2000年5月TOEFL语法笔记

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老托福语法笔记

语法笔记，给offerdd 和各位托友最后的总复习：把所有做错的题目写出来，把正确答案安上，熟读或背诵。

填空题的作题方法1. 先看句子的分界点（即连词，介词，分词和标点符号）选择要看的兔子内容，即只关注空格所在句子2. 简化句子：a-副词adv.b-介词短语（句首除外）2乍定语的形容词d-作定语或者壮语的分词短语e-与空格无关的句子3. 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分捷径：可套用固定结构或句型4. 区分选项，结合句意和语感 ---- ＞确定答案填空分类：简单句，主从句（状语从句，定语从句），倒装句，平行结构，同位语结构改错的做题方法：敏感和熟练是唯一的秘诀1 .语法和句意并重2. 先看句子结构，边读句意考虑划线部分的语法知识点3. 熟练掌握各种错误类型，对特殊词形成特殊反应4. 读句子要读全，避免无谓失误填空的固定结构一、主句专一结构任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词连接句子之间必须有连词连接*句子，句子永远错二、谓语专一结构任何句子只有一个谓语，谓语之间必须有连词连接，谓语可以是两个动词的并列形式* 主谓，谓错三、平行结构A，B，or/andCA,B, C三个元素必须对应四、宾语从句结构宾从：S+Vt+(that+SVO)* 看到这些Vt 后，第一反应找that (讲义P21)indicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate,show,hold,insist,say,tell,believe ,think,learn宾语从句中，that 在下列词后可省：believe,think,suppose,presume,say,see,know,hear,propose,heatunderstand,bet old五、what 结构(A) what=thethingthat=allthat,thing 由句意决定(B) what 必须在前后句中都作成分(C) noun.+what 永远错(D) what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以用作介词或者动词的宾语what+V=thethingthat+Vprep.+what+V*prep.+what+ 完整句子永远错，改为whichVt+what+V(E) what 的出题方法(1)prep __________ V(2)Vt __________ V(F) *whatisnow 永远对，做插入语成分where+V 永远错，因为where 是adv.(G) whatlittle=alittlewhat六、介词+which 结构which 只能用于定语从句，在从句中必须作主/ 宾语(A) SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)(B) SVO+prep.+which完整句* 句子_______ 句子，优先选择prep+which(C) 介词+which+todo条件是主语必须一致七、inthat 结构in that二because连词，出现就是正确答案不能位于句首：句子inthat 结构* 如果发现句子______ 句子，优先选择prep+which 和inthat 结构八、同位语结构主同，宾同，n同位语说明主/ 宾某一方面的内容(A) 主语同位语的三种位置1. -------------------------------- 主同，主谓宾noun,SVO逗号前的名词只能是主同2.S主同，V03.主同主谓宾(B) 宾语同位语的两个位置主谓宾，宾同主谓宾宾同*同位语从句是名词性从句：..... +noun .+that+SVOthat 是关系副词SVO来说明noun.*adv. 不能修饰任何名词但是adv.+同位语是正确的：...,(whichis)approximatelythedistanee.九、形容词的并列结构----- ＞可参考改错类型十(A) adjadjadj+noun.n 个adj 不并列，有确定的先后顺序(B) 当多个形容词用逗号连接时，这几个形容词完全对等，无先后顺序(逗号相当于and)* 选项中有复合形容词即为答案十、比较结构(A) 对称性：比较对象应该对称* 选that/those/theone ---- 泛指不选it/them -------------- 特指(B) 省略性：相同的谓语结构可以省,be动词通常省(C) 倒装性：(more)than后可以倒装也可以不倒装十一、定语从句的省略结构(A) 定语从句中，主+系可以同时省略即that+be,which+be,who+be可省(B) 定从的特殊省略eg:IdorememberthefirsttimeIhaveheardthesweetestvoiceintheworld.1 、thetime 后面通常+句子，因为(when,that)都省略2、thereason(why,that)+句子3、theway(inwhich)+句子(C定从中，如果that/which在定从中作宾语(讲义P26)that/which 可省略(作主语不可省)SVO+(that,which)+S+Vt...noun.+(which,that)noun.+Vt*题目中两个名次连不上的情况即省略发生了(讲义No.27)。

TOEFL语法笔记

TOEFL语法笔记王海波代词95%为错，情态动词永远不错，first 划线永远对，虚拟语气不考。

填空的基本做法：1 先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分成记几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子。

句法：{①简单句： S+V②并列句：分句+并列句子+；句子+。

并列句划为简单句：句子，and/all/but+句子。

③复合句：主句+从句划为简单句2 简化句子简化原则：①adv/数/冠可以划掉②介词短语可以划掉③修饰名词的adj/n可以划掉④做状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以很划掉 p65-5/83 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分。

捷径：可直接套用句型和结构 p53-14 ，倒装句答案的首字母为系动词或助动词p92-14 * ——+n为There be 句型p210-74 区分四选项，结合句意和语感确定答案。

句子→简单句→主干→判断→选答案主语，——，谓宾。

100%考↓插入语定语从句或省略的定语从句定语从句中主和系可以同时省略which+be/that+be/who+be 可以省略①定语从句②n③adj短语/分词短语/介词改错做题要点：1 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句（做题思想）。

2 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确。

3 熟悉掌握各种错误类型。

4 做题 ABCD要看全，选择一个最明显的错误，最好有明确的理由。

填空的固定句型和结构一主句专一结构 1-2※句子，句子。

为错任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词。

※任何从句都是正常语序。

二谓语专一结构 3-4任何一个句子只有一个谓语，谓语动词之间一定要有连词连接。

※主谓……谓……错主谓……，谓……。

错三平行结构 5-6X and YX ，Y and Z 各元素必须一致 to do ，do and do 。

be done ，done and done。

※——，——，and——。

四 what 结构 7-8缩合连接代词（1）what =the thing that =all that thing 由句意定7 中what =the corp that 8 中what =the place that（2）what 在前后句中必须同时做成分 what =the thing that（3）n+what 错 n+the thing that √※prep+what+SVO 错 what →which√（4）what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以做主语，宾语，表语。

老托福2000年5月阅读解析第五篇

2000年5月第五篇Questions 41-50According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, Line such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, althoughsupport to individual members.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other groupmembers. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to(25) suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote(30) distant respect.题目解析：41. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The problems faced by leaders(B) How leadership differs in small and large groups(C) How social groups determine who will lead them(D) The role of leaders in social groups解析：本文第1段和第2段讲了一个团体中领导的产生，第3段和第4段着重阐述了领导的角色，即功用型领导和亲和型领导。

2000年5月-托福考试听力文本

2000年5月-托福考试听力文本2000年5月托福听力文字Part A1 W: I'm not swimming in the lake unless it warms up outside today.M: Me neither. Unfortunately I think it's supposed to stay as cold all day.Q: What can be inferred about the speakers?2 M: that sweater is so unusual, and yet it looks familiar. Did I just see you wearing it yesterday? W: Well, not me. but...see, it belongs to my roommate Jill, and she is in your chemistry class. Q: What does the woman imply?3 W: This toothache is killing me! i was hoping it would just go away but it's getting worse bythe minute. what did you say the name of your dentise was?M: I told you last week to make that appointment.Q: what does the man imply?4 M: you wanna go to a lecture tonight over int he science auditorium? it's some guy who spent ayear living in antarctica.W: no kidding! i'm doing a report on Antarctica for my geography class. maybe i can get some good information to add to it.Q: what does the woman mean?5 W: i'd really like to learn how to play chess, but it looks so complicated. it seems like it willtake a really long time to learn.M: well, it takes a long time to get good at it. but we can go over the basics the afternoon if you want.Q: what does the man imply?6 M: Do you think u can lend me that novel when you are finished with it? I've been looking allover for a copy, but apparently it sold out at all the bookstores.W: oh, it's not mine. it belongs to Alive. but i'll see what she says.Q: what will the woman problaly do?7 W: umm...are you going to try some of this chocolate pudding? it's incredible.M: well, to be honest with you, i've never been a big fan of chocolate.Q: what does the man imply?8 W: why don't we go catch the new Italian film at the Pin Street cinema?M: that's a little out of the way, don't u think? it's playing just up the street of the Grow of Two, you know.Q: what does the man suggest they do?9 W: hi, i know Doctor Wilson's out of town at a conference, but i was wondering...um...since shewon't be back till next week, if u...if u could check in your computer records "n"(and) find out how i did on her mid-term exam?M: i'm sorry ,miss. but i'm not authorized to give out that kind of information.Q: what does the man mean?10 M: you wouldn't believe the line at the auto inspection center.i waited more than two hoursto get through it.W: that's what u get for waiting until the last day of the month.Q: what does the woman imply?11 W: you know, i'll be conducting my psychololgy experiment this Sat. and i'm going to have myhands full. so i was sondering if you could help me. maybe you could register the subjects and ask 'em(them) a few questions as they come in.M: i've got some work of my own to do. but i guess i can make sometime. just let me know what i'm supposed to do.Q: what does the man mean?12 W: did you ever get around to cashing that refund check from the bookstore?M: oh, gosh! you konw what, i must've misplaced that in my desk somewhere. but thanks for reminding me.my funds are running low, so i'd better idn it soon.Q: what will the man probably do?13 W: it sounds like Kare isn't happy at all with her new roommate. did she say why?M: believe me, i tried to find out. but i simply couldn't pin her down.Q: what does the man mean?14 W: oh, Professor Jackson, I was wondering...but uh...well, if uh...if I had a chance yet touh...look at my thesis proposal?M: well, i know you gave it to me over a week ago,but to be honest,i have been swamped with other things.Q: what does the professor imply?15 W: that's a shame about your car.talk about bad timing!M: yeah.and just a few months ago i put 400 dollars into it and i hoped itwould make it through another year.Q: what can be inferred about the man's car?16 M: this stew is delicious. i'd love to be able to make it myselfW: why not? you can get all the ingredients at any supermarket. here,let me get a pencil and paper.Q: what will te woman probably do next?17 W: so how was the dramma club's new production last night? did i miss out on anything good?M: hardly,i kept looking at my watch the whole time.Q: what does the man mean?18 W: i feel you haven't gotten that program to run on your computer yet.want me go over theinstruction manual with you?M: that would be great. you need a Ph.D. to understand it.Q: What can be inferred about the man?19 W: how do i get one of those green buckets everyone here puts out of the curb of paper recycling?M: oh,just call up the sanitation department,the'll deliver a bucket at no charge.Q: what does the man suggest the woman do?20 M: there's nothing i like better to get me started in the morning than a big breakfast,eggs,bacon, homefried potatoes...W: not me! all that fatty food will give me a stomachache. i prefer something light, like fruit or a yogurt.Q: what does the woman mean?21 W: what's the problem, paul? you really look panicked.M: i am speaking to a group of high school students about engineering this afternoon. buti have no idea how i am going to simplify some of the soncepts for them.Q: what can be infeered about the man?22 W: well, i am never doing this again! seven courses in one semester isjust too much.i don'thave a minute to myself!M: well i hate to say this, but ...i told you so.Q: what does the man mean?23 W: do you think we can use your pickup truck to take the telescopesout to the field again thisweekend?M: to be honest, i've got a lot of dents in my truck from the last field trip. maybe someone else can help out this time.Q: what does the man imply?24 M: d you think Dr. Luby will lead a theater trip to Broadway in New York City again this year?W: i don't think so. i know so! and i've already signed up for it.Q: what does the woman mean?25 W: tomorrow we are having our first test in my history class. i' mreally worried about it. you'vetaken one of Dr. Parker's tests, haven't u? I hear they're impossible to pass.M: i don't know who you've been talking to. My experience was just the opposite.Q: what does the man imply?26 M: i haven't turned on my air-conditioner at all this summer.W: that's surprising, considering how hot it's been lately.Q: what does the woman find surprising?27 W: hey, congratulations on winning the essay contest.that thousand-dollar prize money shouldreally come in handy.M: you bet! i've already put it aside to cover the increase my landlord just announced for next year.Q: what does the man mean?28 W: you know,we never went over chapter 16 in class. what do you think the odds are that Dr.Bomb will include it ont he test?M: he's been long to do things like that. so i wouldn't put it past himQ: what does the man say about Dr.Bomb?29 W: i heard that only 20% of summer jobs in this part os the country are advertised. the other80% are filled some other way.M: relaly? then maybe i need to change my jobsearch techniques.Q: what can be inferred about the man?30 M: i don't remember theassignmentoff hand,but i've got it written downat home.how about if icall u tonight?W: if u call before nine,just leave a message with my roommate.Q: why will the man call the woman?Listen to a voncersation between two stduents in the lounge of a college dormitory.W: Hi, Kaven.Your roommate told me that I could find you in the TV lounge. what are you doing here? M: what does it look like i am doing?W: well, it looks like u are watching television. but we have a linear algebra mid-term tomorrow, so i thought you'd be studying for it and maybe i can study with you.M: oh,well,i was just taking a break.this linear algebra stuff gives me aheadache if i work on it too long.W: i know what you mean. i've been working on it for three hours through it already. i'm beginning to go corss.i'd been theorying at the sample problems. i just don't get some of them.M: but i can't believe you are coming to me.i mean you do konw what i got on the last test,don't u?W: yeah,i know.you told me.i just thought two heads might be better one.M: yeah,that's nice idea.but...you know,i wish i knew that person in our class who got a hundred on the last test.she didn't miss a question. umm...was it Elizabeth?W: oh yeah, Elizabeth! she is a friend of mine. she'd be a big help right now. why don't i give her a call?M: what! at this hour? it's already ten thirty. i don't wanna impose on her.W: yeah, i guess you are right. but you know what, she owes me a big favor. let's at least give her a call and see what she syas. maybe going over some of the problems with us wouls help her review the material.M: it's worth a try.31 what are the speakers mainly discussing?32 why is the man watching television?33 why is the man surprised that the woman wants to study linear algebrawith him?34 why doesn't the man want to call Elizabeth?Questions 35 through 39:Listen to two students talking about their engineering class.W: hello?M: hi, may, this is bill johns.W: oh hi, bill. you weren't in engineering class today, were you?M: i have the full. i was sonderfing if you could tell me what went on.W: actually we had an interesting class. Dr.Collin talked about a new type of fuel.M: oh, yeah?W: uh-hum. it's called dimethyl-ether or DME.M: oh, i remember reading something about DME.it's mostly used in spray cans, right?W: right. DME doesn't destory the ozone, so it's been environmentally friendsly.M: but doesn't DME pullute the air if it's burned in an engine?W: Dr. Collin says something about its exhausts being clear,that it doesn't release as much pullutants as diesel fuel. and he mentioned something about DME being more efficient than other alternative fuels.M: when will it replace diesel fuel?W: not for a while.it's not economical to massproduce.M: well, thanks for the information.i guess i won't need to borrow your notes.W: well,maybe you should look at them. we are having a test next week.M: okay, could u give them to Mike Andrews? I think he is in your psychology class. he is my roommate. W: sure. i hope you're feeling better soon.M: thanks. me too. bye!W: bye!35 what is the converstation mainly about?36 why is the woman giving the man the information?37 what effect will the increased use of DME instead of diesel fuel probably have?38 according to the conversation, why won't DME be on the market soon?39 why does the woman suggest the man look at her notes?Questions 40 through 43:Okay. Uh...you remember that ive mention that it's important to read the assigned poems aloud,so you can develop and appreciation of the sounds of the poetry: the rhymes, the rhythm, the repetition of words or sounds, and to get a sense of the interplay between the sounds of the words and their meaning. this is really critical as we move into modern poetry, especially by writers who place so much importance on sounds that the meaning becomes all letter relevant. like this line by GertrudeStein that I'd like to quote. listen, listen as i say the words. "rose is a rose is a rose is a rose." taken literally this would seems to be an empty statement, one which gives us no information. but the purpose of a poem need not be to inform the reader of anything, but rather to evoke feelings. to create a sensual as well as phonically pleasing experience. now Gertrude Stein was better known for her prose than for her poems. but i'd like to like to quote this line because of its musicality, and because i think it helps open up our awareness to the unconventionally ricism of contemporary poets. you'll see this in your homework tongiht as you read the poetry of John Ashbery, especially if you read it out loud, which i recommend you do. poets like ashbery don't rely so much on any formal rhyme scheme or meter as on the musical quality of the individual words themselves. as i said,Stein was better known for her non-poetical work. and now i'd like to touch briefly on her essay entitled "Converstaion and Explanation". this work deals with her theory of writing and will help to explain some of the things we've talking about.40 what does the professor mainly discuss?41 what does the professor say about Gertrude Stein as a writer?42 why does the professor recommend the students do as part of their homework?43 what does the professor recommend the students do as part of their homework?Questions 44 through 46Listen to a talk in a class about United States history.last week, you recall, we discussed the early development of railroads in the United States. today i want to mention an even earlier form of transportation , one that brought the first European settlers to America. and that's the wooden sailing ship. from colonial times sailing ships were vital to the economy. many coastal towns depended on fishing or whaling for employment and income. this was especially true in the northeastern states. and there the wood from nearby forests and the skills of local designers and workers also formed the basis of an important shipbuilding industry. but the big profits were to be made on trade with far away places. and since sea captains often became part owners of their ships, they had a strong interest in the commercial success of their voyages. so these Yankees, that's what US sailor and officers came to be called, they carried on a very profitable trade with other parts of the world. the high point of this trade came in the mid-19th century with the introduction of the clipper ship, the enormous Yankee clippers with huge sails reaching nearly two hundred feet into sky. he'd carry passengers and cargo from New York around South America to San Francisco in less than three months and clear to China in just half a year. at that time this seemed unbelievable fast and efficient. but in the 1860s, more reliable steam-poweredship began to take over. and soon the important role of sailing ships in the US economy would come to an end.44 what aspect of United States history does the professor mainly discuss?45 According to the professor, what may be one reason for the success of the merchant ships of the United States?46 what does the professor say about clipper ships?Questions 47 through 50:Listen to part of a talk in a class on early childhood education. The professor is discussing penmanship: the quality of one's handwriting. as you prepare to become elementary school teachers, you'll be hearing a lot of disscussion about the relevance of teaching permanship. now years ago when i was studying education in college, reading writing and arithmetic were the basics of elementary school education. it went without saying that writing meant first and foremost penmanship. that is, the neatness of a child's handwriting. back then, penmanship was often taught as a separate subject from the fist grade right up through the sixth grade long after the children had moved from writing in block capital letters to cursive script. it was considered so important that sometimes prizes were even awarded for the best handwriting. but when we move ahead a few decades into the 1980s,we see teachers and administrators and even parents telling us that teaching penmanship is waste of time. with computers, they said, children can successfully manipulate the keyboard or mouse of their home computers before they can even hold a pencil. this change in attitude had an impact on the classroom. in your homework for this week you'll be looking at what statewide curriculum standards in the US say about penmanship. you'll see that in many states penmanship has been de-emphasized in a required curriculum, especially in the later years of elementary school. In california, for example, the curriculum calls for fourth-grade students to...and i quote, "write fluently and legibly in cursive or grades. but after this, the curriculum makes no further mention of penmanship in grade five, six or beyond, Any higher level of quality or neatness is simply not among the curricular objectives. your assignment is to look at what the curricular standards say for all fifty states say about penmanship.47 what is the professor's main point about penmanship in early childhood education?48 why does the professor mention prizes?49 what will the students read about for homework?50 what does the professor quote from California's curriculum requirements?。

【免费下载】05月TOEFL语法讲解

9. Under the guidance of choreographers, Martha Graham and Jerome Robbins, American dance ---new levels of artistic achievement.
(A) reaching (B) has reached (C) reach (D) have reached 答案：B 测试点：谓语／主谓数的一致．分析：本句有主语而缺谓语，应在答案中选择可作谓语的动词．主语是第三人称单数的 dance，故选(B)．(A)是非谓语形式，不可单独作谓语；(C)(D)不可与第三人称单数的主语搭配。
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电，力根保通据护过生高管产中线工资敷艺料设高试技中卷术资配，料置不试技仅卷术可要是以求指解，机决对组吊电在顶气进层设行配备继置进电不行保规空护范载高与中带资负料荷试下卷高总问中体题资配，料置而试时且卷，可调需保控要障试在各验最类；大管对限路设度习备内题进来到行确位调保。整机在使组管其高路在中敷正资设常料过工试程况卷中下安，与全要过，加度并强工且看作尽护下可关都能于可地管以缩路正小高常故中工障资作高料；中试对资卷于料连继试接电卷管保破口护坏处进范理行围高整，中核或资对者料定对试值某卷，些弯审异扁核常度与高固校中定对资盒图料位纸试置，.卷编保工写护况复层进杂防行设腐自备跨动与接处装地理置线，高弯尤中曲其资半要料径避试标免卷高错调等误试，高方要中案求资，技料编术试5写交卷、重底保电要。护气设管装设备线置备4高敷动调、中设作试电资技，高气料术并中课3试中且资件、卷包拒料中管试含绝试调路验线动卷试敷方槽作技设案、，术技以管来术及架避系等免统多不启项必动方要方式高案，中；为资对解料整决试套高卷启中突动语然过文停程电机中气。高课因中件此资中，料管电试壁力卷薄高电、中气接资设口料备不试进严卷行等保调问护试题装工，置作合调并理试且利技进用术行管，过线要关敷求运设电行技力高术保中。护资线装料缆置试敷做卷设到技原准术则确指：灵导在活。分。对线对于盒于调处差试，动过当保程不护中同装高电置中压高资回中料路资试交料卷叉试技时卷术，调问应试题采技，用术作金是为属指调隔发试板电人进机员行一，隔变需开压要处器在理组事；在前同发掌一生握线内图槽部纸内故资，障料强时、电，设回需备路要制须进造同行厂时外家切部出断电具习源高题高中电中资源资料，料试线试卷缆卷试敷切验设除报完从告毕而与，采相要用关进高技行中术检资资查料料和试，检卷并测主且处要了理保解。护现装场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。

历年TOEFL考试经典语法错题及答案

收集易错语法题及答案1989年01月语法题 (2)1989年05月语法题 (3)1989年08月语法题 (5)1989年10月语法题 (6)1990年01月语法题 (7)1990年05月语法题 (7)1990年08月语法题 (8)1990年10月语法题 (9)1991年1月语法题 (10)1991年5月语法题 (10)1991年10月语法题 (12)1992年01月语法题 (12)1992年05月语法题 (12)1992年08月语法题 (13)1992年10月语法题 (14)1993年01月语法题 (14)1993年05月语法题 (15)1993年08月语法题 (15)1993年10月语法题 (16)2000年01月语法题 (17)2000年05月语法题 (17)2000年08月语法题 (18)2000年10月语法题 (19)2001年01月语法题 (20)2001年05月语法题 (21)2001年08月语法题 (22)2001年10月语法题 (26)2002年01月语法题 (26)2002年05月语法题 (27)2002年10月语法题 (28)2002年08月语法题 (28)2002年09月语法题 (29)2003年01月语法题 (29)2003年08月语法题 (30)2004年01月语法题 (31)1989年01月语法题12. A historical novel may do more than mirror history; __________future events.(A) even influencing(B) it may even influence(C) may even influence(D) that it may even influence14. It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes__________roundshape into a teardrop shape.(A) of the drop(B) the drop’s(C) drop of(D) drops their15.__________modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting topersonalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.(A) If(B) But(C) With(D) Once16. Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, whenFrances Perkins became secretary of labor.23. The ritual combat of animals are triggered by precise signals.28. Benjamin Franklin drew a political cartoon that is credited raising 10,000 volunteers for theAmerican Revolutionary War.lchemists.31. Luminescence refers to the emission of light by means another than heat.39. The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.1989年05月语法题libel is printed while slander is spoken,libel文字中伤是写的，诽谤是说出来的。

新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分：语法笔记)3(2)

新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）3(2)4．each / every 单数，可数eg each ten boys √each major styles Xeach major style √5．数词 / several + pl.five aircraft √ several settings √several + n.s6．one of+pl （讲义P1 7）among+pl (讲义P1 11)7．first / only / simple 单/复数均可the first school 第一所学校the first schools 第一批学校the only university 的大学the only university 的几所大学single: a single +n.(sing) / no single +n.(sing)也可pl: two single rooms8．another+sing （复数也可以，但不多）other + pl （单数也可以，但不多）anyother +singanother two boys other part tthe other+sing / plany other state = any of the other states9． Hundred / thousand / million数量词=数词+量词five thousands pieces X → five thousand piece （five:数词 thousand 量词）一亿本书：hundred millions books Xhundreds million books Xhundreds millions books X(a) hundred millions books √数量10．a number of + pl + v(pl) （讲义P1 8 9）the number of +pl+v(sing)11．Various / diverse / numerous +pl.C、可数与不可数名词：1．常考的可数n. （讲义?P23 5）a chance discovery 一个偶然发现population:人口数/Λ / 各地的人口数/c/ 人群/c/：a sample population make great efforts to docolor effectsa clue 一条线索an amount of + /Λ /2．常考的不可数名词：(讲义 P10 1)a. 流体：air smoke oil water…b. 总称名词：poetry foliage…[集合名词：family people police…+are]c. 抽象名词：wisdom knowledge information…d. 自然现象：sunlight darkness weather rain…[但是：a heavy rain 前有adj.，raindrop雨滴，可数]e. 颗粒装物体：rice salt parder（颗粒）…f. 疾病：measles mumps diaheties…g. 学科：讲义 P10 2 statistics:统计学，不可数；统计数据，可数【。

新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）1（5）

k）定语从句的省略结构：(讲义 26 27)1．如果that / which在定从中作obj，可以省略.sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt→s+vt+n+s+v　s+vt+n1+n2+vt*当做题时，若发现两个名词在⼀起，但是似乎连不上，则⼀定省略that / which，则动词为vt，做谓语。

2．定从的特殊省略（新题 P92 13）the way (in which) + 句⼦the reason (why that)+句⼦均为完整句the time (that / when)+句⼦I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweatest voicein the world.By the time省that+句⼦，句⼦。

3．定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省）即：which be , who be , that be可同时省（讲义P7 17）*在新题中难题常与which be的省略有关（新题 P196 15）l）状语从句的省略结构：（讲义 P8 28 29）Although (it is)native to Europe, svo.Although (she was) affluted by…svo.Even though (it is) costly,svo.省略条件：1）特定的状语从句引导词：although　though　even though　when　while　if　as2）从句为主系表结构3）从句主语与主句主语⼀致。

Alought (主+系)+表，主谓宾。

省略⽅式：a）可以同时省略主+系→连词+表语（a. 分词 svo）b）主系必须同时省c） Alough / Thouth / While / If / As / When +（系表）+a./分词，svo√ ⼀定是答案m）doing结构：（讲义 30 31）doing现在分词→ a./ad.作定于/状语动名词→ n. 作主语/宾语eg：1）Stranving troop have to surrender.现在分词修饰n.，翻译为“…的”2）Transforming faw materials into useful products is called maufacturing.　（Transforming：动名词）具有动词特征的n做主语或者宾语，但同时⼜可接宾语，动名词与n为动宾关系，中⼼词为v-ing，翻译为“…的⾏为”。

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2000年5月TOEFL语法笔记编委：Maya审委：Xaosduck1、From 1949 onward, the artist Georgia O’ Keeffe made New Mexico ______.(A) her permanent residence was(B) where her permanent residence(C) permanent residence for her(D) her permanent residenceKey：D分析：考点是make 句型。

因为make后面可以接双宾语，所以D。

参考译文：从1949年开始,艺术家GOK把纽约当作她的永久居住地.2、Just as remote-controlled satellites can be employed to explore outer space, _______employed to investigate the deep sea.（A）an be robots（B）obots can be（C）an robots（D）an robots that arekey：B分析：考点是主谓结构。

本题因为没什么词引起倒装，所以句子用正常的顺序.(A) (C)都没有谓语。

(D) 是从句，放在者让主句没有了谓语，违反了谓语单一原则。

参考译文：正因为远程控制卫星能够被用来探测外太空,所以机器人也能被用来探测深海的情况.3、In ______ people, the areas of the brain that control speech are located in the left hemisphere.(A) mostly of(B) most(C) almost the(D) the most ofkey：B分析：考点是定语成分。

无须多说，most后面加名词。

mostly是副词，“最多部分地；主要地”的意思。

4、Stars shine because of _______ produced by the nuclear reactions taking place within them.(A) the amount of light and heat is(B) which the amount of light and heat(C) the amount of light and heat that it is(D)he amount of light and heatkey：D分析：考点是宾语成分。

because of 后面只能跟名词或者是名词性的短语作宾语，不能跟从句。

because 后面才能接从句。

参考译文：星星发光是因为在其内部发生的核反应而产生了足够多的光能和热量5、________ is not clear to researchers.(A) Why dinosaurs having become extinct(B) Why dinosaurs became extinct(C) Did dinosaurs become extinct(D) Dinosaurs became extinctkey：B分析：考点是主谓结构。

句子的结构：谓语是is，is前的空格应该为句子的主语，应填名词或名词性的短语或者是疑问代词引导的从句等等。

参考译文：恐龙为什么会灭绝，研究人员仍然不清楚。

6、Although many people use the word "milk" to refer cow's milk, _______ to milk from any animal, including human milk and goat's milk.(A) applying it also(B) applies also(C) it also applies(D) but it also applieskey：C分析：考点是主谓结构。

Although引导逗号前的分句，则逗号后为主句.空格处缺主句的主语和谓语。

所以C。

注意D错在多了but这个词，因为although和but不能同时出现。

参考译文：尽管很多人用”牛奶”这个词来指代牛的奶，但是这个词仍然能用于其它动物的奶，包括人类和羊的奶汁。

not….until，是”直到…..才”的意思。

参考译文：直到1956年，第一个程控交换系统才被建立。

8、_______ no two people think exactly alike, there will always be disagreement, but disagreement should not always be avoided；It can be healthy if handled creatively.(A) There are(B) Why(C) That(D) Becausekey：D分析：考点是连词用法。

分号前后分别是完整的句子。

前半的主句由where be引导，其中一个分句由but引导，空格处要填的是另一个分句的引导词。

答案D。

根据句意，because 用在句首引导原因状语从句。

参考译文：因为没有两个人的想法是一模一样，所以总有分歧存在。

但是分歧不应该被避免，如果分歧能够被机智地处理的话它们是有益的。

9、Drinking water ________ excessive amounts of fluorides may leave a stained or mottled effect on the enamel of teeth.(A) containing(B) in which containing(C) contains(D)hat containkey：A分析：考点是主谓结构。

句子主语是drinking water，谓语是may leave.主语后的空格应修饰主语。

则只能key：A.若key：C的话则应为drinking water which contains….。

参考译文：喝含有过量氟化物的水会给牙齿的珐琅质留下污点或者是斑点。

10、In the 1820's physical education became_______ of the curriculum of Harvard and Yale Universities.(A) to be part(B) which was part(C) was part(D) partkey：D分析：考点是表语成分。

Become为系动词，直接接表语。

参考译文：在19世纪20年代，物理教学成为哈佛大学和耶鲁大学的课程中的一部分。

3版权所有水妖的岛11、Pewter, _______ for eating and drinking utensils in colonial America, is about ninety percent tin, which copper or bismuth added for hardness.(A) was widely used(B) widely used it(C) widely used(D) which widely usedkey：C分析：考点是状语成分。

句子已完整，主语Pewter后的空格显然应是补充说明它。

答案C。

分词做状语。

其实这是一个省略结构，完整的句子是：which was widely used for……。

参考译文：白镴在美国的殖民地中广泛用于吃和喝的器具，它大约含90%的锡，其它成分则是用于增加硬度的铜或铋。

12、A moth possesses two pairs of wings _____ as single pair and are covered with dustlike scales.（A）function（B）are functioning（C）that function（D）but functionskey：C分析：考点是定语从句。

宾语wings后的空格显然是修饰说明它的。

答案C。

作为定语从句来修饰wings.参考译文：一只蛾拥有两对翅膀它们的作用是可当作一对单独的翅膀,而且它们是被象尘状的鳞片所覆盖。

13、Soap operas, a type of television drama series, are so called because at first, they were ________.(A) often which soap manufacturers sponsored(B) sponsored often soap manufacturers(C) often sponsored by soap manufacturers(D) soap manufacturers often sponsored themkey：C分析：考点是语序。

because引导原因状语从句，从句中主语为they，分析句子结构可知空格处为从句的谓语。

参考译文：肥皂剧是电视连续剧的一种形式，它有如此的称谓是因为最初，连续剧是被肥皂生产商赞助的。

14、The Woolworth Building in New York was the highest in America when _______ in 1943 and was famous for its use of Gothic decorative detail.(A) built(B) it built4版权所有水妖的岛(C) was built(D) built itkey：A分析：考点是状语从句省略结构。

when引导时间状语从句，完整的句子应为when it was built. it was可省略。

参考译文：纽约的Woolworth大厦在1913年建成后在全美是最高的，它以使用哥特式装饰材料而闻名于世。

15、Humans, ________, interact through communicative behavior by means of signs or symbols used conventionally.(A) like other animals(B) how other animals(C) other animals that(D) do other animalskey：A分析：考点是插入语。