ASP.NET外文翻译
ASP NET 5外文文献和翻译
5 : Introducing the 5 PreviewDaniel Roth | Special connect(); issue 2014 shipped as part of the Microsoft .NET Framework 1.0, released in 2002 along with Visual Studio 2002. It was an evolution of Active Server Pages (ASP) that brought object-oriented design, the .NET Base Class Libraries (BCLs), better performance and much more. was designed to make it easy for developers used to writing desktop applications to build Web applications with Web Forms. As the Web evolved, new frameworks were added to : MVC in 2008, Web Pages in 2010, and Web API and SignalR in 2012. Each of these new frameworks built on top of the base from 1.0.With 5, is being reimagined just like ASP was reimagined to in 2002. This reimagining brings many new features:•Full side-by-side support: 5 applications can now be installed on a machine without affecting any other applications on the machine.•Cross-platform support: 5 runs and is supported on Windows, Mac and Linux. •Cloud-ready: Features such as diagnostics, session state, cache and configuration are designed to work locally and in the cloud.•Faster development: The build step is removed; just save source files and refresh the browser and compilation happens automatically.•MVC, Web Pages and Web API: These are all merged together, simplifying the number of concepts.•Flexible hosting: You can now host your entire 5 application on IIS or in your own process.Getting Started with 5 PreviewIn this article, I’ll give an overview of the new experiences the development team—of which I’m a part—has created for 5 and Visual Studio 2015 Preview. For general help with building and running 5 applications, visit /vNext, where you can findstep-by-step guides and additional documentation. In addition, we also post updates regularlyto /b/webdev. To get started, download and install Visual Studio 2015 Preview. Overview of the 5 Runtime 5 has been rebuilt from the ground up to support building modern Web applications and services. It’s open source, cross-platform and works both on-premises and in the cloud. 5 is currently in Preview and under active development on GitHub (/aspnet). I’llprovide an overview of what’s new in the 5 Preview along with pointers to where you can learn more.Flexible, Cross-Platform Runtime At its foundation, 5 is based on a new flexible runtime host. It provides the flexibility to run your application on one of three different runtimes: 1.Microsoft .NET Framework: You can run your 5 applications on the existing .NETFramework. This gives you the greatest level of compatibility for existing binaries. Core: A refactored version of the .NET Framework that ships as a set of NuGet packagesthat you can include with your app. With .NET Core, you get support for true side-by-side versioning and the freedom to use the latest .NET features on your existing infrastructure. Note that not all APIs are available yet on .NET Core, and existing binaries generally need to be recompiled to run on .NET Core.3.Mono: The Mono CLR enables you to develop and run 5 apps on a Mac or Linuxdevice. For mor e information, see the blog post, “Develop vNext Applications on a Mac,” at bit.ly/1AdChNZ.Regardless of which CLR is used, 5 leverages a common infrastructure for hosting the CLR and provides various services to the application. This infrastructure is called the K Runtime Environment (KRE). While it’s somewhat of a mystery where the “K” in KRE comes from (a tribute to the Katana Project? K for Krazy Kool?), the KRE provides everything you need to host and run your app.A New HTTP Pipeline 5 introduces a new modular HTTP request pipeline that can be hosted on the server of your choice. You can host your 5 applications on IIS, on any Open Web Interface for .NET (OWIN)-based server or in your own process. Because you get to pick exactly what middleware runs in the pipeline for your app, you can run with as little or as much functionality as you need and take advantage of bare-metal performance. 5 includes middleware for security, request routing, diagnostics and custom middleware of your own design. For example, here’s a simple middleware implementation for handling of theX-HTTP-Method-Override header:e((context, next) =>{var value = context.Request.Headers["X-HTTP-Method-Override"];if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(value)){context.Request.Method = value;}return next();}); 5 uses an HTTP pipeline model similar in many ways to the OWIN-based model introduced with Project Katana, but with several notable improvements. Like Katana, 5 supports OWIN, but simplifies development by including a lightweight and easy-to-use HttpContext abstraction.There’s a Package for That Package managers have changed the way developers think about installing, updating and managing dependencies. In 5, all your dependencies are represented as packages. NuGet packages are the unit of reference. 5 makes it easy to build, install and use packages from package feeds and also to work with community packages on the node package manager (NPM) and Bower. 5 introduces a simple JSON format (project.json) for managing NuGet package dependencies and for providing cross-platform build infrastructure. An example project.json file is shown in Figure 1 (a more detailed explanation of each of the supported properties can be found on GitHub atbit.ly/1AIOhK3).Figure 1 An Example project.json File{"webroot": "wwwroot","version": "1.0.0-*","exclude": ["wwwroot"],"packExclude": ["**.kproj","**.user","**.vspscc"],"dependencies": {"Microsoft.AspNet.Server.IIS": "1.0.0-beta1","Microsoft.AspNet.Diagnostics": "1.0.0-beta1"},"frameworks" : {"aspnet50" : { },"aspnetcore50" : { }}}The Best of C# Design-time and run-time compilation for 5 applications are handled using the managed .NET Compiler Platform (code-named “Roslyn”). This means you get to take advantage of the latest C# language features while leveraging in-memory compilation to avoid unnecessary disk I/O. 5 projects are based on a new project system that dynamicallycompiles your application on-the-fly as you’re coding so you can avoid the interruption of a specific build step. This gives you the power of .NET and C# with the agility and feel of an interpreted language.Built-in Dependency Injection All 5 applications have access to a common dependency injection (DI) service that helps simplify composition and testing. All the frameworks built on 5 (MVC, Web API, SignalR and Identity) leverage this common DI service. While 5 comes with a minimalistic Inversion of Control (IoC) container to bootstrap the system, you can easily replace that built-in IoC container with your container of choice.Familiar Web Frameworks 5 includes frameworks for building Web apps and services such as MVC, Web API, Web Pages (coming in a future release), SignalR and Identity. Each of these frameworks has been ported to work on the new HTTP request pipeline and has been built to support running on the .NET Framework, .NET Core or cross-platform.Today, the existing implementations of MVC, Web API and Web Pages share many concepts and duplicate abstractions, but share very little in the way of actual implementation. As part of porting these frameworks to 5, Microsoft decided to take a fresh look at combining these frameworks into a single unified Web stack. MVC 6 takes the best of MVC, Web API and Web Pages and combines it into a single framework for building Web UI and Web APIs. This means from a single controller you can just as easily render a view as return formatted data based on content negotiation.In addition to unification, MVC 6 introduces a host of new features:•Built-in DI support•Ability to create controllers from any class—no base class required•Action-based request dispatching•View Components—a simple replacement for child actions•Routing improvements, including simplified attribute routing•Async views with flush points•Ability to inject servers and helpers into views using @inject•ViewStart inheritance•Tag helpersYou can find more information and samples at /aspnet/mvc.Web Forms isn’t available on 5, but is still fully supported on the .NET Framework. There are a number of important new features coming to Web Forms in the upcoming version of the .NET Framework, including support for HTTP 2.0, async model binding and a Roslyn-based CodeDom provider. We’re also working on various features reminiscent of Web Forms in MVC 6, such as tag helpers and other Razor improvements.Entity FrameworkData is a key part of many applications and Entity Framework (EF) is a popular data access choice for developers. While EF7 isn’t specific to , this new version of EF plays an integral role in 5.EF7 Enables New Platforms EF is widely used in client and server applications that target thefull .NET Framework. A key focus of EF7 is to enable EF to be used on the remaining platforms where .NET development is common. These include 5, Windows Store and Windows Phone applications, as well as .NET-based Mac and Linux applications.For Windows Phone and Windows Store applications, the initial goal is to provide local data access using EF. SQLite is the most common database of choice on devices and will be the primary store for local data on devices with EF7. The full provider model will be available, though, so other data stores can be supported also.EF7 Enables New Data Stores While parts of EF are clearly tied to relational data stores, muchof the functionality that EF provides is also applicable to many non-relational data stores. Examples of such functionality include change tracking, LINQ and unit of work. EF7 will enable providers that target non-relational data stores, such as Microsoft Azure Table Storage.We’re explicitly not trying to build an abstraction layer that hides the type of data store you’re targeting. The common patterns/components that apply to most data stores will be handled by the core framework. Things specific to particular types of data stores will be available asprovider-specific extensions. For example, the concept of a model builder that allows you to configure your model will be part of the core framework. However, the ability to configure things such as cascade delete on a foreign key constraint will be included as extensions in the relational database provider.EF7 Is Lightweight and Extensible EF7 will be a lightweight and extensible version that pulls forward some commonly used features. In add ition, we’ll be able to include some commonly requested features that would’ve been difficult to implement in the EF6 code base, but which can be included from the start in EF7.The team will be keeping the same patterns and concepts you’re used to in EF, except where there’s a compelling reason to change something. You’ll see the same DbContext/DbSet-based API, but it will be built over building block components that are easy to replace or extend as needed—the same pattern used for some of the isolated components added in recent EF releases.More Information on EF7For more information on EF7, visit the “What Is EF7 All About” GitHub page at aka.ms/AboutEF7. The page includes design information, links to blog posts and instructions for trying out EF7. Command-Line ToolsOne of the core 5 tenets was to provide a command-line experience before we built the tooling experience. This means that almost all tasks you need to do with an 5 application can be done from the command line. The main reason for this is to ensure a viable option for using 5 without Visual Studio for those using Mac or Linux machines.KVM The first tool you need to get the full command-line experience for 5 is the K Version Manager (KVM). The KVM command-line tool can download new versions of the KRE and let you switch between them. KRE contains other command-line tools that you might use. How KVM is implemented, and how to get it, depends on the OS. You can download and install KVM for your platform by running the appropriate command from /aspnet/Home.Once you have KVM, you should be able to open a command prompt and run the kvm command. If you run “kvm list,” you’ll see the list of all KRE versions on your machine, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2 Running “kvm list” at the Command Line to Get a List of KRE Versions on Your MachineIf there are no entries in your list, there are no versions of KRE in your user profile. To fix this, you can run the command “kvm upgrade.” This command will determine the latest version of the KRE available, download it and modify your PATH environment variable so you can use the other command-line tools in the KRE itself.You can use “kvm install <version/latest>” to install a particular version without making it the default. Use the –r switch to indicate whether you want the .NET Core or .NET Frameworkversion of the KRE and the –x86 and –amd64 switches to download the 32- or 64-bit flavors of the KRE. The runtime and bitness switches can be supplied to either install or upgrade.Once you’ve called “kvm upgrade,” you’ll be able to use the K and KPM commands. K can be used to run applications, while KPM is used to manage packages.How does KVM work? At its heart, KVM is just a convenient way to manipulate your PATH. When you use “KVM use <version>,” all it does is change your PATH to the bin folder of the KRE version you specified is on your PATH. By default the KRE is installed by copying and extracting the KRE .zip file into %USERPROFILE%\.kre\packages, so when you type “KVM use 1.0.0-beta1,” KVM will make surethat %USERPROFILE%\.kre\packages\KRE-CLR-x86.1.0.0-beta1\bin is on your PATH.KPM The next tool you’ll want to use is the KRE Package Manager (KPM). The KPM performs two main functions, with a few lesser features:1.You can run “kpm restore” in a folder with a project.json file to download all the packages your application needs.2.It provides the pack command, “kpm pack,” which will take your application and generate aself-contained, runnable image of your application. Here, image means a folder structure that’s designed to be copied to the server and run. It will include all the packages your application requires, as well as, optionally, the KRE on which you want to run the application.The restore command can be run in a folder that contains a project.json file. It will examine thefile and, using NuGet.config, connect to a NuGet feed and attempt to download all the packages your application needs. By default, it will install these packagesin %USERPROFILE%\.kpm\packages so only one copy of any given package needs to be on your dev machine, even if used in multiple projects.Packing your application—by running “kpm pack”—will generate a folder containing everything your app needs to run, including packages, source files and your Web root. You can even optionally include the KRE, although by default it’s assumed the KRE is already on the server.K Command The K command actually runs an 5 application from the command line. The K command is included in the KRE, the same as KPM, and is the entry point to running an application on top of the KRE.The main way to use the K command is to run one of the commands inside your project.json file. Commands are specified by name in the project.json file under the commands property. By default,the 5 Starter Web template includes a “web” command in project.json that hosts your app and listens on port 5000. To run th is command, simply run “k web.”Visual Studio Updates for 5One of the original goals of 5 was to have a great experience for teams in which members use different tools. For example, you can have team members using Windows and Visual Studio working with others who are using Sublime Text on a Mac (see options forcross-platform .NET development tools ). To achieve this, we had to take a step back and rethink Visual Studio support. In previous versions of Visual Studio, the project system assumed that most development was performed in Visual Studio. Visual Studio didn’t work well when other tools were involved to create files or modify the project. For example, in the .csproj file, Visual Studio maintained a list of files that made up the project. If you used a tool to create a new file for your project, you’d then have to edit the .csproj file for it to be included.In Visual Studio 2015, when you create a new 5 project, you get a new experience. You can still develop, debug and run your project as usual, but in addition to the standard features that you’ve come to know in projects, some new features are unique to 5. You now have the freedom to develop using the p latform and tooling of your choice. I’ll discuss some of those features.Support for All Files in the Folder In 5, all files under the project directory are automatically included in the project. You can exclude files from compile or publish in the project.json file. For more info on how to exclude files in project.json, see the GitHub pageat bit.ly/1AIOhK3. After the project is loaded, Visual Studio starts a file watcher and updates Solution Explorer to reflect the changes. Because Solution Explorer is always watching the files under the project directory, we’ve changed the location where generated files will be stored. Instead of storing generated files under the project (bin\ and obj\), we now place generated files by default in a folder named artifacts next to the solution file.Just Edit, Save and Refresh the Browser In existing applications, when you change server-side logic (such as your MVC controller code, or a filter) then you need to rebuild and redeploy the application to see the changes reflected in the browser. Microsoft wanted the Web developer workflow to feel as lightweight and agile as when working with interpreted platforms (such as Node.js or Ruby), while still letting you leverage the power of .NET. In 5 projects, when you edit and save your C# code, a file watcher detects the change and restarts the application. The application is rebuilt in memory, so you can see the results of the change in the browser in near-real time. Not e that this workflow is only supported when you aren’t debugging so as to avoid interrupting your debugging session.Web Publishing In Visual Studio 2015, Microsoft developers are working on a new publish process for 5 projects. In the Preview release, 5 publishing supports publishing to Azure Websites and to the file system (for example, local/network folder). When publishing to Azure Websites, you can select the desired build configuration and KRE version. Later releases will expand this to support a broader set of targets.Migrating to 5Moving existing Web applications to 5 involves both creating a new 5 project for your existing application and then migrating your code and dependencies to run on the new framework. Creating a new 5 project for your application is relatively simple. First, add a project.json file in your project folder. Initially, the project.json file only needs to include an empty JSON object (for example, {}). Next, use File | Open Project to open the project.json file in Visual Studio 2015 Preview. After opening the project.json file, Visual Studio will create an 5 project with a .kproj file and automatically include in the project all the files and directories it finds next to the project.json file. You should see your project files in your new 5 project in the Solution Explorer. You have now created an 5 project for your existing Web application!Migrating your code and dependencies so your new 5 project builds and runs correctly is a more involved process. You need to update your project.json with your top-level package dependencies, framework assembly references and project references. You need to migrate your code to use the new HTTP abstractions, the new middleware model and the new versions of the Web frameworks. You need to move to new infrastructure for handling concerns such as configuration, logging and DI. Porting your application to run on .NET Core requires dealing with additional platform changes and limitations. This is more than can be covered in this article, but we’re working hard to provide complete migration guidance in a future article. While the investment to move to 5 might be significant, Microsoft believes the benefits of providing an open source, community-driven, cross-platform and cloud-ready framework are worth the additional effort.翻译：是微软.NET Framework 1.0运作的一部分，与Visual Studio 2002版本一同发布在2002年。
旅行社管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Overview is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of coding. is part of the .NET Framework, and when coding applications you have access to classes in the .NET Framework. You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime (CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic, C#, JScript .NET, and J#. These languages enable you to develop applications that benefit from the common language runtime, type safety, inheritance, and so on. includes:• A page and controls framework•The compiler•Security infrastructure•State-management facilities•Application configuration•Health monitoring and performance features•Debugging support•An XML Web services framework•Extensible hosting environment and application life cycle management•An extensible designer environmentThe page and controls framework is a programming framework that runs on a Web server to dynamically produce and render Web pages. Web pages can be requested from any browser or client device, and renders markup (such as HTML) to the requesting browser. As a rule, you can use the same page for multiple browsers, because renders the appropriate markup for the browser making the request. However, you can design your Web page to target a specific browser, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer 6, and take advantage of the features of that browser. supports mobile controls for Web-enabled devices such as cellular phones, handheld computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Web pages are completely object-oriented. Within Web pages you can work with HTML elements using properties, methods, and events. The page framework removes the implementation details of the separation of client and server inherent in Web-based applications by presenting a unified model for responding to client events in code that runs at the server. The framework also automatically maintains the state of a page and the controls on that page during the page processing life cycle.The page and controls framework also enables you to encapsulate common UI functionality in easy-to-use, reusable controls. Controls are written once, can be used in many pages, and are integrated into the Web page that they are placed in during rendering.The page and controls framework also provides features to control the overall look and feel of your Web site via themes and skins. You can define themes and skins and then apply them at a page level or at a control level.In addition to themes, you can define master pages that you use to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. A single master page defines the layout and standard behavior that you want for all the pages (or a group of pages) in your application. You can then create individual content pages that contain the page-specific content you want to display. When users request the content pages, they merge with the master pageto produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page.All code is compiled, which enables strong typing, performance optimizations, and early binding, among other benefits. Once the code has been compiled, the common language runtime further compiles code to native code, providing improved performance. includes a compiler that will compile all your application components including pages and controls into an assembly that the hosting environment can then use to service user requests.In addition to the security features of .NET, provides an advanced security infrastructure for authenticating and authorizing user access as well as performing other security-related tasks. You can authenticate users using Windows authentication supplied by IIS, or you can manage authentication using your own user database using forms authentication and membership. Additionally, you can manage the authorization to the capabilities and information of your Web application using Windows groups or your own custom role database using roles. You can easily remove, add to, or replace these schemes depending upon the needs of your application. always runs with a particular Windows identity so you can secure your application using Windows capabilities such as NTFS Access Control Lists (ACLs), database permissions, and so on. For more information on the identity of , provides intrinsic state management functionality that enables you to store information between page requests, such as customer information or the contents of a shopping cart. You can save and manage application-specific, session-specific,page-specific, user-specific, and developer-defined information. This information can be independent of any controls on the page. offers distributed state facilities, which enable you to manage state information across multiple instances of the same application on one computer or on several computers. applications use a configuration system that enables you to define configuration settings for your Web server, for a Web site, or for individual applications. You can make configuration settings at the time your applications are deployed and can add or revise configuration settings at any time with minimal impact on operational Web applications and servers. configuration settings are stored in XML-based files. Because these XML files are ASCII text files, it is simple to make configuration changes to your Web applications. You can extend the configuration scheme to suit your requirements. includes features that enable you to monitor health and performance of your application. health monitoring enables reporting of key events that provide information about the health of an application and about error conditions. These events show a combination of diagnostics and monitoring characteristics and offer a high degree of flexibility in terms of what is logged and how it is logged. supports two groups of performance counters accessible to your applications: •The system performance counter group•The application performance counter group takes advantage of the run-time debugging infrastructure to provide cross-language and cross-computer debugging support. You can debug both managed and unmanaged objects, as well as all languages supported by the common language runtime and script languages.In addition, the page framework provides a trace mode that enables you to insert instrumentation messages into your Web pages. supports XML Web services. An XML Web service is a component containing business functionality that enables applications to exchange information across firewalls using standards like HTTP and XML messaging. XML Web services are not tied to a particular component technology or object-calling convention. As a result, programs written in any language, using any component model, and running on any operating system can access XML Web services. includes an extensible hosting environment that controls the life cycle of an application from when a user first accesses a resource (such as a page) in the application to the point at which the application is shut down. While relies on a Web server (IIS) as an application host, provides much of the hosting functionality itself. The architecture of enables you to respond to application events and create custom HTTP handlers and HTTP modules. includes enhanced support for creating designers for Web server controls for use with a visual design tool such as Visual Studio. Designers enable you to build a design-time user interface for a control, so that developers can configure your control's properties and content in the visual design tool.Introduction to the C# Language and the .NET Framework C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a wide range of secure and robust applications that run on the .NET Framework. You can use C# to create traditional Windows client applications, XML Web services, distributed components,client-server applications, database applications, and much, much more. Microsoft Visual C# 2005 provides an advanced code editor, convenient user interface designers, integrated debugger, and many other tools to facilitate rapid application development based on version 2.0 of the C# language and the .NET Framework.NoteThe Visual C# documentation assumes that you have an understanding of basic programming concepts. If you are a complete beginner, you might want to explore Visual C# Express Edition, which is available on the Web. You can also take advantage of any of several excellent books and Web resources on C# to learnpractical programming skills.C# syntax is highly expressive, yet with less than 90 keywords, it is also simple and easy to learn. The curly-brace syntax of C# will be instantly recognizable to anyone familiar with C, C++ or Java. Developers who know any of these languages are typically able to begin working productively in C# within a very short time. C# syntax simplifies many of the complexities of C++ while providing powerful features such as nullable value types, enumerations, delegates, anonymous methods and direct memory access, which are not found in Java. C# also supports generic methods and types, which provide increased type safety and performance, and iterators, which enable implementers of collection classes to define custom iteration behaviors that are simple to use by client code.As an object-oriented language, C# supports the concepts of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. All variables and methods, including the Main method, the application's entry point, are encapsulated within class definitions. A class may inherit directly from one parent class, but it may implement any number of interfaces. Methodsthat override virtual methods in a parent class require the override keyword as a way to avoid accidental redefinition. In C#, a struct is like a lightweight class; it is astack-allocated type that can implement interfaces but does not support inheritance.In addition to these basic object-oriented principles, C# facilitates the development of software components through several innovative language constructs, including: •Encapsulated method signatures called delegates, which enable type-safe event notifications.•Properties, which serve as accessors for private member variables. •Attributes, which provide declarative metadata about types at run time.•Inline XML documentation comments.If you need to interact with other Windows software such as COM objects or native Win32 DLLs, you can do this in C# through a process called "Interop." Interop enables C# programs to do just about anything that a native C++ application can do. C# even supports pointers and the concept of "unsafe" code for those cases in which direct memory access is absolutely critical.The C# build process is simple compared to C and C++ and more flexible than in Java. There are no separate header files, and no requirement that methods and types be declared in a particular order. A C# source file may define any number of classes, structs, interfaces, and events.C# programs run on the .NET Framework, an integral component of Windows that includes a virtual execution system called the common language runtime (CLR) and a unified set of class libraries. The CLR is Microsoft's commercial implementation of the common language infrastructure (CLI), an international standard that is the basis for creating execution and development environments in which languages and libraries work together seamlessly.Source code written in C# is compiled into an intermediate language (IL) that conforms to the CLI specification. The IL code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is stored on disk in an executable file called an assembly, typically with an extension of .exe or .dll. An assembly contains a manifest that provides information on the assembly's types, version, culture, and security requirements.When the C# program is executed, the assembly is loaded into the CLR, which might take various actions based on the information in the manifest. Then, if the security requirements are met, the CLR performs just in time (JIT) compilation to convert the IL code into native machine instructions. The CLR also provides other services related to automatic garbage collection, exception handling, and resource management. Code that is executed by the CLR is sometimes referred to as "managed code," in contrast to "unmanaged code" which is compiled into native machine language that targets a specific system. The following diagram illustrates the compile-time and run time relationships of C# source code files, the base class libraries, assemblies, and the CLR.Language interoperability is a key feature of the .NET Framework. Because the IL code produced by the C# compiler conforms to the Common Type Specification (CTS), IL code generated from C# can interact with code that was generated from the .NET versions of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J#, or any of more than 20 otherCTS-compliant languages. A single assembly may contain multiple modules written in different .NET languages, and the types can reference each other just as if they were written in the same language.In addition to the run time services, the .NET Framework also includes an extensive library of over 4000 classes organized into namespaces that provide a wide variety of useful functionality for everything from file input and output to string manipulation to XML parsing, to Windows Forms controls. The typical C# application uses the .NET Framework class library extensively to handle common "plumbing" chores. 概述 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。
ASP NET 概述中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译 概述 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。
作为 .NET Framework 的一部分提供。
当您编写 应用程序的代码时，可以访问 .NET Framework 中的类。
您可以使用与公共语言运行库 (CLR) 兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码，这些语言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。
使用这些语言，可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的 应用程序。
包括：∙页和控件框架∙ 编译器∙安全基础结构∙状态管理功能∙应用程序配置∙运行状况监视和性能功能∙调试支持∙XML Web services 框架∙可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理∙可扩展的设计器环境 页和控件框架是一种编程框架，它在 Web 服务器上运行，可以动态地生成和呈现 网页。
可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求 网页， 会向请求浏览器呈现标记（例如 HTML）。
通常，您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页，因为 会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。
但是，您可以针对诸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定浏览器设计 网页，并利用该浏览器的功能。
支持基于 Web 的设备（如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理 (PDA)）的移动控件。
网页是完全面向对象的。
在 网页中，可以使用属性、方法和事件来处理 HTML 元素。
页框架为响应在服务器上运行的代码中的客户端事件提供统一的模型，从而使您不必考虑基于 Web 的应用程序中固有的客户端和服务器隔离的实现细节。
该框架还会在页处理生命周期中自动维护页及该页上控件的状态。
使用 页和控件框架还可以将常用的 UI 功能封装成易于使用且可重用的控件。
控件只需编写一次，即可用于许多页并集成到 网页中。
英文文献及中文翻译_ASP.NET概述ASP.NETOverview
英文文献及中文翻译 Overview is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of is part of the .NET Framework, and when coding applications you have access to classes in the .NET Framework.You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime (CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic and C#. These languages enable you to develop applications that benefit from the common language runtime, type safety, inheritance, and so on.If you want to try , you can install Visual Web Developer Express using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer, which is a free tool that makes it simple to download, install, and service components of the Microsoft Web Platform.These components include Visual Web Developer Express, Internet Information Services (IIS), SQL Server Express, and the .NET Framework. All of these are tools that you use to create Web applications. You can also use the Microsoft Web Platform Installer to install open-source and PHP Web applications.Visual Web DeveloperVisual Web Developer is a full-featured development environment for creating Web applications. Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting site. Using the development tools in Visual Web Developer, you can develop Web pages on your own computer. Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug Web pages, without requiring Internet Information Services (IIS) to be installed.Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sitesand then publish them to a hosting site. Using the development tools in Visual Web Developer, you can develop Web pages on your own computer. Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug Web pages, without requiring Internet Information Services (IIS) to be installed.When your site is ready, you can publish it to the host computer using the built-in Copy Web tool, which transfers your files when you are ready to share them with others. Alternatively, you can precompile and deploy a Web site by using the Build Web Site command. The Build Web Sitecommand runs the compiler over the entire Web site (not just the code files) and produces a Web site layout that you can deploy to a production server.Finally, you can take advantage of the built-in support for File Transfer Protocol (FTP).Using the FTP capabilities of Visual Web Developer, you can connect directly to the host computer and then create and edit files on the server. Web Sites and Web Application ProjectsUsing Visual Studio tools, you can create different types of projects, which includes Web sites, Web applications, Web services, and AJAX server controls.There is a difference between Web site projects and Web application projects. Some features work only with Web application projects, such as MVC and certain tools for automating Web deployment. Other features, such as Dynamic Data, work with both Web sites and Web application projects.Page and Controls FrameworkThe page and controls framework is a programming framework that runs on a Web server to dynamically produce and render Web pages. Web pages can be requested from any browser or client device, and renders markup (such as HTML) to the requesting browser. As a rule, you can use the samepage for multiple browsers, because renders the appropriate markup for the browser making the request. However, you can design your Web page to target a specific browser and take advantage of the features of that browser. Web pages are completely object-oriented. Within Web pages you can work with HTML elements using properties, methods, and events. The page framework removes the implementation details of the separation of client and server inherent in Web-based applications by presenting a unified model for responding to client events in code that runs at the server. The framework also automatically maintains the state of a page and the controls on that page during the page processing life cycle.The page and controls framework also enables you to encapsulate common UI functionality in easy-to-use, reusable controls. Controls are written once, can be used in many pages, and are integrated into the Web page that they are placed in during rendering.The page and controls framework also provides features to control the overall look and feel of your Web site via themes and skins. You can define themes and skins and then apply them at a page level or at a control level.In addition to themes, you can define master pages that you use to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. A single master page defines the layout and standard behavior that you want for all the pages (or a group of pages) in your application. You can then create individual content pages that contain the page-specific content you want to display. When users request the content pages, they merge with the master page to produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page. The page framework also enables you to define the pattern for URLs that will be used in your site. This helps with search engine optimization (SEO) and makes URLs more user-friendly.The page and control framework is designed to generate HTML thatconforms to accessibility guidelines. CompilerAll code is compiled, which enables strong typing, performance optimizations, and early binding, among other benefits. Once the code has been compiled, the common language runtime further compiles code to native code, providing improved performance. includes a compiler that will compile all your application components including pages and controls into an assembly that the hosting environment can then use to service user requests.Security InfrastructureIn addition to the security features of .NET, provides an advanced security infrastructure for authenticating and authorizing user access as well as performing other security-related tasks. You can authenticate users using Windows authentication supplied by IIS, or you can manage authentication using your own user database using forms authentication and membership. Additionally, you can manage the authorization to the capabilities and information of your Web application using Windows groups or your own custom role database using roles. You can easily remove, add to, or replace these schemes depending upon the needs of your application. always runs with a particular Windows identity so you can secure your application using Windows capabilities such as NTFS Access Control Lists (ACLs),database permissions, and so on.State-Management Facilities provides intrinsic state management functionality that enables you to store information between page requests, such as customer information or the contents of a shopping cart. You can save and manage application-specific, session-specific, page-specific, user-specific, and developer-defined information. This information can beindependent of any controls on the page. offers distributed state facilities, which enable you to manage state information across multiple instances of the same application on one computer or on several computers. 概述是一个统一的Web开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级Web应用程序所必需的各种服务。
ASP NET 2.0网页和Web控件-外文翻译
外文翻译毕业设计题目：基于的物业管理系统开发原文1： 2.0 Web Pagesand Web Controls译文1： 2.0 网页和Web控件原文2：The Role of Global.asax File 译文2：Global.asax文件的作用原文1 2.0 Web Pages and Web Controls U ntil now, all of the example applications in this text have focused on console-based and Windows Forms front ends. In this chapter and the next, you’ll explore how the .NET platform facilitates the construction of browser-based presentation layers. To begin, you’ll quickly review a number of key web-centric concepts (HTTP, HTML, client-side, and server-side script) and the role of the web server (including the development server, WebDev.WebServer.exe).With this web primer out of the way, the remainder of this chapter concentrates on the composition of (including the enhanced code-behind model) and how to work with web controls. As you will see, 2.0 provides a number of new web controls, a new “master page”model, and various customization techniques.The Role of HTTPWeb applications are very different animals from traditional desktop applications (to say the least).The first obvious difference is that a production-level web application will always involve at least two networked machines (of course, during development it is entirely possible to have a single machine play the role of both client and server). Given this fact, the machines in question must agree upon a particular wire protocol to determine how to send and receive data. The wire protocol that connects the computers in question is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).When a client machine launches a web browser (such as Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox,or Microsoft Internet Explorer), an HTTP request is made to access a particular resource (such as an *.aspx or *.htm file) on the remote server machine. HTTP is a text-based protocol that is built upon a standard request/response paradigm. For example, if you navigate to www. , the browser software leverages a web technology termed Domain Name Service (DNS) that converts the registered URL into a four-part, 32-bit numerical value (aka an IP address). At this point, the browser opens a socket connection (typically via port 80) and sends the HTTP request for the default page at the website.Once the hosting web server receives the incoming HTTP request, the specified resource may contain logic that scrapes out any client-supplied input values (such as values within a text box) in order to format a proper HTTP response. Web programmers may leverage any number of technologies (CGI, ASP, , Java servlets, etc.) to dynamically generate the content to be emitted into theHTTP response. At this point, the client-side browser renders the HTML emitted from the web server.Another aspect of web development that is markedly different from traditional desktop programming is the fact that HTTP is an essentially stateless wire protocol. As soon as the web server emits a response to the client, everything about the previous interaction is forgotten. Therefore, as a web developer, it is up to you take specific steps to “remember” information (such as items in a shopping cart) about the clients who are currently logged on to your site. As you will see in the next chapter, provides numerous ways to handle state, many of which are commonplace to any web platform (session variables, cookies, and application variables) as well as some new techniques (view state, control state, and the cache).Understanding Web Applications and Web ServersA web application can be understood as a collection of files (*.htm, *.asp, *.aspx, image files, etc.) and related components (such as a .NET code library) stored within a particular set of directories on a given web server. As shown in Chapter 24, web applications have a specific life cycle and provide numerous events (such as initial startup or final shutdown) that you can hook into.A web server is a software product in charge of hosting your web applications, and it typically provides a number of related services such as integrated security, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) support, mail exchange services, and so forth. Internet Information Server (IIS) is Microsoft’s enterprise-level web server product, and as you would guess, it has intrinsic support for classic ASP as well as web applications.When you build web applications, you will often need to interact with IIS. Be aware, however, that IIS is not automatically selected when you install the Windows Server 2003 or Windows XP Professional Edition (you can’t install IIS on the Home editions of Windows). Therefore, depend ing on the configuration of your development machine, you may be required to manually install IIS before proceeding through this chapter. To do so, simply access the Add/Remove Program applet from the Control Panel folder and select Add/Remove Windows Components.Working with IIS Virtual DirectoriesA single IIS installation is able to host numerous web applications, each of which resides in a virtual directory. Each virtual directory is mapped to a physical directory on the local hard drive. Therefore,if you create a new virtual directory named CarsRUs, the outside world can navigate to this site using a URL such as (assuming your site’s IP address has been registeredwith the world at large). Under the hood, the virtual directory maps to a physical root directory such as C:\inetpub\wwwroot\AspNetCarsSite, which contains the content of the web application.When you create web applications using Visual Studio 2005, you have the option of generating a new virtual directory for the current website. However, you are also able to manually create a virtual directory by hand. For the sake of illustration, assume you wish to create a simple web application named Cars. The first step is to create a new folder on your machine to hold the collection of files that constitute this new site (e.g., C:\CodeTests\CarsWebSite).Next, you need to create a new virtual directory to host the Cars site. Simply right-click the Default Web Site node of IIS and select New ➤Virtual Directory from the context menu. This menu selection launches an integrated wizard. Skip past the welcome screen and give your website a name (Cars). Next, you are asked to specify the physical folder on your hard drive that contains the various files and images that represent this site (in this case, C:\CodeTests\CarsWebSite).The final step of the wizard prompts you for some basic traits about your new virtual directory (such as read/write access to the files it contains, the ability to view these files from a web browser, the ability to launch executables [e.g., CGI applications], etc.). For this example, the default selections are just fine (be aware that you can always modify your selections after running this tool using variousright-click Property dialog boxes integrated within IIS).译文1作者：迪诺·弗雷国籍：美国出处： 2.0 and Data-Bound Controls 2.0网页和Web控件到现在为止，本书的示例应用程序主要集中在控制台和基于Windows窗体前端。
asp.net外文文献+翻译
技术1.构建 页面 和结构 是微软.NET framework整体的一部分, 它包含一组大量的编程用的类，满足各种编程需要。
在下列的二个部分中, 你如何学会 很适合的放在.NET framework, 和学会能在你的 页面中使用语言。
.NET类库假想你是微软。
假想你必须支持大量的编程语言-比如Visual Basic 、C# 和C++. 这些编程语言的很多功能具有重叠性。
举例来说，对于每一种语言，你必须包括存取文件系统、与数据库协同工作和操作字符串的方法。
此外，这些语言包含相似的编程构造。
每种语言,举例来说，都能够使用循环语句和条件语句。
即使用Visual Basic 写的条件语句的语法不与用C++ 写的不一样,程序的功能也是相同的。
最后，大多数的编程语言有相似的数据变量类型。
以大多数的语言，你有设定字符串类型和整型数据类型的方法。
举例来说，整型数据最大值和最小值可能依赖语言的种类，但是基本的数据类型是相同的。
对于多种语言来说维持这一功能需要很大的工作量。
为什么继续再创轮子? 对所有的语言创建这种功能一次，然后把这个功能用在每一种语言中岂不是更容易。
.NET类库不完全是那样。
它含有大量的满足编程需要的类。
举例来说，.NET类库包含处理数据库访问的类和文件协同工作，操作文本和生成图像。
除此之外，它包含更多特殊的类用在正则表达式和处理Web协议。
.NET framework，此外包含支持所有的基本变量数据类型的类，比如：字符串、整型、字节型、字符型和数组。
最重要地, 写这一本书的目的, .NET类库包含构建的 页面的类。
然而你需要了解当你构建.NET页面的时候能够访问.NET framework 的任意类。
理解命名空间正如你猜测的, .NET framework是庞大的。
它包含数以千计的类(超过3,400) 。
幸运地，类不是简单的堆在一起。
.NET framework的类被组织成有层次结构的命名空间。
ASP和net技术及数据库管理外文原文+中文翻译
服务器上运行。将程序在服务器端首次运行时进行编译，比 ASP 即时解释程序速 度上要快很多.而且是可以用任何与 . net 兼容的语言（包括 Visual Basic . net、 C# 和 JScript . net.）创作应用程序。另外，任何 ASP. net 应用程序都可以使用 整个 . net Framework。开发人员可以方便地获得这些技术的优点，其中包括托管 的 公 共 语 言 运 行 库 环 境 、 类 型 安 全 、 继 承 等 等 。 ASP. net 可 以 无 缝 地 与 WYSIWYG HTML 编辑器和其他编程工具（包括 Microsoft Visual Studio . net） 一起工作。这不仅使得 Web 开发更加方便，而且还能提供这些工具必须提供的 所有优点， 包括开发人员可以用来将服务器控件拖放到 Web 页的 GUI 和完全集 成的调试支持。 当创建 ASP. net 应用程序时，开发人员可以使用 Web 窗体或 XML Web services，或以他们认为合适的任何方式进行组合。每个功能都能得到 同一结构的支持，使您能够使用身份验证方案，缓存经常使用的数据，或者对应 用程序的配置进行自定义. 如果你从来没有开发过网站程序，那么这不适合你，你 应该至少掌握一些 HTML 语言和简单的 Web 开发术语(不过我相信如果有兴趣的 话是可以很快的掌握的)。你不需要先前的 ASP 开发经验（当然有经验更好） ，但 是你必须了解交互式 Web 程序开发的概念， 包含窗体， 脚本， 和数据接口的概念， 如果你具备了这些条件的话，那么你就可以在 的世界开始展翅高飞了。 不仅仅是 Active Server Page (ASP) 的下一个版本,而且是一种建立 在通用语言上的程序构架，能被用于一台 Web 服务器来建立强大的 Web 应用程 序。 提供许多比现在的 Web 开发模式强大的优势。 ASP. net 运行的架构分为几个阶段： 在 IIS 与 Web 服务器中的消息流动阶段。 在 ASP. net 网页中的消息分 派。 在 ASP. net 网页中的消息处理。 ASP. net 的原始设计构想，就是要让开发人员能够像 VB 开发工具那样，可 以使用事件驱动式程序开发模式 (Event-Driven Programming Model) 的方法来 开发网页与应用程序，若要以 ASP 技术来做到这件事的话，用必须要使用大量的 辅助信息，像是查询字符串或是窗体字段数据来识别与判断对象的来源、事件流 向以及调用的函数等等，需要撰写的代码量相当的多，但 ASP. net 很巧妙利用窗 体字段和 JavaScript 脚本把事件的传递模型隐藏起来了。 在 ASP. net 运行的时候， 经常会有网页的来回动作 (round-trip)， 在 ASP. net 中称为 PostBack，在传统的 ASP 技术上，判断网页的来回是需要由开发人员自 行撰写，到了 ASP. net 时，开发人员可以用 Page.IsPostBack 机能来判断是否 为第一次运行 (当 发现 HTTP POST 要求的数据是空值时)， 它可以保 证 ASP. net 的控件事件只会运行一次，但是它有个缺点（基于 HTTP POST 本 身的缺陷） ，就是若用户使用浏览器的刷新功能 (按 F5 或刷新的按钮) 刷新网页 时，最后一次运行的事件会再被运行一次，若要避免这个状况，必须要强迫浏览 器清空高速缓存才可以。
ASP.NET外文翻译
TechniqueAnd not only being Active Server Page (ASP) next edition, be that a kind of builds the procedure truss on General Purpose Language , can be used to build Web application big and powerful coming one Web server. provides a lot of bigger and powerful than Web now exploitation pattern advantage.Carry out wide efficiency rise is that General Purpose Language-based procedure is run on the server. Carry out compiling , carry out effect , certainly compete with each other in a bar like this when working first unlike that before ASP explaining procedure immediately, but being that procedure is held in the server make an explanation strong many.The world-level implement holds outThe truss is to be able to use up to the minute product of Microsoft (R) company Visual exploitation environment to carry out exploitation , WYSIWYG (what What Y ou See Is What Y ou Get is gains) editor. These are only strong-rization one fraction of software support.Big and powerful and adaptabilityIts big and powerful and adaptability compiling and translating working procedure , reason why because of is General Purpose Language-based, on being able to make it run 2000 Server applying the upper (author of nearly all platform of software developer to Web knowing it can only use in Windows up to now only). General Purpose Language fundamental warehouse , information mechanism, data interface treatment all can have no integrating sewing applying middle to the Web. is also that language-independent language melts on one's own at the same time, reason why, you can choose one kind of the procedure being fit to compile and compose you coming your language most , your procedure is written or coming using very various language, (the association having C # C + + and Java) , VB , Jscript already holding out now. Such various program language associate ability protects your COM + exploitation-based procedure now in the future, the transplanting being able to entirely faces .Simplicity and easy to learn is that dignity verifies , the distribution system and website allocation become very simple run a few very common missions submit customer whole course of if the form is single. That the for example page of face truss allows you to foundyour own consumer interface, makes the person be unlike the common VB-Like interface. Besides, that General Purpose Language facilitates exploitation makes to become simple accommodating oneself to of software combining with a code like assembling a computer.High-effect but administrationThat uses one kind of character basis's , classification's deploys system , makes your server environment and the application interposition especially simple. Because of allocation information all preserves in simple version , new interposition has an implement to may all do not need to start local administrative person can come true. That this is called "Zero Local Administration philosophy concept makes because of applicative exploitation more concrete, and rapid. A application requires that simple copy few must get a document , not requiring that systematic again starting , everything are that such is simple in systematic installation of one server.Many processor environments reliabilityThe quilt already designs painstakingly becoming one kind of the exploitation implement being able to be used for many processor , it uses peculiar seamless the speed linking a technology , very big rise being run to sew under many processor environments. Even if that your now applies a software is to be that one processor is development many processor do not require that any changes the efficacy being able to improve them when working, but ASP now cannot achieve indeed in the future this one point.Certainly definition, and augmentabilityWhen is designed have considered the module let website develop a personnel to be able to be hit by self definition plug-in in self code. This is different from original inclusion relation , can add self definition's how module. Website procedure exploitation has been all along not so simple.SecurityOwing to that the Windows attestation technology and every application deplo ying , you can be true your plain procedure is now and then absolutely safe.The grammar to a great extent with ASP compatible, it provides one kind of new programming model and structure at the same time , may generate flexibility and much better application of stability , provide the much better safeguard and. Add the function gradually in being able to pass in now available ASP application, function strengthening ASP application at any time. is that one already has compiled and translated, because of. The NET environment, runs General Purpose Language-based procedure on the server. Carry out compiling when procedure is held in the server working first, than ASP makes it snappy immediately on INTERP speed many. And be to be able to use any and. Compatible language of NET (includes Visual Basic. NET , C # and Jscript. NET.) Create application. Besides, any application all can be put into use entire. NET Framework. The personnel who develops can gain these technology merit conveniently , include the trusteeship common language running warehouse environment , type safety , inheriting and so on among them. can edit an implement seamlessly with WYSIWYG HTML and weave the Cheng implement other (including Microsoft Visual Studio. NET) works together. Page of GUI and completely integrated debugging this not only feasible Web is developed to go to the lavatory especially, and can provide all merit that these implements provide be obliged to , include Web developing a personnel to be able to be used server control drag and drop to be arrived at hold out.While establishing application, the personnel who develops can use the Web window body or XML Web services , carry out combination or with any way that they regard as rightly. That every function all can get the same architectural support, makes you be able to use dignity to verify a scheme , the data that slow exist often uses, carries out self definition on the application allocation or.2. Building Pages and the .NET Framework is part of Microsoft's overall .NET framework, which contains a vast set of programming classes designed to satisfy any conceivable programming need. In the following two sections, you learn how fits within the .NET framework, and you learn about the languages you can use in your pages.The .NET Framework Class LibraryImagine that you are Microsoft. Imagine that you have to support multiple programming languages—such as Visual Basic, JScript, and C++. A great deal of the functionality of these programming languages overlaps. For example, for each language, you would have to include methods for accessing the file system, working with databases, and manipulating strings.Furthermore, these languages contain similar programming constructs. Every language, for example, can represent loops and conditionals. Even though the syntax of a conditional written in Visual Basic differs from the syntax of a conditional written in C++, the programming function is the same.Finally, most programming languages have similar variable data types. In most languages, you have some means of representing strings and integers, for example. The maximum and minimum size of an integer might depend on the language, but the basic data type is the same.Maintaining all this functionality for multiple languages requires a lot of work. Why keep reinventing the wheel? Wouldn't it be easier to create all this functionality once and use it for every language?The .NET Framework Class Library does exactly that. It consists of a vast set of classes designed to satisfy any conceivable programming need. For example,the .NET framework contains classes for handling database access, working with the file system, manipulating text, and generating graphics. In addition, it contains more specialized classes for performing tasks such as working with regular expressions and handling network protocols.The .NET framework, furthermore, contains classes that represent all the basic variable data types such as strings, integers, bytes, characters, and arrays.Most importantly, for purposes of this book, the .NET Framework Class Library contains classes for building pages. You need to understand, however, that you can access any of the .NET framework classes when you are building your pages.Understanding NamespacesAs you might guess, the .NET framework is huge. It contains thousands of classes (over 3,400). Fortunately, the classes are not simply jumbled together. The classes of the .NET framework are organized into a hierarchy of namespaces.ASP Classic NoteIn previous versions of Active Server Pages, you had access to only five standard classes (the Response, Request, Session, Application, and Server objects). , in contrast, provides you with access to over 3,400 classes!A namespace is a logical grouping of classes. For example, all the classes that relate to working with the file system are gathered together into the System.IO namespace. The namespaces are organized into a hierarchy (a logical tree). At the root of the tree is the System namespace. This namespace contains all the classes for the base data types, such as strings and arrays. It also contains classes for working with random numbers and dates and times.You can uniquely identify any class in the .NET framework by using the full namespace of the class. For example, to uniquely refer to the class that represents a file system file (the File class), you would use the following:System.IO.FileSystem.IO refers to the namespace, and File refers to the particular class.NOTEYou can view all the namespaces of the standard classes in the .NET Framework Class Library by viewing the Reference Documentation for the .NET Framework. Standard NamespacesThe classes contained in a select number of namespaces are available in your pages by default. (You must explicitly import other namespaces.) These default namespaces contain classes that you use most often in your applications:System— Contains all the base data types and other useful classes such as those related to generating random numbers and working with dates and times.System.Collections— Contains classes for working with standard collection types such as hash tables, and array lists.System.Collections.Specialized— Contains classes that represent specializedcollections such as linked lists and string collections.System.Configuration— Contains classes for working with configuration files (Web.config files).System.Text— Contains classes for encoding, decoding, and manipulating the contents of strings.System.Text.RegularExpressions— Contains classes for performing regularexpression match and replace operations.System.Web— Contains the basic classes for working with the World Wide Web, including classes for representing browser requests and server responses.System.Web.Caching— Contains classes used for caching the content of pages and classes for performing custom caching operations.System.Web.Security— Contains classes for implementing authentication and authorization such as Forms and Passport authentication.System.Web.SessionState— Contains classes for implementing session state.System.Web.UI— Contains the basic classes used in building the user interface of pages.System.Web.UI.HTMLControls— Contains the classes for the HTML controls.System.Web.UI.WebControls— Contains the classes for the Web controls..NET Framework-Compatible LanguagesFor purposes of this book, you will write the application logic for your pages using Visual Basic as your programming language. It is the default language for pages. Although you stick to Visual Basic in this book, you also need to understand that you can create pages by using any language that supports the .NET Common Language Runtime. Out of the box, this includes C#, , and the Managed Extensions to C++.NOTEThe CD included with this book contains C# versions of all the code samples.Dozens of other languages created by companies other than Microsoft have been developed to work with the .NET framework. Some examples of these other languages include Python, SmallTalk, Eiffel, and COBOL. This means that you could, if you really wanted to, write pages using COBOL.Regardless of the language that you use to develop your pages, you need to understand that pages are compiled before they are executed. This means that pages can execute very quickly.The first time you request an page, the page is compiled into a .NET class, and the resulting class file is saved beneath a special directory on your server named Temporary Files. For each and every page, a corresponding class file appears in the Temporary Files directory. Whenever you request the same page in the future, the corresponding class file is executed.When an page is compiled, it is not compiled directly into machine code. Instead, it is compiled into an intermediate-level language called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). All .NET-compatible languages are compiled into this intermediate language.An page isn't compiled into native machine code until it is actually requested by a browser. At that point, the class file contained in the Temporary Files directory is compiled with the .NET framework Just in Time (JIT) compiler and executed.The magical aspect of this whole process is that it happens automatically in the background. All you have to do is create a text file with the source code for your page, and the .NET framework handles all the hard work of converting it into compiled code for you.ASP CLASSIC NOTEWhat about VBScript? Before , VBScript was the most popular language for developing Active Server Pages. does not support VBScript, and this is good news. Visual Basic is a superset of VBScript, which means that Visual Basic has all the functionality of VBScript and more. So, you have a richer set of functions and statements with Visual Basic.Furthermore, unlike VBScript, Visual Basic is a compiled language. This means that if you use Visual Basic to rewrite the same code that you wrote with VBScript, you can get better performance.If you have worked only with VBScript and not Visual Basic in the past, don't worry. Since VBScript is so closely related to Visual Basic, you'll find it easy to make the transition between the two languages.NOTEMicrosoft includes an interesting tool named the IL Disassembler (ILDASM) with the .NET framework. You can use this tool to view the disassembled code for any of the classes in the Temporary Files directory. It lists all the methods and properties of the class and enables you to view the intermediate-level code.This tool also works with all the controls discussed in this chapter. For example, you can use the IL Disassembler to view the intermediate-level code for the TextBox control (located in a file named System.Web.dll).Introducing Controls controls provide the dynamic and interactive portions of the user interface for your Web application. The controls render the content that the users of your Web site actually see and interact with. For example, you can use controls to create HTML form elements, interactive calendars, and rotating banner advertisements. controls coexist peacefully with HTML content. Typically, you create the static areas of your Web pages with normal HTML content and create the dynamic or interactive portions with controls.The best way to understand how controls work in an HTML page is to look at a simple Web Forms Page.Adding Application Logic to an PageThe second building block of an page is the application logic, which is the actual programming code in the page. You add application logic to a page to handle both control and page events.If a user clicks a Button control within an HTML form, for example, the Button control raises an event (the Click event). Typically, you want to add code to the page that does something in response to this event. For example, when someone clicks the Button control, you might want to save the form data to a file or database.Controls are not the only things that can raise events. An page itself raises several events every time it is requested. For example, whenever you request a page, the page's Load event is triggered. You can add application logic to the page that executes whenever the Load event occurs.3. Building Forms with Web Server ControlsBuilding Smart FormsYou use several of the basic Web controls to represent standard HTML form elements such as radio buttons, text boxes, and list boxes. You can use these controls in your pages to create the user interface for your Web application. The following sections provide detailed overviews and programming samples for each of these Web controls.Controlling Page NavigationIn the following sections, you learn how to control how a user moves from one page to another. First, you learn how to submit an HTML form to another page and retrieve form information. Next, you learn how to use the Redirect() method to automatically transfer a user to a new page. Finally, you learn how to link pages together with the HyperLink control.Applying Formatting to ControlsIn the following sections, you learn how to make more attractive Web forms. First, you look at an overview of the formatting properties common to all Web controls; they are the formatting properties of the base control class. Next, you learn how to apply Cascading Style Sheet styles and classes to Web controls.4. Performing Form Validation with Validation Controls Using Client-side ValidationTraditionally, Web developers have faced a tough choice when adding form validation logic to their pages. You can add form validation routines to yourserver-side code, or you can add the validation routines to your client-side code.The advantage of writing validation logic in client-side code is that you can provide instant feedback to your users. For example, if a user neglects to enter a value in a required form field, you can instantly display an error message without requiring a roundtrip back to the server.People really like client-side validation. It looks great and creates a better overall user experience. The problem, however, is that it does not work with all browsers. Not all browsers support JavaScript, and different versions of browsers support different versions of JavaScript, so client-side validation is never guaranteed to work.For this reason, in the past, many developers decided to add all their form validation logic exclusively to server-side code. Because server-side code functions correctly with any browser, this course of action was safer.Fortunately, the Validation controls discussed in this chapter do not force you to make this difficult choice. The Validation controls automatically generate both client-side and server-side code. If a browser is capable of supporting JavaScript, client-side validation scripts are automatically sent to the browser. If a browser is incapable of supporting JavaScript, the validation routines are automatically implemented in server-side code.You should be warned, however, that client-side validation works only with Microsoft Internet Explorer version 4.0 and higher. In particular, the client-side scripts discussed in this chapter do not work with any version of Netscape Navigator.Requiring Fields: The RequiredFieldValidator ControlYou use RequiredFieldValidator in a Web form to check whether a control has a value. Typically, you use this control with a TextBox control. However, nothing is wrong with using RequiredFieldValidator with other input controls such as RadioButtonList.Validating Expressions: The RegularExpressionValidator ControlYou can use RegularExpressionValidator to match the value entered into a form field to a regular expression. You can use this control to check whether a user has entered,for example, a valid e-mail address, telephone number, or username or password. Samples of how to use a regular expression to perform all these validation tasks are provided in the following sections.Comparing Values: The CompareValidator ControlThe CompareValidator control performs comparisons between the data entered into a form field and another value. The other value can be a fixed value, such as a particular number, or a value entered into another control.Summarizing Errors: The ValidationSummary ControlImagine that you have a form with 50 form fields. If you use only the Validation controls discussed in the previous sections of this chapter to display errors, seeing an error message on the page might be difficult. For example, you might have to scroll down to the 48th form field to find the error message.Fortunately, Microsoft includes a ValidationSummary control with the Validation controls. You can use this control to summarize all the errors at the top of a page, or wherever else you want.5. Advanced Control ProgrammingWorking with View StateBy default, almost all controls retain the values of their properties between form posts. For example, if you assign text to a Label control and submit the form, when the page is rendered again, the contents of the Label control are preserved.The magic of view state is that it does not depend on any special server or browser properties. In particular, it does not depend on cookies, session variables, or application variables. View state is implemented with a hidden form field called VIEWSTATE that is automatically created in every Web Forms Page.When used wisely, view state can have a dramatic and positive effect on the performance of your Web site. For example, if you display database data in a control that has view state enabled, you do not have to return to the database each time the page is posted back to the server. You can automatically preserve the data within the page's view state between form posts.Displaying and Hiding ContentImagine that you are creating a form with an optional section. For example, imagine that you are creating an online tax form, and you want to display or hide a section that contains questions that apply only to married tax filers.Or, imagine that you want to add an additional help button to the tax form. You might want to hide or display detailed instructions for completing form questions depending on a user's preferences.Finally, imagine that you want to break the tax form into multiple pages so that a person views only one part of the tax form at a time.In the following sections, you learn about the properties that you can use to hide and display controls in a form. You learn how to use the Visible and Enabled properties with individual controls and groups of controls to hide and display page content.Using the Visible and Enabled PropertiesEvery control, including both HTML and Web controls, has a Visible property that determines whether the control is rendered. When a control's Visible property has the value False, the control is not displayed on the page; the control is not processed for either pre-rendering or rendering.Web controls (but not every HTML control) have an additional property named Enabled. When Enabled has the value False and you are using Internet Explorer version 4.0 or higher, the control appears ghosted and no longer functions. When used with other browsers, such as Netscape Navigator, the control might not appear ghosted, but it does not function.Disabling View StateIn certain circumstances, you might want to disable view state for an individual control or for an page as a whole. For example, you might have a control that contains a lot of data (imagine a RadioButtonList control with 1,000 options). You might not want to load the data into the hidden __VIEWSTATE form field if you are worried that the form data would significantly slow down the rendering of the page.Using Rich ControlsIn the following sections, you learn how to use three of the more feature-rich controls in the framework. You learn how to use the Calendar control to display interactive calendars, the AdRotator control to display rotating banner advertisements, and the HTMLInputFile control to accept file uploads. 技术简介不仅仅是 Active Server Page (ASP) 的下一个版本,而且是一种建立在通用语言上的程序构架，能被用于一台Web服务器来建立强大的Web应用序。
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外文原文翻译： C#版ASP(动态服务器主页)是一种较新的技术,它已经过几个阶段的发展(进化).它是怎么诞生的呢?在七年前,它作为一种简单的方法来往普通网页里添加动态内容。
自从那时以后，它的发展势头强劲：作为高级网页程序的开发平台，包括：电子商务网站、基于事件驱动的门户网站和你在网上能看到的其他所有东西。
2.0 是ASP的最新版本,而且拥有最让人激动的更新。
在帮助下，在网络编程时，开发者不再把一大堆HTML源码和脚本代码杂乱地放在同一页面上。
你可以完全使用代码和工具（Visual Studio 2005）来创建网页程序。
这些创新的代价仅仅是多学一些东西。
你要学一些高级开发工具（Visual Studio）和工具包（the .NET Framework），而且你需要精通一门编程语言，如C＃。
网络发展的演化因特网是在1960年末在试验中诞生的。
它的目标是：建立一个真实的、有弹性的信息网络——可以经受的起若干数量的电脑的崩溃，而不至于阻断其他电脑的正常通信。
经得起潜在的重大灾难（如核武器攻击）。
美国国防部提供了刚开始的研究基金。
最早的因特网局限在教育机构和从事国防的单位。
它因为作为学术研究的一种工具而繁荣，它让全球的研究人员可以彼此共享信息。
到了1990初，伟大的“猫”诞生了，它通过电话线工作，从此，因特网向商业用户打开了大门。
在1993年，第一个HTML浏览器诞生了，标志着因特网革命的到来。
我们很难把最早的网页称为网页序。
第一代的网页看起来更像小册子：主要由固定的H TML页面构成，这些也都需要手动修改。
一个简单的HTML页面有点像一个字处理文档——它包含了格式化的内容，可以在你的电脑上显示，但是并不完成其他任何功能。
上面的就是一个最简单的例子，文档包括头信息和单行文本。
一个HTML文档有两种类型的内容：文本和标记（告诉浏览器如何格式化）。
这些标记很容易辨认，因为它们总是出现在< 和 >之间。
HTML定义了不同级别的标题、段落、超链接、斜体和粗体格式、水平线等。
举个例子：<h1>某个文本<h1>，告诉浏览器用标题1的格式来显示这个文本，就是用最大的黑体字来显示。
图1－1显示了这个页面在浏览器中的效果。
提示：你不需要精通HTML就能进行A 网页编程，虽然它（HTML）是很有用的。
为了快速介绍一下HTML，给大家介绍一个网上的优秀HTML指南。
HTML 2.0 首次引入了一个网页编程的新技术，称为HTML表单。
HT ML表单扩展了HTML的功能，不仅包含了格式化标签，而且包含了窗体小部件或者叫控件。
这些控件包含了普通的功能部件，如下拉列表、文本框和按钮。
下面是一个由HTML表单控件创建的网页。
网页表单允许网页程序设计师设计标准的输入页面。
当用户单击图1－2的提交按钮，所有在输入控件中的数据（在这个例子中是两个复选框）将打包成一个长字符串，接着发送到服务器。
在服务器端，一个客户程序接收和处理这些数据。
令人惊奇的是:这些为HTML表单创建有超过十年之久的控件仍然是你用来创建页面的基础。
不同的是这些程序控件将运行在服务器端。
在过去，当用户单击一个表单页面的按钮时，信息要通过e-mail来发送或者使用在服务器端运行的程序（通过CGI标准）。
今天，你将可以使用更强大、更优雅的平台。
理解的创建原因可以帮助我们了解其他网页开发技术遇到的问题。
在原始的CGI标准下，举个例子，网页服务器必须为每个网页请求建立一个单独的程序实例。
如果这个网页很受人们欢迎（那访问者将很多），那么网页服务器就要经受得起数以百计的独立程序副本，这样最终导致服务器反而因为受欢迎而成为受害者。
为了解决这个问题，微软开发了ISAPI（网络服务程序编程接口），一个高层次的编程模型。
IS API解决了性能问题，但是付出了复杂性的代价。
即使ISAPI开发者是个C＋编程老手，他仍然晚上担心到失眠，因为会遇到多线程处理这样让人麻烦的问题。
ISAPI编程是给那些坚强的“夜猫子”，不是给那些懦弱的人。
ISAPI并没有真正消失，取代它的是，微软利用它建立了一个更高级的开发平台，如ASP 和 。
这两种技术都可以使开发者编写动态网页，而不需要担心底层的执行细节。
由于这个原因，这两个平台成功到令人难以置信。
最初的ASP平台吸引了将近一百万的开发人员。
当第一次发布时，作为.NET Framew ork的核心部件受到人们更多关注。
事实上， 1.0已经在数十个大型商业网络中得到应用，虽然它还在最后的测试阶段。
虽然拥有类似的基础，ASP 和有根本的不同。
ASP是基于脚本的编程语言，需要全面理解HTML，而且还要经过一大堆痛苦的编程训练。
而，在另一方面，是面向对象的编程模型，建立网页页面就像建立桌面程序一样容易。
在很多方面，学会比精通ASP要容易，而且功能更加强大。
同时，服务器端的网络发展为从技术的字母形花片汤到广受欢迎的一类编程开发人员开始试着使用嵌入多媒体、JavaScript的小程序、DHTML和Java代码来增强网页的功能。
这些基于客户端的技术不需要通过服务器的处理就能实现。
所有的程序都（从服务器）下载到客户端浏览器，在本地执行。
客户端技术的最大问题就是它们不被所有的浏览器和操作系统完美的支持。
其中的一个原因就是网络开发太受欢迎了，首先是网络程序不需要通过CD安装、下载和其他单调的配置。
取而代之的是，一个网络程序只要能上网的电脑就可以执行了。
但是，一旦开发者使用客户端技术，他们就会遇到一些常见的问题：比如跨浏览器的兼容性。
开发者就不得不在不同的浏览器和操作系统中测试他们的网页，甚至他们还要给用户发布浏览器更新。
换句话说，客户端模型牺牲了网络程序最重要的优良特性。
由于上述原因，被设计为服务器端技术。
所有的代码都在服务器上执行。
当代码执行完毕时，用户就会得到一个普通的HTML页面，这样任何浏览器都可以浏览了。
图1－3显示了服务器端和客户端模型的不同。
这里还有几条原因要避免客户端编程：孤立性：客户端代码无法访问服务器资源。
举个例子，没有一种简单的方式让客户端可以读取一个在服务器上的文件或进行数据库连接。
（至少不会遇到安全性和浏览器兼容性的问题）安全性：最终用户可以查看客户端代码。
一旦有不怀好意的用户理解了程序是怎么工作的，他们就有可能乱来了。
在某些方面，允许你通过服务器端编程结合最佳的客户端编程。
举个例子：控件可以智能侦测客户端浏览器的属性。
如果该浏览器支持JavaScript，那么这些控件将返回一个含有JavaScript的更多功能的页面。
尽管如此，不管浏览器的功能有多强大，你的代码始终在服务器端执行。
状态限制：为了保证最佳性能，网络设计成无状态的协议。
意思就是：一旦页面已经传送给用户，连接就关闭了而且用户指定的信息也被丢弃了。
ASP包括一个ses sion state（会话状态）特性允许程序员来解决这个问题。
使用session state，一个网页程序可以为每一个客户端暂时保存信息（保存在服务器的内存里）。
尽管如此，如果一个网站是放在几个服务器上，session state就无能无力了。
在这种情况下，一个客户要访问B 服务器，而他的会话信息是被A服务器保留的，这样实际上这个会话信息将被丢弃掉。
ASP. NET纠正了这个问题，允许把状态储存在中央仓库，就像一个单独的进程或者一个所有服务器都可以访问的数据库。
通过引进全新的模型解决了上述问题（当然不止这些啦）。
这个模型是基于一个伟大的技术，称之为.NET Framework。
你应该知道的是：.NET Framew ork是几种技术的群集（集合）。
.NET语言：包括C＃、(Visual Basic .NET一种面向对象的、现代化的语言（VB 6.0的继任者）；这些语言还包括:(服务器端版本的JavaScript，J＃（java的兼容产品），还有C ＋＋管理扩充。
CLR（公共语言运行库）：CLR是执行所有.NET程序和为这些程序提供自动服务的引擎，如安全验证、内存管理和优化等。
.NET Framework类库：类库包含了成千上万个已经预建好的函数，你可以在你的程序中嵌入它们。
这些众多属性有时也被成为一个技术集，如（用来创建数据库程序的技术）和Windows Forms（也是一种技术，用来创建基于桌面的用户界面程序）。
：这是一种主机网页程序和网络服务的引擎，从. NET类库中包含了几乎所有特性。
还包含了网页特有的服务。
Visual Studio：这个可选的开发工具包含了众多提高效率和调试功能的特性。
VS的安装CD（或DVD）包含了完整的.NET Framework，所以你不需要额外下载它。
有趣的是，C＃和比C＃和Java 要相似多了（或者是VB6和）。
虽然语法是不同的，但是C＃和都使用.NET 类库，也都由CLR支持。
事实上，几乎所有的C＃代码块都可以一行一行翻译成的代码块。
当然也有不行的时候（如：C＃语言支持一种属性叫调用匿名方法，而不支持）。
但是对绝大部分来说，只要开发者学会了其中一个.NET语言，就可以很快学会另一种。
简而言之，C＃和都是一流的，现代的用来开发下一代网络程序的语言。
.NET 1.0引进了一种全新的语言。
尽管如此，.NET 2.0语言的变化还是细微的。
C# 2005和VB2 005都添加了一些新的特性，但是这些语言绝大部分都没有变化。
因此，任何使用C＃1.0编写的代码都可以同样的在2.0下运行。
在第二、三章，就会学到C＃语法和面向对象编程的基础。
搞定了这些基础，你就可以开始创建简单的网页了。
这样你就会少点困惑，学得更快。
（向一些高级话题进军，如数据库访问和网络服务）CLR（公共语言运行库）只能运行IL代码，这就意味着它根本不知道你的源代码是用哪一个语言编写的，尽管如此，CLR竟然完成了另外一个编译步骤——它接受了IL代码并把它转换成适合当前平台的本机机器语言。
这个步骤在程序启动时发生，而且在代码被真正执行之前。
在程序中，当网络程序正在运行时，这些特定机器文件存储在高速缓存中，所以它们可以被复用（重新使用），以确保最佳性能。
你或许会问.NET为什么不直接编译成机器语言。
原因是：机器代码取决于多个因素，包括CPU。
举个例子，如果你是为一台含有Intel 处理器的电脑而创建的机器代码，那么编译器将能够使用超线程技术来增强你的代码。
这种适用特点机器的版本并不适合在其他电脑中运行，因为你无法保证它们使用同样的处理器。
在VS 2005中，另一个受人欢迎的改变是支持不同的编码模型。
而VS2003却受那个困扰，VS 2005支持某个范围的不同编码模型，使它成为具有灵活性、通用性我的设计工具。
这就让你可以把HTML标签和事件处理代码放在同一个文件内或者分开存放，而不用委屈的使用VS，这样可以享受有用的特性好处，如代码智能完成。