科技英语翻译-第6章
科技英语翻译课后答案解析
科技英语翻译1.1 翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1The power plant is the heart of a ship.The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.动力装置是船舶的心脏。
驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
第1节翻译练习2Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely.All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。
我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
第1节翻译练习3The removal of minerals from water is called softening.A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。
1.2 对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。
Unit 6 科技翻译
Unit 6 科技文体翻译教学目标及基本要求：了解科技英语的词汇、句法特点，掌握科技文体的翻译技巧。
教学重点：1)英语科技词语的构成2)科技英语的句法特点教学难点：科技英语的翻译方法实用训练：英译汉：Scientific prediction for the next 30 years汉译英：技术创新1 .Formation of English Technical TermsOne of the most distinctive features of EST is its technical terms，which not only account for a large part of English vocabulary，but also are the must important source of new coined words in modern English，ranging over an extensive area of various fields. A mastery of them will benefit us a great deal in the translation of EST.In terms of form，English technical terms may be classified into three categories, namely, single words (e. g. robot机器人，Internet因特网，etc. ) , compound forms(e.g. feedback反馈，splashdown溅落，etc.)and phrases(e. g. on-and-off-the- road路面越野两用的，anti- armored-fight-vehicle-missile 反装甲车导弹，power transmission relay system送电中继体系，etc. ). Since most of the technical terms come out of the basic rules of word-formation，it's necessary for us to conduct a Brief survey of their formation.1. Affixation 缀合式科技词语Affixation is an important means of coining new English words and technical terms，with prefix and suffix as inseparable elements of the words being coined. The advantage of affixation is evident: it is the most flexible means of forming new woods and its potential of creation is almost boundless，therefore it is extensively used in the formation of technical terms. Besides prefix and suffix of English origin，there are some foreign borrowings，noticeably the Latin ones, e.g. bio-(生命、生物) thermo-(热)，electro- (电),aero-(空气)，carbo- (碳), hydro-(水), -ite(矿物)，-mania(热、狂), etc. If we are familiar with these prefixes and suffixes，many technical terms of such formation can be translated appropriately. The following are some typical examples.miniultrasonicprober =mini +ultra +sonic +prober微型超声波金属探伤仪macrospacetransship=macro +space +trans +ship巨型空间转运飞船teletypesetter=tele +type +setter电传排字机bathythermograph=bathy +thermo +graph海水测温仪barothermograph=baro +thermo +graph气压温度记录器deoxyrihonucleic=de +oxy +ribo+ nucleic脱氧核糖核的photomorphogenesis=photo +morpho +genesis光形态发生2. Compounding复合式科技词语Two or more words combined to form a new word is called compounding. English technical terms formed by compounding generally take three forms: combining with a hypthen (e.g. salt-former卤素，dew-point露点, pulse-scaler脉冲定标器) or without it (e.g. fallout放射性尘埃，hovercraft 气垫船，waterlock水闸，thunderstorm雷暴)，or two or more separate words forming a word combination ( e.g. stem cell 干细胞，optical drive光驱，satellite antimissile observation system卫星反导弹观察系统). Most of such compound words may be translated literally, i.e., Put the Chinese equivalents of the separate elements together and we get the Chinese equivalents of the compound words. Sometimes，however，there are exceptions. For example，bull's eye靶心)，cat-and-mouse航向与指挥的)，dog house(高频高压电源屏蔽罩)，etc.一literal translation in tackling such terms may lead astray. Therefore whenever we are confronted with unfamiliar terms and are not sure of their meaning，we should frequently consult dictionaries of relevant specialties. In many cases some additional explanations are needed to make the original meaning clear and accurate.3 .Blending缩合式科技词语This is a variant of compounding，omitting the latter part of the first word and clipping off the first part of the second word. Sometimes，however, either the first part or the second part of the overlapped word may be clipped to form a new word. This blending of words generally possesses the combined meaning of both; therefore, literal translation is used in translating such terms，with one element modifying the other. Occasionally，a new name is given to the blending.bit=binary+ digit(二进制)位，比特blog=web +log博客brunch=breakfast十lunch早午餐/晚早餐copytron = copy+ electron电子复写技术gravisphere=gravity +sphere引力范围medicare= medical +care医疗保健netizen=net+ citizen网民smog=smoke +fog烟雾telex=teleprinter+ exchange电传4.Acronyms 首字母缩略式科技词语An acronym is a word formed from the initials or other of several words.Acronyms are widely accepted to coin English technical terms. With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more acronyms are being extensively used in various fields. Simple and brief, acronyms sometimes tend to cause ambiguity in meaning. Therefore，it is up to the translator to discern their actual meaning in different contexts.ADP automatic data processing自动数据处理AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome艾滋病EDF'M electronic data processing machine电子数据处理机DINK double income , no kids双收人无子女家庭GSV guided space vehicle制导宇宙飞船Laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation激光RAM random access memory随机存取存储器UFO unidentified flying object不明飞行物WWW World Wide Web万维网Sometimes，an acronym happens to be an actual English word，or it may possess more than one meaning. In this case，special attention should be paid to pick out the right equivalent in Chinese.MOUSE minimum orbital unmanned satellite of the earth(仪表载重50公斤以下的)不载人的最小人造地球卫星SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks限制战略武器会谈SNAP subsystem for nuclear}auxiliary power辅助(原子)核动力子系统space nuclear auxiliary power空间核辅助能源systems for nuclear auxiliary power辅助核动力系统AS air scoop空气收集器air seasoned风干的(木材)air speed空速，气流速率air station航空站，飞机场American Standard美国标准atmosphere arid space大气层与宇宙空间automatic sprinkler自动洒水车automatic synchronizer自动同步器5 .Proper Nouns 专有名词科技词语Many of the technical terms in English are borrowed from proper nouns such as names of people，places，firms，trade marks，organizations，etc.，normally beginning with a capital letter. In such cases，consulting relevant dictionaries will be of great help . Transliteration is the usual way in translating proper nouns. Sometimes，a label to the corresponding translation is necessary to indicate the nature of the given words.Xerox静电复制(derived from a trademark )IBM System IBM系统(derived from a US corporation)Kuru库鲁病} derived from a place in eastern New Guinea)Alfven wave阿尔文波(derived from the Swedish astrophysicist Hannes Alfven) Chandler's wobble钱得拉波动说(derived from the US astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler )Of course，there are some other forms of technical terms in English. To name a few，Clipping(e. g.“lab”comes from“laboratory”)，Back-formation(e. g.“to lase" comes from“laser")，Coinage(e. g.“quark" in physics)，Functional Shift (e. g. in the phrase“to contract the terminal"，the word“contract" is converted from a noun to a verb)，Borrowing(e. g.“gene" is borrowed from German)，and so on. In whatever circumstances，the discrimination of the original meaning and the contextual analysis are of vital importance. Only when we get an accurate understanding of them，can we put them into Chinese exactly as they actually mean.II .Characteristic Syntax of EST1.More bong and complicated Sentences 大量使用长句EST as a formal style of writing usually consists of more long and complicated sentences. When translated into Chinese，a long sentence may be cut into several parts. For example:The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led，in the first instance，to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibration but later to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相伺的物理性的介质。
英汉翻译教程第六章PPT
广告英语的翻译
• 总之，衡量广告翻译的优劣，主要看译文在多大 程度上体现了原文的宣传效果和表情、说服等功 能，多大程度上保留了原文的语言特色及神韵。 为此，翻译时选词上要力避生涩艰拗，造句上要 尽量简洁明快，修辞上要多保留原文辞格。译文 要注重整体把握，不为一词一句所限，要充分发 挥译者的主观能动性。此外，广告翻译还应充分 考虑中英两种语言间的文化差异。只有这样，才 能使译文体现原文的各项功能，为产品畅销打下 良好的基础。
商贸函电的翻译
• 下面是一份电传的主要部分及其参考译文： TKS F UR OFA BUT RGRTS UR PRICES TOO HIGH F OUR MKT， AS GDS OF JAPANESE MAKE WITH SimILAR DES R ON SALE HR AT MCH LOWER PRICES. IF U RDU UR PRICE BY 5PCT， V WL ODA 1000 SETS. PLS TAKE THIS MATTR INTO CONSIDERATION N RPL ASAP. RGDS.
商贸函电指经济贸易活动中的各类信函、电报、电传等。 其文体特征主要有： 1） 措词简洁明了。为使表达明晰，商贸函电在措词上力求 简明扼要，不太讲究修饰。 2） 用语正式庄重。正式庄重的语言常常显得诚恳、自然、 有礼貌，因此常用于商贸函电中。 3） 专业术语较多。如FOB（离岸价）、CIF （到岸价）、 settlement（理赔）、L/C（信用证）、AC（承兑）等。 4） 具有相对固定的格式。商贸函电格式相对固定，大体上 由以下六个部分组成： a. 信头（the heading） b. 信内地址（the inside address） c. 称呼（the salutation） d. 信文（the body） e. 结束语 （the complimentary close） f. 签名（the signature）
科技英语翻译
•
Well-meaning scientists, engineers, economists and politicians have proposed various steps that could slightly reduce fossil-fuel use and emissions. These steps are not enough.
• 该技术已准备就绪。后文中我们提出了一 个资助计划，计划到2050年用太阳能为美 国提供69%的电能和35%的包括运输在内 的全部能源。
• We project that this energy could be sold to consumers at rates equivalent to today’s rates for conventional power sources, about five cent kilowatt-hour ( kwh ). • 我们预计，这种能源的价格和常规电能的 价格相当，约五美分每千瓦小时。 • rate 比率, 速度, 价格, 费用, 等级
• Thanks for your attention !
• The US is lucky to be endowed with a vast resource; at least 250,000 square miles of land in the southwest alone are suitable for constructing solar power plants, and that land receives more than 4,500 quadrillion British thermal units ( Btu ) of solar radiation a year. • 幸好，美国资源丰富；仅西南部就至少有 25万平方英里的土地适合建设太阳能发电 厂，这些土地一年就能接收到超过450千兆 Btu的太阳辐射能。 • be endowed [indau] with具有, 赋有
3第六章 科技英语翻译
（3）大量使用概念准确的抽象名词 (Abstract Noun) ★
★
insulate-insulation expand-expansion move-movement leak-leakage stable-stability humid-humidity
绝缘 膨胀 运动 漏泄 稳定性 湿度
Back 2
the walls of the boiler [C;U] C: countable noun U: uncountable noun
耐火砖 可数名词 不可数名词 全封闭的 加工硬化 调频
通信卫星 BACK
10
full-enclosed work-harden fm Telesat (frequency modulation)
D.缩略法
4WD (four-wheel drive) 四轮驱动 CE (chief engineer) 总工程师 (Council of Europe) 欧洲理事会 FM (frequency modulation) 调频 TELESAT (telecommunications satellite ) 通信卫星 CCTV （closed circuit television) 闭路电视
7
★
动词派生的抽象名词可表示过程、现象、特征和性质
abort-abortion automate-automation commute-commutation lase-laser liase- liason televise-television soft-land-soft-landing install-installation protect-protection balance (v.& n.) guide- guidage
科技英语课文翻译1-7
参考译文Unit 1课文A石油1油，和煤一样，存在于沉积岩中，而且可能由死去很长时间的生物有机体形成。
含有石油的岩石几乎都来源于海洋，所以形成石油的有机物一定是海洋生物，而不是树木。
2 石油，并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木质物质，而可能是来自于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。
比如浮游生物：大量浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。
3 有机物的脂肪物质主要由碳氢原子组成，因此并不需要太多的化学变化就可以形成石油。
生物有机体只需在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的淤泥里。
其脂肪不是分解腐烂，而是逐渐积聚，并在深层的淤泥里圈闭起来，进而经过细微的原子重组，最终形成石油。
4 油比水轻，呈液态，会经由上方覆盖的孔隙性岩石向上渗透，在地球上有些地区到达表层，古人将这些表层石油称为沥青、柏油或异庚烷。
在古代和中世纪，这些石油油苗常被看作药品而不是燃料。
5 当然，表层的油苗数量很少。
而石油油藏上方有时覆盖的是非孔隙性岩石。
石油向上渗透抵达该岩石，然后在岩石下方逐渐积聚形成油层。
若在上方的岩石上钻个孔，石油就可以通过该孔向上迁移。
有时压力过大，石油会向高空喷出。
1859年在宾夕法尼亚州，由埃德温·德雷克成功打出第一口井。
6 如果可以发现一个合适的地点（勘探人员已经识别出地下可能圈闭有石油的地层结构），那么就很容易抽取这一液体燃料，这要比派人到地下把大块的固体煤炭砍成小块要容易得多。
而且一旦获得石油，可以通过地上管道运输，而不必像煤一样，由运货车经过繁重的装卸任务来运输。
7 石油便于抽取，易于运输，促进了石油的应用。
石油可以蒸馏成不同的馏分，每种馏分均由特定大小的分子组成，分子越小，该馏分就越容易蒸发。
8 到19世纪下半叶，最重要的石油馏分是由中等大小的分子构成的煤油，它不易蒸发，被用于照明。
9 然而，到19世纪末人们研制出了内燃机。
内燃机是通过在汽缸里将空气与可燃气体混合，产生爆炸来提供动力的。
最便利的可燃气体是汽油——石油的又一馏分，由小分子构成，容易蒸发。
科技英语阅读翻译
1all elements are composed of scattered units called atoms,which are the smallest particles than show the characteristics of the element. atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged elements ,and electrically neutral neutrons. protons and neutrons, which have almost the same mass,are clustered in the nucleus in the middle of the atom. electrons,which are tiny in comparison to the other units, move around the nucleus at high speed. atoms that have the same number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. those that have got or lost electrons,and therefor are positively or negatively charged, are called ions.所有的元素都称为原子的散射单元，这是比显示的元件的特性的最小的颗粒组成。
原子是微小单位的物质组成的带正电的质子，带负电荷的元件和电中性的中子。
质子和中子，它们具有几乎相同的质量，聚集在细胞核内的原子在中间。
的电子，这在其他单位相比是微小的，围绕原子核高速移动。
具有相同的电子和质子数的原子是电中性的。
科技英语翻译课后答案
科技英语翻译1.1 翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1The powerplantis the heartof a ship.The powerunit for drivin g the machin es is a 50-hp induct ion motor.动力装置是船舶的心脏。
驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
第1节翻译练习2Semico nduct or device s, called transi stors, are replac ing tubesin many applic ation s.Crampe d condit ionsmeansthat passen gers’legscannot move around freely.All bodies are knownto posses s weight and occupy space.半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。
我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
第1节翻译练习3The remova l of minera ls from wateris called soften ing.A typica l foliag e leaf of a plantbelong ing to the dicoty ledon s is compos ed of two princi pal parts: bladeand petiol e.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。
1.2 对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1Einste in’srelati vitytheory is the only one whichcan explai n such phenom ena.All four (outerplanet s) probab ly have coresof metals, silica tes, and water.爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。
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Chapter Six Translation of Prepositions
介词的翻译 第1节 介词的一般译法 英语中的介词主要有两大类，即单个介词和短语介词。就其语法功能而 言，单个介词和短语介词是一样的。从宏观上来讲，介词的译法主要有 以下三种： 一、直译 直译就是直接译出介词本身的意义。如： Installed in the ceiling of the facility are fully-controlled lights which play the role of the sun. 起到光照作用的全控灯安装在这个设施的天花板内。 The quality of any sensation depends upon the area of the cerebral cortex where the impulse arrives. 任何感觉的性质都取决于脉冲所到达的大脑皮质的部位。
Chapter Six Translation of Prepositions
介词的翻译 第1节 介词的一般译法 二、转译 2.转译为连词 英语中某些介词汉译时可转移为汉语的连词。如： A valuable instrument may be damaged beyond repair in a few second of carelessness. 由于疏忽大意，重要的仪表可在几秒之内被损坏到无法修复的程度。 With all its advantages, the accuracy of the new dating method using radioactive c-14 can’t be blindly trusted. 利用放射性碳14测定年代的新方法虽然有种种优点，但是我们可不可 盲目相信其准确性。
Chapter Six Translation of Prepositions
介词的翻译
二、after的译法 1．表示时间、空间、顺序方面，译为“在…之后”。 2. 表示遵循、按照的意思，可以译为“按照”“依照”等。 For maximum precision, we can make the thermal measurements after his suggestion. 为了获得更高的精确度，我们可以依照他的建议进行热测量。 3．“after all+名词”结构表示让步，可译为“尽管”、“虽 然”等。 After all its merits, the alloy does not measure up to the requirements. 这种合金尽管有许多优点，但还是不符合要求。
Chapter Six Translation of Prepositions
介词的翻译 第1节 介词的一般译法 二、转译 2.转译为连词 英语中某些介词汉译时可转移为汉语的连词。如： A valuable instrument may be damaged beyond repair in a few second of carelessness. 由于疏忽大意，重要的仪表可在几秒之内被损坏到无法修复的程度。 With all its advantages, the accuracy of the new dating method using radioactive c-14 can’t be blindly trusted. 利用放射性碳14测定年代的新方法虽然有种种优点，但是我们可不可 盲目相信其准确性。
Chapter Six Translation of Prepositions
介词的翻译 第2节 介词短语的译法 2. 译为句子的主语 介词短语在句子中作状语时，翻译时可翻译为汉语句子中的主语，这时 英语的介词常被略去不译。如： When ice changes into water, it does not expand. Instead, it becomes smaller in volume. 冰变成水时并不膨胀，相反，体积变小了。 3.译为汉语的并列分句 介词短语作状语表示转折或因果关系时，有时可据上下文转译为并列分 句。如： In a generator mechanical power is put in and electrical power is taken out, instead of electrical power going in and mechanical power coming out as in a motor . 在发电机中是输入机械能、输出电能，而在电动机中则是输入电能、输 出机械能。
Chapter Six Translation of Prepositions
介词的翻译 第1节 介词的一般译法 二、转译 许多介词在翻译时可以进行转译。介词的转译最常见的主要有以下几 种情况： 1. 转译为动词 介词转译为动词是最常见的介词转译现象。如： A polymer is a substance of high molecular weight, well above the size of the compounds considered so far. 聚合物是一种高分子的物质，其大小远远超出迄今所提到的各种化合 物。 Warm-blooded creatures do not need to depend on the sun for body heat. 温血动物不需要依赖太阳来获得体温。
Chapter Six Translation of Prepositions
介词的翻译 第2节 介词短语的译法 英语里及物动词和介词后面都可以跟宾语。介词与 其宾语一起构成短语，叫做介词短语。英语的介词 短语在句子中可以充当状语、定语、表语、宾语补 足语和主语补足语等。本节我们主要从介词短语作 状语与介词短语作定语两个方面来探讨其特殊的翻 译方法。
Chapter Six Translation of Prepositions
ຫໍສະໝຸດ 介词的翻译 第1节 介词的一般译法 三、省译 根据汉语的表达需要，英语中许多介词在汉译时可以省 略不译。 By itself, concrete is only good at resisting compression, but it fails under tension. 混凝土本身只能抗压，不能抗拉。（省译可under） Adverse to iron, mercury is in a liquid state at ordinary temperature. 水银与铁不同，在常温下是液态。（省译了in）
Chapter Six Translation of Prepositions
介词的翻译 第3节 常用介词的译法 本节将重点讨论在科技英语里出现频率较高的、 比较重要的18个介词：about, after, against, around, as , at, by, for, from, in, into, of, on, through, to, under, with和without。其中有些 词还经常用作副词，为了全面介绍它们在科技 英语中的翻译方法，书中没有另辟专门章节， 而是放在本节一同阐释。
Chapter Six Translation of Prepositions
介词的翻译 第2节 介词短语的译法 二、介词短语作定语时的译法 1．译为汉语的“的”字结构 介词引导的介词短语在汉译时可以译为汉语的“的”字结构， 在句子中也作定语，而且英语的介词常被略去不译。如： The bearing capacity of a soil means the maximum load per unit area which the ground will safely support. 土体的承载力即是单位面积上地基所能安全承受的最大荷载。 An increase in final velocity is attainable by means of the multistage rocket. 最终速度的增加可借助多级火箭达到。
Chapter Six Translation of Prepositions
介词的翻译 第2节 介词短语的译法 二、介词短语作定语时的译法 2．译为动宾结构的句式 of 引导的介词短语作定语（即“名词+of+名词”结构），并 且of前的名词是由不及物动词派生出的名词时，of引导的介 词短语与其翻译成汉语的“的”字结构，不如译为动宾关系 的句式结构更符合汉语的表达习惯，请比较： Fluid sand process has found application in the production of large steel casting. 流态砂法已经用于生产大型钢铁铸件。（动宾结构） 流态砂法已经用于大型钢铁铸件的生产。（“的”字结构）
Chapter Six Translation of Prepositions
介词的翻译 第2节 介词短语的译法 二、介词短语作定语时的译法 2．译为动宾结构的句式 of 引导的介词短语作定语（即“名词+of+名词”结构），并 且of前的名词是由不及物动词派生出的名词时，of引导的介 词短语与其翻译成汉语的“的”字结构，不如译为动宾关系 的句式结构更符合汉语的表达习惯，请比较： Fluid sand process has found application in the production of large steel casting. 流态砂法已经用于生产大型钢铁铸件。（动宾结构） 流态砂法已经用于大型钢铁铸件的生产。（“的”字结构）