automobile4. stroke : the movement of the piston within the cylinder and the distance of piston travel5. reciprocating : the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder6. gasoline : a mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived chiefly from crude petroleum.四．1.If you know something about ordinary gasoline engines, you will have notice thatdiesel engines, in many respects, work in the same way as gasoline engines.（柴油机的工作方式在很多方面和汽油机是一样的）2.The engine is the source of power that makes the car and the truck move.(使得汽车行驶)3.As it would not be reasonable to have to stop the engine every time it wasrequired to stop the car.(每次都到停车)4.Some of parts make the car move comfortable or better looking, but most ofthem are to make it run.(有些部件使得汽车更舒适或更美观)5.Not all of this heat can be used, and if allowed to remain in the engine, it wouldsoon destroy it.(如果让其热量保留在发动机中)一、1.gasoline engine 汽油机2.in low-speed driving condition在低速行车条件下3.achieve a variety of different objectives 达到各种不同的目的4.higher energy density高能量密度5.electric motor 电动机6.air conditioning空调装置7.regenerative braking 反馈制动8.power source动力源9.resource consumption 资源消耗10.dashboard display汽车仪表板显示二、1.The engine converts the expanding force of combustion into rotary force used topropel the vehicle.2.The gasoline engine and electric motor shut off automatically so that energy isnot wasted in idling.3.Clean cities uses hybrid electric vehicles as a way for coalitions to reducepetroleum consumption.4.Any vehicle without a transmission could be made to move but not smoothly.5.The electric motor applies resistance to the drive-train causing the wheels toslow down.6.The engine turns a high-speed generator, producing electricity.7.An intelligent power-control system determines the most efficient operation ofthe engine and energy storage system.8.If 10000 hybrid-electric vehicles were on the road rather than current standardvehicles, substantial reductions in emissions and fuel use would occur annually.1. transmission: an automotive assembly of gears by which power is transmitted from the engine to a driving axle.2. parking : to put or leave (a vehicle) for a time in a certain location.3. start : to set into motion , operation, or activity.4. battery : a single cell, such as a dry cell, that prouduces an electric current.5. braking : to reduce the speed of with or as if with a brake.四、1.We want hybrid-electric vehicle that reflect the spirit of the time and vehicleconcepts that express their individuality.(要能反映出时代精神)2.There are various types of engines such as electric motors, steam engines andinternal combustion engines.(电动机、蒸汽机和内燃机)3.The transmission is a speed and power changing device.(一个使速比变化的装置)4.Scientists have still been making efforts to concentrate the future developmentof engines on the three targets: reducing fuel consumption, lowering exhausted emissions, and reducing engine noise.(减少耗油量、降低废气排量以及降低发动机噪声)5.Hybrid system are increasingly becoming more prevalent in light-duty vehicles,but also in transit buses and other heavy-duty vehicles.(正日益变得更加流畅)6.We want hybrid-electric vehicle that reflect the spirit of the time and vehicleconcepts that express their individuality.(要能反映出时代精神)7.There are various types of engines such as electric motors, steam engines andinternal combustion engines.(电动机、蒸汽机和内燃机)8.The transmission is a speed and power changing device.(一个使速比变化的装置)9.Scientists have still been making efforts to concentrate the future developmentof engines on the three targets: reducing fuel consumption, lowering exhaustedemissions, and reducing engine noise.(减少耗油量、降低废气排量以及降低发动机噪声)10.Hybrid system are increasingly becoming more prevalent in light-duty vehicles,but also in transit buses and other heavy-duty vehicles.(正日益变得更加流畅)U5E11. The power train has two maan functions :it conveys powerfrom the engine to the wheels , and it changes the amount of torque2. The power train consists of an engine , a transmission ,a clutch , a drive shaft and differential3. The feature of a manual transmission is to deliver enginepower to the front wheels and rear wheels4. manual transmissions usually have five speeds , which means that the output shaft can rotate faster than the input5. There are several basic components in the clutch , suchas the flywheel , clutch disk , pressure plate , release bearing and linkage.6 Automatic transmissions are used not only in many rear-wheel-dnve and four-whe el-dnve ve- lcles, but In most front-wheel-dnve ones1.T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. FE21. manual transmission 手动变速器2. automatic transmission自动变速器3.planetary gear set 行星齿轮组4. Transaxle assembly驱动桥总成5. differential gear 差速器6. clutch pedal离合器踏板7.gearshift lever 变速杆8. release bearing分离轴承9. engine braking 发动机制动10.torque converter液力变矩器E31.If you’ve read about manual transmissions you know hat an engine is connectedto a transmission by way of a clutch.2.Cars with an automatic transmission have no clutch that disconnects thetransmission from the engine. Instead, they use an amazing device called a torque converter.3.One important function of the power train is to transmit the power of the engineto the wheels.4.The type of transmission ( manual or automatic) determines how the slip joint isconnected to the drive shaft.5.The clutch is located between the back of the engine and the front of thetransmission6.The face of the flywheel that touches the clutch disc is made of iron Even if theflywheel were aluminum , the face is iron.7.When the operator presses the clutch pedal ,the clutch release lever or fork .8.The clutch release bearing in most cases, is a ball bearing assembly with amachined face on one side.E41.clutch : any of various devices for engaging and disengaging two working engagingand disengaging two working parts of a shaft2.shaft: a long, generally cylindrical bar, especially one that rotates and transmits power3.transmission : a speed and power changing device4.gearshift : a mechanism for changing from one gear to another in a5.transaxle : an automotive part that combines the transmission and the differential and is used on vehicles with front-wheel drive6.flywheel: a heavy-rimmed rotating wheel used to minimize variations in angular velocityE51.The power is then carried from the engine through the power train to the car (通过传动系扒发动机传递到车轮) so that the wheels turn and the car moves.2.( 如果汽车变速器需要修理和更换)If your car transmission needs repairs orreplacement，you’ve come to the right phone.3.If you wanted a top speed of 80 km/h，then the gear ratio would be similar tothird gear ( 速比相近于3 挡) ,in most manual transmission cars .4.The torque converter does not require any regular maintenance or adjustments( 不要求定期维护或调整) ，but it may be possible to change the transmission fluid .5.The drive shaft can be. either open or enclosed , depending on the type of driveused (取决于所使用的驱动类型)U6E11 If your brakes can work properly , good brakes are essential for safety during dn、ruvtg.2. The disk brake is the best brake which is generally due to its simpler design , lighteri .elju Ind better braking performance.3 Brake linings used to be made maxnly of metals., because of ats heat absorbing propertlcb4Caliper is an important part, and it must be replaced if it indicates a sign of leak！ng lbfa_e Eutd. .lc5 The reason why we still have cars wlth drum brakes ls cheap.6.Drum brakes consist of some parts , such as a backing plate, brake shoes , brake dm. .1, wheel cylnder, return springs and an automatic or self-adjusting system.. brake shoes a brake1.T2. T3. F4. T5. T6. FE21.brake system制动系统2. the parking brake驻车制动器3.the service brake system行车制动系统4. the disk brake盘式制动器5.the hand brake 手制动6.the brake shoe制动蹄片7.drum brake 鼓式制动器8. brake pads制动块9brake performance 制动性能10. brake fluid制动液E31.The most vital factor in the running and control of the modem vehicles is thebreaking system.2.Brake fluid is a special liquid for use in a hydraulic brake system.3.The small forces applied to the brake pedal usually produce relatively largeforces.4.The rate of slowing down or retardation is governed by the speed of conversionof energy.5.Brake is a friction device for converting the power into heat by means of friction6.To decelerate and stop the moving automobile, the service brake are usuallyused.7.The brake lining of a friction maternal are secured to the shoes by brass8.The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub.E41 brake : the means of bringing to rest a moving vehicle in a shortest possible distance.2 service brake : stop or slow a car by depressing and releasing the brake pedal.3 hand brake : keep the car from rolling on unleveled ground.4 drum brake : a backing plate , brake shoes , wheel cylinder , return springs etc.5 parking brake : hold the automobile at rest.E51.An automobile brake system is actually a friction device to change power intoheat（实际上就是一种把动力转变成热量的摩擦装置).2.Basically , automobile brakes are of two types: the mechanical brakes and thehydraulic brakes (机械制动器和液压制动)3.The most vital factor in the running and control of the modem vehicles is theautomobile brake system (汽车制动系统).4.There are two brake shoes at each wheel. The bottoms of the shoes are heldapart by an adjuster. The tops of shoes are held apart by a wheel cylinder（蹄片顶部由轮缸分别固定）5.Brake lines are steel tubing with copper and lead coating to prevent rust andcorrosion ( 以防锈蚀)U7EXERCISE 11. T2. F3. F4. F5. T6. F1 . The most important function of the suspension system ls to supply comfortable , safe nde cot- trol2. According to the article , we know that there are five basic types of spnngs used ln sus,eT"-sions ：coil spring , leaf spring , torsion bar spring , traction,barand air spnngn3. The disadvantage of a coil spring ls its compactness , lack of moving parts , and excellentweight supporting characteristics.4. According to e passage , leaf springs are often used on the front suspension of front drive vehtcles5. When the coil springs , leaf springs , torsion bar spring ,L air springs ls defected , thls couldd cause the car to bounce up and down without any control6. Shock absorber movement ls limited by forcing fluid , d which causes the shock absorber to causes the shock absorbercompress or extend at a slow rate.EXERCISE 21.suspension system 悬架系统2.front suspension system前悬架系3.air compressor 空气压缩机4.torque tube传递转矩管5.axle housing alignment 桥壳定位6.coil spring 螺旋弹簧7.lower control arm 下控制臂8.rebound clip缓冲夹9.traction bar 牵引杆10.control arm控制臂EXERCISE 31.The leaf springs or leaves. most commonly used tn automobiles is' made up ofseveral long plates ,2.Suspension refers to the use of the front and rear springs to suspend a vehicle ' srear springs to suspend a vehicle sprung weight3.Shock absorber are hydraulic restricting devices used to hmt the speed of springaction.4.The car frame is connected to the axles by springs which absorb road shock5.The coil springs is made from a length of steel rod wound Into a coil.6.The front-suspension system must allow the wheels to move up and down.7.In operations, the lower control arms pivot up and down , twisting the torsionbars spring.8.Rebound clips are place along the spnng to prevent separahon of the leaveswhen the spring rebounds.EXERCISE 41.coil spring : a round bar of spring steel wound into the shape of a coil2.leaf spring : several layers of spring steel stacked one upon the other3.torsion ba r : spring a long solid steel shaft held at one end to the suspension s control arm4.air spring : a rubber bag or bladder full of air5.shock absorber : a hydraulic device by forcing fluid through passages or orifices6 suspension : use of the front and rear spring to suspend a vehicleEXERCISE 51.We all Know that springs are the major component（弹簧是主要部件) .nautomobile suspension.2.The automobile suspension is one of the major automobile system (汽车的主要系统之一。
酒店职业英语等级考试大纲
酒店职业英语等级考试大纲1. 考试概述酒店职业英语等级考试是一项旨在评估酒店从业人员英语能力的考试。
该考试旨在衡量酒店从业人员在英语听、说、读、写方面的能力，以及其在酒店专业领域中的语言运用能力。
通过参加酒店职业英语等级考试，酒店从业人员能够提升自身的英语水平，为更好地服务客户提供帮助。
2. 考试内容酒店职业英语等级考试涵盖以下几个方面的内容：2.1 听力理解该部分考察酒店从业人员对英语听力材料的理解能力。
考试内容包括对酒店相关对话、电话沟通、客户需求等进行听力理解，并回答相关问题。
2.2口语表达该部分考察酒店从业人员的口头表达能力。
考试内容包括日常酒店业务对话、客户沟通、问题解决等，部分考题需要酒店从业人员进行角色扮演。
2.3阅读理解该部分考察酒店从业人员对英语文本的理解和阅读能力。
考试内容包括酒店服务指南、客户需求、酒店预订信息等相关文本，酒店从业人员需要阅读文本并回答相关问题。
2.4书面表达该部分考察酒店从业人员的书面表达能力。
考试内容包括写邮件、填写表格、撰写客户报告等，要求酒店从业人员用正确的语法和适当的语言表达酒店相关事务。
3. 考试等级根据酒店职业英语等级考试的成绩，酒店从业人员可以获得以下等级证书：3.1 初级酒店英语证书该证书授予通过酒店职业英语等级考试的初级人员。
初级酒店英语证书表明持有人具备基本的酒店英语听、说、读、写能力，可以胜任一些常见的酒店业务。
3.2 中级酒店英语证书该证书授予通过酒店职业英语等级考试的中级人员。
中级酒店英语证书表明持有人具备较强的酒店英语听、说、读、写能力，可以熟练应对各类酒店业务，并与国际客户进行有效沟通。
3.3 高级酒店英语证书该证书授予通过酒店职业英语等级考试的高级人员。
高级酒店英语证书表明持有人具备卓越的酒店英语听、说、读、写能力，可以胜任高级酒店管理和高级客户沟通等职位。
4. 考试准备为了顺利通过酒店职业英语等级考试，酒店从业人员可以采取以下几个准备措施：4.1 学习英语基础知识酒店从业人员可以通过参加英语培训课程或自学英语教材来提高英语基础知识。
职称英语考试大纲
职称英语考试大纲一、考试背景及目的职称英语考试是一种被广泛认可和接受的专业英语水平测试。
它的目的是为了评估考生在特定领域内使用英语的能力，以便对其专业素质进行评价和认定。
二、考试内容职称英语考试主要包括听力、阅读、翻译、写作四个部分。
1.听力：通过听取录音，考察考生对于日常生活和工作场景中的对话和短文的理解能力。
2.阅读：测试考生对于专业文献、文章、新闻等的阅读理解能力。
3.翻译：考察考生将中文材料准确翻译为英文的能力。
4.写作：测试考生在特定主题下以英文进行写作的能力。
三、考试大纲1.听力部分–题型：听力理解题、听写题–题量：15道听力理解题、5道听写题–考察内容：日常生活对话、工作场景对话、短文理解–考试时间：约25分钟2.阅读部分–题型：阅读理解题–题量：20道题–考察内容：专业文献、文章、新闻–考试时间：约30分钟3.翻译部分–题型：汉译英、英译汉–题量：2篇，每篇1道题–考察内容：中文材料准确翻译为英文，或者英文材料准确翻译为中文的能力–考试时间：约30分钟4.写作部分–题型：写作–题目类型：议论文、说明文、应用文等–题量：1道题–考察内容：根据题目要求，以英文进行写作–考试时间：约30分钟四、考试评分标准1.听力部分：每题1分，总分20分。
2.阅读部分：每题1分，总分20分。
3.翻译部分：每题10分，总分20分。
4.写作部分：根据内容、语言、结构、词汇的准确性、连贯性、逻辑性等方面进行综合评分，总分40分。
五、考试准备1.考生可通过参加模拟考试、刷题等方式进行复习和训练。
2.掌握职称英语考试的考试要点和技巧，了解各个部分的题型和难度。
3.关注当前领域的英语资讯和文献，提高专业词汇和术语的掌握程度。
4.多进行听力练习，提高听力理解能力。
5.阅读英文文章、新闻，提高阅读理解能力。
6.多进行翻译练习，提高翻译准确性和速度。
7.练习写作，积累写作素材，提高写作表达能力。
六、考试建议1.提前规划好复习时间，合理分配各个部分的复习时间。
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专业英语一、选择20%1、The vacuum tube is an electron tube from which all or most of the gas has been removed, permitting electrons to movewith no or low interaction with any remaining gas molecules. 真空管是一种内部气体全部或部分抽空的电子管，从而使电子在不受或少受气体分子的干扰下运动。
2、A transistor is a device that conducts a variable amount of electricity through it, depending on how much electricity isinput to it. In other words, it is a digital switch. However, unlike the vacuum tube , it is solid state . 晶体管是一种依据输入电量大小而传导可变电量的器件。
换言之，晶体管是一种数字开关。
然而，和真空管不同，晶体管是“固态”的。
3、Miniaturization means the reduction in size of components and circuits for increasing package density and reducingpower dissipation and signal propagation delays.微型化是指减少元件和电路的几何尺寸, 从而增加封装密度、降低功耗、减少信号传播延迟。
4、While most materials either insulate from electrical flow (air, glass, wood) or conduct electricity readily (metals,water), there are some that only conduct electricity a small amount, or only under certain conditions. These are called semiconductors.大多数材料要么对电流绝缘（如空气、玻璃、木头），要么很容易传导电流（如金属、水溶液），但也有一些材料只传导少量电流，或者只在特定条件下传导电流。
这些材料被称作半导体。
5、A flip-flop is basically a bi-state circuit in which either a 0 or 1 state can resides. Because of its simplicity, the flip-flop isextremely fast. As a basic element, the flip-flop is used in digital circuits and ICs. A flip-flop will lose its state when the supply voltage is removed. Therefore, it is volatile. 触发器是一种存储“0”或“1”的双态电路。
由于触发器结构简单，所以其速度极快。
触发器是数字电路和集成电路中的基本部件。
由于电源电压去掉后，触发器原有的状态就失去了，因此它是“易失的”。
6、The cache is a temporary storage area for frequently-accessed or recently-accessed data. Having certain data stored in acache speeds up the operation of the computer. There are two kinds of cache: internal (or memory cache) and external (or disk cache). Internal cache is built into the processor, and external cache is on the motherboard. When an item is called for, the computer first checks the internal cache, then the external cache, and finally the slower main storage.7、A technique where the microprocessor fetches the next instruction before completing execution of the previousinstruction, in order to increase processing speed.）流水线是一种在前一条指令全部执行完之前就开始取下一条指令，以提高处理速度的技术。
8、tri-state buffer 三态缓冲器A tri-state buffer is a device that allows you to control when an output signal makes it to thebus. When the tri-state buffer's control bit is active, the input of the device makes it to the output. When it's not active, the output of the device is Z, which is high-impedance or, equivalently, nothing. There is no electrical signal is allowed to pass to the output.9、Period jitter, also called short-term jitter, is a change in a clock’s output transition from its ideal position over consecutiveclock edges. 周期内抖动也称为短期抖动。
它是指在相继时钟边沿的范围内时钟输出状态转换位置偏离理想位置。
10、Clock Buffers：A device in which the output waveform directly follows the input waveform.Duty Cycle：The ratio of the output high time to the total cycle time.Slew：The rate of change of voltage or frequency.Aging：The systematic change in frequency over time due to internal changes in crystal/oscillator.11、Clock Driver Skew (Intrinsic Skew) is the amount of skew caused by the clock driver itself.时钟驱动器相位偏移（内部相位偏移）是由时钟驱动器引起的相位偏移量。
Board Design Skew (Extrinsic skew) is the amount of skew caused by board layout issues such as:电路板设计相位偏移（外部相位偏移）是由下列电路板布线问题造成的相位偏移量：12、decibel 分贝：A unit used to express relative difference in power or intensity, usually between two acoustic or electricsignals, equal to ten times the common logarithm of the ratio of the two levels.13、Caching - The storing of frequently used data in extremely fast RAM that connects directly to the CPU.14、Virtual memory - Space on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in and out of RAM as needed.15、Sound card:This is used by the computer to record and play audio by converting analog sound into digital informationand back again.Graphics card :This translates image data from the computer into a format that can be displayed by the monitor16、While traditional processors follow the Von Neumann architecture model, which assumes a shared single memoryto be used for both program instructions and data, DSPs use the Harvard or modified Harvard architecture , which includes multiple program and data memories, along with multiple buses to access them. 传统的处理器遵循冯 诺依曼结构模型，该结构采用一个单一的共享存储器，同时存储程序指令和数据；而数字信号处理器使用的是哈佛结构或改进哈佛结构，该结构包含多个程序和数据存储器以及访问这些存储器的多套总线。
17、AWG: AWG can produce any waveform you can imagine. You can use a variety of methods - from mathematicalformulae to “drawing” the waveform - to create the needed output.18、Simulation: “Building” an event or sequence of events, based on a specific waveform definition (often from asimulator or a library of waveforms)Replication: Capturing an existing signal on an oscilloscope and sending it to the signal source for reproductionSubstitution: Creating and/or modifying a defined signal to substitute for a signal from unavailable circuitry二、缩写30%1、IC (Integrated circuit) 集成电路2、LSI (large scale integration)大规模集成电路3、CMOS (complementary) 互补MOS4、MOS (metal oxide semiconductor)金属氧化物半导体5、PMOS (P-channel metal oxide semiconductor FET) P沟道MOSFET6、NMOS (N-channel metal oxide semiconductor FET) N沟道MOSFET7、EPROM (erasabl e programmable read only memory) 可擦可编程只读存储器8、EEPROM (el ectrically EPROM) 电可擦可编程只读存储器9、DRAM (dynamic rand om access memory) 动态随机存储器10、SRAM (static rand om access memory) 静态随机存储器11、GBW（gain-bandwidth product）增益带宽乘积12、DC (direct current) 直流/AC (alternating current) 交流13、ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) 模-数转换器/DAC14、PLL(phase-l ocked l oop) 锁相环路15、VCO(voltage controlled oscillator) 压控振荡器16、CPU(central processing unit)中央处理单元17、USB(universal serial bus) 通用串行总线18、IDE(Integrated Device El ectronics ) 集成驱动电路19、PCI( Peripheral Component Interconnect)互连外围设备20、OS (Operating System) 操作系统21、CD( Compact Disc) 激光唱片22、CAD (computer assisted d esign) 计算机辅助设计23、EDA: Electronic Design Automation. 电子设计自动化24、HDL: Hardware Description Language. 硬件描述语言25、ASIC Application Specific Intergrated Circuits 专用集成电路26、RTL(resistor transistor l ogic) 电阻晶体管逻辑(电路)27、FPGA : Field programmabl e Gate Array 现场可编程门阵列28、DSP(Digital Signal Processor)数字信号处理器29、SOC（System on a Chip ）片上系统30、PCB(printed circuit board) 印刷电路板31、DMM(Digital Multimeter) 数字万用表32、CRT (Crystal Ray Tube) 阴极射线管三、翻译50%1、Large-scale integration ("LSI") came to refer to the creation of integrated circuits that had previously been made frommultiple discrete components. 大规模集成是指将先前多个分立部件构成的电路集成化。