简明英国文学史
刘意青《简明英国文学史》课后习题详解（文艺复兴与莎士比亚英国文艺复兴时期文学）【圣才出品】
刘意青《简明英国⽂学史》课后习题详解（⽂艺复兴与莎⼠⽐亚英国⽂艺复兴时期⽂学）【圣才出品】第3章英国⽂艺复兴时期⽂学1.How did England become the most powerful country during the Tudor reign? Key:The Tudor reign reached its summit during the time of Queen Elizabeth (reigning1558-1603),who adopted moderate policies to achieve a balance both between the rising middle class and the feudal lords and between the Protestants and the Catholics.It was a peaceful time and England became a powerful state.In 1588the English navy defeated the Spanish invincible Armada and thus eliminated her most dangerous enemy on the high seas and in the world trade. English ships started to visit lands all over theworld,including America and other distant countries.They brought home great wealth and fortunes and set up the first English colonies overseas as well.2.What does the word“Renaissance”mean and why do we call this historical period the English Renaissance Period? Key:Renaissance is a French word,meaning“rebirth”or“revival”,and in this particular context,it means the revival of arts and sciences of ancient Greece and Rome after the long years of neglect in the medieval time.In England,at first a great number of classical works were translated into English in the15th and16th centuries and English scholars and men of letters showed a strong interest in ancient Greek and Roman art and science.They followed in the wake of the intellectual and literary movement which began inthe14th century in Italy and later spread to France,Spain,Holland and other western European countries.This was usually called the Renaissance Movement in England and its ideal was Humanism.3.Give a brief account of Thomas More’s life and his major work Utopia.Key:Sir Thomas More(1478-1535)was the most prominent humanist of this period,and he was also a Parliament member and a judge by profession.He devoted his spare time to writing and wrote the famous book Utopia in Latin, which was published in1516.In the book More meets a traveler at Antwerp,who has seen a place called Utopia,or“Land of Nowhere”,where communism is adopted as the social system,education is offered to all people,including women,and religious differences are tolerated.It presents More’s ideal of the best possible government form.And since then the word“Utopia”has been used all over the world for ideals that are usually beyond human reach./doc/850d88410266f5335a8102d276a20029bc646312.html Spenser’s major literary work and tell what it is about.Key:Spenser’s major literary work is The Faerie Queene.(1)It is an allegorical romance in verse.According to his plan,there should be 12books,each telling the adventures of one knight dispatched by the Faerie Queen,Gloria,who represents glory in general and Queen Elizabeth in particular.(2)According to his contemporary thought,the virtuous man knows how togovern himself,and thus is qualified to govern others.(3)In the poem Spenser identifies the good ruler with the good man and emphasises the importance of education.(4)But Spenser only managed to finish six books,in which the six virtues of Truth,Temperance,Friendship,Justice,Chastity,and Courtesy are presented./doc/850d88410266f5335a8102d276a20029bc646312.html more writers(poets and playwrights)of this period and tell what you know about them.Key:(List out some writers in this period and introduce their lives and major works according to the textbook.)6.What are Bacon’s chief contributions?Key:Bacon’s chief contributions are that he wrote many significant works,which have become great wealth of human being.7.Who was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare?Discuss one of his plays. Key:Christopher Marlowe was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare.The Tragical History of Dr.Faustus,written in blank verse,is Marlowe’s masterpiece.The story is taken from a medieval German legend,but Marlowe emphasizes humanistic ideals through Faustus’pursuits.Fed up with the four subjects of medieval knowledge(theology,philosophy,medicine and law),he turns to magic to seek the supernatural.Finally he succeeds in raisingMephistophilis,the Devil’s servant and strikes a contract with him,by which Mephistophilis will satisfy his desires such as conjuring the spirit of Alexander the Great in a king’s court,marrying Helen of Greece,and so on.And in exchange for all these services done for him,he agrees to sell his soul to the Devil.He goes through endless spiritual and moral struggles between good and evil during his transaction with Mephistophilis.But,he also shows the Renaissance human spirit of pursuing knowledge and infinite power,as well as the courage to challenge fate and authority.Although Marlowe’s drama lacks variety of characterisation and construction,his success with the blank verse and his mighty dramatic lines mark him as the most important predecessor of Shakespeare.8.What kind of comedy is Ben Jonson’s special contribution?And as a playwright how different is Ben Jonson from Shakespeare?Key:“Comedy of humours”is Ben Jonson’s special contribution.He forms a nice contrast to Shakespeare.(1)Jonson’s theory of“humours”reduces his characters to types,who represent greed,vanity,falsehood,etc.They are flat,one-sided and have no development.Unlike him,Shakespeare digs deep into human nature and depicts the complexities of human relations.(2)Ben Jonson advocates classic Roman and Greek masters,strictly observes the three unities and disapproves of any mixture of the tragic with the comic,while Shakespeare creates according to his own judgment and the taste of the audience,and is very flexible in his handling of drama rules set by hispredecessors.Their differences were so obvious that later Samuel Johnson described one as the poet of art and the other as the poet of nature.However,Jonson could not but see the great talent in Shakespeare,and as a good playwright and a learned man himself,he also admired his rival.。
刘意青《简明英国文学史》课后习题详解（18世纪英国文学小说的兴起）【圣才出品】
刘意青《简明英国⽂学史》课后习题详解（18世纪英国⽂学⼩说的兴起）【圣才出品】第9章⼩说的兴起1.Discuss the social and historical elements that promoted the birth of the modern novel in England.Key:There are several factors that promote the rise and the first flowering of the English novel.First,as we’ve said in the previous section,in the18th century science and technology developed fast,and printing grew as one of the most prosperous trades.Therefore,books were quickly printed and in comparatively larger numbers.Second,with the growth of capitalist economy,the middle class grew strong to become the dominant element in all the aspects of social,political and economic life of England.And with it an urban economy also came into being. Big cities like London increased in number in the country and farmers or the agricultural population swarmed into the city to gradually settle down as traders, servants,workers and apprentices.These new settlers in the cities formed a reading public that badly needed to improve themselves and they provided the necessity and possibility of the flourish of a book market.Third,with the development of industry,women were deprived of their previous opportunities of spinning and weaving at home.Without a way to earn a living,women who failed to marry into a family with secure financial means to support them were forced to work as maids,or became thieves,prostitutes orkept women in the cities.These women,no matter as an idle wife of a rich man,or as a servant girl,joined the public readers and some of them even became writers themselves who sold popular literary works to earn a living.Thus,by mid-18th century,a large book market had been established in England that sold reading stuff of all kinds,from journals and newspapers,political pamphlets,conduct books,travel guides,manuals for house decoration,ghost stories,romances,etc. to serious literature of poetry,drama and prose work written by classical masters like Swift and Johnson.2.Discuss Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe as a typical middle-class novel.Key:Readers of China are mostly familiar with this novel.In the past we emphasised Crusoe’s imperialist and capitalist side,because Marx says in his On the Capital that Crusoe is the typical representative of the rising capitalist class whose sole interest is to expand and exploit,and in Crusoe’s adventures we see how capital is accumulated at the early stage of capitalism.While what Marx says is correct,he only sees the story from a political and economic point of view.As a literary figure,Crusoe is more than just a money-grabbing capitalist and colonialist.He also shows many positive sides of the rising middle class,such as the love for labor,the industrious and thrifty life style,courage to explore strange lands,a curiosity to know the world,and the strong desire to test one’s own strength and establish one’s individual identity.3.What kind of novel did Richardson write?And discuss his two major novels toshow your points.Key:All Richardson’s novels and writings preach the Puritan ideology of hard work,honesty,thrift,industry,and,most of all,the importance of living a virtuous life.For example,his Pamela,or Virtue Rewarded and Clarissa,or The History of a Young Lady.In Pamela,or Virtue Rewarded,Pamela grew up into a beautiful and virtuous young woman with good taste and refined manners,getting through many hardships and threats,and finally she is married to his young master Mr.B, which indicates that her virtue is rewarded. In Clarissa,or The History of a Young Lady,unlike Pamela in birth,Clarissa Harlowe was the daughter of a rich merchant.She was both beautiful and virtuous and had her own share of wealth given to her by her grandfather.But such a young lady could not choose to marry a man she liked and respected,for her father and brother forced her to marry a rich but disgusting and vulgar merchant,in order to merge the property and wealth of the two families.To escape the hatedmarriage,Clarissa,inexperienced and innocent,fell into the hands of a rake Mr.Lovelace and was deceived and kidnapped to a brothel,and later drugged and raped.Although afterwards Lovelace realised his true feelings for Clarissa and proposed marriage,the virtuous girl could neither forgive him nor herself for harboring illusions toward a rake.Finally,she sought a slow suicidal death and wrote her own story as a warning to all the young women.4.How did Fielding name his panoramic novels?What are the main features of his novels?Key:Fielding named his panoramic novels“comic epic in prose”.Epics are usually written in verse,and the subjects are always adventures and heroic deeds of the heroes of noble birth.But here Fielding tells us that he has written a prose work with the epic scope and power,but the main protagonists are common people and even people of the low social status.This is a real revolution in the Western literary history in which literary genres abide by a rather strict rule of levels of style.Although Parson Adams and Joseph are still comic roles,they are no longer minor characters,but the centre of the story.In this experiment of Fielding’s,the new novel has paved way to the more realistic representation of common people’s experiences in the19th century.5.Why do we say that Tristram Shandy is a strange and difficult novel?In what way does this novel anticipate the postmodern novel tendencies?Key:We have several reasons to call Tristram Shandy experimental and difficult. First,it is perhaps the first English novel that does not respect the plot’s time sequence.Second,the book is made difficult by Sterne with a lot of typographical oddities.And third,he has employed a lot of sexual jokes such as his own unfortunate accidents during his mother’s conception of him and later the doctor’s crushing of his nose.Sterne is the first novelist who anticipates the postmodern violation of the temporal sequence of a narrative.。
简明英国文学史
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
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The Nun’s Priest’s Tale The Wife or Bath’s Tale The Friar’s Tale The Summoner’s Tale The Clerk’s Tale The Merchant’s Tale The Squire’s Tale The Franklin’s Tale The Physician's Tale The Pardoner’s Tale The Second Nun’s Tale The Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale The Manciple’s Tale The Parson’s Tale
The Canterbury Tales (c. 1387-1400) is Chaucer’s
monumental success. Whenever Chaucer‘s name is mentioned, The Canterbury Tales is remembered. The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury. For most people, they can arrive at some understanding of the poet’s attitude towards many of the social issues of 14th-century England. The Canterbury Tales is influenced by Boccaccio’s Decameron. But the poem is more care fully structured. The poem present twenty-four tales, not all of them finished.
刘意青简明英国文学史笔记
刘意青简明英国文学史笔记
（原创版）
目录
1.刘意青《简明英国文学史》笔记的内容概述
2.刘意青《简明英国文学史》笔记的特点
3.刘意青《简明英国文学史》笔记的使用方法与价值
4.总结
正文
刘意青《简明英国文学史》笔记是一部针对英国文学史的参考书，旨在帮助学生更好地理解和掌握英国文学的发展历程和重要作品。
这本书涵盖了从古代到现代英国文学史上的主要流派、作家和作品，对于学生学习和研究英国文学具有很高的参考价值。
刘意青《简明英国文学史》笔记的特点主要体现在以下几个方面：首先，这本书的内容非常全面。
它按照时间顺序，系统地介绍了英国文学史上的各个时期和重要作家，涵盖了诗歌、小说、戏剧等文学形式，同时还对文学作品的社会背景、思想内容和艺术特点进行了详细的分析。
其次，这本书的结构非常清晰。
全书分为 25 章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记，总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是课后习题答案，对该书的课后思考题进行了详细解答。
这种编排方式有利于学生系统地学习和掌握英国文学史的知识点。
此外，刘意青《简明英国文学史》笔记在讲解文学作品时，还注重引入相关的背景知识和历史背景，使得学生能够更好地理解作品的产生和发展，加深对英国文学史的理解。
在使用刘意青《简明英国文学史》笔记时，学生可以按照笔记的章节顺序进行学习和复习，也可以根据自身的兴趣和需求选择性地进行阅读。
同时，笔记中的课后习题答案可以帮助学生检验自己的学习成果，及时发现和弥补自己的知识漏洞。
简明英国文学史
简明英国文学史简明英国文学史A Brief History of English LiteraturePart I Old and Middle English Periods (450-1066)Chapter 1Old English Period and BeowulfHistorical situationBritons, a branch of Celts, came to the Isles in BC400 to BC300, at the early stage of the Iron AgeJulius Caesar of the Roman Empire defeated the Celts and ruled there from BC55 to AD 407The Roman Empire declined, the Teutonic or Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes moved to live in the British Isles in about AD450They drove the Celts to Wales, Scotland and Ireland, the English language has gradually changed, Old Anglo-Saxon.8 to 11 Century, Danes from Scandinavia came to the Isles Norman Conquest 1066, it influenced the evolution of the English language, life style and culture.ReligionChristianityPart II English Renaissance and Shakespeare (1485-1616)Chapter 3The English Renaissance LiteratureHistorical situationfrom feudal society to capitalism;industry and commerce; ―sheep devouring men‖Tudor Reign: Religious Reformation,King Henry VIII (1509-1547), ProtestantismQueen Elizabeh (1558-1603)moderate policies to keep balance between the rising middle class and the feudal lords, the Protestants and the Catholics.a powerful country, set up English colonies overseas.Humanism and the Renaissance in EnglandRenaissance: revival of arts and sciences of ancient Greece and Rome after the long years of neglect in the medieval time In Englanda strong interest in ancient Greek and Rome art and science;Humanism: concerned about the welfare of human beings and believed that human happiness in this life was more important that what people were supposed to.religious reformation of the church ;praised man and man’s pur suit of happiness.Chief Literary Achievement of the Period1. translating classical Italian and French works;2. poetry― a nest of singing birds;‖sonnet became the most popular poetic form;Thomas Wyatt3. Drama and Theatre PerformanceMarlowe; Ben Jonson and ShakespeareLondon , the centre of drama performanceII. Ten Renaissance WritersThomas More：UtopiaEdmund Spenser：The Faerie QueenePhilip SidneyUniversity Wits:John Lyly: Euphues -- EuphuismThomas Nashe, Robert GreeneFrancis BaconessaysChristopher Marloweblank verse: the major vehicle of expression in dramaBen Jonsondrama; prose workChapter 4William ShakespeareThe lifeStratford-on-Avon, 1564Literary career and productions37 plays154 sonnetsShakespeare’s major worksHistory playsget material from the English history and from the history of ancient Rome Julius CaesarHenry IV, Part I and Part IIRichard IIHenry VHenry VI, Part I , Part II , Part IIIComediesA Mid-Summer Night’s Dream;As You Like It;The Twelfth Night;The Merchant of VeniceTragediesHamlet;King LearMacbethOthelloTragic-comediesThe Winter’s TaleThe TempestSonnetsSonnet 73Sonnet 18Sonnet 130My Mistress’ EyesMy mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sunCoral is far more red than her lips’ red,If snow be white, why then her breasts arte dun,If hairs be wires, black wires grow upon her head.I have seen roses damasked, red and white,But no such roses see I in her cheeks,And in some perfumes is there more delight,Than in the breath that from my mis tress’ reeks.I love to hear her speak: yet well I knowThat music hath a far more pleasing sound,I grant I never saw a goddess go,My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground. And yet by heaven, I think my love as rare,As any she belied with false compare.Part IIIThe Seventeenth Century (1616-1688) Chapter 5The Bourgeois Revolution and Milton1. History of the 17th century:a.King Charles I--Long Parliamentb.the civil war (1642-1649):army of the Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell;Bourgeois Revolution of England (Puritan Revolution);Puritans;King Charles II—James II—―glorious Revolution‖（光荣革命）constitutional monarchy(君主立宪制）2. Chief Literary AchievementsThe Bible ( The Old Testament and the New Testament)fountain heads of the Western Civilisation: The bible, Greek and Roman mythology and philosophy;Hebrew—Greek—LatinEnglish version: ―The King James Bible‖ (47 scholars, 7 years) Poetrya.―Metaphysical Poets‖（玄学派）—John Donne, Andrew Marvell, George Herbertb.Cavalier Poets (骑士诗人）c. Epics（史诗）by John MiltonProsepolitical pamphlets and essays;non-political mattersDrama(Restoration period)comedies combined with the French taste with witty language;light, often coarse themes;emphasis on the wit of the charactersthey are criticised as decadent.Dryden and BunyanDryden: man of lettersBunyan: The Pilgrim’s ProgressII. John MiltonParadise Lost （失乐园）Paradise Regained （复乐园）Samson Agonistes (力士生孙）Chapter 6The Metaphysical Poets and the Restoration DramaMetaphysical Poets (John Donne, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert)―Death Be not Proud‖― The Flea‖― A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning‖(理解诗歌：240）John DonneDeath be not proud, though some have called theeMighty and dreadful, for, thou art not so,For, those, whom thou think'st, thou dost overthrow,Die not, poor death, nor yet canst thou kill me；From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,Much pleasure, then from thee, much more must flow,And soonest our best men with thee do go,Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,And poppy, or charms can make us sleep as well,And better than thy stroak；why swell'st thou then？One short sleep past, we wake eternally,And death shall be no more；Death, thou shalt die.Chapter 7Dryden and BunyanJohn BunyanThe Pilgrim’s ProgressPart IVThe Eighteenth Century(1688-1780)Chapter 8The Age of ClassicismHistorical Situationscience and technology:Steam engine—Industrial Revolution;political economics;Enlightenment Movement;religion: Deism, more individual,Literary Achievements (In the first half of the 18th century): The Age of Classicism (or Neoclassicism)- Alexander Pope ( heroic couplet)- Swift ( master of satire)they admire and follow the styles of ancient poets in Roman Empire of Augustus in a metaphorical manner.; they worshipped reasons, so also called the Age of ReasonII. Chief RepresentativesAlexander PopeAn Essay on CriticismThe Rape of the LockJonathan Swift―A Modest Proposal‖Gulliver’s TravelsLilliput;Brobdingnag;Laputa(flying island)Houyhnhnms (horsese), yahoo.Joseph AddisonRichard SteeleThe SpectatorSamuel Johnson (a journalist, a biographer, a literary critic) The DictionaryChapter 9The Rise of the NovelBackground About the Rise of the Novelscience and technology developed;printing;reading makes the flourish of a book market;women’s reading even writingII. Major Novelists1. Daniel DefoeRobinson Crusoe( a sailor, 28 years in an isolated island)Moll FlandersRoxana2. Samuel RichardsonPamela, or Virtue Rewarded (letter novel)Clarissa, or The History of a Young Lady3. Henry FieldingJoseph AndrewsThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling4. Laurence SterneTristram ShandyA Sentimental JourneyChaoter 10The Pre-Romantic LiteratureBackgroundgrowth of cities, the bourgeois class, the book marketFrom reason to passion;literature in the second half century shifted from paying attention to human fates and social problems to searching the meaning of life and death, from exploring human nature, philosophy of human congnition to experiencing and praising nature.Pre-Romantic PoetryGraveyard PoetsThomas Parnell, Edward Young, Robert BlairThomas Gray (Elegy Written in a Country Church-Yard)wrote melancholy poems, often with the poet meditating on human mortality problems at night or in a graveyard.Robert Burns, the Sctottish BardWilliam BlakeSongs of InnocenceSongs of ExperienceThe Gothic NovelistsThe Castle of Otranto –Horace WalpoleThe Monk –Matthew Gregory LewisThe Mysteries of Udolpho —Ann RadcliffePart VThe Romantic Period (1780-1830)Chapter 11Wordsworth and ColeridgeHistorical backgroundIndustrial Revolution, working class,the Luddites’ movement –frame-breakers, breaking looms and machines, ignorant of the real cause for their sufferings;relationship with Ireland, Scotland and her colonies in North American became critical.American Revolution and the French Revolution; democracy,equality and freedom, social reformLiterary Achievements1) PoetryWordsworh, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, KeatsLake Poets: Wordswoth, Coleridge, Southey2) NovelWalter Scott, Jane AustenRomanticism or Romantic Movement is a literary movement in Britain and the European Continent between 1770 and 1848.its keynote is ―intensity(strong emotion)‖, its watchword is ―imagination‖The English Romantic Movement was marked by the publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798.Features of English Romanticism:simplicity (content and language);love of nature( respec t nature’s force, feelings with nature);subjectivity (individual emotion recollected in tranquility);spontaneity (―the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings‖)subject: supernatural, mysterious, stange and splendid, remote time and place;tone:melancholyII. The Romantic SageWilliam WordsworhLyrical Ballads, a joint work of Wordsworth and ColeridgePoems in search for self-definition in relation with nature―I Wandered Lonely As a Cloud‖; ―My Heart Leaps up When I Behold‖; ―Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abby‖Poems of Solitary―The Solitary Reaper‖I Wandered Lonely as a Cloudby WordsworthI wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of Golden daffodils:Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the milky way,They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay:Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.The waves beside them danced; but they Outdid the sparkling waves in glee;A poet could not but be gay;In such a jocund company;I gazed –and gazed –but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.The Solitary Reaperby WordsworthBehold her, single in the field,Yon solitary Highland Lass!Reaping and singing by herself，Stop here, or gently pass!Alone she cuts and binds the grain,And sings a melancholy strain;O listen! for the Vale profoundIs overflowing with the sound.No Nightingale did ever chauntMore welcome notes to weary bandsOf travelers in some shady haunt,Among Arabian sands:A voice so thrilling ne'er was heardIn spring-time from the Cuckoo-bird, Breaking the silence of the seasAmong the farthest Hebrides.Will no one tell me what she sings?—Perhaps the plaintive numbers flowFor old, unhappy, far-off things,And battles long ago:Or is it some more humble lay,Familiar matter of to-day?Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain,That has been, and may be again?Whate'er the theme, the Maiden sangAs if her song could have no ending;I saw her singing at her work,And o'er the sickle bending;——I listen'd, motionless and still;And, as I mounted up the hill,The music in my heart I bore,Long after it was heard no more. Composed uponWestminster Bridge by WordsworhP.181III. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Poet and Critic ―The Rime of the Ancient Mariner‖( a strange, supernatural sea tale in the form of a ballad)― Kubla Khan‖Chapter 12Byron, Shelley and KeatsByron and the Byronic Heromajor works:Childe Harold’s PilgrimageDon JuanWhat is a Byronic Hero?(P.189)Shelleymajor works:Queen Mab ( first long poem)―Song to the Men of England‖―Ode to the West Wind‖―To a Skylark‖Prometheus Unbound (lyrical drama)John Keats, the Poet of Beauty―Ode to a Nightingale‖―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖―To Autumn‖― Ode to Psyche‖― On Melancholy‖Chapter 13Walter Scott and Jane AustenWalter Scott, Romantic Writer of Historical Themesmajor works:Ivanhoe (historical romance)Rob Roy ( a legendary hero of the Scottish people)features:combine historical facts with romantic adventures;characters: type, superficial, lacking development and psychological depth;colorful and exotic settings;out-of-date mode of languageJane Austen, Novelist of Social Mannersmajor works:Sense and SensibilityPride and PrejudiceMansfield ParkEmmaNorthanger AbbyPersuasionPart VIThe Victorian Literature(1830-1880)Chapter 14The Victorian AgeWhat is Victorian? Why do we say that the Victorian Age was one of greatchanges?Queen Victoria (1837-1901)great development in industry, trade, science and technology, overseas expansion;social contradictions, national problems;diversity intellectual; disputes and changes in religionMajor Literary AchievementsProse: Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold Poets: Tennyson, Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold, Raphaelite poets(combine Italian art with poetry): Rossetti, William Morris, Swinburnenovelists: Charles Dickens, Thackeray,George Eliot, the Bronte sister, Mrs Gaskell Chapter 15Victorian NovelistsCharles Dickensmajor works:David CopperfieldBleak HouseA Tale of Two CitiesGreat ExpectationsOliver TwistWilliam Makepeace ThackerayVanity FairCharlotte BronteJane EyreEmily BronteWuthering HeightsGeorge EliotThe Mill on the FlossChapter 16Victorian PoetsAlfred Tennyson(1809-1892)Idylls of the King(interest in myths and legends)In Memoriam(sense of loneliness and a loss of a dear friend)Poet LaureateRobert Browning (1812-1889)“My Last Duchess” (the dramatic monologue- strong with its great potential in characterisation and psychological probing) The Ring and the Book( a long poem)Part VIIFine de siècle and Modernist Literature(1880-1930)Chapter 18Fin de siècleBackgroundlate 19th century , the apogee of British imperialism, ambitious and aggressive and a world power.natural science: Darwinsocial science: Marxanthropology (science of man): Sigmund Freud, his research on anthropology has a great influence on the whole 20th-century English literature.technology: electric light, radio, telephone, motor car, aeroplane, cinema(mass production and consumption of film industry) , the traditional art works, their un-reproducibility and uniqueness, gradually faded awayChapter 19Late Victorian to the First World WarFin de siècleAestheticism:Oscar Wilde : indulge in wit, preferring artifice to reality, artistic decadence, ―art’s for art’s sake‖The Picture of Dorian Gray (novel)Lady Windermere’s Fan (comedy)A Woman of No Importance (comedy)The Importance of Being Earnest (comedy)Wilde: Life and nature imitate art more than art imitates life and nature.Late Victorian Poetry1. Rhymer’s Club:Swinburne, Ernest Dowson, form of overrefinement and artistry, spirit and theme is inspired by classic literature and the new poetry developed in France.2. Gerard Manley HopkinsThe Victorian religious poetry found its most eloquent and radical expression in his poetry3. Thomas Hardy4. A.E. Housman5. Robert Bridges, John Masefield, Rudyard Kipling6.Georgian Poetry (casual and effortless beauty)7. Imagism: An intense aesthetic experience is bodied out through lean images andsparse words. Ezra PoundNovels of This Period1. Thomas HardyJude the ObscureUnder the Greenwood TreeFar from the Madding CrowdThe Mayor of CasterbridgeTess of the D’Urbevilles2. Samuel ButlerErewhonThe Way of All Flesh3. George Moore4. John GalsworthyThe Forsyte Saga: The Man of Property5. W. Somerset MaughamOf Human BondageThe Moon and Sixpence6. H.G. Wells (science romances)The Time MachineThe War of the Worlds7. Rudyard KiplingThe Jungle Book8. E.M. ForsterA Passage to India9. Joseph ConradLord JimHeart of Darkness( features: inscrutable mysteries, point of view) ?10. Henry JamesThe Wings of DoveThe Golden BowlDramaGeorge Bernard ShawMrs. Warren’s Prof essionMajor BarbaraPygmalionMy Fair Lady (film)(problem plays)Chapter 20Modernist LiteratureModernist Novel and Novelists1. Virginia WoolfMrs. DallowayTo the LighthouseA Room of One’s Own(stream of consciousness of a person’s everyday existence, her concept of―androgyny‖ gains tremendous popularity in late 20th-century feminist theory )2. D.H. LawrenceThe RainbowWomen in LoveSons and LoversLady Chatterley’s Loverwomen and sexual relationship3. James JoyceA Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManDubliners (short stories)UlyssesFinnegans Wake(epiphany, stream of consciousness)Modernist Poetry1. Ezra PoundImagist Movement2. T.S. EliotThe Waste Land―The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock‖( the only way of expressing emotion in art is by finding an ―objective equivalent.‖)3. William Butler Yeats―The Second Coming‖―Sailing to Byzantium‖。
五分钟，教你搞懂几千年的英国文学史！
五分钟，教你搞懂几千年的英国文学史！一提到英国文学史很多人就会联想到最具代表的大师们莎士比亚勃朗特三姐妹……可以说从上古及中世纪——新古典主义时期从浪漫主义时期——维多利亚时期以及现代时期数风流人物我就记得这几个$#%*...#￥&...#$%*...**$%*&当然作为英专党英国文学史上的大牛们我没有成功记住他们以及代表作一定不是因为我真的不感兴趣一定是因为我和他们么有缘分一定是因为没有考神君给你们记忆秘籍！考神君教你！简单弄明白！几千年的英国文学史马起来，期末复习用得上还没学到？收藏下来没得跑！英国文学主要分五个阶段：①②上古及中世纪的英国文学③新古典主义时期④浪漫主义时期⑤维多利亚时期以及现代时期古英语时期古英语时期从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
最重要的诗人是被称为'英国诗歌之父'的乔叟,代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》，取得了很高的艺术成就。
他首创了诗歌的双韵体，每两行压韵的五步抑扬格，后被许多英国诗人采用。
乔叟用伦敦方言写作，奠定了用英语语言进行文学创作的基础，促进了英语语言文学的发展。
文艺复兴时期文艺复新时期，是中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始，是从十五世纪到十七世纪，人文主义是其精神所在，那个时期涌现的作家有莎士比亚，培根，马洛，斯宾塞，约翰弥尔顿。
文艺复兴时期的英国文学得到了空前的发展，在诗歌,散文和戏剧方面尤其兴盛。
诗歌方面，新的诗体形式如十四行诗，无韵体诗被介绍到英国。
重要的诗人有Philip Sidney，他不仅写了许多优美的十四行诗，还创作了最早的诗歌理论作品之一《诗辩》。
英国文学史发展历程
英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。
在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。
下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。
故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。
公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowu lf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。
《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。
这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。
因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。
诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。
这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。
英国文学史简介
英国文学史简介英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。
在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。
下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。
故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。
公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。
《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。
这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。
因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。
诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。
这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。
《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。
传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。
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简明英国文学史A Brief History of English LiteraturePart I Old and Middle English Periods (450-1066)Chapter 1Old English Period and BeowulfHistorical situationBritons, a branch of Celts, came to the Isles in BC400 to BC300, at the early stage of the Iron AgeJulius Caesar of the Roman Empire defeated the Celts and ruled there from BC55 to AD 407The Roman Empire declined, the Teutonic or Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes moved to live in the British Isles in about AD450They drove the Celts to Wales, Scotland and Ireland, the English language has gradually changed, Old Anglo-Saxon.8 to 11 Century, Danes from Scandinavia came to the Isles Norman Conquest 1066, it influenced the evolution of the English language, life style and culture.ReligionChristianityPart II English Renaissance and Shakespeare (1485-1616)Chapter 3The English Renaissance Literature⏹Historical situationfrom feudal society to capitalism;industry and commerce; “sheep devouring men”Tudor Reign: Religious Reformation,King Henry VIII (1509-1547), ProtestantismQueen Elizabeh (1558-1603)moderate policies to keep balance between the rising middle class and the feudal lords, the Protestants and the Catholics.a powerful country, set up English colonies overseas.⏹Humanism and the Renaissance in EnglandRenaissance: revival of arts and sciences of ancient Greece and Rome after the long years of neglect in the medieval timeIn Englanda strong interest in ancient Greek and Rome art and science;Humanism: concerned about the welfare of human beings and believed that human happiness in this life was more important that what people were supposed to.religious reformation of the church ;praised man and man’s pursuit of happiness.⏹Chief Literary Achievement of the Period1. translating classical Italian and French works;2. poetry“ a nest of singing birds;”sonnet became the most popular poetic form;Thomas Wyatt3. Drama and Theatre PerformanceMarlowe; Ben Jonson and ShakespeareLondon , the centre of drama performanceII. Ten Renaissance Writers⏹Thomas More：Utopia⏹Edmund Spenser：The Faerie Queene⏹Philip Sidney⏹University Wits:John Lyly: Euphues -- EuphuismThomas Nashe, Robert Greene⏹Francis Baconessays⏹Christopher Marloweblank verse: the major vehicle of expression in drama⏹Ben Jonsondrama; prose workChapter 4William Shakespeare⏹The lifeStratford-on-Avon, 1564⏹Literary career and productions37 plays154 sonnetsShakespeare’s major works⏹History playsget material from the English history and from the history of ancient Rome Julius CaesarHenry IV, Part I and Part IIRichard IIHenry VHenry VI, Part I , Part II , Part III⏹ComediesA Mid-Summer Night’s Dream;As You Like It;The Twelfth Night;The Merchant of Venice⏹TragediesHamlet;King LearMacbethOthello⏹Tragic-comediesThe Winter’s TaleThe TempestSonnets⏹Sonnet 73⏹Sonnet 18⏹Sonnet 130My Mistress’ EyesMy mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sunCoral is far more red than her lips’ red,If snow be white, why then her breasts arte dun,If hairs be wires, black wires grow upon her head.I have seen roses damasked, red and white,But no such roses see I in her cheeks,And in some perfumes is there more delight,Than in the breath that from my mistress’ reeks.I love to hear her speak: yet well I knowThat music hath a far more pleasing sound,I grant I never saw a goddess go,My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground. And yet by heaven, I think my love as rare,As any she belied with false compare.Part IIIThe Seventeenth Century (1616-1688) Chapter 5The Bourgeois Revolution and Milton1. History of the 17th century:a.King Charles I--Long Parliamentb.the civil war (1642-1649):army of the Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell;Bourgeois Revolution of England (Puritan Revolution);Puritans;King Charles II—James II—“glorious Revolution”（光荣革命）constitutional monarchy(君主立宪制）2. Chief Literary Achievements⏹The Bible ( The Old Testament and the New Testament)fountain heads of the Western Civilisation: The bible, Greek and Roman mythology and philosophy;Hebrew—Greek—LatinEnglish version: “The King James Bible” (47 scholars, 7 years)⏹Poetrya.“Metaphysical Poets”（玄学派）—John Donne, Andrew Marvell, George Herbertb.Cavalier Poets (骑士诗人）c. Epics（史诗）by John Milton⏹Prosepolitical pamphlets and essays;non-political matters⏹Drama(Restoration period)comedies combined with the French taste with witty language;light, often coarse themes;emphasis on the wit of the charactersthey are criticised as decadent.⏹Dryden and BunyanDryden: man of lettersBunyan: The Pilgrim’s ProgressII. John Milton⏹Paradise Lost （失乐园）⏹Paradise Regained （复乐园）⏹Samson Agonistes (力士生孙）Chapter 6The Metaphysical Poets and the Restoration Drama⏹Metaphysical Poets (John Donne, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert)“Death Be not Proud”“ The Flea”“ A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning”(理解诗歌：240）John DonneDeath be not proud, though some have called theeMighty and dreadful, for, thou art not so,For, those, whom thou think'st, thou dost overthrow,Die not, poor death, nor yet canst thou kill me；From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,Much pleasure, then from thee, much more must flow,And soonest our best men with thee do go,Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,And poppy, or charms can make us sleep as well,And better than thy stroak；why swell'st thou then？One short sleep past, we wake eternally,And death shall be no more；Death, thou shalt die.Chapter 7Dryden and Bunyan⏹John BunyanThe Pilgrim’s ProgressPart IVThe Eighteenth Century(1688-1780)Chapter 8The Age of Classicism⏹Historical Situationscience and technology:Steam engine—Industrial Revolution;political economics;Enlightenment Movement;religion: Deism, more individual,⏹Literary Achievements (In the first half of the 18th century):The Age of Classicism (or Neoclassicism)- Alexander Pope ( heroic couplet)- Swift ( master of satire)they admire and follow the styles of ancient poets in Roman Empire of Augustus in a metaphorical manner.; they worshipped reasons, so also called the Age of ReasonII. Chief Representatives⏹Alexander PopeAn Essay on CriticismThe Rape of the Lock⏹Jonathan Swift“A Modest Proposal”Gulliver’s TravelsLilliput;Brobdingnag;Laputa(flying island)Houyhnhnms (horsese), yahoo.⏹Joseph Addison⏹Richard SteeleThe Spectator⏹Samuel Johnson (a journalist, a biographer, a literary critic) The DictionaryChapter 9The Rise of the Novel⏹Background About the Rise of the Novelscience and technology developed;printing;reading makes the flourish of a book market;women’s reading even writingII. Major Novelists⏹1. Daniel DefoeRobinson Crusoe( a sailor, 28 years in an isolated island)Moll FlandersRoxana⏹2. Samuel RichardsonPamela, or Virtue Rewarded (letter novel)Clarissa, or The History of a Young Lady⏹3. Henry FieldingJoseph AndrewsThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling⏹4. Laurence SterneTristram ShandyA Sentimental JourneyChaoter 10The Pre-Romantic Literature⏹Backgroundgrowth of cities, the bourgeois class, the book marketFrom reason to passion;literature in the second half century shifted from paying attention to human fates and social problems to searching the meaning of life and death, from exploring human nature, philosophy of human congnition to experiencing and praising nature.Pre-Romantic Poetry⏹Graveyard PoetsThomas Parnell, Edward Young, Robert BlairThomas Gray (Elegy Written in a Country Church-Yard)wrote melancholy poems, often with the poet meditating on human mortality problems at night or in a graveyard.⏹Robert Burns, the Sctottish Bard⏹William BlakeSongs of InnocenceSongs of Experience⏹The Gothic NovelistsThe Castle of Otranto –Horace WalpoleThe Monk –Matthew Gregory LewisThe Mysteries of Udolpho —Ann RadcliffePart VThe Romantic Period (1780-1830)Chapter 11Wordsworth and Coleridge⏹Historical backgroundIndustrial Revolution, working class,the Luddites’ movement –frame-breakers, breaking looms and machines, ignorant of the real cause for their sufferings;relationship with Ireland, Scotland and her colonies in North American became critical.American Revolution and the French Revolution; democracy, equality and freedom, social reform⏹Literary Achievements1) PoetryWordsworh, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, KeatsLake Poets: Wordswoth, Coleridge, Southey2) NovelWalter Scott, Jane Austen⏹Romanticism or Romantic Movement is a literary movement in Britain and the European Continent between 1770 and 1848.its keynote is “intensity(strong emotion)”, its watchword is “imagination”⏹The English Romantic Movement was marked by the publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798.⏹Features of English Romanticism:simplicity (content and language);love of nature( respect nature’s force, feelings with nature);subjectivity (individual emotion recollected in tranquility);spontaneity (“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”)subject: supernatural, mysterious, stange and splendid, remote time and place;tone:melancholyII. The Romantic SageWilliam Wordsworh⏹Lyrical Ballads, a joint work of Wordsworth and Coleridge⏹Poems in search for self-definition in relation with nature“I Wandered Lonely As a Cloud”; “My Heart Leaps up When I Behold”; “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abby”⏹Poems of Solitary“The Solitary Reaper”I Wandered Lonely as a Cloudby WordsworthI wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of Golden daffodils:Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the milky way,They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay:Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.The waves beside them danced; but they Outdid the sparkling waves in glee;A poet could not but be gay;In such a jocund company;I gazed – and gazed – but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.The Solitary Reaperby WordsworthBehold her, single in the field,Yon solitary Highland Lass!Reaping and singing by herself，Stop here, or gently pass!Alone she cuts and binds the grain,And sings a melancholy strain;O listen! for the Vale profoundIs overflowing with the sound.No Nightingale did ever chauntMore welcome notes to weary bandsOf travelers in some shady haunt,Among Arabian sands:A voice so thrilling ne'er was heardIn spring-time from the Cuckoo-bird, Breaking the silence of the seasAmong the farthest Hebrides.Will no one tell me what she sings?—Perhaps the plaintive numbers flowFor old, unhappy, far-off things,And battles long ago:Or is it some more humble lay,Familiar matter of to-day?Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain,That has been, and may be again?Whate'er the theme, the Maiden sangAs if her song could have no ending;I saw her singing at her work,And o'er the sickle bending;——I listen'd, motionless and still;And, as I mounted up the hill,The music in my heart I bore,Long after it was heard no more. Composed upon Westminster Bridge by WordsworhP.181III. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Poet and Critic “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”( a strange, supernatural sea tale in the form of a ballad)“ Kubla Khan”Chapter 12Byron, Shelley and Keats⏹Byron and the Byronic Heromajor works:Childe Harold’s PilgrimageDon JuanWhat is a Byronic Hero?(P.189)⏹Shelleymajor works:Queen Mab ( first long poem)“Song to the Men of England”“Ode to the West Wind”“To a Skylark”Prometheus Unbound (lyrical drama)⏹John Keats, the Poet of Beauty“Ode to a Nightingale”“Ode on a Grecian Urn”“To Autumn”“ Ode to Psyche”“ On Melancholy”Chapter 13Walter Scott and Jane Austen⏹Walter Scott, Romantic Writer of Historical Themesmajor works:Ivanhoe (historical romance)Rob Roy ( a legendary hero of the Scottish people)features:combine historical facts with romantic adventures;characters: type, superficial, lacking development and psychological depth;colorful and exotic settings;out-of-date mode of language⏹Jane Austen, Novelist of Social Mannersmajor works:Sense and SensibilityPride and PrejudiceMansfield ParkEmmaNorthanger AbbyPersuasionPart VIThe Victorian Literature(1830-1880)Chapter 14The Victorian Age⏹What is Victorian? Why do we say that the Victorian Age was one of greatchanges?Queen Victoria (1837-1901)great development in industry, trade, science and technology, overseas expansion;social contradictions, national problems;diversity intellectual; disputes and changes in religionMajor Literary Achievements⏹Prose: Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold⏹Poets: Tennyson, Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold,Raphaelite poets(combine Italian art with poetry):Rossetti, William Morris, Swinburnenovelists: Charles Dickens, Thackeray,George Eliot, the Bronte sister, Mrs GaskellChapter 15Victorian Novelists⏹Charles Dickensmajor works:David CopperfieldBleak HouseA Tale of Two CitiesGreat ExpectationsOliver Twist⏹William Makepeace ThackerayVanity Fair⏹Charlotte BronteJane Eyre⏹Emily BronteWuthering Heights⏹George EliotThe Mill on the FlossChapter 16Victorian Poets⏹Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892)Idylls of the King(interest in myths and legends)In Memoriam(sense of loneliness and a loss of a dear friend)Poet Laureate⏹Robert Browning (1812-1889)“My Last Duchess” (the dramatic monologue- strong with its great potential in characterisation and psychological probing)The Ring and the Book( a long poem)Part VIIFine de siècle and Modernist Literature(1880-1930)Chapter 18Fin de siècle⏹Backgroundlate 19th century , the apogee of British imperialism, ambitious and aggressive and a world power.natural science: Darwinsocial science: Marxanthropology (science of man): Sigmund Freud, his research on anthropology has a great influence on the whole 20th-century English literature.technology: electric light, radio, telephone, motor car, aeroplane, cinema(mass production and consumption of film industry) , the traditional art works, their un-reproducibility and uniqueness, gradually faded awayChapter 19Late Victorian to the First World War⏹Fin de siècleAestheticism:Oscar Wilde : indulge in wit, preferring artifice to reality, artistic decadence, “art’s for art’s sake”The Picture of Dorian Gray (novel)Lady Windermere’s Fan (comedy)A Woman of No Importance (comedy)The Importance of Being Earnest (comedy)Wilde: Life and nature imitate art more than art imitates life and nature.⏹Late Victorian Poetry1. Rhymer’s Club:Swinburne, Ernest Dowson, form of overrefinement and artistry, spirit and theme is inspired by classic literature and the new poetry developed in France.2. Gerard Manley HopkinsThe Victorian religious poetry found its most eloquent and radical expression in his poetry⏹3. Thomas Hardy⏹4. A.E. Housman⏹5. Robert Bridges, John Masefield, Rudyard Kipling⏹6.Georgian Poetry (casual and effortless beauty)⏹7. Imagism: An intense aesthetic experience is bodied out through lean images andsparse words. Ezra Pound⏹Novels of This Period⏹1. Thomas HardyJude the ObscureUnder the Greenwood TreeFar from the Madding CrowdThe Mayor of CasterbridgeTess of the D’Urbevilles⏹2. Samuel ButlerErewhonThe Way of All Flesh⏹3. George Moore⏹4. John GalsworthyThe Forsyte Saga: The Man of Property⏹5. W. Somerset MaughamOf Human BondageThe Moon and Sixpence⏹6. H.G. Wells (science romances)The Time MachineThe War of the Worlds⏹7. Rudyard KiplingThe Jungle Book⏹8. E.M. ForsterA Passage to India⏹9. Joseph ConradLord JimHeart of Darkness( features: inscrutable mysteries, point of view) ⏹10. Henry JamesThe Wings of DoveThe Golden BowlDrama⏹George Bernard ShawMrs. Warren’s ProfessionMajor BarbaraPygmalionMy Fair Lady (film)(problem plays)Chapter 20Modernist Literature⏹Modernist Novel and Novelists1. Virginia WoolfMrs. DallowayTo the LighthouseA Room of One’s Own(stream of consciousness of a person’s everyday existence, her concept of “androgyny” gains tremendous popularity in late 20th-century feminist theory )⏹2. D.H. LawrenceThe RainbowWomen in LoveSons and LoversLady Chatterley’s Loverwomen and sexual relationship⏹3. James JoyceA Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManDubliners (short stories)UlyssesFinnegans Wake(epiphany, stream of consciousness)Modernist Poetry⏹1. Ezra PoundImagist Movement⏹2. T.S. EliotThe Waste Land“The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock”( the only way of expressing emotion in art is by finding an “objective equivalent.”)⏹3. William Butler Yeats“The Second Coming”“Sailing to Byzantium”。