2008东北师大英语专业考研基础_语言学_
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解
I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研)2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研)3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication.4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______.6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover whatlanguage is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called______. (北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研)10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研)11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研)12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way wordsare combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研)13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called_______. (北二外2008研)15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguisticlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研)16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study.17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______.18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The formeris the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening，writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors.19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研)20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研)II. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. ArbitrarinessB. ConventionC. Dualityof the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研)A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness:5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely con nected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研)A. articulatory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. auditory phonetics6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language func tions?A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.B. The emo tive function is to convey message and information.C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings.D. The phat ic function is to establish communion with others.of the following is a main branch of linguistics? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. MacrolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. Sociolinguistics8. ______ refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and w ords which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of. (西安外国语学院2006研) A. Langue B. Competence C. Communicative competence D. Linguistic potentialstudy of language at one point in time is a _______ study. (北二外2010研)A. historicalB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. diachronic10. “An refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. ”This shows that language has the design feature of _____.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement11. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade”is .A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative is closely connected with ______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Langue B. Competence C. EticIII. True or False1. Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. (清华2000研)2. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowle dge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.3. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way usedby the deaf-mute is not language4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially cre ative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to g eneration. As a foreign language learner, the latter is mere important for us.5. The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. (大连外国语学院2008研)6. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.7. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.8. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.9. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descript ive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners’communicative skills.10. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people ina given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to com municate or interact.11. Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical lingu istics.12. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to lan guage teaching and learning.13. Wherever humans exist, language exists. (对外经贸2006研)14. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.15. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact t hat language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of me anings.16. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it ca n tell us how to speak correct language.IV. Explain the following terms.(北二外2010研；南开大学2010研)features(南开大学2010研；清华2001研)linguistics6. Descriptive linguistics(四川大学2006研)V. Short answer questions1. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind ofrelationships hold between the two. (北外2002研)参考答案及解析I.Fill in the blanks.(人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
2008东师考研
学科专业学科专业：：英语语言文学英语语言文学、、外国语言学及应用语言学考试科目考试科目：：英语英语实践实践实践基础基础考试时间考试时间：：2008年1月20日上午词汇部分词汇部分（（50分）I. Choose the most appropriate choice for each underlined word or blank in the following sentences. (15 points) 1. At the end of the prayer the choir san the amens beautifully.A. may it be soB. whatever it may comeC. believe it or notD. rain or shine 2. I will never forget my Alma Mater where I spent four golden years of my college life.A. hometownB. collegeC. churchD. motherland 3. Take no notice of his threats – they are sheer bravado.A. timidityB. false baldnessC. courageD. capability 4.Most of a doctor’s time is __________ talking to patients and this helps him to communicate with patients well.A. taken toB. taken upC. taken onD. taken over 5.The workers on strike are determined to __________ until their demands are satisfied.A. stick outB. stick toC. stick withD. stick up 6.Tired of having dinner at home everyday, he suggested eating out this evening, __________ a change.A. in the way ofB. by way ofC. on the wayD. for a way of 7.Four people were killed when a car was __________ a bus on a highway last night.A. on smash withB. in smash withC. on collision withD. in collision with 8.We didn’t dare to speak loudly, __________ waking the baby.A. afraid ofB. afraid toC. for fear ofD. in fear of 9.__________ a flood, the villagers are asked to keep calm.A. As a case ofB. As a result ofC. In the event ofD. In the time of 10.Bob decided to move to another job, for he didn’t want to be __________ his boss.A. in conflict withB. in odds withC. in contrast withD. in competition with 11.Cities were at the __________ of social change.A. cutting a beefB. cutting a dashC. cutting edgeD. cutting a figure 12.Pollutants defined by the first pollution law were __________ from the extensive list of harmful substances known today.A. a far cryB. hue and cryC. in full cryD. a rallying cry 13.In Earth’s infancy, its surface was warm enough for life __________ the young Sun was fainter than it is today.A. in spite ofB. whetherC. neither of whichD. even though 14.Connecticut was the fifth of the original thirteen states __________ the constitution of the United States.A. ratifiedB. ratifyC. to ratifyD. have ratified 15. The Trojan War proved to the Greeks that cunning and __________ were often more effective thanmilitary might.A. treacheryB. artificeC. strengthD. beautyII. Choose the right word(s) from those in brackets. (10 points)1. I decided to __________ his tongue with the help of a little alcohol. (grease, loose, loosen)2. Some children are absolutely __________. (inexhaustible, indefatigable)3. Modern writers are not afraid of calling a __________ a __________. (thing, fact, spade)4. Many people, especially men, are keenly interested in __________ affairs. (actual, current, topical,nowadays)5. The criminal attempted to __________ incriminating evidence on an innocent man. (fix, plant, depose)6. A brilliant writer can __________ a whole scene effortlessly. (conjure up, conjure with, invoke, evoke)7. They talked for a few minutes but soon __________ into silence. (returned, lapsed, withdrew)8. The poor creatures were __________ together to try to keep warm. (squashed, bundled, huddled)9. The audience were __________ with laughter. (convulsed, repulsed, involved)10. After that piece of scandal, the doctor was __________ off the register. (cut, struck, deleted)III. Fill in each marked blank with one word given below, paying attention to the following: (15 points)A) 20 words are given, but only 15 (no more, no less) should be used and each can be used once only;B) Forms should be corrected.1 force2 symbolically3 rational4 dominant5 whole6 basks7 fiction8 suffer9 nature 10 attempt11 wholly 12 language 13 hold 14 feature 15 machine16 think 17 rhetoric 18 appeal 19 argument 20 persuadeA “scientific” view of language was _____1_____ among philosophers and linguists who affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century. Under the _____2_____ of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of _____3_____ should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth to the status of being _____4_____ condemned. If people are regarded only as _____5_____ guided by logic as they were be these “scientific” thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be _____6_____ in low regard: for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the _____7_____ person. It presents its arguments first to the person as a _____8_____ being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a _____9_____ in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to _____10_____ people. Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that it goes beyond this and _____11_____ to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting and _____12_____. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to the circumstances real or _____13_____ - that are similar to our own circumstances. Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse: they indicate literally or _____14_____ how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstance. A speech _____15_____ to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears.IV. Label the figures of speech in the following sentences. (10 points)1. Let us go then, you and I,While the evening is spread out against the sky,Like a patient etherized upon a table…2. To err is human, to forgive, divine.3. I will love you still till all seas gone dry; I will love you still till rocks have melted with the sun.4. Antony is not without ambition.5. Teach the unforgetful to forget.阅读阅读部分部分部分（（50分）I. Fill in each of the following blanks and make your right choice from A, B, C or D. (20 points)Many United States companies have, _____1_____, made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work. _____2_____ to the general impression, this quest for import relief has _____3_____ more companies than it has helped. _____4_____ corporations begin to function _____5_____, they develop an intricate web of marketing, production, and research relationships, The complexity of these relation-ships makes it _____6_____ that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company._____7_____ increases the danger that foreign companies will use import _____8_____ laws against the _____9_____ companies the laws were designed to protect. _____10_____ a United States-owned company establishes an _____11_____ plant to manufacture a product _____12_____ its competitor makes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove _____13_____ from the imports – and that the United States company’s products will be _____14_____ in the United States, since they would be _____15_____ to duties.Perhaps the most brazen case _____16_____ when the ITC investigated allegations that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by _____17_____ rock salt, _____18_____ to deice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United States operations was crying _____19_____ help against a United States company with foreign operations. The “United States” company _____20_____ injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate, while the domestic producer of rock salt.1. A. fortunately B. unfortunately C. sometimes D. exclusively2. A. According B. Due C. Contrary D. Owing3. A. relieved B. hurt C. deceived D. abolished4. A. As B. If C. Unless D. Since5. A. worldly B. efficiently C. globally D. actively6. A. unlikely B. likely C. easy D. inconsistent7. A. Legalization B. Globalization C. Democratization D. Modernization8. A. prohibition B. penalty C. relief D. assistance9. A. very B. same C. similar D. innocent10. A. Suppose B. Imagine C. Design D. Think11. A. global B. domestic C. international D. overseas12. A. before B. when C. while D. though13. A. benefit B. injury C. compensation D. bonus14. A. uncompetitive B. competitive C. cheap D. expensive15. A. entitled B. qualified C. obliged D. subject16. A. occurred B. incurred C. happened D. appeared17. A. selling B. purchasing C. dumping D. producing18. A. used B. designed C. sought D. aimed19. A. to B. at C. for D. on20. A. claiming B. requesting C. claimed D. requested[注：此文章我找到了原文，所以可以提供答案给大家作为参考。
2022年东北师范大学英语专业基础语言学考研真题和答案
2022年东北师范大学英语专业基础语言学考研真题和答案2022年东北师范大学外国语学院《英语专业基础（语言学）》考研全套内容简介•东北师范大学外国语学院《英语专业基础（语言学）》历年考研真题汇总（含部分答案）•全国名校英语语言学考研真题详解说明：本部分收录了本科目近年考研真题，并提供了答案及详解。
其中，部分考研真题提供了视频讲解，从考查知识点、试题难度、相关考点等方面进行全方位的讲解。
此外提供了相关院校考研真题，以供参考。
2．教材教辅•胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题详解•胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】说明：以上为本科目参考教材配套的辅导资料。
•试看部分内容第一部分考研真题精选一、填空题1. Ch o m s ky p ro po se s th at th e co u r se o f l an gu age a cquisition is determined by a(n) _____language faculty.（中山大学2018研）【答案】innate查看答案【解析】乔姆斯基认为语言习得的过程是由人的内在语言机制决定的。
2. _____ refers to the role language plays in communicati o n(e.g. to e x pre ss i de as, at ti tu de s) o r i n parti cu l a r social situations (e.g. Religious, legal).（北二外2016研）【答案】Fun ctio n查看答案【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。
功能指的是语言在沟通中(例如表达观点、态度)或在特定社交场合(如宗教、法律)中所起的作用。
3. Hum an langu age is arbi trary. Thi s re fe rs to the f actth at th e re i s no l o gi cal o r i n tri n si c con ne cti on be tween a particul ar so un d an d the _____i t i s asso ci ate d wi t h.（人大2007研）【答案】me aning查看答案【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。
东北师范大英语语言学硕士必读书目
东北师范大英语语言学硕士必读书目The English Language and Linguistics program at Northeast Normal University (NENU) in China offers a comprehensive curriculum that covers a wide range of topics in the field of language studies. As part of the program, students are required to read a number of essential books that have been carefully selected to provide them with a solid foundation in the study of English language and linguistics. In this article, we will introduce some of the must-read books for students studying for a Master's degree in English Language and Linguistics at NENU.1. "An Introduction to Language" by Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina HyamsThis book provides a comprehensive introduction to the study of language, covering topics such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It is an essential read for students who are new to the field of linguistics.2. "The Study of Language" by George YuleThis book offers a clear and concise introduction to the key concepts and theories in the study of language. It covers topics such as the nature of language, language and society, and language and culture.3. "Introducing English Linguistics" by Charles F. MeyerThis book provides an overview of the major subfields of English linguistics, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It also covers topics such as language variation and language change.4. "Language Files" by Mihalicek and WilsonThis book offers a comprehensive introduction to the study of linguistics, covering topics such as the structure of language, language and society, and language change.5. "Understanding Language: A Basic Course in Linguistics" by Elizabeth WinklerThis book provides a comprehensive introduction to the study of language, covering topics such as the nature of language, language and society, and language change.6. "Language and Linguistics: An Introduction" by John LyonsThis book offers a comprehensive introduction to the study of language and linguistics, covering topics such as the structure of language, language and society, and language variation.7. "An Introduction to English Language: Sound, Word, and Sentence" by Morenberg and ZwickyThis book provides an introduction to the English language, covering topics such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. It is an essential read for students studying English linguistics.8. "Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution" by Ray JackendoffThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the field of linguistics, covering topics such as the structure of language, language and society, and language change.These are just a few of the essential books that students studying for a Master's degree in English Language and Linguistics at NENU are required to read. By studying these books, students will gain a solid foundation in the study of English language and linguistics, and will be well-prepared to pursue a career in the field upon graduation.。
东北师范研究生843英语教学专业基础参考书目
东北师范研究生843英语教学专业基础参考书目英语教学专业是培养高素质英语教师的重要学科之一。
东北师范大学作为中国著名师范类大学之一，其英语教学专业一直致力于培养具备扎实英语语言基础和专业教育理论知识的研究生。
以下是一份针对东北师范大学英语教学专业研究生的843英语教学专业基础参考书目，这些书目包含了丰富的教材和学术著作，将为研究生提供有力的指导，帮助他们全面、系统地掌握英语教学相关知识和技能。
首先，作为英语教学专业基础参考书的重要组成部分，我们有以下几本经典的外语教学理论与方法类教材：《外语教学理论与方法》(汪向东著)、《语言学习与语言教学》(戴煌言著)、《英语教育学》(池培昌著)、《实用排版指南》(陈皋著)。
这些教材涵盖了教育学、心理学、语言学、文化学等方面的知识，从理论到实践，为英语教学专业的研究生提供了坚实的学科基础。
其次，为了帮助研究生更好地掌握英语语言知识和技能，以下是一些英语语言学习和教学的经典教材：《剑桥英语语法》(拉查尔·沃尔什、洛林·佩尔纽、埃文·科兰共著)、《剑桥英语词汇》(迈克尔·麦卡锡著)、《英语阅读教程》(王怀忠著)、《跨文化交际》(丁传超著)、《实用英语口语》(林忠莲著)等等。
这些教材涵盖了英语词汇、语法、阅读、写作和口语等方面，既有广泛的语言知识，又有实用的教学经验，可使研究生全面提高自己的英语语言水平。
另外，为了帮助研究生更好地了解英语教学的实践和研究，以下是一些与英语教学相关的学术著作和教材：《英语教材评析与教学设计》(丁传超著)、《英语教学反思与教师发展》(李硕著)、《英语写作与教学理论与实践》(戈梦洁、薛静著)、《浅谈英语听力教学策略与方法》(刘光宇著)等等。
这些教材既涵盖了英语教学的研究成果，又关注了教师的职业发展和实际教学中的问题，为研究生提供了宝贵的教学经验和思路。
综上所述，以上所列的东北师范大学研究生843英语教学专业基础参考书目，涵盖了外语教学理论与方法、英语语言学习与教学以及英语教学实践与研究的各个方面。
英语专业考研语言学试题
英语专业考研语言学试题 11. Peter ________come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.A. mustB. canC. mayD. will2. — Could you borrow your dictionary?— Yes, of course you ________.A. mightB. willC. canD. should3. A computer ________think for itself, it must be told what to do.A. can’tB. couldn’tC. may notD. might not4. I didn’t hear the phone, I ________asleep.A. must beB. must have beenC. should beD. should have been5. There was plenty of time, she ________.A. mustn’t have hurriedB. couldn’t have hurriedC. must not hurryD. needn’t have hurried6. The plant is dead. I ________it more water.A. will giveB. would have givenC. must giveD. should have given7. Very loud noises ________make people ill, hurt their ears, or even drive them mad.A. mustB. needC. canD. should8. He asked me for the dictionary many times; please tell him that he________have it tomorrow.A. mustB. needC. mayD. dare9. — Why is she still standing there?— She ________be waiting for her boyfriend.A. canB. mustC. dareD. need10. Two eyes________ see more than one.A. canB. mustC. mightD. shall11. What ________he mean? ________you tell me?A. can; MayB. can; CanC. may; MayD. must; Should12. How ________he say that his teacher was unfair?A. mustB. mightC. couldD. need13. It ________be very cold in this part.A. canB. oughtC. shallD. dare14. I’d like to ask a question if I ________.A. mustB. willC. mayD. might15. Even in summer the temperature ________suddenly drop below freezing.A. mightB. oughtC. mustD. need16. He decided to join the army so that he ________defend the country.A. may helpB. might helpC. helpsD. helped17. You ________always be talking like that.A. mightn’tB. mayn’tC. can’tD. mustn’t18. The car ________have broke down just when we were about to start off.A. mustB. couldC. mightD. should19. You ________see him while he is in hospital.A. have betterB. had betterC. would ratherD. had to20. There is a fine sunset; it ________to be a fine day tomorrow.A. oughtB. shouldC. has toD. has better21. You are his father, you ________take care of him.A. mightB. oughtC. ought toD. are able to22. That’s all. It ________be talked about any more.A. needn’tB. mightn’tC. darn’t toD. needn’t to23. The question ________discussing.A. needsB. needC. can beD. must be24. He ________even look out of the window.A. daren’tB. daresn’tC. dared not toD. dares not25. I’m so hungry that I ________find something to eat.A. have toB. wouldC. mayD. can26. All the students ________do their best for the modernization of our country.A. canB. shouldC. mayD. might27. You ________be careful with your homework.A. mustB. have toC. mayD. are used to28. It is getting darker. You ________not go home.A. had betterB. have betterC. would ratherD. would like29. I ________what happened to our school.A. would like knowB. would like to knowC. would like knowingD. would like that I know30. — Would you mind my changing the plan?— ________.A. Oh, no, pleaseB. Yes, I mind notC. No, I wouldD. Yes, I will31. — It ________ be Jack who is in the library.—I’m sure it ________be him, I saw him off at the railway station just two days ago.A. can’t; can’t eB. must; mustn’tC. must; can’tD. can’t; mustn’t32. I ________tell her the truth about his marriage.A. can’t helpB. can’t butC. may not helpD. mustn’t but33. Since she is angry, we ________.A. had better to leave her alongB. should leave her aloneC. would rather to leave her aloneD. must leave her alone34. Look! What you’ve done to me. You ________more careful.A. maybeB. had toC. should have beenD. would be35. ________read the letter for you?A. Would you like meB. Do you want meC. Will you mind meD. Shall I36. He promised he ________not make such silly mistakes.A. wouldB. shouldC. mightD. could37. ________it be true that his father will go abroad?A. CanB. MayC. NeedD. Should38. Those streams are so small that they ________be shown in the maps.A. mustn’tB. may notC. can’tD. may39. — May I use your bike?— ________.A. No, you may notB. No, you mustn’tC. No, you won’tD. Sorry, I’m afraid not40. — Must I write to her?— No, you ________.A. mustn’tB. shouldn’tC. can’tD. don’t have to41. — Need I start tonight?— Yes, you ________.A. doB. needC. mustD. may42. The old man ________sit for hours watching the ships.A. wouldB. shouldC. was used toD. would rather to43. If the telephone ________ring, please wake me up.A. wouldB. shouldC. willD. might44. I wish they ________stop making remarks about me.A. wouldB. willC. shouldD. shall45. You’re thirsty, aren’t you? ________he get some coffee?A. DoesB. ShallC. WouldD. Let46. Which of the following is wrong?A. That may be true.B. That might be true.C. That can be true.D. That could be true.47. — Would you lend me some money?— Yes, I ________.A. wouldB. willC. canD. may48. He ________ swimming when he was young.A. was used to goB. got used to goC. used to goingD. used to go49. You say you ________ not do it, but I say you ________do it.A. will; shallB. shall; shallC. shall; willD. will; will50. You ________out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold.A. should have goneB. shouldn’t have goneC. could not have goneD. might have gone51. He ________the 8:30 train because he didn’t leave home until 9:00.A. can’t catchB. couldn’t catchC. may notD. can’t have caught52. You ________us this because we had more than enough.A. needn’t bringB. needn’t have broughtC. mustn’t bringD. couldn’t have brought53. — He learnt the language in three months.— He ________very hard.A. must workB. might have workedC. must have workedD. might work54. — Who told you my telephone number?—I don’t remember. It ________Mary.—It can’t be Mary, she doesn’t know it.A. may have beenB. can have beenC. must beD. can be55. You ________him, why didn’t you?A. ought to thankB. ought have thankedC. ought to have thankedD. ought thank56. I ________have arrived a little earlier, but my car broke down.A. shouldB. couldC. canD. can’t57. — ________we go out for a walk?—Great. Let’s goA. ShallB. WillC. MayD. Should58. Though she was seriously ill, she ________ complete the work in time.A. wouldB. was able toC. was possible toD. might59. — Would you like to play chess with me?— Yes, ________.A. I’dB. I wouldC. I’d likeD. I’d like to60. Tom is late. He ________the wrong bus.A. must takeB. must have takenC. might takeD. could take英语专业考研语言学试题 21. Charles Babbage is generally considered ________the first computer.A. to have inventedB. inventingC. to inventD. having invented2. Little Jim should love ________to the theatre this evening.A. to be takenB. to takeC. being takenD. taking3. — I usually go there by train.— Why not ________by boat for a change?A. to try goingB. trying to goC. to try and goD. try going4. John was made ________the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to washB. washingC. washD. to be washing5. She reached the top of the hill and stopped ________on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest6. She pretended________ me when I passed by.A. not to seeB. not seeingC. to not seeD. having not seen7. Though he had often made his sister ________, today he was made________by his sister.A. cry; to cryB. crying; cryingC. cry; cryingD. to cry; cry8. Tell him ________the window.A. to shut notB. not to shutC. to not shutD. don’t’ shut9. ________her sick to think of the matter.A. That madeB. That causedC. It madeD. It caused10. The woman’s job is ________after the disable children.A. lookB. looksC. lookedD. to look11. She ________to ________everything.A. demanded; tellB. demanded; be toldC. required; tellD. required; be told12. It’s time ________our league meeting.A. to beginB. beginningC. that we beginD. that we’ll begin13. That day I was the last one ________the experiment.A. madeB. makingC. to makeD. having made14. I’m hungry. Get me something ________.A. to be eatenB. to eatC. eatingD. to be eating15. Would you ________me to show you around the place?A. letB. likeC. mindD. care16. She is said ________the necklace.A. that she lostB. that she has lostC. to loseD. to have lost17. What do you think is the best way ________the problem?A. to settlingB. in which settlingC. to settleD. settling18. You are ________retell the story.A. oughtB. ought toC. expectingD. expected to19. I didn’t want the problem ________again.A. to raiseB. to be raisedC. being raisedD. be raised20. Have you had the nurse ________your son’s temperature?A. to takeB. takingC. takeD. taken21. First we should find a hotel ________for the night.A. to put up at itB. in order to put up atC. at where to put upD. at which to put up22. ________wake me up when you come in.A. You’d better not toB. You’d better notC. You hadn’t better toD. You hadn’t better23. I don’t think you need ________ today.A. to leaveB. to be leavingC. leavingD. being left24. We have been looking for the girl all the morning, but she is no where________.A. to seeB. to be seenC. being seenD. seen25. He should ________for what he has done.A. praiseB. be praisedC. have praisedD. to be praised26. He felt a stone ________his back.A. hittingB. to hitC. hittedD. hit27. I hurried to school, only ________out it was Sunday.A. findB. to findC. foundD. would find28. Here are some exercises that need________ after class.A. doneB. to be doneC. being doneD. to do29. I’ve been waiting for half an hour ________me the phone call.A. to giveB. for you givingC. of you to giveD. for you to give30. Everything ________smoothly.A. seems goingB. seems to be goingC. is seeming to goD. is seeming to be going31. It was thoughtful ________us the map of the city.A. of you to sendB. for you to sendC. of you sendingD. for you sending32. You are fortunate ________as a member of the club.A. being acceptedB. to acceptC. To have acceptedD. to have been accepted33. ________wasn’t pleasant ________up so early.A. He; to wakeB. He; to be wakenC. It; of him to wakeD. It; to be woken34. I find these problems are easy________.A. to work outB. to be worked outC. in working outD. to be worked them out35. How rude ________him ________a child like that.A. of; to treatB. for; to treatC. of; is to treatD. for; is to treat36. It was stupid ________him ________attend the lecture.A. of; to notB. of; not toC. for; to notD. for; not to37. It was impossible ________lost time to ________.A. for; make upB. of; make upC. for; be made upD. of; be made up38. The shoes are too large ________.A. to me to wearB. for me to wearC. to me to be wornD. for me to be worn39. ________was sorry________ made such a silly mistake.A. It; to haveB. It; havingC. I ; to haveD. I; having40. I’ll be delighted ________.A. when I’ll see you againB. to see you againC. that I see you againD. to have seen you again41. He was ________tired ________any further.A. too; walkingB. too; to walkC. so; walkingD. so; to walk42. Will you be ________kind ________make tea for me?A. so; toB. fairly; toC. so; as toD. fairly; as to43. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ________.A. sitB. sit onC. be satD. be sat on44. I ________how to answer the question.A. puzzleB. am puzzlingC. have puzzledD. am puzzled45. Have you decided ________the party?A. whether you holdB. why to holdC. whether to holdD. if to hold46. He doesn’t know ________to stay or not.A. ifB. eitherC. neitherD. whether he ought47. Last summer I took a course on ________.A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dressesD. how dresses to be made48. He hesitated ________ the medicine.A. takingB. about to takeC. whether he takeD. whether to take49. How do the birds know exactly ________ direction ________?A. which, flyingB. which; to fly toC. in which; to flyD. X; flying to50. —I don’t know ________with the problem.— Why not ________your teacher for advise?A. what to do; to askB. how to do; to askC. what to do; askD. how to do; ask51. I think he should get a job, but you can’t force him ________ if he’s not ready ________.A. to get; toB. to get; XC. to; X D; to; to do52. — Would you like to go to the ball?— Yes, ________.A. I’dB. I’d likeC. I’d like toD. I’d like to go53. —Aren’t you in charge of this?— No, and I ________.A. don’t wantB. don’t want toC. don’t want to be D am not54. ________the truth, I don’t want to go.A. To tellB. TellC. TellingD. In order to tell55. I’d rather read something at home than ________to the park in such weather.A. goB. to goC. goingD. went56. We could do nothing but ________Father for help.A. askB. askingC. to askD. asked57. He wanted nothing but ________in the corner.A. seatB. be seatedC. be seatD. to be seated58. It ________about two years________ such a big dam.A. takes; in buildingB. takes; to buildC. needs; in buildingD. needs; to build59. How much did ________cost ________the house?A. it; in rebuildingB. he; in rebuildingC. it; to rebuildD. he; to rebuild60. ________requires patience ________a good nurse.A. She; to beB. she; if she isC. It; to beD. It; if she is。
北师大2008文学院古代汉语与语言学理论
王圣美治字学，演其义以为“右文”。……凡字，其类在左，其义在右。……所谓“右文”者，如“戋”，小也：水之小者曰“浅”，金之小者曰“钱”，歹之小者曰“残”，贝之小者曰“贱”，如此之类，皆以“戋”为义也。
八、问答题（10分）
古代汉语被动句的表述方式跟现代汉语不同的有哪些？请列出五种以上句型，并各举一例。
（1）这种人炸弹也不怕。
（2）这种人也不怕炸弹。
（3）炸弹这种人也不怕。
（4）这种人对炸弹也不怕。
三、根据下列提供的Aztec(阿兹台克语)和Zulu(祖鲁语)的材料回答下列问题：（共30分）
名词
动词
单数
复数
汉义（英义）
汉义（英义）
Michoacan
Aztec
kali
kalimes
房子(house)
分析下面例子并给出正确回答（括号里面是这个词词义的英语和汉语翻译）：
bugo( hit，打) bugoli ( hitting，打，名词)
dila ( repair，修理) dilali ( repairing，修理，名词)
don ( come in，进米) donni ( coming in，米，名词)
3、分析祖鲁语的名词和动词时靠什么方式来区分？（5分）
4、祖鲁语中的[z]和[n]是否是不同的音位？[i]和[a]是否是不同的音位?为什么？（10分）
四、普通话存在下列二组音位，试分析这二组音在组合和聚合上有什么特点？在此基础上分析组合关系和聚合关系是否有相互依存的关系。（15分）
tstsʰs
tʂtʂʰ ʂ
umfundi
abafundi
读者(reader)
2006年东北师范大学英语专业基础试题
学科专业：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学考试科目：英语专业基础考试时间：2006年1月15日下午Part One: Linguistics (50 points)I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.Write T for true and F for false. (5 points)1. Of all the design features of the human language, displacement isthe most important.2. [F] is a palatal voiced fricative.3. By synchrony we mean to study language change and development.4. The pairs of words dead/alive, male/femal e are antonyms which arenamed contrary terms.5. Speech Act Theory was proposed by N. Chomsky.II. Decide from the pragmatic point of view what the speaker wants to convey in the italic part of the following utterances, and how come you have made such decisions? (5 points)A: Do you like lobster?B: Is the Pope Catholic?III. Disambiguation with paraphrases. (10 points)1. Terry loves his wife and so do I.2. We laughed at the colorful ball.3. I cannot recommend him too highly.4. They said she would go yesterday.IV. Explain the following terms briefly. (10 points)1. register2. indirect speech act3. prototypes4. communicative competenceV. Discussion (20 points)1. As we know, linguistics is related to language teaching. Discuss thecontributions linguistics makes to foreign language teaching. Use examples to illustrate your points if necessary.2. Explain the following remarks with examples or make some comments.“Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with meaning, but the difference between them can be traced to two different uses of the verb mean: (a) What does X mean? (b) What did you mean by X?”Part Two: English and American Literature (60 points)I. Explain the following literary terms. (20 points)1. Sonnet2. Theatre of the absurd3. Local Colorism4. Harlem RenaissanceII. Answer the following questions briefly.1. What are Samuel Richardson’s contributions to the development of the English novel?2. What is Transcendentalism? Give a brief account of the significanceof Transcendentalism in American literature.III. Read the following literary works and answer the questions about them respectively. (20 points)1. Read the following poem and explain what imagist poetic principlesthe poem has illustrated and how.In a Station of the MetroThe apparition of these faces in the crowd:Petals on a wet, black bough.2. Read the following passage and answer the questions about it.It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabindoors, crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms.These mothers, instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in strolling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants: who as they grow up either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes.I think it is agreed by all parties that this prodigious number ofchildren in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom a very great additional grievance; and, therefore, whoever could find out a fair, cheap, and easy method of making these children sound, useful members of the commonwealth, would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation.(1) From which literary work is the passage taken?(2) Who is the author? Which town and which country is the authorreferring to in the first sentence?(3) What suggestions does the author make in the work?(4) What is his real purpose in making such a suggestion?(5) How would you like to describe his tone?Part Three: Survey of UK and USA (15 points)I. Correct the erroneous sentences below and write your correctedparts in your answer sheet. (6 points)1. The US Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is the head of judges whois elected to administer the law.2. Washington D.C. is situated on the Hudson River between two statesof Maryland and Virginia.3. Cricket is considered as the most English of games, but it has beenextensively adopted in the British Nations.4. The British spirit of “Do-It-Yourself” reflects many aspects of British life.5. Disneyland and Disney World mean the same amusement park in thesame place in the United States of America.6. The Britons build Hadrian’s Wall from the Solway to the Tyne inorder to keep back the Welsh in about 122 A.D.II. Compare the British economy with the American economy and write your comparison in your answer sheet. (3 points)III. Analyze “the members of the stronger party in the House of Commons are the real law-makers” and write your analysis in your answer sheet. (3 points)IV. State “the System of Checks and Balances” and write your account in your answer sheet. (3 points)Part Four: Translation (25 points)I. Translate the following passage into Chinese. (15 points)Most people hold in their hearts a special dread of a hospitalized, medicalized death. Yet about half of all Americans die in hospitals, in a tangle of tubes, surrounded by anxiety-producing technology. They suffer alone in the glare of a comfortless ward, their last hours guided by the training and instincts of highly specialized strangers. No one seems to know when to finally give in to death’s certainty, and relentless procedures rob people of a death with comfort and dignity. Many of those who dread that kind of death think they’re doing something about it by signing living wills or otherwise making their wishes very explicit. But a larger-scale study of terminal patients by the Journal of the American Medical Association showed last week just how futile those efforts are. While patients say they want peace, comfort, the sanctity of home and freedom from pain in their last hours, shockingly few of them actually had their wishes honored.II. Translate the following passage into English. (10 points)鄙人对自己译文从未满意，苦闷之处亦复与先生同感。
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学科专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考试科目：英语专业基础考试时间：2008年1月20日下午说明：所有试题答案均需写在答题纸上，写在本试卷上的一律无效。
第一部分：语言学I. Fill in the blank with an appropriate linguistic term. (15 points)1. The most striking feature of human language is __________, which means that an infinitely large numberof sentences can be constructed out of a finite set of rules.2. If a phoneme is realized by more than one sounds in different phonetic contexts, the sounds are called__________.3. When words are decomposed, the minimum meaningful constituents are __________.4. If a phrase or sentence can be interpreted in more than one ways, it is __________.5. The infinitude of language is due to the fact that the same syntactic rules can be applied again and again.This is called __________.6. If a sound segment copies the feature of a neighboring sound in speech it is said to be __________.7. According to Chomsky’s theory of syntax, phrase structure rules and lexicon generate the deep structure ofthe sentence, which will undergo __________ before the surface structure appears.8. Both transformational-generative grammar and systemic-functional grammar are theoretical grammars,while traditional grammar is a __________ grammar.9. Modern linguistics differ from earlier studies of language in that it is __________, in other words, modernlinguistics attempt to find out objectively the universals of human language or the regularities of a specific language.10. __________ is an interdiscipline that studies the relation between language and the mind.11. Pragmatics is different from semantics because it studies meaning in __________.12. Both phonetics and phonology analyze speech sounds, but the latter studies sound __________ and__________.13. Politician and statesman are similar in meaning, but they are different in __________.14. According to Halliday, language plays three functions, they are __________, __________ and__________.15. In the metaphor “marriage is a journey,” the __________ domain is travelling.II. Transcribe the initial sound of the word and then describe it. (10 points)Example: funny: [f] voiceless labiodental fricative1. psycholinguistics: __________ ____________________2. amplify: __________ ____________________3. church: __________ ____________________4. phonology: __________ ____________________5. organization: __________ ____________________6. hasty: __________ ____________________7. chemical: __________ ____________________8. mnemonic: __________ ____________________9. youth: __________ ____________________10. thrifty: __________ ____________________III. Write three words that share the given feature. (10 points)Example: voiceless: [s] [f] [p]1. tense:2. round:3. palatal:4. labial:5. nasal:6. velar:7. back:8. front:9. aspirated10. alveolarIV. Write the number of the morphemes of the word and then point out how the word is formed if it is composed of more than one morpheme. (10 points)Example: bookstore: 2 compounding1. stepsister: __________ __________2. occupation: __________ __________3. brainwash: __________ __________4. motel: __________ __________5. faster: __________ __________6. finger: __________ __________7. fridge: __________ __________8. troublesome: __________ __________9. roasted: __________ __________10. impossibility: __________ __________V. Write four phrase structure rules of English based on the sentences (a) to (g). (12 points)(a) People work.(b) Women like it.(c) Young men play the game.(d) The boy goes to school.(e) The little boy sells newspapers.(f) The little boy delivers local papers to every household.(g) He went to the city.S →NP →VP →PP →VI. Draw two phrase markers (tree diagrams) to illustrate the structural ambiguity of sentence (h). (8 points)(h) They can fish.VII. Pick out the word in each group that does not share the semantic feature(s) with the others and write it in your answer sheet. (10 points)1. melon apple pear apricot plum2. truck sledge cart car van3. alive married absent fast female4. walk run swim hop jog5. temple charity sincerity bravery fear6. parrot peacock penguin swallow sparrow7. lemon carrot cabbage cucumber tomato8. gun knife sword pistol handgrenade9. stool fan chair couch bed10. chick kitten calf hen duckling pigletVIII. Answer the question about the conversation. (10 points)1. A: This is a nonsmoking car, sir.B: Sorry. (extinguishing his cigarette)Question: What is the illocution of A’s utterance?2. A: Don’t you think the hostess is a bit odd today?B: Do you want another glass of beer?Question: What maxim of the politeness principle is violated in B’s response?（注：原文如此，疑似有误，我认为这里应该问的是cooperation principle – icywarmtea）3. A: The play is wonderful, isn’t it?B: The theme is significant.Question: What maxim of the politeness principle is observed in B’s reply?4. A: I bet you 100 dollars that the Bulls will win this game?B: Oh, do you?Question: What kind of utterance of A’s according to Austin’s theory of speech act?（注：原文如此——icywarmtea）5. A: Are you going out this afternoon?B: No.A: Can I borrow your bike?B: O.K.Question: What is A’s first utterance called?IX. Write a short essay (approximately 130-150 words) expressing your view on the two interpretations of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, namely linguistic determinism and linguistic relativism. (15 points)第二部分：英语国家概况I. Answer the following questions and write your answers in the answer sheet provided. (20 points)1. What are the contributions of the Norman Conquest? (3 points)2. What is the significance of the American Civil War? (3 points)3. Describe the characteristics of the British economy. (4 points)4. Name three most influential newspapers in the United States of America. (3 points)5. How do you understand “The members of the stronger party in the House of Commons are reallaw-makers.” (3 points)6. What are the geographical features of the United States of America? (4 points)第三部分：翻译I. Translate the following paragraph from English into Chinese. (15 points)It seems that as if a great deal were attainable in a world where there are so many marriages and decisive battles, and where we all, at certain hours of the day, and with great gusto and dispatch, stow a portion of victuals finally and irretrievably into the bag which contains us. And it would seem also, on a hasty view, that the attainment of as much as possible was the one goal of man’s contentious life. And yet, as regards the spirit, this is but a semblance. We live in an ascending scale where we live happily, one thing leading to another in an endless series. There is always a new horizon for onward-looking men, and although we dwell on a small planet, immersed in petty business and not enduring beyond a brief period of years, we are so constituted that our hopes are inaccessible, like stars, and the term of hoping is prolonged until the term of life.II. Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. (15 points)白蛇传本事白蛇乃天上之精灵，因思凡下山，变成美女白素贞，与伺女小青（青蛇化身）居于杭州。