高级英语第二册第三课背景知识
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高级英语第二册第三课背景知识
1 、按说明的对象来分，说明文分为实体说明文和事理说明文 两种。
2、按说明文的语言风格，说明文可以分为平实语言的说明文和 生动语言的说明文（文艺性说明文）两种。
The History of Britain and Language
1、 The native people in Britain Celts （凯尔特人） —Celt 2、Roman Conquest 43 AD, ruled for 400 years —Latin 3、In 449 Angles, Saxon and Jutes from Northwest of Germany, conquered the most part of England —Old English 4、9th century, Scandinavian conquest . —Danish
★说明文三要素：内容的科学性、说明的条理性和语言的准确性。 ★常见的说明文：解说词、说明书、科普小品、商品介绍、旅游
指南、操作规程等。
★说明方法
1、定义法(Definition)：就是用准确的、简明的语言来说明事物的 特征、揭示事物的本质，使这种事物和另一种事物区分开来的一种 说明方法。 2、罗列法（Listing):在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然 后常用first, second, …and finally 加以罗列说明。 4、举例法（Examples)：就是用实际的事例把抽象、复杂的事物说 得具体形象、生动的一种说明方法。
5 、11th century Norman Conquest (诺曼征服）for 400 years. —French 6 、British people conquered the conquest again. —English won its recognition
2、按说明文的语言风格，说明文可以分为平实语言的说明文和 生动语言的说明文（文艺性说明文）两种。
The History of Britain and Language
1、 The native people in Britain Celts （凯尔特人） —Celt 2、Roman Conquest 43 AD, ruled for 400 years —Latin 3、In 449 Angles, Saxon and Jutes from Northwest of Germany, conquered the most part of England —Old English 4、9th century, Scandinavian conquest . —Danish
★说明文三要素：内容的科学性、说明的条理性和语言的准确性。 ★常见的说明文：解说词、说明书、科普小品、商品介绍、旅游
指南、操作规程等。
★说明方法
1、定义法(Definition)：就是用准确的、简明的语言来说明事物的 特征、揭示事物的本质，使这种事物和另一种事物区分开来的一种 说明方法。 2、罗列法（Listing):在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然 后常用first, second, …and finally 加以罗列说明。 4、举例法（Examples)：就是用实际的事例把抽象、复杂的事物说 得具体形象、生动的一种说明方法。
5 、11th century Norman Conquest (诺曼征服）for 400 years. —French 6 、British people conquered the conquest again. —English won its recognition
高级英语第三课背景简介
introduction of the text
1.type of literature: a piece of exposition
2.the purpose of a piece of exposition:
to inform or explain 3.ways of developing the thesis of a piece of exposition: illustration,definition,comparison,contrast,analogy, identification,analysis,ect
The shrinking of the Aral Sea has been called "one of the planet's worst environmental disasters". The region's once-prosperous fishing industry has been essentially destroyed, bringing unemployment and economic hardship. The Aral Sea region is also heavily polluted, with consequent serious public health problems. The departure of the sea has reportedly also caused local climate change, with summers becoming hotter and drier, and winters colder and longer.
Formerly one of the four largest lakes in the world with an area of 68,000 km2 (26,300 sq mi), the Aral Sea has been steadily shrinking since the 1960s after the rivers that fed it were diverted by Soviet irrigation projects. By 2007, it had declined to 10% of its original size, splitting into four lakes – the North Aral Sea, the eastern and western basins of the once far larger South Aral Sea, and one smaller lake between the North and South Aral Seas. By 2 0 0 9 , t h e s o u t h e a ste r n lak e ha d d is a p pe a r e d a n d t he southwestern lake had retreated to a thin strip at the extreme west of the former southern sea; in subsequent years, occasional water flows have led to the southeastern lake sometimes being replenished to a small degree. Satellite images taken by NASA in August 2014 have revealed that for the first time in modern history the eastern basin of the Aral Sea had completely dried up.The eastern basin is now called the Aralkum desert.
pub talk 高英二册第三课
pub or making pub friends?
British Pub
You have to be 18 years old to order a drink in a pub. Some pubs will allow people over 14 years old to go inside if they are with someone who is over 18, but they are not allowed to
Detailed study of the text
pub talk --- conversation held in the public house The King's English --- standard English
II. Textual Structure Part I (para.1-3): General ideas about what is and what makes a good conversation Part II ( para. 4-17): Illustration of a good conversation on “the king’s English” in a pub talk Part IV (para.18-21): Resuming to the topic of a good conversation
2. What is the first topic the writer puts forward? 3. Do you think the writer sticks to this topic?
4. What makes a good conversation?
5. Why does the writer like bar conversation so
高级英语第二册课件03
Conceit is the enemy of progress. Why is the phrase something to say put in question marks? What is the difference between conversation and argument ? What does the writer try to say in the second paragraph? What does the first sentence of the third paragraph talk about? Do you think it is relevant or not? What function does it have? What makes companions and intimates different? the musketeers of Dumas Analyze the first sentence of paragraph 4. alchemy
So the next morning, the conversation over, one looked it up. Can you find a similar indicator of time in this essay? on such an occasion the other evening What can we detect about the arrangement of this essay? What is this part mainly about? the actual goings-on of the conversation the direct or indirect account of the situation and sequence utterances By reading the first sentence of paragraph 12, can you guess what the following will be about? the author's own exploration of the origin of this phrase That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. That (if the phrase is in Shakespeare) would prove that the term "the King's English" was in general use at that time.
高级英语张汉熙第三版第二册第三课Inaugural Address 中英对照 多知识点
Inaugural Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy1 We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.我们今天举行的不是一个政党的祝捷大会，而是一次自由的庆典。
这是一个承先启后、继往开来的大事件。
因为刚才我已依照我们的先辈在将近一又四分之三个世纪以前拟好的誓言在诸位和全能的上帝面前庄严宣誓。
inaugural (adj.) : of an inauguration就职(典礼)的signify (v.) : be a sign or indication of；mean表明；意味almighty (adj.) : having unlimited power；all-powerful有无限权力的；全能的forebear (n.) : an ancester 祖先，祖宗prescribe (v.) : set down as a rule or direction；order；ordain；direct命令；指示；规定，订立2 The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.当今的世界已与往昔大不相同了。
高级英语第二册第三课背景知识
Type2:
Conversation for some other purposes
Politicians, preachers, salesmen, lobbyists, etc. practice this type.
Tips for General Conversation
General conversation should conform to the following principles: The topic must be of general interest. Each person must do his share AND NO MORE. There should be no periods of silence. No topic should be dragged out. The tone should be kept good-natured. No one should be offended by anything said.
Part II: Para. 4-17
Main idea: What is and what makes a good conversation. Para.4-11: The topic “the king‟s English” was discussed unwares during a pub talk.
Written text
Personal experiences are crucial because they determine both what a person thinks and how he or she thinks about the world.( academic thesis)
高级英语第二册第三课课文翻译对照(修订版)
第三课酒肆闲聊与标准英语1人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。
动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。
2闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。
它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。
要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。
闲聊不是为了进行争论。
闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。
闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。
事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。
也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。
3或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。
酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。
他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。
他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。
4有一天晚上的情形正是这样。
人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。
谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。
可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。
我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。
5“几天前，我听到一个人说…标准英语‟这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。
”6此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。
有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。
最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。
于是，问题便解决了。
最新文档-【ppt课件】张汉熙高级英语的第二册的第3课课件the_king's_english-PPT精品文档
•When the ruling monarch is a queen, it is also called “ the Queen’s English.”
The Queen’s English:
(old-fashioned) the form of spoken and written British English that is considered correct by most people (Macmillan English Dictionary)
Summary Justice Shallow, Master Slender, and Sir Hugh Evans enter, discussing
Shallow's anger at Sir John Falstaff. Evans changes the topic to the young Anne Page, whom he would like to see Slender marry. They arrive at Master Page's door, where Shallow confronts Falstaff and his entourage. The men enter to dine, but Slender drifts around outside, trying unsuccessfully to converse with Anne Page until he goes inside. //Falstaff and his entourage settle in at the Garter Inn, whereFalstaff reveals his plan to seduce Mistress Page and Mistress Ford, both of whom have control over their husband's money, which he desires. He sends Pistol and Nim to deliver letters to the women, but they refuse. Instead they plot to stymie Falstaff's plans by telling Page and Ford of his intentions.
The Queen’s English:
(old-fashioned) the form of spoken and written British English that is considered correct by most people (Macmillan English Dictionary)
Summary Justice Shallow, Master Slender, and Sir Hugh Evans enter, discussing
Shallow's anger at Sir John Falstaff. Evans changes the topic to the young Anne Page, whom he would like to see Slender marry. They arrive at Master Page's door, where Shallow confronts Falstaff and his entourage. The men enter to dine, but Slender drifts around outside, trying unsuccessfully to converse with Anne Page until he goes inside. //Falstaff and his entourage settle in at the Garter Inn, whereFalstaff reveals his plan to seduce Mistress Page and Mistress Ford, both of whom have control over their husband's money, which he desires. He sends Pistol and Nim to deliver letters to the women, but they refuse. Instead they plot to stymie Falstaff's plans by telling Page and Ford of his intentions.
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The ideal conversationalist is:
Well-informed Sympathetic Interested in life Attentive
Always in good humor Doesn't preach Doesn't take himself too seriously Not argumentative Never contradict or flatly disagree with the other person Never too forceful or emphatic in stating your opinions
• The voiced fillers er and erm, for example, are useful delaying devices, so that we are able to continue holding the floor while we think of what next to say
Why are our personal experiences so crucial? I can give you two important reasons. First, our experiences determine what we think. Second, they determine how we come to think about the world. ( lecture)
Type2:
Conversation for some other purposes
Politicians, preachers, salesmen, lobbyists, etc. practice this type.
Tips for General Conversation
General conversation should conform to the following principles: The topic must be of general interest. Each person must do his share AND NO MORE. There should be no periods of silence. No topic should be dragged out. The tone should be kept good-natured. No one should be offended by anything said.
• 3. Syntactic anomalies （不规则）
Often we fail to keep control of the syntax of what we are saying, and produce anomalous constructions which, if they are not entirely ungrammatical, would nevertheless be regarded as awkward and unacceptable in written composition eg. "We've got... you've got to take".
Personal emails
Legal and political documents
Formality of Spoken English
Very formal Very informal
Public speech
Classroom lecture
Talk between lovers
Spoken text
Advanced English
Book Two
Unit 3 Pub Talk and the King’s English
Background Knowledge
Global ReI: Para. 1-3
of
the
text
Part III: Para. 18-21
Conversation is of two basic types:
Type 1: Conversation for its own sake( general conversation) aims: Companionship The exchange of ideas Entertainment
Original Broad-minded Charitable( ready to help) Unselfish Considerate Flexible Poised( controlled and relaxed) Enthusiastic
The Characteristics of Spoken English
How to become a good conversationalist? While one fault will make a person a bad conversationalist, one virtue will not make him a good one. He must possess many qualities, some of them having to do with character, some with intellect, and some with training.
Writing style
The writer deliberately wrote this piece in a conversational style to suit his theme---bar conversation has its own charm. Organization is loose---title, abrupt transition, digression Highly informal language---abundance of simple idiomatic expressions cheek by jowl with copious literary and historical allusions The tone of the author is generally light-hearted and relaxed rather than very serious and forceful or satirical.
Elements of a good conversationalist?
Bane of Conversation
--- focus on one particular topic ---always interrupt others or argue stubbornly ---dominate the topic and the conversation ---impose on others to accept your ideas or opinions ---talkative, self-centered ---don’t like to be a good listener
Formality of Written English
Very formal
Academic texts Business letters Quality newspapers (broadsheet s) Popular press Personal letters
Very informal
General characteristics of these two manifestations of human language
spoken immensely ancient the primary form of language modifies rapidly written comparatively recent the secondary form modifies more slowly
Main idea: The writer
resumed to the topic of how to make a good conversation.
Para.12-17: Study or reflections done about the king‟s or queen‟s English.
In dialogue about half your time should be spent listening unless it is clear that the other person wishes you to talk more. The advantages of listening are: You conceal your own weakness. You learn the other person's attitude. You give the other person enjoyment. You store up emphasis for the statement you eventually make. In times of trouble a sympathetic ear is more valuable to most people than anything that can be said to them.
paralinguistic features reduced to punctuation, handwriting or typeface
largely pre-meditated no immediate opportunity to monitor reader feedback and effect repair