外文翻译(陈鹏)
POA理论体系下大学英语平行文本教学反思
ENGLISH ON CAMPUS2023年37期总第685期POA理论体系下大学英语平行文本教学反思摘 要：大学英语平行文本教学旨在培养学生参阅英语平行文本的意识，学生在大量阅读平行文本获取有用信息的基础上，通过模仿提升语言的输出质量。
笔者以产出导向法（POA）为指导，遵循“驱动”“促成”和“评价”的教学流程，进行了一学期的大学英语教学实践。
本文主要分享笔者的教学反思，包括教学实践中的获益和存在的问题，旨在今后更好地基于POA教学法帮助学生运用平行文本这一提升语言输出质量的工具。
关键词：教学反思；产出导向法（POA）；平行文本教学；大学英语作者简介：陶卫冬（1987-），男，江苏南通人，南京医科大学康达学院，讲师，硕士，研究方向：英语教育、英语翻译。
对于同一话题或情境不同语言文化自身产生了大量的文本，这些文本准确、地道，互为平行文本。
第二语言学习者在语言产出时往往受母语影响，导致语言输出质量不尽如人意。
参阅平行文本可以帮助学习者通过模仿来提升语言质量，慢慢地提升第二语言的整体输出水平。
笔者在此观念影响下，进行了一学期的平行文本教学，教学以POA的核心教学理念为指导，采用“驱动”“促成”和“评价”的教学流程，教学对象为医学类公有民办二级学院二年级的两个平行班，设置实验组与对照组。
教学实践证明，基于POA的平行文本教学能够在一定程度上提升实验组学生的语言输出质量，但教学实践过程中也暴露了一些亟待解决的问题。
一、教学实践获益（一） 培养了学生语言模仿意识语言表达的准确性和地道性是长期以来困扰英语高阶学习者的瓶颈问题。
语言表达是否准确和地道不仅决定了学生的语言应用能力而且还影响着学生跨文化交际和思辨能力的培养。
我国外语教学一直以来受应试教育的影响，教师过于注重词汇的积累和语法的学习，将英语学习比作建造房屋：词汇是砖头，语法则是垒砌的方法。
有老师错误地认为，只要掌握语法再加上词汇的不断累积，英语的学习将水到渠成。
AnEnglish－Chines...
AnEnglish－Chines...CHEN Mingfeng ( 陈明丰 )AbstractWith the rapid development of economy, education, science and technology, language itself changes constantly. It is becoming more and more important to have excellent English-Chinese dictionaries for Chinese learners. This paper is an attempt to analyze the features of OALD-4.INTRODUCTIONOxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, Fourth Edition (Which is called OALD-4 for short in the following), the product of the joint efforts by the Commercial Press of China and Oxford University Press, was published in 1997.With the rapid development of economy, education, science and technology, language itself changes constantly: some old words die out , or the use of some old words has changed , and new words keep emerging . So dictionaries, should also keep up with the changes of languages, and be able to provide the users with up-to-date usages of words. In the preface of OALD-4, the editors have pointed out: “proficiency in English implied the ability to compose as well as to understand, and the learner’s dictionaries must be designed to develop both kinds of skill.”At the first glance, one may think that it is similar in quality to other dictionaries of the same kind. But after taking a close look at it, you may find it different from others in many ways.A.S.Hornby, the chief editor of the first and second editions of OALD, is a well-known dictionary expert and teaching expert. He spent a lot of time teaching English abroad. So he knew well the difficulties that foreign learners were facing. Thus OALD alwaysthinks for users, and tries to help users to learn English well. The following is the analysis of some new features of the new dictionary.FEACHURE ONE CLEAR AND CONCRETE DEFINITIONS OF ENTRIES“The definitions of entries in a dictionary is the soul of it and is directly related to its popularity.”① Samuel Johnson, the chief editor of A Dictionary of the English Language, has also pointed out: “The definition must be accurate. That’s to say, the defining words and entry words should often be able to be exchanged.” As a general rule, definitions should be comprehensible to the general readers. So does OALD-4. The definitions in it are not only accurate, but also brief. The following are definitions of “horse” in different dictionaries.Horse n. 1 solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped (Equals caballas) with flowing mane and tail, used as beast of burden and draught, and for riding o n…----Oxford Concise DictionaryHorse n. 1 a large strong animal that people ride on and use for pulling heavy things…---Longman Dictionary of Contemporary EnglishHorse n. 1 (a) large strong four legged animal with a flowing mane and tails, used for riding on or to carry loads, pulling carts, etc.----OALD-4For readers, the meaning of “horse” is simple. But how can it be defined in English? Common sense suggests that definitions in a dictionary for speakers of English as a foreign language should not be more difficult than the words they define. Obviously, the definition in OALD-4 is the best among the three.In Oxford Concise Dictionary, there are some rarely used words like “herbivorous, quadruped”. In Longman Dictionary, the definition is brief, but i s so simple that it can’t explain the entry “horse” accurately.Besides, it also shows clearly the usage of nouns, adjectives, verbs and so on.1. Nouns: countable or uncountableAs foreign learners, especially for Chinese, it is difficult to distinguish countable or uncountable. Even some nouns are sometimes countable, sometimes uncountable. In the Chinese language, there is no such difference. In OALD-4, it is shown clearly with a label “C”(meaning countable), or “U”(meaning uncountable). For example,Study n. 1 [u](also studies [pl.]) process of gaining knowledge of a subject, esp. from books 2 [c](a) book, etc that is the result of an investigation of subject 3 [u] room esp. in sb’s home, used for reading and writing 4 [c] drawing, etc done for practice Here, OALD-4 tells us not only when the word “study” is used as countable and when uncountable, but also how to use it appropriately. And for other entries, such as experience and success, OALD-4 also gives us clear definitions. When they refer to “event or activity” and “person or thing” respectively, the two words are countable; when they refer to “knowledge or skill” and “achievement” respectively, they are uncountable.2. Adjectives: attributive use or predicative useMost adjectives can be used either before a noun or after the infinitive, such as in “a serious affair” / “be happy to go home”. However, some adjectives are restricted to attributive or predicative. In OALD-4, the appropriate label is given. For example,Asleep adj. [pred] 1 not awake, sl eeping: Don’t wake him up. She is fast / sound sleep. 2. (of limits) having no feeling; numb: I’ve been sitting on my leg and now it’s asleep.Eldest adj. [attrib.], n (of people, esp. Of three or more closely related members of a family; first born; oldest: Jim is my eldest daughter. Jill is the eldest of my three children.OALD-4 tells readers different usage of adjectives, which can help us avoid speaking or writing such sentences like “He is an asleep boy.” It is not idiomatic in English.And for other familiar words, such as “aware” or “fit”, OALD-4 also gives appropriate label. I have compared it with other dictionaries, and found that most of them have paid less attention to this point.3. Verbs: different verb patterns of sentencesIn OALD-4, there’r e thirty-two patterns (with matching codes) to account for the various ways in which verbs can be used.A code such as [Dn.pr] (as in “He gave a book to John.”) is designed to suggest to the learners ‘double-transitive verb + noun + prepositional phrase’, ie the parts of speech (or phrases or clause types) of which the pattern is composed. These indications will be sufficient for most learners. Moreover, the meanings of the letters (n=noun, a=adjective, ph=phrase, etc) can be easily learnt, so that the learners are able to recall patterns simply by looking at their codes. It is better than the first three editions of OALD, where there’s forms of codes such as VP6A, 7A, 2A, etc. So learners have to refer to the chart inside the back cover. Of course, it is also better than some other dictionaries where verbs are only divided into Vi (=intransitive verb) and Vt (=transitive verb). So the division of verb pattern is helpful for readers to use verbs appropriately. For example,Grade v. 1 [esp. passive: Tn, Tn.pr, Cn.n] ~sth/sb by/according to sth; ~sth/sb from sth to sth arrange sth/sb in order by grades or classes…2 [Tn, Cn.n](US) mark (written work); given (a student) a mark 3 [Tn]make (land, esp for roads) more nearly level by reducing the slopeHere, before ea ch meaning of this entry, there’re codes indicating verb patterns. So readers can easily learn to use the word appropriately.FEATURE TWO ABUNDANT EXAMPLES AND SYSTEMATIC COLLOCATIONSMany experts on dictionaries consider that “examples of a dictionary are important standard to judge the quality of it.”② “Examples are used to give the users a clearer impression of a word’s meaning. They should reveal the connotation and denotation of the word to help readers to understand, they also should provide phrase ex amples and collocations.”③ So as an excellent dictionary, it is useful and necessary with appropriate examples as well as accurate definitions. OALD-4, as a learner’s dictionary with more than 81,500 examples, provides exhaustive examples with a combination of sentences and phrases in the limited space. And “they (examples) help learners to understand the meanings of words, they provide models for them to imitate when writing or speaking, and they illustrate the grammatical patterns in which words are used.”④ For example,Dismiss v.1 [Tn, Tn.pr.] ~ sb. (from sth) remove sb (esp.an employee) from a position: workers who have been dismissed unfairly 2 [Tn, Tn.pr]~ sb. (from sth) send sb away; allow sb to leave: dismiss soldiers; dismiss a class 3 (a) [Tn,Tn.pr] ~ sb/sth (from sth) put (thought, feelings, etc.) out of one’s mind: he tried without success to dismiss her memory from his thought.(b) [Tn, Cn.n/a] consider sb/sth not worth thinking or talking about: she was dismissed as a dreamer: dismiss a suggestion, an objection, an idea, etc. 4 [Tn](law) reject (a case, an appeal, etc.)5 [Tn](in cricket) end the innings of (the other team or one of its batsmen)Besides plentiful verb-object word groups, OALD-4 gives adverb-verb or adverb-adjective collocations. For examples, in the entry “highly”, there are collocations like “a highly amusing film / be highly probable, contagious, inflammable/ highly priced / think highly of sb / speak highly of sb, etc.”These abundant and systematical collocations, which give readers good examples to learn and imitate, show real situations of using language, and they reflect the principle that “language is the tool of communication”.In OALD-4, to help learners to use words appropriately, a number of labels are used to denote the stylistic values of words or the technical fields in which they are used. For example, “infml” denotes “informal” words and senses, which indicates an unofficial occasion or setting. “Offensive” denotes words used to refer to people, usually with the deliberate intension of offending them, especially on account of their race or region, such as “dago, niger, etc”.FEATURE THREE ACCURATE BUT CONCISE CHINESE TRANSLATIONLadislav Zgusta, a famous expert on dictionaries, has said, “the chief duty for bilingual dictionary editors is to find the corresponding words for the source language in the target language.”⑤ So for an English-Chinese dictionary, the definition of the target language (Chinese) and that of the source language (English) are important and they both should be consideredcarefully.Some entries, which are familiar to Chinese learners, but strange to other foreign learners, are needless to explain with many words in Chinese. For examples,Abacus n. (pl –cuses) frame with beads that slide along parallel rods, used for teaching numbers to en, and (in some countries) for counting 算盘Except 1prep. ~(for sb / sth); ~(that…) not including (sb /sth); but not 除了（某人[某事物]）之外表示所说的不包括在内: The restaurant is open every day except Monday.For “abacus”, the editors haven’t translated all English definition into Chinese; instead a simple corresponding word “算盘” is used. For Chinese learners, as soon as we read the Chinese definition, we can know the accurate meaning of this word.For “except”, the definition is replenished with “表示所说的不包括在内”. It helps learners tell the difference between “besides” and “except”, and finally use it properly.FEATURE FOUR RENEWAL OF LANGUAGE INFORMATIONAs OALD-4, which is a bilingual dictionary, is composed according to Oxford Dictionary of English, 4th edition, which is a monolingual dictionary, published more than ten years ago. So it is inevitable to lag behind the times. Moreover, with the rapid development of science and technology, especially computer technology, lots of new words are emerging. So OALD-4 is not restrained to the old editions, but is revised suitably to renew language information promptly by absorbing new words and abridging out-of-date ones. For example，Pious: adj1.having or showing a deep devotion to religion2. (old use )dutiful to parents---- OALD-3Pious: adj1.having or showing a deep devotion to religion2. (derog)hypocritically virtuous----OALD-4Through the comparison of the definitions in OALD-3 and OALD-4, we can know that in the Modern English, the word “pious” has the meaning of “hypocritically virtuous” instead of “dutiful to parents”.I have compared the entries in OALD-3 and OALD-4. To my surprise, the definitions and examples have changed thoroughly. At the letter of “J” (only in 14 pages), twent y new entries are included, fifteen are omitted, and more than forty are given new definitions or examples. For example:Jesuit n: member of the society of Jesus, a RC order founded in 1534 by Inguatins Logoia, Spanish priest, taking lous of obedience, poverty and chastity; (as used by opponents of the society) person who thinks that it may be right to dissemble or prevaricate if this helps to obtain good results…----OALD-3Jesuit n: 1.member of the society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order 2. (derog)person who deceives others, or fails to tell the (whole)truth, to achieve his ends.----OALD-4It is obvious that the definition in OALD-4 is simpler and easier to understand than that in OALD-3. Besides, it adds a second definition. Because in modern English, the word “Jesuit” can be used to refer to “a person who deceives others to achieve his ends”. Due to the limitation of space, I would not compare other entries as examples. It is easy for us to find them if we take a close look at OALD-4.FEATURE FIVE ADEQUATE USAGE NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONSInformation on the grammatical practical patterns in which a word can or must be found is very important to language learners. In OALD-4, for further information of a contrastive or non-lexical type, there are ab out 200 “Notes on Usage”, which follow the certain entries to deal with difficulties on grammar or usage. As a learner’s dictionary, it is used to teach learners to use this language accurately as well as to learn the words. In order to present the advanta ge of “Note on Usage”, we’d better compare the different treatments on the comparison of “almost” and “nearly”.Almost, USAGE NOTEBoth “almost” and “nearly” can be used before negative verbs: “I almost/nearly didn’t get up in time”.Almost (not nearly) can be used before any and negative words like “no, nobody, never, and nothing”. However, it is more usual to use hardly or scarcely with any, anybody, ever, etc. than almost with no, nobody, never, etc…----Longman DictionaryAlmost adv.1.(with v.v., adv. V., adj. j., n. n., replaceable by nearly): He slipped and ~ fell…2.(with no, none, nothing, never; not replaceable by nearly; often replaced by hardly or scarcely with any): Almost no one (=hardly anyone) believed her…----OALD-3Almost adv.1.(used before adv. s., n. s., adj. s., v. s., dets and prons) nearly; not quite: He slipped and almost fell.2.(used before no, nobody, none, nothing, never)virtually; practically: Almost no one (i.e. Hardly anyone) believed him.Note on Usage: Almost, nearly, scarcely, and hardly are adverbs and can be used with verbs, adverbs, adjectives and nouns.1.Almost and nearly are usually used in positive sentences: She fell and almost/nearly broke her neck. 2.Almost can be used with negative words. In these cases it can be replaced with hardly or scarcely: He ate almost nothing (=He ate hardly anything).3.Hardly is generally preferred to almost + a negative verb: She sang so quietly that I could hardly hear her (not I almost couldn’t hear).4.In sentences indicating on e thing happening immediately after another, hardly and scarcely can be placed at the beginning of the sentence and then subject and verb are inverted: Hardly/Scarcely had we arrived, when it began to rain.----OALD-4From the comparison, we see that OALD-4 not only gives a clear explanation between the difference of them, but also offers adequate examples. Other dictionaries, however, don’t do as well as OALD-4. For Longman Dictionary, though the comparison is clear, it lacks examples. For OALD-3, the comparison is included in the definitions, so it is possible for readers to ignore their difference and even get confused about them.For illustrations, OALD-4 has paid more attention to the practicality of them. Compared with OALD-3, it has added some illustrations to the appendix. On the other hand, it has omitted others, such as the picture of “abacus”. Thus it can be seen that OALD-4 is more suitable to the need of users and more “friendly to users”.Certainly, besides that is mentioned above, OALD-4 has remained some excellent features of the first three editions: 1.A good “how to use the dictionary” section. 2.a set different indication of British and American pronunciation; 3.a set ofappendixes on number; punctuation and writing; family relationships; common first names; military ranks; chemical elements; etc.However, OALD-4 is not without problems. Samuel Johnson, the editor-in-chief of A Dictionary of English Language, has said, “Dictionaries are like watches, the worst is better than none, and the bes t cannot be expected to go quite true.” For some entries, it has failed to provide supplementary information of collocation, which is absolutely necessary in our reading and writing. We can’t even find some common phrases that are often used today. The lack of them will sometimes make it inconvenient for users who are in need of them. For example:Edict n.: order or proclamation issued by an authority: by edict of the king; obey the edict of parliament.Here, it will be better to give such collocations like “sign an edict/under an edict/issue an edict, etc.”Another weak point is that in OALD-4 some definitions of entries are too tedious and annoying. For example:Milk n.: 1.a white liquid produced by cows or goats that is drunk by people.----Longman DictionaryMilk n.[u] 1.white liquid produced by female mammals as food for their young, esp. that of cows, goats, etc. drunk by human beings and made into butter and cheese.----OALD-4Though the definition in OALD-4 is accurate, it is too tedious to understand. And the Longman’s definition is concise and easy to understand.ConclusionThrough the analysis of some new features of OALD-4, wemay have a general idea about what kind of dictionary it is and what are inside it. And we may notice its differences from other learner’s dictionaries. It reflects the kernel of dictionary-composing theory---“the editing for using language in real certain situation.” It has followed the excellent principle, set up by A.S.Hornby-that it helps foreign English learners to understand and utilize English well. So OALD-4, with all its outstanding features, has stood out in the ground of the learner’s dictionaries as a very practical and helpful dictionary to those who long to learn modern everyday English. As long as we make full use of it, we are sure to learn a lot from it and to improve our English quickly in both understanding and expression.NOTES①周荐,“词典条目释义、出处索源和例句引用中借鉴与抄袭的分野问题”，见【中国辞书论集】，P29②[荷兰]阿尔卡西姆，【词典编写和评价的标准】，P162③吴莹，“双语词典的编写”，见【上海市辞书学会论文集】，知识出版社，1987，P254④“本词典用法---词条使用详细说明”，见“OALD-4”附录，1997，P1903⑤拉兹古斯塔主编, 【词典学概论】[M], 北京: 商务印书馆，1983, P428⑥陈楚祥，“词典评价十题”，见【辞书研究】，1994（1），P29References[1] A.S. Hornby; A.P. Cowie (1997) Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary (4th ed) [M] Oxford University Press; Commercial Press of China[2] J. Pearsall (1999) Concise Oxford Dictionary of English(10th ed) [M] Oxford University Press[3] P. Procter (1995) Cambridge International Dictionary of English [M] Cambridge University Press[4] D. Summers (1995) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (3rd ed) [M] Longman Group Ltd.[5] A. Spears Richard (1998) NTC American English Learner’s Dictionary [M] NTC Publishing Group[6]拉兹古斯塔主编,【词典学概论】[M], 北京: 商务印书馆, 1983[7]李荫华著,【英语词典初探】[M], 北京: 商务印书馆, 1985[8]张柏然主编,【双语词典研究】[C], 北京: 商务印书馆, 1993。
传播学视角下的网页汉英翻译
传播学视角下的网页汉英翻译--兼评故宫博物院英语网页翻译孙建成 李昕亚（天津财经大学，300222）摘要 本文在传播学视角下，阐述了汉英翻译活动这一跨语言、跨文化传播活动的过程和特点， 并结合网络传播的特点，从传播学角度对故宫博物院英文网页中的总说部分进行了评析，探讨了网页翻译的特点和方法。
关键字 大众传播 网络传播 传播者 受传者Abstract Chinese to English translation process, an interlingual and intercultural process, is approached from the perspective of mass communication in this paper. Under the framework of mass communication, the Chinese to English translation of General Introduction of the Palace Museum on the website is evaluated in an effort to explore features and methods in C-E webpage translation.Key Words mass communication web communication the source the receptor1. 引言在信息技术发达的今天，大众传播在经历了语言传播、文字传播、印刷传播和模拟式电子传播革命之后，1 进入了以网络传播为特征的信息传播阶段。
各国纷纷借助互联网，搭建网上平台，占据信息传播的要地。
由于网络传播具有受众面广、传播速度快、互动及时等特点, 已成为各国进行对外宣传不可缺少的方式。
各国政府及社会组织利用先进的网络技术，借助第四媒体--网络媒体，建立英语网站，积极传播本国的文化。
安徽省入境旅游客源市场空间结构分析
A Spatial Structure Analysis of Inbound Tourist
Market of Anhui Province
作者： 陈鹏[1];吴玲[1]
作者机构： [1]宿州学院管理工程学院,安徽宿州234000
出版物刊名： 安徽农业大学学报：社会科学版
页码： 48-52页
年卷期： 2012年 第6期
主题词： 入境旅游;空间结构;亲景度;安徽省
摘要：根据《中国旅游统计年鉴》和《安徽省统计年鉴》入境旅游相关数据（2001—2011年），分析2000--2011年安徽省入境旅游市场发展概况，并应用地理集中指数和亲景度对安徽省入境旅游客源市场进行定量分析。
研究结果表明：安徽省入境旅游市场呈现快速增长的态势，客源地结构呈多元化发展；G值呈现波动下降趋势，客源市场空间结构从集中性分布转化为扩散性分布态势，市场趋于稳定；绝大多数的入境旅游客源市场亲景度比较高，属强亲景市场，但各客源地亲景度各不相同，差异显著。
在此基础上，为安徽省入境旅游市场开发提供了科学方法和理论依据。
国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)周瑞琪1Gerneral_int
Mostly consuming goods: cars, wines, shoes etc. Needs customs declaration
Invisible trade / intangible goods trade
services and technology Needs no customs declaration
and restrictions
Sources of information
Domestic organizations: Ministry of Commerce and its provincial committees
Overseas organizations: Chinese Embassy, the Local banks, the agent and the local newspaper / journal articles
trade realize the importance of contract
SEIB OF GDUFS
4
Concept of international trade
International trade / world trade / foreign trade / overseas trade
If unable to apply or get the import and export licenses
The exporter needs to consider to do business under EXW term
The importer needs to consider to do business under DDP term
(最新整理)《翻译理论与实践》课程阅读书目
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闽江学院《翻译理论与实践》课程（学生课外阅读参考书目）1、 Bell, Roger. T。
1991， 2001. Translation and Translating： Theory and Practice [M］. London：Longman Group UK Ltd.；Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.2、 Benjamin， W。
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Deconstruction and Translation ［M]. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeignLanguage Education Press。
4、 Hatim, Basil and Mason, Ian. 1990, 2001。
Discourse and the Translator［M］。
London:Longman Group UK Ltd.； Shanghai： Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press。
我国染整行业能源损失概况
价值工程我国染整行业能源损失概况A Profile on Energy Waste in the Dyeing and Finishing Industry陈臻Chen Zhen；戴达鹏Dai Dapeng；朱晓娟Zhu Xiaojuan；陈年Chen Nian（江西环境工程职业学院工业与设计学院，赣州341000）（Jiangxi Environment Engineering Vocational College School of Industry and Design，Ganzhou341000，China）摘要：本文对比分析了我国染整行业能源消耗现状与能源结构，在此基础上，以占能耗较大比重的蒸汽的损失为重点，从供热系统、热输送系统、用热系统、热回收系统等几个方面的能源损失论述了我国染整行业能源损失的概况。
Abstract:Compared the situation of energy consumption in the Dyeing and Finishing industry in our nation to those of the United States and Canada in this article.Based on the analysis on the structure of energy in the Dyeing and Finishing industry,it described the channel and shape of the energy waste,including the system of heating supply,the system of heating transport,the system of heating use,the system of heating recycle.关键词：染整行业；能源损失；概况Key words:the Dyeing and Finishing Industry；energy waste；profile中图分类号：TK0文献标识码：A文章编号：1006-4311（2011）29-0036-020引言染整是指对纺织材料（纤维、纱线和织物）进行以化学处理为主的工艺过程，其大多数工序是化学加工过程，纺织材料经化学加工后要反复水洗并加以烘干，热能和水的消耗量都非常大。
影视视频剪辑外文文献翻译字数3000多
文献出处：Belk R. The research of film and television video editing techniques [J]. Qualitative Market Research: an international journal, 2016, 8(2): 132-141.原文The research of film and television video editing techniquesBelk RAbstractVideo clip is indispensable to film and television art important constituent, it to a certain extent determines the communication effect of film and television works. Practice has proved that the mature video editing skills can make the film and television work more attractive. Based on the video clip of the related theory on the basis of further explore some video clips of the skill. The film and television works has become the general public today to be reckoned with in the important part of everyday life. The French cafes in Paris the limier brothers showed his first film and television works, marked the film was born. But when the limier brothers just use camera to record what happened around, didn't realize the important role of clips, until the American director Griffith began using a shooting like a shot, video, film and television works of clip art to be the contact and appreciate the people gradually. Keywords: Video; Processing; Skills1 Related conceptsImages, sound clip is the film in a special and meaningful way selection, decomposition and elsewhere, eventually forming a coherent and fluent, clear theme, artistic appeal. A film and television works even if the previous play, shoot picture and sound collection, cast strong enough, but the lack of the improvement of the video clip and packaging, late also unable to produce the desired viewing effect.At the beginning of video clips in general to go through several steps: cutting, after cutting, fine cut, etc. Early shear is based on directed intention, according to a shooting like a copy of material; After cut is on the basis of the initial shear and supplement for the perfection of video for further; Fine cut is editing personnel on double shear repeated verification, examination, on the basis of combining with the special means, the montage and be more careful cutting, after repeated revision,editing video editing techniques to achieve director intention, film narrative and the performance of the double goals are met. Excellent editors on a large number of video clips, to try to grasp the integral style of the works, the intention of the director, programs, etc. Also need to make the film and television works stand out, independent, excellent editing procedure and editing skills. Each clip like people blink an eye, editing final purpose is to meet the needs of the audience and recognition, to work, and ultimately achieve good communication effect.2 TechniquesEditing style, namely video director will own intentions to video editors, editors to show the overall understanding and grasp, eventually form their overall creation idea of editing. Some film let the audience the feeling of being in style is not consistent, most part of the reason is the preparation and editing personnel without a unified style. For the realization of the expected effect of viewing and editing personnel in contact with the video material, must first communicate and choreographer, read a script or a shooting copy, and then choose according to the information unified editing style and make it through the whole video. Clip the ultimate goal is to reach and program, structure, content and form of the theme of the harmonious unification, editors must not throw director intention and the creation of the work itself, according to the individual subjective intend to arrange video editing style along with the gender. Editing style is roughly divided into the following categories:2.1 The traditional editing styleTraditional clip is the basic editing video clip gimmick, it is able to prevent confusion between the lens, the role is to ensure a smooth film and television video conversion, 2 it is to make the film and television works the paragraph is clear, the plot of the narrative time, place, detail and clear, avoid to cause the audience confused feeling. The traditional editing style in film editing the proportion is very big, is also must master the basic skills of editing staff.To grasp the traditional editing style need to pay attention to the following three aspects: first of all, the linkage between the lens directions cannot be disorder. Figurewalking direction, the spatial relationship between the characters to maintain consistent, not because of the transformation of the lens for the confused feeling. For example, to show the characters from the lotus pond in the park to seat walk over and characters from the picture on the left side of the entering and going out from the right, then the next shot, the characters go to the seat should be still from the left into the picture. Otherwise it will let the audience feel a sense of confusion on the vision, especially pursuit, fighting like a lens, etc. Secondly, the change in the lens to be coordinated. The so-called "dynamic", "static", is the video similar material group together in rhythm, form a kind of coordination and stable effect. "Move" is commonly used in the characters' bodies, for example, when a man slapped the other one, a lens is held up his hand before, a camera and then have a fan up continuous motion. Or in the push, pull, shake, shift, with movement in the lens, when the lens is from one scene to another scene, the camera can be directly to switch to another direction, speed close pan, forming a natural transition. "Static" are often used during transitions, two relatively stationary camera can bring harmony on the look and feel, at the same time let the audience play imagination and thinking.Finally, omit unnecessary process.In real life, the audience is familiar with the actions or behaviors, in the process of video editing often can be omitted, only a few key action, form a compact clips of coherent effects.2.2 Creative editing styleCreative editing style aims to improve the effect of the film and television works of art to watch, it including the dramatic effect clip, clip and rhythmic effect clip expressive effect. Dramatic effect clip by changing the lens of sequence and timing, change the lens clips point, finally let each shot in the plot, the best time to bring the audience find everything new and fresh, an Epiphany viewing experience. For example, in the film, props repeatedly appears in the film, it is one of the important props will film to a climax. Expressive effect clip that the whole narrative content in fluency, on the basis of editing combined with their own experience, bold selection, focus some analogy to the lens, so that the film formation reveals a certain meaning, apply colors to a drawing atmosphere effects of editing style. Rhythmic effect cliprefers to the lens time is short, the scene changes quickly, let the audience feel urgency, the effect of psychological tension, this clip effect can't disorderly use, must be combined with the overall structure and the characteristics of the plot to use film.3 The video clips rhythmsThe tempo of the film and television works determines its overall style, some works even depend entirely on the rhythm to infect the audience's emotions and feelings. Editing rhythm to organize various art elements in film and television works effectively, depicting the hero image, create a special artistic conception, and effectively push forward the plot. As a result, the overall pace of film and television works to shape the overall artistic atmosphere, improve work grade having the effect that cannot ignore, even decided to work success or failure, rhythm grasp accurate or not is one of the important factors in evaluating a film and television works.The rhythm of the film can be divided into external and internal rhythm. Internal rhythm refers to the contradiction of the plot itself, the change of character psychology and external rhythm refers to the switching speed of the camera itself, often by means of montage, lenses and other sports. In addition to film the overall rhythm, each fragment, the scene also should have certain rhythm, according to the characters' emotions, drama, image to master, in order to ensure that every scene express a complete and accurate. Editing rhythm of film and television works by images of your body movement rhythm, the rate of movement of the camera, the influence of the length of the lens, transform, the narrative plot and characters in the film and television works mood changes speed to a certain extent, determines the merits of the work.To shoot early photographers according to the director of the creation intention, the overall style of the works and their own professional choice taking lens, on the basis of this formed the basis of film rhythm. After the completion of the preliminary work, editing personnel according to the development of the plot "priorities" to form a relaxation of the editing work. Whether editing rhythm, the rhythm of the film as a whole, or the rhythm of the film passage between, to ensure that all of the appropriateness of rhythm, can't let the audience psychological uncomfortable feeling.But throughout the whole style doesn't mean the whole works always keep the same pace, but rather too appropriately according to the plot unfolds, the formation of the climax of paragraphs and low, as the pace of the film to the audience emotional fermentation. In the film "run Lola run", the three paragraphs respectively represents the three end of Laura and her boyfriend, revealed many details of life often different events that can lead to the final result. Film, Laura lost money trying to save for her boyfriend, she's crazy running lens to form a kind of fast rhythm, at the same time, the roller run of the camera and turn the lens in the clock on the wall switch, enhanced narrative sense of urgency and the sense of crisis, the audience cannot help for the lens the fate of the characters in the tension and fear.4 Apply video clip gimmickPicture like a clever can form special effects, editing, from the video images through a meaningful set, you can generate a constant association and the feeling that find everything new and fresh. The film inception, for example, in like manner, using a variety of means of montage, bring the audience into a special trip to fantasy. Like a smooth way between lens, lens the link between the way there are a lot of, for example, fade, fade in, dissolve, to make use of the means to make smooth and natural to switch between scenes, also can be used directly to the switch, jump cut, flashbacks, make the film forming a rhythm quickly, strong impact effect.译文影视视频剪辑技巧研究Belk R摘要视频剪辑是电影、电视艺术不可或缺的重要组成部分，它在一定程度上决定了影视作品的传播效果。
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机床的发热问题1、引言从1990年开始，布莱恩等人做了关于热状态错误的最新研究，weck更多的做了对机床误差的减少和补偿工具的研究，自从他们做了前面这两个主题演讲之后，在这个领域已经做了很多的研究。
本文是在前两个主题演讲基础上做的最新研究。
机床定位的不确定性会直接影响所加工零件的尺寸精度。
典型的误差来源是运动误差，机械热误差，载荷，动力，以及运动控制软件。
本文主要研究机械热误差，这种误差是由外部环境或内部热源引起的。
制造业正在经历关于引起机床热误差管理的重大改变。
直到最近，机床制造商给了机床用户在指定的环境温度要求和需要必要的非生产机器预热程序下产生这样的错误的管理责任。
如今，机床制造商越来越频繁的承担对于控制热致位移的责任。
这一变化之所以会发生，是因为机床用户意识到，有些类似的机床可以显示显著不同的热错误，并且在一些机床上大部分所提供的能量被用于平衡机床的温度。
此外，高达75％加工工件的整体几何误差是通过温度的影响而引起的。
因此，这个话题是最近的活动的显著研究重点。
制造业对这个主题的兴趣可以在最新的国际标准上看到。
在过去的二十年已经发展了计量规则和性能参数来评估空载和精加工条件下机床的发热特性的多项国际标准。
如今，用户经常会问机床制造商，包括这样的测量进行验收测试。
新的测量设备经常用于延长热误差和检测机床热误差源。
特别是在测温测量设备，如红外摄像机价格的下降导致在分析机床的发热特性的新选项。
在第2节，将呈现在热误差和温度测量方面的进展。
数值方法目前用于在开发的早期阶段比较不同的机床设计或模拟温度对机床的影响来检测热诱发工具中心点（TCP）位移的来源。
由于计算时间的瞬态仿真的费用，工程师们往往对他们的模拟只使用稳态结果。
然而，它显示的是TCP位移在运行期间改变其方向的瞬态行为的观察，如果两个不同的时间常数都参与或者如果温度场的热源向外扩散，通过监管陡峭的坡度后会变得均匀。
另外，稳定状态的结果不会导致在稳定状态的情况下产生时间依赖行为，这期间可以表示若干小时。
机电一体化的发展进一步提高了机床的精度。
然而，为了实现更高的精度，机床的热稳定性的可预测性变得越来越重要，尤其是为了避免后期基于实验研究的机床发展的巨大花费。
计算技术的进步带来了在TCP温度分布和热致位移上更好的估计。
当今最先进的个人计算机的处理能力已经足以满足处理这样的计算的要求。
即使使用有限元方法对一个完整的机床瞬态效应进行密集型模拟（FEM）计算，也可以在合理的时间内进行。
关于建模和发热计算错误的概述将在第3节给出。
关于减少在机床TCP热错误方面所有安排的技术性定义，将在第四章给出。
早期的散热可以在哈里森于1726年开发的摆动烤架上发现。
在这个时钟钟摆上的时钟的最小热影响是通过组合黄铜和钢，两种材料具有不同的膨胀系数（图1-1）实现的。
在机床的设计中，热稳定性被用于如线性秤架。
其它的安排，例如用以稳定温度分布的加热和冷却装置，可用于降低热误差。
另一方面，机电一体化经常用于误差补偿。
热误差计算各种数值算法和一个移动，以补偿热引起的误差是由一个控制致动器产生的。
控制温度仍然是高精度制造的关键要求。
不同的介质用于稳定机床上的温度分布，以及车间的环境温度。
所选择的流体的材料性质，主要影响冷却系统的设计和能源效率。
在机床的能源效率的讨论中已经确定，要求进一步减少机床的温度上升的能量损失和电力支出构成的损失引起的误差。
更有效的成分也有助于减少能源的浪费。
第5节提供温度控制，液体和能量效率的概述。
本文介绍了在机床热误差的领域的最新研究活动的概述。
本文的结构如下：第二章介绍在热误差和温度测量上的进步。
第三章介绍用于计算机床热误差的方法以及开发的研究工作。
在第4节，对减少热误差的研究活动进行了总结。
第5节概括了研究人员在温度控制领域的活动以及液体和能源效率的影响的概要。
本文是对活动和未来发展趋势的总结。
图1-1 一个钟摆的简化模型，1：钢，2：黄铜2、热误差和温度测量的进展2.1热变形的测量如今，存在许多测量机床部件的位移（位置和方向）的解决方案。
不是所有的这些系统都可用于热误差的测量，因为这些测量基于以下要求具有特别挑战性：●所有相关的几何误差参数的测量；●其中包括的有关工作容量；●具有足够低的测量不确定度；●在一个短的时间内，温度变化对几何误差参数的影响可通过测量系统进行监控。
选择正确的测量系统取决于误差源。
环境的影响如机加工车间的温度一般会导致机床温度的缓慢变化，但影响整个体积的性能。
内部影响如轴承和导轨产生的热量会导致机床结构的局部变形，从而导致位移变化，从而部分地改变容积性能。
内部热源造成的位移是难以预料的，并且比环境造成的影响变化更快。
在过去的二十年里国际标准化组织（ISO）发表的一些标准：ISO 230-3机床热变形，ISO10791-10，加工中心的温度变形，和ISO13041-8，车床的温度变形。
这些标准提供了进行机床主轴的发热系统分析的方法。
这一分析包括ETVE（环境温度变化误差），旋转（主）和主轴移动造成的线性热变形。
测量刀具和工件之间的热位移是常见的标准。
通常测试芯棒夹持在主轴里，一个可以测量五个位移的测量装置固定在加工中心的表面（图2-1）或工件夹具的转动中心。
在【8，23】里指出所有结构都具有热共振频率。
如果机床安装在温度变化的环境中，没有任何方法可以预测频率与阶跃响应。
图2-1 由一个旋转的主轴的热变形和环境温度变化造成的误差（环境温度变化误差）组成的垂直主轴的机床的测量装置对于测量移动的线性轴所造成的热位移，标准建议检测轴线行进距离的两端的错误，如图5。
如果这种热变形引起轴的倾斜运动，该行驶距离的两端的角位移是不同的。
如果只有一个位置的测量，角位移也可以解释为热位置误差在两轴的垂直度偏差。
用激光干涉仪沿图轴向移动，位移距离可以在不同位置进行测量。
此外，比较器系统被用于检测沿机床轴各种位置到两个方向的热位移。
为了测量环境对机床的影响，温度室被开发出来。
该温度室可控制随时间变化的空气和基础温度。
基础部分的热影响进行了研究。
对旋转轴机床的热变形的测量还没有列入标准。
R-检验设备和另外两个长度测量探头，旋转主轴引起的热位移可通过测量五轴机床的五个位置进行检测。
通过在夹紧在主轴里面的主球和安装在机床表面的R-test传感器，可以对五轴机床各轴的热位移进行三个方向的测量。
机床旋转台的热位移可以通过夹紧在台面上的主球检测到。
台面温度的上升将导致台面的尺寸增长。
这种测量被建议用于了解五轴机床的工件误差。
如果在高的相对速度下使用接触探头检测TCP引起的热位移，例如，测量旋转主轴导致的热位移，机床在测量过程中需要停下来。
因此，非接触式，电感性和电容探针（图2-2）最常用于检测旋转主轴诱导的TCP热位移。
要使用伸缩式球杆检测到它们，一种特殊的适配器被设计出来。
当需要测量主轴的影响导致的TCP位移时，该适配器会被安装在靠近正在运行的铣削头附近。
因此，该适配器本身的热变形会导致错误的测量结果。
在水平方向上选择对称旋转用于最小化该适配器的影响（图2-3）。
在垂直方向上，该适配器的热位移通过平衡不同的材料的热膨胀大小和方向，所选择的几何形状，并且考虑适配器的不同负荷进行最小化。
使用夹紧在机床主轴上的触发式探头有一定的优势。
用一个探针就能检测多达三个方向上的热诱导的TCP位移，并且是在机床的主轴中心线上进行检测的。
接触式探头经常用于测量正在加工操作中的位移。
在这种情况下，用触发式探头检测实际的热诱导的TCP位移需要换刀。
通常在台面上夹紧测量装置的几个检测点。
该测量装置是根据需要被加工的材料，机床的材料结构或者具有低的热膨胀的材料进行选择的。
传统上的殷钢，陶瓷玻璃，或碳纤维增强塑料（CFRP）被用于此目的。
碳纤维复合材料在纤维方向上有非常低的热膨胀性。
图2-2 用于检测的电容式测量探头和装图2-3 一种五轴机床热变形伸缩双球杆测量装置有主球的主轴的轴向膨胀的测量设置形变传感器，应变仪和殷钢材料的杆被用于测量机床框架（图2-4）的热变形。
机床框架的变形被用来确定TCP位移。
图2-4 对加工中心使用触发式探头测量一个移动的直线轴的热变形1：机床平台，2：机床主轴，3：触发式探头，4：探测点（共12个）标准中所描述的测量程序是在无负载或精加工条件用于机床的。
模拟工件的影响力的时候会给机床工作台装一个压块。
用液压制动模拟来自切割工艺的反应转矩时，主轴加载如图2-5所示。
负载的大小取决于油的压力并且通过手动调节控制。
一件装双球吧（LDBB）用于评估负载条件下机床的静态行为。
温度在时间和空间上的变化引起的机器的错误可以由温度不变的参考对象或独立长度测量的实验确定。
方法和程序在这里面说明了。
基于多点的新测量技术使在线修正专用机床的运动得以实现。
例如在PTB利用一套高精度跟踪激光干涉仪开发的测量三维位置的m3d3系统。
先进的测试程序允许在一个几乎无阿贝误差的模式下估计TCP位置误差。
温度，空气压力和环境湿度引起的影响可通过Ciddor式激光测量系统进行校正。
各个数值是从一组分布于测量体内的传感器获得的。
温度，压力，和必要的校正湿度图的计算可以按照克里格方法。
图2-5 测量在单位应力负载下的热畸变（模拟力和液压泵）独立的纠正热误差的可能性，当一个进程的质量应进行量化时确定测量不确定度是很重要的。
两种常见的方法是可用的。
一种方法是使用校准的文物，如球或孔板，另一种方法是在虚拟坐标测量机（VCMM）上使用数值模拟技术，第二种方法主要应用于笛卡儿坐标系的机械。
2.1.1 体积定位误差的测量有几个测量系统可用于机床的体积校正，如几何标准，激光干涉仪，和重力测量系统。
如果要测量空间定位精确的热影响，校准程序必须在不同温度水平下重复。
测量过程中，机床的温度应足够稳定。
因此，测量时间变得很重要。
在过去的几年已成功地应用于制造业的一种创新的解决机床的快速容量校准的方案，是使用多点跟踪干涉仪的机床校准（TI）。
这种方法是基于测量Ti和固定在机床的刀架上并沿着一个预定的路径运动的反射器之间的位移。
这种误差参数是根据名义和测量长度之间的差别计算出来的，考虑适应机器模型。
校准的结果可以被用来生成一个几何误差的实时补偿的查找表。
该标定方法可以显著的加快测量。
测量一个1m3工作容积的时间可以减少到小于1小时，一个刀具长度。
使用一个四误差跟踪干涉仪对一个处于大致恒定的温度水平状态的机床的连续校准的快速测定，大约1小时。
因此，在不同温度水平下校准机床和使用这些信息对温度变化进行体积补偿是可能的。
2.1.2 测量局部位移矢量类似体积校准，有几种测量系统可用于测量位移矢量，如几何标准，三维文物，触发式探头，或双球吧。
体积误差的连续校准（例如，使用三维文物，或跟踪干涉仪）使快速测量一个定义在恒定温度状态下的机床成为可能。