英语复习总结

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初中英语知识点全总结

初中英语知识点全总结

初中英语知识点全总结一、基本语法1. 词类名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、冠词、动词2. 句子成分主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语3. 句型肯定句、否定句、疑问句、祈使句4. 时态一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、进行时、完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时5. 语态主动语态、被动语态二、词汇1. 常用英语词汇数字、日期、时间、颜色、家庭成员、学科、职业、食物、动物、植物等2. 常用短语日常用语、问候用语、表达喜怒哀乐的短语、表示时间的短语、表示原因的短语、表示结果的短语、表示条件的短语、表示方法的短语、表示比较的短语、表示目的的短语等3. 常见习惯用语表达感谢、道歉、邀请、怀疑、建议、请求、承诺等4. 同义词辨析动词、名词、形容词、副词等的同义词辨析5. 反义词辨析动词、名词、形容词、副词等的反义词辨析6. 词语拼写常见的易错拼写单词、易混淆单词、词汇记忆技巧7. 词语辨析容易混淆的近义词、疑难词语的理解三、句型转换1. 肯定句转换否定句2. 否定句转换肯定句3. 陈述句转换疑问句4. 一般疑问句转换特殊疑问句5. 直接引语转换为间接引语6. 主动语态转换为被动语态7. 定语从句的转换8. 状语从句的转换四、阅读理解1. 阅读短文阅读理解题型、文章的类型、文章的结构、文章的主题,作者的观点和态度分析,文章细节理解等2. 理解词语和短语根据上下文理解词语和短语,推测词义,理解事实和信息,归纳文章主旨等3. 阅读策略找主题句、段落大意概括、理解作者的意图等4. 阅读技巧速读、精读、细读,快速定位等五、听力1. 日常生活对话日常生活对话、问路、购物、订餐、电话、预约、乘坐交通工具等2. 学校生活对话上课、放学、作业、考试、运动会、话剧表演、校园活动等3. 交际用语问候、介绍自己、询问信息、表达感谢、道歉、请求、承诺、邀请、祝福等4. 语音语调语音语调的基本规律和特点,英语连读、舌尖音、上音,语调变化等六、写作1. 书面表达书信、便条、日记、日程安排、活动安排、口头表达等2. 写信格式信头、信尾、日期、称呼等3. 作文结构作文的开头、扩写、过渡、结尾等4. 句式转换改写句子、段落,使表达更加丰富多样5. 表达方式使用例证、比喻、排比、描写等,使文章更生动七、语法专题1. 介词介词的常见用法和搭配2. 连词并列连词、从属连词的用法和区别3. 形容词和副词形容词和副词的比较级和最高级,以及用法区别4. 名词的单数复数名词单数复数的变化规则5. 疑问词及疑问句特殊疑问词和疑问句的结构6. 定语从句定语从句的连接词和用法7. 状语从句状语从句的连接词和用法八、语言运用1. 情态动词can、could、may、might、must、shall、should、will、would、ought to的用法2. 动词的时态和语态一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、进行时、完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时等动词时态,以及主动语态和被动语态的用法3. 句子的语序陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、祈使句的语序规则4. 词语辨析同义词、反义词、单词形式的变换5. 词语的搭配不同词义的搭配,固定搭配的用法6. 语法填空根据语境选择合适的词语或词组来填充空白7. 交际用语日常生活中常用的交际用语的表达九、复习技巧1. 听力技巧听力材料的整体理解、选项干扰性的词、对话文章的表达、上下文对比等2. 阅读技巧细节题、主旨题、归纳题、推理题等题型的解题技巧3. 写作技巧书面表达的开头展开结尾的写作技巧4. 背诵技巧词汇、短语的背诵技巧5. 口语表达表达能力的提升、语音语调的模仿等技巧以上就是初中英语知识点的全面总结,希望对学习英语的同学有所帮助。

高三英语重点知识点总结5篇

高三英语重点知识点总结5篇

高三英语重点知识点总结5篇高三英语知识点有哪些?这是同学们在英语复习时比较关心的问题。

高三英语知识点 1主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。

1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较。

It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。

而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。

被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。

例如:It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.2. 用it 作形式主语的结构。

(1) It is +名词+从句It is a fact that 事实是It is an honor that 非常荣幸It is common knowledge that 是常识(2) it is +形容词+从句It is natural that 很自然It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) it is +不及物动词+从句It seems that 似乎It happened that 碰巧(4) it +过去分词+从句It is reported that 据报道It has been proved that 已证实3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况。

(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

(2) It is said ,(reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。

例如:It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)(3) It happens,It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。

英语复习总结

英语复习总结

Starter Unit 1 Good morning.1.早上(上午)/下午/晚上好。

Good morning/afternoon/evening.答语也相同。

在熟人或家人之间可省略good。

熟人之间的问候可加上称呼语,称呼语放在问候语之后且用逗号隔开。

如:Good morning , class!同学们,早上好!△Good night! 晚安(晚间告别用语)2. Hello, Frank! 你好,弗兰克。

3. A: How are you? 你(身体)好吗?B: (I’m)fine/Very well/I’m OK, Thank you./thanks. How are you? / And you? 我很好,谢谢。

你呢?A: (I’m) fine, too. 我也很好。

4. thanks = thank you 谢谢5. HB(铅笔芯)硬黑CD光盘BBC英国广播公司Starter Unit 2 What’s this in English?1.What’s this/that? 这/那是什么?It’s a/an + 单数物品(△不说This/That is...)1) What’s this/that? 这/那是什么?2) What’s this/that? 这/那是什么?It’s a ruler. (这/那是)直尺。

It’s an apple. (这/那是)苹果。

2.What’s this/that in English? 这/那用英语怎么说?It’s a/an + 单数物品(△不说This/That is...)What’s this in English? 这用英语怎么说?It’s a jacket. 夹克衫What’s that in English? 那用英语怎么说?It’s an orange. 橘子。

in + 语言:用某种语言in Chinese/English/Japanese用汉/英/日语英语中还可用What’s the English for….?表达同样的含义。

中考英语专题复习总结——冠词与名词

中考英语专题复习总结——冠词与名词

专题一冠词和名词知识清单常考点清单一冠词一、冠词在句中的位置及分类冠词主要放在名词之前,说明名词所表示的人或物,它不能离开名词而单独存在。

冠词有两种:a和an为不定冠词,the为定冠词。

二、冠词的泛指和特指用法泛指是指首次提到的、不限定的人或物。

特指是指上文已提到的人或物,或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定的人或物,也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特定的人或事物。

冠词的特指和泛指用法可归纳为下表:单一,每一,任一事物a(n)上文提到过的人或事物可数名词前一定要用冠词被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物特指说话双方所默认的人或事物世上独一无二的事物the指类别the特指被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物复数可数名词说话双方所默认的人或事物不可数名词前泛指人或事物零冠词指类别三、不定冠词的用法1. 在叙述时用于第一次提到的某人或某物。

This is a book. 这是一本书。

2. 泛指人或事物的某一类别,以区别其他种类。

A plane is a machine that can fly. 翻译:___3. 泛指某人或某物。

A girl is waiting for you. 翻译:___4. 用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前,有“每一”的意思,相当于every。

80 kilometers an hour,_______________ five lessons a week _______________ twice a month____5. 用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,表示“一阵,一份,一类,一场”等。

There’ll be a strong wind in South China. 翻译:___6. 用于某些固定词组中。

a few/ little / bit (一点儿), have a swim / walk / talk / look / drink / rest = swim/ walk / talk / look / rest,have a cold (感冒), have a good time (玩得高兴), in a hurry (匆忙), for a while (一会儿), keep a diary (写日记), do sb a favor (帮助某人)7. 用于可视为一体的两个名词前。

2022英语期末考前重点复习资料归纳考点总结

2022英语期末考前重点复习资料归纳考点总结
33.aseven-year-oldboy 一个七岁大的男孩子 34.bealone 单独 35.nomore=not…anymore 不再 36.getintotrouble 遇到麻烦
37.getintotroublewith 和…引起冲突.38.worryabout 担心 39.walktoschool=gotoschoolonfoot 步行去上学
45.havetroubleindoingsth 做..有困难 46.studyforate 为考试用功 47.makevocabularylists 做单词表 48.too…to…太…而以致于不能做 49.watchEnglish-languageTV 看英语电视 50.tobeginwith 首先 51.takealotofgrammarnotes 记大量的语法笔记 lookupthewordsinadictionary 查字(词)典 thiskindofpaper 这种纸 54.spend…on…在…上花费(时间、金 钱)55.speakEnglishasasecondlanguage 把英语当做第二语言来说 56.giveup 放弃 57.inthefuture 在将来 二、句型。 Howdoyoustudyforatest?你怎样为考试做准备? Ihavelearnedalotthatway.用那种方法,我已经学到了很多东西。 It’stoohardtounderstandthevoice.听懂那些声音太难了。 Memorizingthewordsofpopsongsalsohelpedalittle.记流行歌曲的词也起作用。 WeiMingfeelsdifferently.卫明有不同的感受。 Hefindswatchingmoviesfrustrating.他觉得看电影让人感到沮丧. Sheaddedthathavingconversationswithfriendswasnothelpfulatall.她又说和朋友 对话根本没用。 8.Idon’thaveapartnertopracticeEnglishwith.我没有搭档一起练习英语。 Lateron,Irealizedthatitdoesn’tmatterifyoudon’tunderstandeveryword.随 后,我认识到听不懂每个词并没有关系。

初中英语总复习知识点总结

初中英语总复习知识点总结

初中英语总复习知识点总结一、词汇与短语1. 基础词汇:掌握初中阶段所学的1500-2000个基础英语单词,包括日常生活用品、颜色、数字、职业、学校科目等。

2. 短语动词:了解并掌握常见的短语动词,如look after, give up, turn off, find out等。

3. 常用短语:熟悉日常交流中常用的短语,如make a decision, take notes, get along with, break the rule等。

二、语法知识1. 时态:- 一般现在时:表示经常性或习惯性的动作。

- 一般过去时:描述过去发生的动作或状态。

- 现在进行时:表示正在进行的动作。

- 过去进行时:描述过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

- 一般将来时:表示将来会发生的动作或打算做的事情。

- 现在完成时:强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或结果。

2. 语态:- 被动语态:表示主语是动作的承受者,通常用于被动句中。

3. 非谓语动词:- 动名词:作为名词使用,可以作主语、宾语等。

- 分词:现在分词和过去分词,用作形容词或副词。

4. 情态动词:如can, could, may, might, must, should等,表示可能性、能力、建议等。

5. 代词:包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词等。

6. 冠词:不定冠词a/an和定冠词the的用法。

7. 介词:表示时间、地点、方向等关系的词,如at, in, on, for,with等。

8. 连词:连接句子或句子成分的词,如and, but, or, because, although等。

三、句型结构1. 简单句:只有一个主谓结构的句子。

2. 并列句:用并列连词连接的两个或多个简单句。

3. 复合句:包含主句和从句的句子,从句可以是名词性从句、定语从句或状语从句。

- 名词性从句:包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

- 定语从句:修饰名词或代词的从句,通常由关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that等引导。

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结

英语语言学一、名词解释第一课共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.任意性: One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear nonatural relationship to their meaning.第二课音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology iscalled phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occursin the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.第三课形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled…morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that governthe formation of sentences.categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization prope rties, is calleddeep structure or D- structure.structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationshipbetween the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a morespecific word.第六课语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence ina real situation of communication, or simply in a context.act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1.What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them studyPhonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology: It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.Morphology: A field of focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a languageSyntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.2.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of languageThe important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what the sign stands for.2) Productivity: provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and forunderstanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study Who do you think will be more interested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist Why 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别为什么Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences inmeaning.2. What is phone How is it different from a phoneme how are allophones related to a phonemePhone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.第三课1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: -ingMeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultStem type: added to verbsExamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of constructionSuffix: -ableMeaning: able to beStem type: added to verbsExamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromcalculable: able to be measured or assessedSuffix: -istMeaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activityStem type: added to nounsExamples: dramatist: a person who writes playsdentist: a person who treats the teeth disease2. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.1)prefix: un-meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; notstem type: added to nounsexamples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach or languageunhappy: not happy2)prefix: anti-meaning: opposed to; againststem type: added to nounsexamples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically induced abortionanti-art: against the traditional art3)prefix: re-meaning:once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again第五课1. What are the major types of synonyms in English并举例1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves2. Explain w ith examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, ., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. The morecommonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning. For example, the word table has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary:1. a piece of furniture2.all the people seated at a table3.the food that is put on a table4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc5.orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc6.part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to be operated onHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,Superordiante: flowerHyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory第六课1. What does pragmatics study How does it differ from traditional semantics答:Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified What is the illocutionary point of each type答:(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, . when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, . apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.3. What are the four maxims of the CP Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature答:Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity① Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality① Do not say what you believe to be false.② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner① Avoid obscurity of expression.② Avoid ambiguity.③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④ Be orderly.。

最新高三英语一轮复习总结

高三英语一轮复习总结高考的第一轮复习已经结束了,有哪些需要的总结,回顾的。

下面是XX为您整理的关于高三英语一轮复习总结的相关资料,欢迎阅读!高三英语一轮复习总结第一篇现状,总结上届工作经验的同时,与本组教学人员集体备课,积极探索有效教学途径,扎扎实实地开展了一系列具体的工作,取得了一定的成效。

今年高三我校共有五位教师担任高三英语教学。

除了杨老师是第一年带高三的新教师,其余我们四人已有多次带高三的经验。

但是我们始终以认真、严谨、勤奋、坚持不懈的工作态度从事教学工作。

我们学校的学生英语基础较弱,对英语的学习兴趣不大,学习自觉性差,而且两极分化严重。

所以为了更好地做好今后的工作,我们总结经验,认识不足,所以在这里我就自己在一学期来所做的工作做个小结反思。

同时也为我们的二轮复习做好铺垫。

现在向各位老师汇报一下我校英语组的具体工作:我校规定每周备课组进行一次集体备课。

英语组就定在每星期二下午第二节。

每次集体备课都有中心发言人。

中心发言人要对本周的教学内容进行详细的备课,集备时,中心发言人要讲出本周的教学安排,教材中的重点和难点,教学方法的取舍以及配套练习中存在的疑点。

然后大家一起讨论,各述己见,对中心发言人的发言进行补充,最后达成共识。

通过讨论大家对本周的课程内容都有了一个基本的了解,对教材的处理和教学方法都做到心中有数。

听课评课也是我们的集备方式之一。

我们每周还要推荐一人举行示范课,在集体备课中对这节课要讲的内容进行重点分析,全体组员都去听课,听课之后写出反思。

然后安排时间交流心得体会。

大家在一起对本节课进行评议。

评议时每人都要发表自己的意见,指出其优点和存在的问题,每个人看问题的角度不同,而且提出的问题也可能是我们自己平时忽略的问题。

因此,这种讨论的过程对我们每个教师而言都是一种很好的学习和提高的过程。

总之,每次集体备课大家都会觉得收获非常大。

1.基础知识复习课我们利用教学案对所学知识进行归纳整理,找到它们之间的内在联系和区别。

考研英语学习总结范文6篇

考研英语学习总结范文6篇第1篇示例:考研英语学习总结范文我认为英语学习需要有一个系统的学习计划。

在面对如此庞大的英语知识体系时,没有一个清晰的学习计划就如同无源之水,无本之木。

我会根据自己的实际情况,制定出每天的学习任务和目标,并且坚持不懈地执行下去。

积累词汇是英语学习的基础。

在备战考研的过程中,我选择了使用APP来背诵单词,并且每天坚持背诵一定量的单词。

在阅读和听力的过程中,我也会通过上下文来学习新的单词,这种方式更加生动有效。

除了词汇外,阅读和听力也是英语学习中至关重要的一环。

我会选择一些考研资料或者英语原版书籍来进行阅读,训练自己的阅读能力。

我还会听一些英语广播、听力训练材料或者英文歌曲,以提高自己的听力水平。

写作和口语是考研英语中的另外两个难点。

在备考过程中,我会坚持每天练习写作,写一些作文或翻译练习,以提高我的写作水平。

我也会找一些口语训练的素材,与同学们一起练习口语,互相提供建议和纠正,以提高口语表达能力。

考研英语学习需要不断总结与反思。

在备考的过程中,我会及时总结自己学习的经验与不足,并且调整学习方法与计划。

在考试前夕,我会进行模拟考试,检验自己的学习成果,找出漏洞与不足,以便在考试中更好的发挥。

英语学习是一个长期的过程,需要坚持和耐心。

希望我的经验与总结可以对正在备考考研的同学们有所帮助,也祝愿大家都能取得理想的成绩。

第2篇示例:考研英语学习总结随着社会的发展,考研已成为许多大学生继续深造的首选途径。

在考研过程中,英语学习一直是备受关注的重要部分。

在这一年的英语学习过程中,我积累了许多经验和体会,今天我将对自己的英语学习进行总结,希望对将来的考研学子有所启发。

对于英语学习,基础知识的掌握至关重要。

在备考阶段,要把握好英语基本语法和词汇,打好英语基础。

英语的基础知识是考研英语学习的基石,只有扎实的基础知识才能在后续的学习中游刃有余。

在备考阶段,我努力地背诵单词,练习语法,并通过做题来巩固所学知识。

英语词汇学总结复习资料

大家请注意:笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的,这些是绝对的基础,应该一字不漏的背下来。

其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总,再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。

区分两个词的区别,主要还是指明其各自的定义。

第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German,’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand,the same sound /rait/ can mean right,rite and write,though denoting different things,yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.(At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns)a). the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b). Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc). Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d). Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect,a given book,a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency,by notion,by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1). Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character (most important)– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action,size,domain,state numerals,pronouns,prep. ,conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life,they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative,some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow,bow,chariot,knight – past electricity,machine,car,plane —— now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words,they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football,footage,footpath,footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages,proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart, a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology – technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning,hepatitis,indigestion,penicillin,algebra,trigonometry,calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line,ballpark figures,bargaining chips,hold him back,hold him in,paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread,grass and pot,beaver,smoky,bear,catch,holler,Roger,X-rays,Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener,dip,persuader cant,jargon ,argot are associated with,or most available to,specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty,chook,cocky,station,auld,build,coo,hame,lough,bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems,legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics,futurology,AIDS,internet,E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse,monitor2). Content word (notional word)– denote clear notions.Functional word (empty word,form word)– do not have notions of their own,express the relation between notions,words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3). Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words,50,000-60,000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style (not stylistical specific )2. 2.frequent in use (in academic fields and science French,Latin or Greek are used)(usage 70-90%)Borrowed words (loan words,borrowing)– words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing,we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus(L)shift,change,shirt,pork cup from cuppa(L)2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor(F)blitzkreeg(G)emir,intermez,rowtow,bazaar,rajar,status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1). Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal(L)black humor from humor noir long time no see,surplus value,master piece2). Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak(Russ)lama from lama(Tib)ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent,sassy,cheeky 第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family (Europe,the Near East,India)It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History (时间,历史事件,特征)1)Old English (450-1150)totally 50,000-60,000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts,the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles,Saxons and Jutes and their language,Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century,the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century,many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English,our daily life and speech.特点:highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes (full ending)2)Middle English (1150-1500)English,Latin,FrenchUntil 1066,although there were borrowings from Latin,the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century,English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点:fewer inflections leveled ending3)Modern English (1500-up to now)early modern English (1500-1700)late modern English(1700-up to now)The Renaissance(the early period),Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the West ern world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization,British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe,thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II,many new words have been created to express new ideas,inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions,and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English,word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点:ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development(英语发展的三个主要方式:创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词)1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots,affixes and other elements. (This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.)2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.(played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times)4. (Reviving archaic or obsolete)French 30%,Latin 8%,Japanese Italian 7%,Spanish 6%,German Greek 5%,Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) ——A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. (The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.)*2.Morph——A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph(词素变体)——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality (-s)has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context,e.g. in cats/s/,in bags/z/,in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences,e.g. cat,walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words,e.g. recollection (re+collect+ion)collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. (include bound root and affix)Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root,it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example:it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root,but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before)we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。

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《实用英语2》复习材料十年寒窗苦,为了什么?!还有两星期的复习时间,期待看见大家的努力成果。

加油哦!祝大家考试顺利通过!Part I Matching(每小题1 分,共10分)选自Unit 1-5 Section B中的Useful Expressions。

Unit1give thought to 给……以考虑bear in mind 记住,牢记have a clear knowledge of... 对……清楚,明了be honest about 对……诚实,实事求是be clear about 对……了解清楚,对……明白have a tremendous fund of... 积累了丰富的……benefit from 从…… 中受益,得到好处stimulate sb. to do sth. 激励(某) 人做……as to 关于,有关……in a …fashion用一种……的方式Unit 2on a…level在一个…水平,从…层次上来说a bunch of 一群;一束;一堆count on 指望,依靠be aware of 知道,意识到keep a connection with 保持与…的联系shine a spotlight on 特别关注; 用聚光灯照keep abreast of 与……并驾齐驱;了解……的最新情况most of all 最重要的是;首先eat up 吃光;耗尽;击垮encounter with 遭遇,遇到Unit 3roll back to 退回重来,重新运行come across偶然发现或者遇见rely on 依赖,依靠as a matter of fact事实上,实际上be familiar with 熟悉,熟谙turn out 证明为,结果Unit 4in terms of 根据;按照;谈及;用……的字眼bear similarity to 相似,类似be related to与……有关combine ... with ...联合;结合;连接every now and then偶尔;不时地be reluctant to do不愿意做;勉强做indulge in纵情于……;尽情享受by accident 偶然地;意外地Unit 5consist of 由……组成except for 除…之外have something to do with 与……有关be in favor 受关注;得到青睐sum sb./sth. up 总结, 概括above all 首先,尤其是go out of fashion 不再流行bind with 给……镶边refer to sb./sth. as 把……说成是……Part IV Translation(每小题2 分,共20 分)选自Unit 1、2、3、5课文。

Unit 1求职1. 求职过程中,你应该想一想往后十五至二十年将干什么?记住,你选择的职业会影响你的一生,一定程度上决定你的交友、择偶、居住地、娱乐活动及生活的其他重要方面。2. 在选择工作的时候,你要清楚地了解自己的能力,同时也要知道自己的兴趣和目标。

对你的强项和弱点要实事求是。仔细审视自己是怎样的人,擅长什么,想成为何种人?3. 要清楚像你这样的人可能取得成功或感到满意的职业是什么?和已经从事你所青睐的职业的人们交谈,你可以了解到具有同样能力和兴趣的其他人认为他们所选择的职业中哪些是重要和富有挑战性的。观察这些人的工作。4. 仔细掂量正考虑的职业所能提供的眼前利益和长远利益之间的关系。你所选择的职业既能在开始时,又能在以后的日子里使你满意吗?要意识到各方面教育的重要性,包括技术和职业教育。牢记晋级机会到来时,在同等条件下,受过教育的人通常优先。5. 和父母、老师、校长谈谈你的职业选择。他们具有丰富的经验,这些经验会使你获益匪浅。他们会帮助你考虑选择你满意和具有挑战性的职业。他们会鼓励你仔细考虑你想从事的工作,提供充分发挥你聪明才智的有用建议。6. 仔细研究职业。找到最适合你的工作要花很长的时间。反复阅读和研究大量有关职业情况的信息。7. 正确看待你的职业。想做的工作只是一种赚钱的手段吗?对你自身及你将来的幸福和满足是否重要?或是两者兼而有之?8. 终身职业不可能偶然找到。必须仔细考虑,从各方面审视,听取那些了解你并能帮助你的人们的意见。一旦你找到理想的职业,就要用智慧与耐心去把它做好。Unit 2推特使人快乐的七大原因1. 我们都已经目睹了推特在世界事件和新闻传播方面发挥的前所未有的作用。

但仅从个人日常层次上来说,推特也有众多方式可让你更快乐。

2. 推特让你追求自己的爱好——哪怕只是在你的想象之中。

3. 让人生更加幸福的秘诀是开心——总是开心的人感到幸福的几率可能要大于常人20倍。

但有时你也身不由己,没有时间去追求自己的爱好。

不过,如果你抽不出时间,或是想在自己的爱好上投入更多时间,推特就是交流和想法的有效来源。

4. 如果情绪低落,推特可以分散你的注意力。

5. 研究表明分散注意力是改变情绪非常有效的工具。

要是你关注的一群人发的帖子让你感兴趣,你就总是有把握找到吸引自己注意力的东西。

6. 推特可以让你笑出来。

7. 如果你关注的一些人非常有趣,你需要的时候就肯定可以得到一些情绪上的推动。

阅读140个字符只需要几秒钟,但是足以重新引导你的情绪。

8. 推特帮你维持稀松的关系,加强紧密的关系。

9. 你真的能够打理150多个朋友吗?或许不能。

但是不管你能否有更多“朋友”,科技当然会让你更有效地处理与熟人和虚拟熟人的关系。

我比此前任何时候都模糊地意识到一大群人的存在,其中有一些我“认识”,有一些我不“认识”,尽管这听起来挺唬人的,但却让我的生活更温暖和丰富。

推特,再算上脸谱、博客、轻博客以及其他科技手段,都让我不费太大力气就与很多人保持着丝丝缕缕的联系。

10. 推特让你能帮助其他人。

11. 如果有朋友为慈善事业募集资金,写书或写文章,表演音乐,支持一项事业,或者想把注意力转到某个地方——抑或你想帮助做这些事的陌生人,推特能够让你宣传他们的活动或者你认为重要的议题。

12. 推特让你分享到有趣的点滴心得。

13. 带个照相机能使眼睛更敏锐,同理,知道能传播自己聪慧的感悟也会让你变得更加敏锐和诙谐。

14. 推特令信息搜集更便捷。

15. 如果你关注与你爱好相同的人,他们会帮你及时了解这个领域发生的所有事情。

如果你有个一般的问题,群众外包给推特则是得到答案的一个有效方法。

最重要的的是,使用推特去发现他人觉得有趣的事是超级高效的。

16. 这些是推特让你感到更快乐的几种方法。

但推特也有一个让人不快乐的缺点:推特会用光你的时间,而你与真人面对面打交道的时间就更少了。

Unit 3麦当劳的成功1. 今天,麦当劳是世界顶级餐饮服务零售商之一,在全球超过119个国家,有超过3万3千家的连锁餐厅,每天为6400万以上的顾客服务。

但是在1954年,它只不过是个寒酸的小餐厅。

那么,麦当劳是如何取得今日的成就呢?2. 让我们的记忆之轮转回到1954年。

那一年,推销混乳机的雷蒙·克罗克,偶然来到麦当劳兄弟(理查德和莫瑞斯)经营的、位于加利福尼亚南部的小汉堡包店。

麦当劳兄弟的经营方法令他极为触动,他于是提出担当他们在全国特许经营店的代理商。

当然,每家特许经营店都采纳小店已经成功的运行机制----快速服务,来保证服务质量。

3. 1955年,克罗克的第一家麦当劳在伊利诺斯州的德斯普兰斯开始营业。

因为克罗克确信如果能独立运营,麦当劳连锁店一定会取得巨大的成功,所以他用270万美元收购了麦当劳餐厅。

仅三年之后,著名的代言人罗纳德·麦当劳叔叔首次亮相,第500个麦当劳餐厅开始营业,已卖出10亿个汉堡包。

4. 麦当劳取得了令人难以置信的成功。那么它成功的关键在于什么?也许最重要的原因在于时机正确。

在20世纪50年代,很多已婚女士都待在家里,持家、照顾孩子。

到了20世纪60年代,很多女士开始回到工作岗位。

这就意味着她们不再有那么多的精力做家务、准备三餐。

这种忙碌的生活方式使得人们选择到快餐连锁店外出就餐。

而麦当劳正是在那个时候出现的。

5. 此外,麦当劳餐厅从未改变麦当劳兄弟设计的基本原则,即低廉的价格,简单的菜单,迅捷的服务和一致的产品。

但是他克罗克加了一条,就是清洁,从停车场,到厨房的地板、以及制服,一切都要一尘不染。

6. 克罗克也非常相信广告的力量。

从开始到现在,麦当劳餐厅无数的营销活动及强大的广告方法一直令人赞叹。

从麦当劳最初的标志,Speede,汉堡包形状的脑袋,头顶着厨师帽,到今天享誉全球的金色拱门标志;从代言人罗纳德·麦当劳叔叔的问世,到一些重大的商业广告,麦当劳公司无疑在广告方面下了大手笔。

在麦当劳的第一支广告播出后的六年内,90%以上的美国儿童相比美国总统的名字,更熟悉罗纳德·麦当劳叔叔的大名。

7. 正是由于选择恰当的时机、坚持始终如一的服务、秉持清洁至上的原则,以及精心选择每一个市场营销活动,麦当劳才有今日的成就。

Unit 5可可-夏奈尔--时装界最美丽成功的女人1. 毫无疑问,可可·夏奈尔理所当然是20世纪世界时装界最重要的设计师。

加布里埃尔·可可·夏奈尔1883年8月19日生于法国。

18岁时,夏奈尔离开修道院自谋生路。

开始在一个缝纫店里当帮工,但她希望能成为一名歌唱家。

后来,她开设了一间专营女帽的小店。

由于生意兴隆,她就开始制作具有独特风格的时装出售。

夏奈尔风格套装优雅、舒适、简洁、实用。

在她的服装革新中,最著名的有针织毛衫的设计和仿珠宝首饰的运用,包括将珍珠项链和彩色人造宝石挂在胸前。

1926年,她推出“黑色小套装”,打破了自15世纪西班牙时期以来,黑色只能作为哀悼色的陈规。

Vogue预言,这不仅仅是十年中流行的款式,而且第一次用了ford这个词来描述。

在时装界,ford一词用来形容该款式销售量高达数百万—那就是人人都爱穿。

2. 夏奈尔将自己的头发剪短,大多数西方妇女竞相效仿。

她敢于穿裤子,有点像水兵们穿的那种款式。

她让皮肤在地中海的阳光下晒黑。

然而,她留给后人最宝贵的遗产却是夏奈尔套装—一种简朴的短装,用纺织带、羊毛编制带、锻带镶边,敞开纽扣,配条柔顺的直筒裙或百褶裙。

这种套装从1925年开始一直到90年代仍然保持着新颖的特色,几乎世界上每一位设计师都曾在不同的时期模仿过她的设计。

3. 第二次世界大战爆发,她关闭了时装屋。

即使在那时,她也过着极其富裕的生活。

她本不打算战后东山再起,有人说迪奥尔的成功激发了她的竞争欲,使她下决心重操旧业。

她于1950年重新开张。

数月后,她的销售就像卖热蛋糕一样走俏。

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