英语修辞手法(Englishrhetoric)
英语修辞手法
英语修辞手法1. 修辞格的含义（Definition of Figures of Speech/ Rhetoric）Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.2. 英语修辞格种类修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。
它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。
要翻译好英语修辞格，首先要弄清其特点、弄清英汉两种语言在这方面的异同，然后根据具体情况采用恰当的技巧进行翻译。
英语修辞格种类很多，但粗略分来似可分为音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格。
1）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)? 顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。
它主要包括onomatopoeia（拟声）、alliteration(押头韵)和assonance（准押韵、押中韵）。
Onomatopoeia 是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。
恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。
如：?Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes. 高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。
英语修辞简述(Rhetoric)
英语修辞(Rhetoric) English Figures of Speech1. Simile(明喻)▪拉丁语similis (like)▪ 1.three parts : subject (主体) reference（喻体）indicator of resemblance（比喻词）▪ My love is like a red red rose.▪ 2。
主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。
▪ John is as tall as a Maypole.五朔节花柱(庆祝五朔节围绕此柱歌舞)▪What is simile? E.g. ▪ The snow was like a white blank drawn over the field.▪The structure:▪ The signified, the simile marker, and the signifier▪本体, 比喻词, 喻体Compare the followingsentences:▪ Jim looks like his brother Billy.▪ My car runs as fast as the train.▪ A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face. ▪ Life was like a journey full of pitfalls.▪ -- (The first two sentences are not cases of simile.) Simile is a comparisonbetween two unlike things across domains (跨领域).Like and as型▪Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress; those who are without want to get in, and those within want to get out .▪婚姻象是一个被包围的堡垒；外面的想要进去，里面的人想要出来。
rhetorics修辞 英语常用修辞格比较及其解析
Logos\Pathos\Ethos 逻辑\情感\人格
Rhetoric
Broad stylistic context
Narrow stylistic context
Style/type of writing
Stylistic devices figures of speech
1.Definiton
在希腊语，拉丁语、法语、西班牙语及意大利语中， rhetoric 这个次的词根都是“说话”的意思。
Rhetoric: 17世纪末英国哲学家John Locke 曾经 把修辞称做“演说术”（the science of oratory）, 是“说话得体、优美和有力的艺术”(speaking with propriety, elegance, and force)
2. Assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有 两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。与汉语的叠韵 （两个或多个音节彼此韵母相同东风dong fong , ）非常相似。如：fair and square/near and dear With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.怀着这个信 念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。 Whether or not you are busy or lazy, write to me. The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.
syntax
哪些是亲昵的表达方式，那哪些是地位高的人对地 位低的人委婉的表达方式， 哪些最有可能带有“贬” 意的色彩？ A. Close the door, dear B. Would you be so kind to close the door? C. It is a bit cold here. Can you close the door? D. Would you like to close the door for me? E.I would be glad if you could close the door? F. Would you mind closing the door?
英语语言学之常见修辞English Rhetoric
英语修辞(English Rhetoric)Figures of speech are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively.1.Simile明喻: An explicit comparison, e.g. The pen is to a writer what the gun is toa soldier.2.Metaphor暗喻: An implicit comparison, e.g. Some books are to be tasted, othersto be swallowed and some few to be chewed.3.Personification拟人: The attribution of animate qualities to inanimate objects, e.g.the wind whistled through the trees.4.Onomatopoeia拟声: the imitation of sounds, e.g. tinkle, clank, bang5.Hyperbole夸张: Overstatement, exaggeration, e.g. A drop of ink may make amillion think.6.Understatement低调陈述: A restrained statement, e.g. He could do better.7.Euphemism委婉语: An inoffensive expression, e.g. the needy, cease to think8.Parallelism排比: Parallel structures, e.g. We shall fight him by land …by sea …in the air.9.Repetition重复: repetition o f the same words, e.g. Don’t trouble trouble until …10.Antithesis对照: Contrast, e.g. Men make houses, women make homes. Pennywise, pound…11.Climax渐进: Progression of thought, e.g. I came, I saw, I conquered.12.Anti-climax突降: Sudden descent of thought, e.g. He lost his empire, his familyand his pen.13.Paradox隽语: A seemingly contradictory statement, e.g. The child is father of theman.14.Oxymoron矛盾修辞: the combination of contradictory terms, e.g. cruel sweetlove15.Transferred epithet 移就: a descriptive term transferred from the appropriatenoun to modify another to which it does not really apply, e.g. sleepless night, expensive tastes, sweet teeth16.Alliteration头韵: Head rhyme, e.g. Practice makes perfect.17.Assonance腹韵: V owel rhyme, e.g. First thrive, then wife.18.Consonance尾韵: End rhyme, e.g. East or west, home is best.19.Rhyme押韵: e.g. Man proposes; god disposes. Well begun is half done. Well fed,well bred.20.Pun双关: Humorous use of homonymy, e.g. Seven days without water make oneweak/week.21.Allusion引喻: an implicit reference to an event/story, e.g. pound of flesh22.Metonymy转喻: The use of the name of one thing for another with which it isclosely associated, e.g. The pen is mightier than the sword. the gray hair, the bottle, the tongue23.Synecdoche提喻: the substitution of the whole for the part, or vice versa, e.g.short of hands,24.Antonomasia换喻: the use of a proper name to stand for sth else having anattribute associated with that name, Judas for a traitor, Solomon for a wise man, Nero for a tyrant25.Irony反语: The expression of actual intent in words that carry the oppositemeaning.sarcasm明讽: a strong form of irony, e.g. Gentlemen like you carry only large notes.innuendo暗讽: a mild form of irony, e.g. In a group they were brave.satire讽刺文学: An ironic literary work1.parody 仿拟: Beauty is more than skin deep. Once choose, always use.2.zeugma 轭式搭配: He gets out of bed and humor.3.syllepsis一语双叙: take the oath and his seats,He lost his temper and his hat.4.palindrome回文: No X in Nixon. Step on no pets. Madam, I’m Adam.5.epigram警句: brief, pointed saying that has the nature of a proverb6.malapropism词语误用: 200 light years ago, brus diver (bus driver), brive a dus 1.Analogy: a comparison in which different items are compared point by point,usually with the idea of explaining something unknown by something known.Analogies are offered to provide insights, and can be very instructive. Dictionaries are like watches; the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.2.Symbolism: In writing, symbolism is the use of a word, a phrase, or a description,which represents a deeper meaning than the words themselves.3.Plantification: giving man or things plant-like characters. The sky was like a fadedrose.4.materialization: 美感垂手可得却无法靠前5.Zoosemy: reverse personification, animal or things attributes applied to people.e.g. Children are flowers of our country.6.Apostrophe顿呼: England! Awake! Awake! Awake!7.Rhetorical question修辞问句: The rhetorical question is usually defined as anyquestion asked for a purpose other than to obtain the information the question asks.8.Periodic sentence圆周句: a complex sentence in which the main clause comeslast and is preceded by the subordinate clause (loose sentence松散句)9.anagram变位词: Words or phrases rearranged, William Shakespeare = I swearhe's like a lamp. We all make his praise. Has a peer, I ask me? Ah, I speak a swell rime (rhyme).10.Hypallage移就: synaesthesia通感, empathy移情and transferred epithet转类通感Sweet voice/ icy look/ sharp cry/ sour remark/ oily-tongued移情Lazy clouds drifted across the sky.转类His dry humor doe sn’t seem intentional.修辞格(figures of speech) 大体分为三类：音韵phonological词义semantic句法syntactical。
English_Rhetorical_英语中常用的修辞手法
语料驱动的微观修辞操作与英语写作教学研究English Rhetorical Devices英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比，分类细，种类多。
下面将英语中的修辞（部分）简单介绍如下：1. Simile 明喻.【英释】It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.【汉释】明喻是一种表现一事物像另一事物的修辞格。
说得通俗点，也就是打比方，即把要描述的事物——本体（A）用比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物——喻体（B）联系起来。
常用的比喻词有as(如),like(像),seem(似乎),as if(好像),as through(好像),such as(像……一样)等。
其基本格式是“A is like B”或“A is as……as B”。
【例句】①He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.②I wandered lonely as a cloud.③Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.④My heart is like a singing bird.⑤O my love's like a red, red rose.2. Metaphor 暗喻,隐喻.【英释】It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.【汉释】暗喻是本体和喻体同时出现，它们之间在形式上是相合的关系，说甲（本体）是（喻词）乙（喻体）。
英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
Syllepsis
Syllepsis是指用一个词（如动词、形容词、介词等）同时与两个或更多的词相搭配，在越一个词搭配时用一种词义，而在与另一个词搭配时则用另一种词义,这种搭配在句法规则和语义上都是正确的，并产生不同的字面意义和比喻意义。
He lost the game and his temper. 他输了这一局，大发脾气。
半谐音也可称“无韵”，是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中同一元音重复出现，它具有音乐的节奏感，可增强语言的表现力。例如：
It’s fair and square affair from the beginning to the end. 这件事自始至终都是光明正大的。
All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
Pun
双关（pun） 就是用发音相似的词来表达特殊意义的修辞手法，它非常能够体现使用者的睿智机敏、幽默俏皮，造成印象隽永的效果。它的使用场合亦庄亦谐，既常见于故事、笑话、谜语、儿歌等，又可用于正式场合，表达严肃的思想和深邃的感情。 — Why is an empty parse always the same? — Because there is never any change in it.(change既表示“零钱”，又表示“变化”。“空钱包”里边没“零钱”当然就永远瘪着，毫无“变化”了。)
2。主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。
本体和喻体通常一个抽象一个具体，一个熟悉一个陌生
Simile(明喻)
希腊语Metapherein (transfer )转换
无需借助比喻词，直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。也称隐喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。 例如：
典故修辞手法英语翻译
典故修辞手法英语翻译翻译：Allusions Rhetorical device短语英语修辞手法English rhetoric修辞手法题Rhetorical Device Question结构类修辞手法syntactical rhetorical devices例句为了给你的文章润色，你可以更多地使用例如比喻等修辞手法。
To polish up your article, you can use more figures of speech such as metaphors.用修辞手法描述一下这种技术。
Think of this technique in terms of rhetoric.对偶是汉语传统的特有的修辞手法。
Antithesis is a traditional and characteristic rhetoric figure of Chinese language.比喻是诗歌最常见的传统的修辞手法。
Metaphor is traditional rhetoric skill of the most familiar.委婉语是英语中的一个重要的修辞手法。
Euphemism is an important rhetorical device of English.双关修辞手法是广告语写作中的重要手法。
The quibble is an important technique in advertisingwriting.语文不及格？正常！你骂人要用修辞手法吗？Chinese failed? Normal! You call names to use rhetoric?。
英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
Illuminative启发型
▪ E.g.
▪ What happened to a dream deferred (postponed)? Like a raisin (葡萄干) in the sun? Or fester (化脓) like a sore? Does it stink like a rotten meat?
▪ 管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。
▪ No year passes now without evidence of the truth of the statement that the work of government is becoming increasingly difficult.
▪ 想必你们还记得，在我们获得政治自由之后，亚历山大·汉密尔顿和托马 斯·杰弗逊两人在观点上发生了分歧。汉密尔顿对于由一小群热心公益且 往往有钱的公民掌管的政府的优越性坚信不疑。杰弗逊则主张政府必须 由全民选出的代表掌管。他还主张公民普遍享有思想自由、居住自由、 宗教自由和言论自由的权利，特别是享有普选权利。
▪ To appreciate the beauty, explicit or not, of the language.
▪ To learn how to achieve an effective communication.
Division of Rhetoric
▪ Communicative Rhห้องสมุดไป่ตู้toric 交际修辞
英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
English Figures of Speech
英语修辞的一般规律与特点 General principles and features of English rhetoric
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1）Simile ：（明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic （特性）in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other 明喻（simile ）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though 等For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.2）Metaphor ：（暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. 隐喻（metaphor ）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.3）Analogy: （类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4）Personification: （拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes（赋予） to inanimate（无生命的）objects, or to ideas and abstractions（抽象）.拟人（personification ）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。
1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in onesummer.（From “ Watching Ants ”一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。
这里用“ she和“ babies 把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。
For example, the wi nd whistled through the trees.5）Hyperbole: （夸张）It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. 夸张（hyperbole ）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。
1、My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了。
For instance, he almost died laughing.6）Understatement: （含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately（故意地） understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7）Euphemism: （ 委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive （ 无冒犯 ） expression for one that may offend or suggestsomething unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as ” pass away".8）Metonymy （ 转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen （words ） is mightier than the sword （forces ）. 借代 （metonymy ）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代 替另一种。
1、 Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them... 几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
“ word 在 这里代替了 “n ews, i nformation （消息、信息）2、Al spoke with his eyes,“ yes ” .艾尔用眼睛说， “是的 ”。
“说 ”应该是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了 “说话的意思 ”。
9）Synecdoche （ 提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. 提喻 （ synecdoche ）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代 具体，或以具体代抽象。
1、 The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 长城不仅是用石头和土建造的， 而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。
句中 的 “the flesh and blood 喻'为 “the great sacrifice （巨大的牺牲） For instanee, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10） Antonomasia （ 换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example,Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11） Pun: （ 双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words.是以一个词或词组， 用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，趣的效果。
Napoleon was astonished. ” Either you are mad, or I am, ” he declared. “，Both sir! ” cried the Swede proudly. 一词o 一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。
For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. （Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.）/ Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am, ”he dec ，lared. “Bothsir! ” cried the Swede proudly. 一词oth 语双 关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役双关语( pun ) 以取得一种诙谐有12）Syllepsis: （一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax（句法）. For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. （Here us is used to refer to you and me.） In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. （Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.）13）Zeugma: （轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. （Here noon is not strong enough to burn）14）Irony: （反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. 反语（irony ）是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。