《工商管理专业英语》翻译汇总
《工商管理专业英语》翻译汇总
1.现代管理学The modern era of management began early in the 20th century when classicaltheorists,economists,and industrial engineers offered a classical approach to increase the productivity of individuals and organizations.2.例如一种管理理论For example ,a management theory that emphasizes employee satisfactionmay be more helpful in dealing with a high employee turnover than with delays in production.3.甚至在今天Even today ,a great deal of what we know about management comes from theautobiographies and memoirs of men and women who are or have been practicing managers.4.尽管这些办法Although these approaches evolved in historical sequence ,later ideas havealways replaced early ones.5.在过去的30年During the last 30 years or so ,there have been attempts to integrate the threeapproaches to management—classical,behavioral,and management science.6.在这种情况下In this situation ,a compromise is necessary for the overall syetem to achieveits objective.7.例如严格的计划For example ,rigid plans,clearly defined jobs,antocratic leadership ,and tightcontrols have at times resulted in high productivity and satisfied workers.8.换言之In other words,the contingency approach seeks match different situations withdifferent management methods.9.当然富有远见Of cause ,having a vision is no guarantee of success.10.通常一份任务 A mission statement often focus on the market and customers that thecompany serves.11.这些管理人员These managers are the strategists who develop the plans that guide theorganization toward its goals.12.与其他人的沟通All the skills required to communicate with other people ,work effectivelywith them , motive them ,and lead them are interpersonal skills.13.为了把梦想变成In order to transform vision to reality ,managers must define specific goalsand objectives.14.最好的企业目标The best organizational ,measurable ,relevant ,challenging ,attainable ,andtime limited.15.折扣的发生A allowance occurs when a customer is not satisfied with a purchase for somereason.16.企业在计算These refunds and price reductions must be considered when the firm computersits net sales figure for the period.17.一系列这样的A series of these statement is a valuable tool for directing and controlling thebusiness.18.商人们谈及Businesspeople commonly use accounting terms when talking aboutcosts ,prices ,and profit.19.一份损益表The basic components of an operating statement are sales ,costs ,and profit orloss.20.零售商们正在寻求Retailers are searching for new marketing strategies to attract and holdcustomers.21.零售商们必须对Retailers must decide on three major product variables :productassortment ,services mix ,and store atmosphere.22.多数零售商不能Too many retailers fail to define their target markets and positions clearly.23.零售商的价格A retailer’s price policy is a crucial positioning factor and must be decided inrelation to its target market , its product and service assortment ,and its competition24.零售商使用Retailers use the normal promotion tools—advertising ,personal selling ,salespromotion ,and public relations—to reach consumers.25.零售商必须确定The retailers must determine both the product assortment’s width and itsdepth.26.制定正确价格The first step in setting the right price is to establish pricing goals.27.对于产品和服务The basic ,long-term pricing framework for a good or service should be alogical extension of the pricing objectives.28.因此，在销售Thus ,changing a pricing strategy can require dramatic alternations in themarketing mix.29.低价格可以获取The low price designed to capture a large share of a substantial market ,resulting in lower production costs.30.当生产由于技术Managers may follow a skimming strategy when production cannot beexpanded rapidly because of technological difficulties ,shortages ,or constraints imposed by the skill and time required to produce a product.31.低价格可以吸引Low price can draw additional buyers to enter the market.32.广告的基本功能The most basic function of advertising is to identify products anddifferentiate them from others.33.为了提高销售额To increase their sales or profit,companies develop marketing strategy byusing various marketing elements.34.广告的另一个功能Another function of advertising to induce consumers to try new productsand to suggest reuse.35.广告涉及到通过Advertising involves presenting the message,usually through the massmedia,to a large group of people know as target audience.36.通过同时向许多人By informing many people at once about available products andservices,advertising greatly reduces the costs and higher profits,can ease the task of personal selling.37.广告的定义有许多The definitions of advertising are many and varied.38.广告是产品和服务Advertising is a very important tool that enables competitors to enter themarket place.39.市场营销组合是由The marketing mix includes a set of elements known as four Ps and theyare under the heading of product,price,place and promotion.1.The three ( T )2.In solving ( F )3.In order words ( T )4.The systems ( T )5.Managers around ( T )6.It seeks ( F )7.Between the ( F )8.Management is ( T )9.To meet ( F ) 10.In order to ( T )11.As the ( T ) 12.A starting ( F ) 13.Technical skills ( F ) 14.And using ( F ) 15.An operating ( F ) ually, however ( T ) 17.An allowance ( F ) 18.All this ( T ) 19.Today, national ( T ) 20.They see ( F ) 21.Most retailers ( T ) 22.For all ( T ) rge retailers ( F )24.Small retailers ( T ) 25.A good ( T ) 26.A profit ( F ) 27.Theoretically ( T ) 28. A successful ( F ) 29.As a product ( T ) 30.A company’s ( T ) 31.Advertising is ( T ) 32.Advertising can ( F ) 33.The first ( T ) 34.The freedom ( T ) 35.Advertising itself ( T ) 36.All advertising ( F ) 37.All forms of ( T ) 38.advertising has ( F )1. 古典方法Classical approach to Management2. 管理学行为方法Behavioral approach to Management3. 管理学科学方法Management science approach4. （管理学）权变情境方法Contingency or situational approach to Management 1. 远见，洞察力Vision 2. 任务表述Mission statement 3. 长期目标Goal1. 短期目标Objective2. 管理结构Management pyramid3.高层管理者Top managers 1. 战略目标Strategic goals 2. 中层管理着Middle managers 3.战术目标Tactical objectives 1.一线管理者First-line managers 2. 损益表Operating Statement1. 销售总额Gross sales 2 价格折扣Allowance 3 净利润Net profit 1. 目标市场Target market2.市场定位Market positioning 1. 中间商品牌Private brand or middleman brand 2.价格策略Price strategy1. 撇指定价Price skimming2. 渗透定价Penetration pricing 1. 基础价格Base price 2 促销活动Promotion campaign3.目标受众Target audience 1. 促销组合Promotional mix 2.品牌忠诚Brand loyalty1.The managers described their ( generalize ) 管理者描述他们自己的管理经验，还尝试去概括他们认为可以被运用到相似情形中的那些准则。
工商管理专业英语Unit 2 The Scope of Managem
整理课件
5
Glossary
• mission ['miʃən]
• n. 使命、任务、代表团 • v. 派遣、传教
• e.g. A starting point is to write a
mission statement that defines why
affordable transportation available to
every person. • 亨利· 福特设想制造出每个人都能负担得起
的交通工具。
整理课件
4
Glossary
• strive [straiv]
• v. 奋斗、努力 strive after/for为...奋 斗 strive toward 向...奋进
整理课件
10
Glossary
• interpersonal [.intə'pə:sənl]
• adj. 人与人之间的、人际关系的
• e.g. Managers also employ skills that
fall into three basic categories:
interpersonal,
Unit 2 The Scope of Management
整理课件tail [in'teil]
• v. 使必须、带来、伴随 • n. 限定继承权 • e.g. Management entails planning,
organizing, coordinating, leading, and controlling resources to efficiently reach these goals. • 管理需要计划、组织、协调、领导和控制 资源来有效地达到这些目标。
工商管理专业英语unit3 What are Orgnizations
精品文档
Glossary
beast: n. Sometimes a thing. 事物 organization n. A group of people with a special purpose, such as a club or business. 团体，组织，机构， 社团 invention n. Something invented 发明物 contrivance n. Esp. a machine or apparatus 发明（物）； 器械 patronage n. All the patrons of a shop, hotel, etc., as a group 所有的顾客 impact n. The force of an idea, invention, system, etc. 影 响力 perspective n. The way in which a matter is judged, so that (proper) consideration and importance is given to each part 判断事物的方法 association n. The act of joining or the state of being joined with somebody or something 联合；结合；结交
inventions for accomplishing goals effort.
➢Organizational Behavior : the attitudes and
behavior of individuals and groups in Organizations.
工商管理英语第二章翻译
英语第二章Organized societies throughout the world operate within various type of legal systems can be broken down into five broad categories :common law ,civil law, socialist law ,Islamic law and Hindu law .While these categories are, of course ,an oversimplification , with much overlapping , a company doing business in a legal system different from its own must learn the perimeters of the foreign law .for instance , under Islamic legal systems the paying of interest on money is forbidden .全世界有组织的社会在不同类型的法律制度下运作, 可以分为五大类：普通法、民法、社会主义法、伊斯兰法和印度教法。
而这些类别, 当然, 过于简单化, 多重叠, 一个公司在不同于自己的法律体系做生意必须借鉴国外法律的周长。
例如, 伊斯兰法律系统的支付利息的钱是被禁止的。
Common law countries include the united states , britain and former british colonies .The predominant characteristic of common law is its dependence on judicial decisions , that is the authority of prior decisions in resolving current cases.In recent times ,however ,these countries are passing more legislation ; the judicial rule therefore becomes increasingly a matter of interpreting statutes.英美法系国家包括美国、英国和英国前殖民地。
工商管理专业英的语词汇与专题集结分析
工商管理专业英语词汇与专题集结Unit 1 :The evolution of management as a field of studyPart 1：Glossary1、evolution n（生物进化，强调慢，由时间累加而成）change vt. 改变；交换 n. 变化；找回的零钱 vi. 改变；兑换revolution n 变革改革（工业变革、企业变革、思维变革）2、general adj 一般的，普通的；综合的；大体的 n. 一般；将军，上将；常规generalizable adj 课归纳的可概括的generalization n 概括generalize vi 形成概念 vt 概括推广generalized adj普遍的无显著特征的3、autobiography n自传自传文学biography n 传记档案个人简历4、memoir n回忆录5、extreme adj极其的extremely adv 极其地badly 极其地恶劣地非常地严重地heavily 沉重地猛烈地沉闷地（修饰可数名词）strongly 强有力地气味浓烈地（如酒的烈等）6、perspective n 观点视角 on the perspective of 以……视角respect n （可观存在的）方面aspect n（主观的）方面retrospect n 回顾 intro-- outro-- retro-- 后续7、turnover n流通量人员流失量资金周转 adj 可翻转的daily turnover 日产量annual turnover 年产量Takeaway 打包外卖8、approach（es） n 办法方法 vt 接近着手处理 vi 接近way（显而易见的）方法method（理论研究）方法Path（实现……路径）方法channel（营销方面）方法9、dynamize vt（考虑到通货膨胀等因素）增加（养老金、退休金等）价值使增加dynamical adj （连贯的）变化action 活动10、interdependent adj 相互依赖的互助的11、character n 性格特质characterize 描述（特征）Chinese character 中文汉子describe （文学）描述12、popularity n 普及声誉名望Populace n 大众民众popularization n 通俗化民众化13、reliance n 信赖信任受信赖的人或物 rely on 依赖依靠14、sufficient a 充足的15、sufficiency n 充足（可形容人自满自傲）16、alliance n 联盟联合17、complement n 补足物18、complementary adj 补足的补充的Part 21、 community n 社区社团（合法的）district n 区域地方行政communist n共产党共产主义 adj共产主义的communism n 共产主义communist party 共产党2、 social adj 社会的人际的socialism n 社会主义的社会主义者（socialist）3、 capitalism n 资本主义资本4、 imperialism n 帝国主义5、 CEO （chief executive officer）CFO （chief finance officer）COO （chief operation officer）CDO （chief design officer）6、agency n代理中介代理处travel agency 旅行社7、 managing director 总经理常务理事总裁8、 supervisor 主管9、 market share 市场占有率10、prevailing price 流行价格（基于市场的）on the prevailing price 吃回扣market cut （口语中不正当的、不合法的）回扣11、managerial competency 管理胜任能力12、insurance agency 保险机构13、task force 特别小组14、allocation of resource 资源配置15、sales associate 销售合伙人销售助理 peer 同事Unit 2：The scope of managementPart 1：Glossary1、 entail vt 使承担需要（必须的）伴随 n 零售批发entailment n 限定继承retail vt. 零售；转述 vi. 零售 n. 零售 adv. 以零售方式 adj. 零售的t ail n 尾巴2、conform v 使一致；使需要 conform to 遵照、符合Conformable a 顺从的、合适的、一致的Conformance n 顺应、一致Conformation n 构造Reform v 改革、改制Transform 变形Inform v 通知3、envision v 想像Vision n 视力、视觉、视野、远见Visible a 可见的Visionary n 空想家、梦想家Visibility n 可见物4、strive v 奋斗、争取Strive for 为……奋斗、争取（+目标或者物）Strive toward （常常+目标，朝……奋斗）Strive with +人与……一起奋斗5、mission n 使命（短期内不可实现）（难度很大）Task n 相当具体的任务（往往是上级下达的）Target n 任务目标Goal n （长期）目标Assignment n 任务分配（如大学作业，职位等）6、franchise n 代理、特许经营、特许经营权（如KFC或者HM)Dealership n 代理商、经营权Chain store 广泛性质的连锁（如绝味鸭脖）Territory sales （manager）大众化区域经理Territory dealership 区域经销权（代理商）7、tactical a （贬义）战术的（用手段完成）Tactic n 策略，战略Strategy n （褒义词）战略、策略Stick（y） a 小把戏、小技巧8、department n 部门的、院系的、科室Dept n 简写9、peer n 同级的同事Colleague n 同事Coworker n 团队同事（短期合作）10、foster v 促进、抚养、培养Promote v 职位晋升、销售的促销Promotion n 职位晋升、促销Enhance v 加强（没有strengthen程度强）Push v 强制推行或执行11、stakeholder n 持股人、股东Ower n 拥有者Partner n 搭档Manager n 管理者补充：informercial n 商业信息片Commercial n 商业，通过利益获取利润（贬义）Unit 3：What are organizations？Part 1：Glossary1、beast n 事物2、organ n 器官organize v 指人或动物的组织organization n 组织3、contrivance n 发明（物）、机械、谋划contrived a 牵强的contrive v 设计、谋划、发明4、patronage n 所有顾客谢谢惠顾patrons n 老顾客crew n （飞机、火车、船）的工作人员staff n 员工（下级）teamplayer n （比赛）成员5、impact n 影响力Impact on 对……影响influence n 影响6、associate v 联合、结合associate with…………联合7、whim n 突然想起的念头（怪）、一时兴致idea n 清晰的注意（能被人接受）thought n 伟人思想hope （可实现的）wish （虚拟的）imagination n 想象illustion n 由药物酒精而产生的幻觉fancy n 意想不到的惊喜、新潮的、昂贵的（酒店、餐厅）fancied a 空想的fanciful a 空想的（东西）fantasy n 白日梦fantistico n 爱奇思怪想的人8、achieve v 获取、取得（正面的东西）attain v 获取achievement n 成就成果achievable a 可实现的9、soul n 灵魂、人、精髓（理论、思想……）lack soul 缺乏内涵ghost泛指真正的鬼魂10、virtue n 美德By virtue of 由于……/鉴于……virtual a 虚拟的11、survival n 生存、幸存survive （in） v 靠……维持；以……存活survivable a 幸存的survivor n 幸存者12、efficiency n 功效、效率、效能efficient a 直接生效的relieve v 缓解13、intellectual a 智力的intelligence n 由于学习知识，智力的提升Central intelligence agency （CIA）中央情报局（美国）intelligible a 明白易懂的intellect n 智力、理解力、知识分子、智力高的人、思维逻辑领悟力intellection n 智力活动Intellectual property 知识产权Intellectual works 脑力活动14、chart n （泛指）图表Curve n 特指曲线图pie n 指扁形图Table n 指财务报表Form n （需写个人信息）图表（如酒店入住）Graph n （带有图片说明）图表Part 2Aspect vs RespectSide （两面的）面 by your side 在你身边Field (具体的领域）领域Area （范围广）区域Factor （文章中提到的要点、具体某点）要素Facet （立体的面）建筑物的面Dimension （指空间交叉的维度）维度Lateral 指边的Unilateral 单边的、独边的Multilateral 多变的Marginal边缘化（国际关系……）页边Refer v 参考Refer to ……as 作为……提及Reference n 参考文献Profit—oriented 营利导向的Nonprofit 非营利的Profitable 可营利的Profit vs benefitProfit 贬义词是指营利以后给的好处Benefit 褒义词包含各方面的好处Unit 4：Developing quality and competitive advantagePart 1：Glossary1、innovation n 创新、革新innovative a 创新的，革新的（突破，不一定是史无前例的创新）Creative a 创造性、创新的（指方法、观点、思想的创新，前所未有的） Innovate v 创新、创造2、optimize v 使最优化（决策）Optimization n 最优化Optimistic a 乐观的Optimist n 乐观主义者Optimism n 乐观主义Optimistical a 乐观的、乐天的Optimistically a 乐观地、乐天地3、medieval a 中世纪的、（贬）原始的、仿中世纪的、老式的medievalism n 中世纪精神、中世纪性质4、usher v 宣告、展示介绍、开始、开创5、exoticism n 异国风情、情调strange a 由陌生不熟悉产生的奇怪weird a 对行为性格、事件超出常规的奇怪exotic a 由宗教或风俗所产生的奇怪6、strenuous a 艰苦的、需要付出巨大努力的（对应achieve）effort （努力程度最轻）努力struggle v （生死线上、不是一般的努力）挣扎7、artifical a 人工智能的、非真实的、伪造的fake n 赝品counterfeit n 仿制品、仿冒品knockoff n 名牌的仿制品copycat n 没有主见的模仿（包括人和物）Shanzhai 山寨山寨手机：Robinhood cellphone8、navigate v （航海领域、空中、陆地）导航navigation n 航行、航海navigable a 可航行的、可驾驶的、适于航行的navigability n 耐航性9、prototype n 原型、标准、模范stereotype v 使用铅板、套用老套、使一成不变 n 陈腔滥调、老套、铅板Unit 5：Competitive industry environment analysisPart 1：Glossary1、long-term 长期的2、aggregation a 集合体3、carbonated a 充了碳酸气的4、alignment n 结盟5、meaningless a 无意义的、无价值的6、withdrawal n 撤退7、interactive a 互相作用的8、nutrition n 营养9、pharmaceutical a 制药的10、niche n 产品或服务所需的特殊领域11、entrant n 参加竞赛者12、replenishment n 补给补充13、alleviate v 减轻14、shakeout 经济衰退Inventory list 库存清单 future deal 期货交易 stock deal 股票交易Spot deal 现货交易 trade mark 商标 executive director执行理事第六单元和第七单元的词汇全看专业英语题型解析：选词填空：看专业英语书每单元后面练习II、Vocabulary Review的选词填空部分，试卷题目为四选一，相对简单点，但是一定要记得词汇本身固有的搭配，可参照总结的词汇。
工商管理专业外语翻译
The concert of utility效用概念Economists first began to analyze consumer behavior over a century ago when it was fashionable in psychological circles, to assert that much of human behavior could be explained by people’s desire to realize as much “pleasure” and to avoid as much “pain” as possible. The pleasure-pain doctrine was quickly borrowed by economists and applied to the sphere of consumer expenditures in what became the first systematic theory of motivated consumer behavior; the basic economic thesis was that rational consumers would ,quite intentionally ,manage their purchases of goods and services so as to realize the greatest possibleamountofoveralltotal“satisfaction”.Eco nomistslabeledthewant-satisfying power of goods and services as “utility”.经济学家最开始研究消费者行为学是在一个多世纪前当心理学界流行一种说法：人们的很多行为可以解释为人们为了尽可能获得更多的幸福、规避更多的痛苦而做的努力。
工商管理专业英语
affordable adj. 支付得起的、不太昂贵的 v. afford 担负得起、提供、给予 affordable housing 经济适用房
3. 3. Focus: specific regional market or customer groups
Managerial Structure
First-line managers middle managers
top managers
Strategic goals
tactical objectives operational objectives
adj. 客观的、真实的、目标的
Management pyramid 管理金字塔、管理组织结构 Top managers 高层管理者（通常包括CEO, COO, CFO, CIO等） Strategic goals 战略目标（全局的、总体的目标） Middle managers 中层管理者（通常包括部门经理、分公司经理等） Tactical objectives 战术目标（部门的目标、服从于strategic
New Manager
1.Thinks of self as sponsor（发起者主 办 者 ） , team leader, or internal consultant（顾问）. 2.Deals with anyone necessary to get the job done. 3.Changes organizational structures in response to market change. 4.Invites others to join in decision making. 5.Shares information.
工商管理专业英语Unit4-What
• 第一，组织中的大部份工作可以毫不夸张地说是由群体完 成的，无论是短期工作队或是在组织表格中标明的正式工 作群体。
a
22
Glossary
• predict [pri‘dikt]
• v. 预言、预报、预知、预测 • e.g. We are therefore interested in predicting and explaining the
a
16
Glossary
• subset [‘sʌbset]
• n. 子集
• e.g. These organizational behaviors are important because they
represent a subset of people-related operative goals which help
due to lack of patronage, it ceases to be an organization.
• 然而，如果你最喜欢的饭店或酒馆由于缺少客人光顾而关 门，那么它就不再是一个组织了。
a
5
Glossary
• impact [‘impækt,im’pækt]
• n. 影响、冲击力 • v. 冲击、撞击、产生影响 • e.g. Particular technologies have an important impact on the
Unit 4 What is Organization behavior?
a
1
Glossary
• beast [bi:st]
• n. 兽、畜生、凶残的人
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1.现代管理学The modern era of management began early in the 20th century when classicaltheorists,economists,and industrial engineers offered a classical approach to increase the productivity of individuals and organizations.2.例如一种管理理论For example ,a management theory that emphasizes employee satisfactionmay be more helpful in dealing with a high employee turnover than with delays in production.3.甚至在今天Even today ,a great deal of what we know about management comes from theautobiographies and memoirs of men and women who are or have been practicing managers.4.尽管这些办法Although these approaches evolved in historical sequence ,later ideas havealways replaced early ones.5.在过去的30年During the last 30 years or so ,there have been attempts to integrate the threeapproaches to management—classical,behavioral,and management science.6.在这种情况下In this situation ,a compromise is necessary for the overall syetem to achieveits objective.7.例如严格的计划For example ,rigid plans,clearly defined jobs,antocratic leadership ,and tightcontrols have at times resulted in high productivity and satisfied workers.8.换言之In other words,the contingency approach seeks match different situations withdifferent management methods.9.当然富有远见Of cause ,having a vision is no guarantee of success.10.通常一份任务 A mission statement often focus on the market and customers that thecompany serves.11.这些管理人员These managers are the strategists who develop the plans that guide theorganization toward its goals.12.与其他人的沟通All the skills required to communicate with other people ,work effectivelywith them , motive them ,and lead them are interpersonal skills.13.为了把梦想变成In order to transform vision to reality ,managers must define specific goalsand objectives.14.最好的企业目标The best organizational ,measurable ,relevant ,challenging ,attainable ,andtime limited.15.折扣的发生A allowance occurs when a customer is not satisfied with a purchase for somereason.16.企业在计算These refunds and price reductions must be considered when the firm computersits net sales figure for the period.17.一系列这样的A series of these statement is a valuable tool for directing and controlling thebusiness.18.商人们谈及Businesspeople commonly use accounting terms when talking aboutcosts ,prices ,and profit.19.一份损益表The basic components of an operating statement are sales ,costs ,and profit orloss.20.零售商们正在寻求Retailers are searching for new marketing strategies to attract and holdcustomers.21.零售商们必须对Retailers must decide on three major product variables :productassortment ,services mix ,and store atmosphere.22.多数零售商不能Too many retailers fail to define their target markets and positions clearly.23.零售商的价格A retailer’s price policy is a crucial positioning factor and must be decided inrelation to its target market , its product and service assortment ,and its competition24.零售商使用Retailers use the normal promotion tools—advertising ,personal selling ,salespromotion ,and public relations—to reach consumers.25.零售商必须确定The retailers must determine both the product assortment’s width and itsdepth.26.制定正确价格The first step in setting the right price is to establish pricing goals.27.对于产品和服务The basic ,long-term pricing framework for a good or service should be alogical extension of the pricing objectives.28.因此，在销售Thus ,changing a pricing strategy can require dramatic alternations in themarketing mix.29.低价格可以获取The low price designed to capture a large share of a substantial market ,resulting in lower production costs.30.当生产由于技术Managers may follow a skimming strategy when production cannot beexpanded rapidly because of technological difficulties ,shortages ,or constraints imposed by the skill and time required to produce a product.31.低价格可以吸引Low price can draw additional buyers to enter the market.32.广告的基本功能The most basic function of advertising is to identify products anddifferentiate them from others.33.为了提高销售额To increase their sales or profit,companies develop marketing strategy byusing various marketing elements.34.广告的另一个功能Another function of advertising to induce consumers to try new productsand to suggest reuse.35.广告涉及到通过Advertising involves presenting the message,usually through the massmedia,to a large group of people know as target audience.36.通过同时向许多人By informing many people at once about available products andservices,advertising greatly reduces the costs and higher profits,can ease the task of personal selling.37.广告的定义有许多The definitions of advertising are many and varied.38.广告是产品和服务Advertising is a very important tool that enables competitors to enter themarket place.39.市场营销组合是由The marketing mix includes a set of elements known as four Ps and theyare under the heading of product,price,place and promotion.1.The three ( T )2.In solving ( F )3.In order words ( T )4.The systems ( T )5.Managers around ( T )6.It seeks ( F )7.Between the ( F )8.Management is ( T )9.To meet ( F ) 10.In order to ( T )11.As the ( T ) 12.A starting ( F ) 13.Technical skills ( F ) 14.And using ( F ) 15.An operating ( F ) ually, however ( T ) 17.An allowance ( F ) 18.All this ( T ) 19.Today, national ( T ) 20.They see ( F ) 21.Most retailers ( T ) 22.For all ( T ) rge retailers ( F )24.Small retailers ( T ) 25.A good ( T ) 26.A profit ( F ) 27.Theoretically ( T ) 28. A successful ( F ) 29.As a product ( T ) 30.A company’s ( T ) 31.Advertising is ( T ) 32.Advertising can ( F ) 33.The first ( T ) 34.The freedom ( T ) 35.Advertising itself ( T ) 36.All advertising ( F ) 37.All forms of ( T ) 38.advertising has ( F )1. 古典方法Classical approach to Management2. 管理学行为方法Behavioral approach to Management3. 管理学科学方法Management science approach4. （管理学）权变情境方法Contingency or situational approach to Management 1. 远见，洞察力Vision 2. 任务表述Mission statement 3. 长期目标Goal1. 短期目标Objective2. 管理结构Management pyramid3.高层管理者Top managers 1. 战略目标Strategic goals 2. 中层管理着Middle managers 3.战术目标Tactical objectives 1.一线管理者First-line managers 2. 损益表Operating Statement1. 销售总额Gross sales 2 价格折扣Allowance 3 净利润Net profit 1. 目标市场Target market2.市场定位Market positioning 1. 中间商品牌Private brand or middleman brand 2.价格策略Price strategy1. 撇指定价Price skimming2. 渗透定价Penetration pricing 1. 基础价格Base price 2 促销活动Promotion campaign3.目标受众Target audience 1. 促销组合Promotional mix 2.品牌忠诚Brand loyalty1.The managers described their ( generalize ) 管理者描述他们自己的管理经验，还尝试去概括他们认为可以被运用到相似情形中的那些准则。