chapter+2

Hypotaxis（形合法）is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example: I shall despair if you don‘t come. English sentence building is featured by hypotaxis. Parataxis（意合法）is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them, for example: the rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away. Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis.


4.2.1名词的形态 After a series of experiments important phenomena have been ascertained. 经过一系列实验之后，弄清了许多重要现象。 在使用这种仪器前，必须弄清它的性能。 You must know the properties of the instrument before you use it.
4.1.3 英语中介词使用频率较高，具有巨大的搭配联结能 力和表达功能。 What is he at? 他在干什么？ John voted with the Tories. 约翰投票支持保守党。 He is a man above vulgar interests. 他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人。 It looks as if we are in for a storm. 看来我们免不了要碰上一场暴风雨了。 The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。
她心地厚道，为人乐观，性情温柔，待人和蔼，器
量又大。


王力（1984: 53, 141）“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言 是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”所谓“法治”，即句 子的形式严格受到语法的制约，如句子必须有主语和谓 语动词，及物动词必须有宾语，这些“不管用得着用不 着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律”。所谓“人治”， 即句子比较不受形式的约束，可以因表意的需要而加以 变通，词语的分合伸缩比较灵活，“用得着就用，用不 着就不用”，只要双方意思明白，就可以了。 英语有综合语的特征，受形态的约束，因而“语法是硬 的，没有弹性”；汉语是分析语，不受形态的约束，因 而“语法是软的，富于弹性”。



English uses hereditary inflection, relatively fixed word order, and plentiful function words to express grammatical relationships. English – synthetic-analytic language

汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan family） 印欧语系（Indo-European family） 相同之处： 词类划分，英汉两种语言都有实词虚词两大类。 句子要素，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语等的划 分。
A synthetic language is ―characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships‖. -----Webster‘s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 综合语的特征就是运用形态变化来表达语法关系。 拉丁语、德语、古英语

4.1.4 英语中形容词表达能力很强。 Keith: A little yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar.

基思：一个讨饭的，身材矮小，面色仓黄，衣衫褴
褛，瘸腿，满脸胡子。 She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.




4.1.2 英语中代词使用频率较高 Let yourself fall in love, break free, and set your sights high. 放心去爱，打破束缚，开阔眼界。 他走进屋来，大衣上尽是雪，鼻子冻得通红。 He entered the room , his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.
When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. 为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那 样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间 又有深浅之分。


4.2.2 动词的形态 英语靠形态表意，即以屈折式形式变化所含的语法意义表意； 汉语靠词汇表意，即用所使用的词的含义表意。 My husband, Gary, and I were flying to Hawaii from New York City to show our five-month-old son, Timmy, to my parents for the first time. But what should have been a mission of joy filled me with apprehension. 我和丈夫加里头一回带着我们年仅5个月的儿子蒂米从纽约 市飞往夏威夷, 去见我的双亲, 让他们看看蒂米｡这本应是一 次愉快的旅行, 可我却忧心忡忡｡

An analytic language is ―characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express synthetic relations, rather than of infected forms‖. -----The Random House College Dictionary 分析语的特征是不用形态变化而用词序及虚词来表 达语法关系。 汉语




A woman with fair opportunities, and without an absolute hump, may marry whom she likes. 译文：一个女人只要有机会好，又不是很驼背，想嫁给谁都行。 Carlisle street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. 译文：卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又 爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉点，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝 着一大片绿色草地中止。


4.1.1. 英语中动词较少，汉语中动词较多 天已经擦黑，虫鸣蛙噪，一片喧闹。 It is already dark, and the chorus of insects and frogs is in full swing. Spontaneity has never been my forte. As a 14-year-old，I would refuse to go for walks around the block with my friends if I was the least bit behind my schoolwork. 一时冲动心血来潮地做某件事向来不是我的专长。 14岁时我就这样，哪怕只有一点作业没有做完， 我都不会丢开书本和朋友出去玩。



4.2.3被动语态 My holiday afternoon were spent in ramble about the surrounding country. 每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周围的乡村。 Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church. 在教堂里，人们不仅要有礼貌，而且应该有一种虔 诚的态度。 注意看看信的地址是否写对了。 Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.


To clarify the relations between words, phrases or clauses, English more often resorts to overt cohesion（显性接应），frequently using various cohesive ties such as relatives（relative or conjunctive pronouns and adverbs, e. g. who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how）, connectives（coordinate or subordinate conjunctions, e. g. and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, (n)either…(n)or…, when, while, as, since, until, so… that, unless, lest）, prepositions, and some others.