英国reference格式
英语学术论文写作参考文献格式

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Reference Overview
Definition of references
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References are a list of sources that the author has consulted or quoted in their academic paper
The citation format of network resources
Summary words
webpage title, author/creator, publication date, URL, and visit date.
Detailed description
When referencing online resources, it is necessary to provide the title of the webpage. If known, list the name of the author or creator, publication date, the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of the webpage, and the date you visited the webpage.
Citation specifications for references
The reference style may vary depending on the academic discipline, journal, or institution
Some common reference styles include APA, MLA, and Chicago
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英文参考文献引用格式

英文参考文献引用格式英文文献与中文文献的引用格式有所不同,最常用的是MLA和APA两种。
从出版日期所放的位置来看,中文文献的引用格式更靠近MLA.Available: /dept/llc/writecenter/web/mla.html, 2 Oct 2002.MLA STYLEby Marilyn Morgan, Beth Britt, Jim Oldham, Lisa Palmer, andMaureen MurphyIntroductionThe Modern Language Association (MLA) publishes a style manual used primarilyby scholars in literature and the humanities. The most recent edition is MLAHandbook for Writers of Research Papers, 4th Edition, by Joseph Gibaldi, ModernLanguage Association of America, 1995. For more complete information on MLAdocumentation, please consult this manual. Copies are available at the WritingCenter, in the Rensselaer Library, and for purchase in the Rensselaer Bookstore.Sources are acknowledged in two locations in your document: a "Works Cited"page and In-Text Citations.The "Works Cited" PageAll sources you use must be listed alphabetically at the end of your document ona page titled "Works Cited," which is centered on the page at the top of thedocument. The listing begins two lines down from this title; each citation is single spaced, but a double space is used to separated citations, thus:Works CitedAuthor’s last name, first name and middle name or initial (ifany).Book Title (underlined or italicized). City of publication: Publishers,Date of publication.Next author’s last name, first name and middle name orinitial (if any).Book Title(underlined or italicized). City of publication: Publishers,Date of publication.The citations are not numbered. Each citation begins with a hanging indent, which means that the second and following lines of each entry are indented five spaces under the first.Materials from different kinds of sources, such as journal articles, books and the Internet, are cited in slightly different ways.Examples:Citing a BookFormat:Author’s last name, first name and middle name or initial (if any). Book Title (underlined or italicized). City of publication: Publishers, Date of publication.Example:Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Loose Canons: Notes on the Culture Wars. Oxford UP, 1992.Citing a Journal ArticleFormat:Author’s last name, first name and middle name or initial (if any). "Title of the article in quotation marks." Name of the Journal(underlined or italicized), Volume number, (Year): page numbers for the entire article.Example:Williams, Joan G. "Accelerated Fault Simulation: A Deductive Approach." Circuits Quarterly, 9 (1992): 212-220.Citing the InternetFormat:Author’s last name, first name and middle name or initial (if any). Descriptor or "Title of article in quotations marks." Internet. (Date the article was posted, if given.)Available: Internet address. Date you accessed the material.Example:Honeycutt, Lee. Communication and Design Course Web Site. Internet. (1997) Available: /commdesign/class1.html, Jan. 1998.Citing a ChapterFormat:Author’s last name, first name and middle name or initial (if any). "Title of the chapter in quotation marks." In Book Title(underlined or italicized). First, middle and last name of the editor, Ed. City of publication: Publishers, Date of publication, pages on which the chapter appears.Example:Fraser, Kathleen. " The Tradition of Marginality." In Where We Stand: Women Poets on Literary Tradition. Sharon Bryan, Ed. NY: W.W. Norton, 1993, 52-65.Citing a Book with more than one authorFormat:First author’s last name, first name and middle name or initial (if any) andsecond author’s first, middle, and last name. Book Title (underlined oritalicized). City of publication: Publishers, Date of publication.Example:Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: TheWoman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Imagination. New Haven:Yale UP, 1979.In-text CitationsAny material in your document which derives from other sources whether bydirect quotation, paraphrase, or inspiration must be attributed immediately andthe sources named either by direct reference or by parenthetical citation.Direct ReferenceIf it can be smoothly done, sources may be cited directly in your text.Examples:In a stunning scene on page 27, Bronte reveals the source ofHeathcliff’s inner torment: "in an uncontrollable passion oftears [ , ] ‘Come in! come in!’he sobbed. ‘Cathy do come.’"According to Henry Louis Gates, "[ r ]ace is the ultimatetrope of difference" (49).Any information not given directly in the text, must be cited parenthetically (within parentheses).Parenthetical CitationA parenthetical citation must include (if not already given) the first word of the listing of the source on the works-cited page (most usually the author’s last name) and, in the case of paraphrase or quotation, the number of the page on which the material originally appeared.Example:To at least one American scholar, "[ r ]ace is the ultimate trope ofdifference" (Gates 49).In a parenthetical citation, no punctuation separates the naming of the source ant the page number.The title of the work cited need not be named unless you are using two different works by the same author, in which case you would then, in addition to the author, indicate the first word of the title of the specific reference you are making: Example: (Gates, Loose 49).A page number need not be used if you have used an idea more generally contained within the source material, but which you have neither quoted nor paraphrased.Example:The word "race" has been used to reduce people to sociallyconstructed categories (Gates).The period follows the parenthesis unless you are using a block quotation. Block QuotationIf the quotation you are using consists of more than three lines of text, you need to use a block quotation. To accomplish this, indent the lines of quoted text from both the right and left margins.If your document is double spaced, the block quotation is double space as well. Example:Yet consciousness is also an end in itself. Long traditions ofworking-class self-activity have properly focused on concretematerial gains or desired structures of social organization, butonly as instruments for enduring alienation and for promotingdemocracy and justice. (Lipsitz 128)In a block quotation, the period marking the end of the quotation precedes the parenthesis.。
Reference书写格式和要求

Reference 书写格式和要求1 正文中引用的文献与文后的文献列表要完全一致。
文中引用的文献可以在正文后的文献列表中找到;文献列表的文献必须在正文中引用。
2 文献列表中的文献著录必须准确和完备。
3 文献列表的顺序文献列表按著者姓氏字母顺序排列;姓相同,按名的字母顺序排列;著者姓和名相同,按出版年排列。
相同著者,相同出版年的不同文献,需在出版年后面加a、b、c、d……来区分,按文题的字母顺序排列。
如:Wang, M. Y. (2008a). Emotional……Wang, M. Y. (2008b). Monitor……Wang, M. Y. (2008c). Weakness……4 缩写chap. chapter 章ed. edition 版Rev. ed. revised edition 修订版2nd ed. second edition 第2版Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors) 编Trans. Translator(s) 译n.d. No date 无日期p. (pp.) page (pages) 页Vol. Volume (as in Vol. 4) 卷vols. volumes (as in 4 vols.) 卷No. Number 第Pt. Part 部分Tech. Rep. Technical Report 技术报告Suppl. Supplement 增刊5 元分析报告中的文献引用元分析中用到的研究报告直接放在文献列表中,但要在文献前面加星号*。
并在文献列表的开头就注明*表示元分析用到的的文献。
正文中的文献引用标志在著者-出版年制中,文献引用的标志就是“著者”和“出版年”,主要有两种形式:(1)正文中的文献引用标志可以作为句子的一个成分,如:Dell(1986)基于语误分析的结果提出了音韵编码模型,……。
汉语词汇研究有庄捷和周晓林(2001)的研究。
(2)也可放在引用句尾的括号中,如:在语言学上,音节是语音结构的基本单位,也是人们自然感到的最小语音片段。
英国reference格式

英国reference格式【原创实用版】目录1.英国 reference 格式简介2.英国 reference 格式的特点3.英国 reference 格式的常见类型4.如何正确使用英国 reference 格式5.英国 reference 格式的注意事项正文1.英国 reference 格式简介英国 reference 格式,即英国引用格式,是英国学术界在撰写论文、报告和学术著作时所遵循的一种引用规范。
这种格式主要体现在对文献的引用和参考文献的列表上,目的是为了确保学术作品的严谨性和规范性,便于读者查找和了解相关文献。
2.英国 reference 格式的特点英国 reference 格式具有以下特点:(1)注重作者的姓名和著作年份。
在引用文献时,通常将作者的姓名和著作年份放在引用内容的后面,用括号括起。
(2)引用内容和参考文献列表分开。
在英国 reference 格式中,引用内容和参考文献列表是分开的。
引用内容主要放在正文中,以括号和作者姓名及著作年份的形式呈现。
参考文献列表则放在文章末尾,列出所有引用过的文献。
(3)字母表顺序排列。
英国 reference 格式采用字母表顺序排列参考文献,即按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。
如果作者相同,则按照著作年份排序。
3.英国 reference 格式的常见类型英国 reference 格式有多种类型,其中较为常见的有:(1)哈佛格式(Harvard Style):在正文中引用文献时,将作者姓名和著作年份放在引用内容的括号内。
参考文献列表放在文章末尾,按照字母表顺序排列。
(2)牛津格式(Oxford Style):在正文中引用文献时,将作者姓名和著作年份放在引用内容的后面,用逗号分隔。
参考文献列表放在文章末尾,按照字母表顺序排列。
4.如何正确使用英国 reference 格式(1)在正文中引用文献在正文中引用文献时,将作者姓名和著作年份放在引用内容的括号内。
英语参考文献格式(英文版)

一、期刊
•格式: • 作者(出版年)。文章名称。期刊名称,卷,页码。 • 作者(出版年)。文章名称。期刊名称,卷(期), 页码。 •范例: • 郑志富(2002)。学校运动场馆经营与管理。 学校 体育,12(3),2-4。 • 廖智倩、阙月清(2001)。小学体育教师体育目标 认同倾向之研究。体育学报,30,9-19。 • Thomas, J. R., Salazar, W., & Landers, D. M. (1991). What is missing in p< .05 effect size? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 62, 344-348.
(二)海报发表:资料若只以摘要出现,则需在論文名称 后加注﹝摘要﹞或 [Abstract] 字样。 • 格式: • 作者(出版年,月)。論文名称﹝摘要﹞。会议 名称及发表方式,会议城市。 • 范例: • 文多斌、范春源(2000,12 月)。周代投壶研 究﹝摘要﹞。台湾体育学会学术論文发表会 海报发表,台北市。 • Ruby, J., & Fulton, C. (1993, June). presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Scholarly Publishing, Washington, DC.
九学位?文二博硕士?文摘要登?于国际博硕士?文摘要dai或其它检?系统且从学校获得?格式
Session VI
—— American Psychological Association Style (B)
Documentation
贰、文末引用文献格式
• Start a new page; center the word References at the top. • Any citations made in the manuscript must be presented in this section and vice versa. • A reference should be able to supply the detailed information of a corresponding parenthetical citation, for readers to locate and retrieve a source. • It answers, almost in a sequential order, basically such questions as “who at what time published what work at what place and was published by whom.”
怎样写作英国论文的Report

1.结构方面:Report一般由Table of Contents, Executive Summary, Introduction, Body, Conclusion/Recommendation, Reference六部分组成。
2. 语言方面:Report中,如果题目是假如你是某公司CEO或其他某个角色,可以使用第一人称;如果没有这样主人翁的假设,还是不能用第1,2人称。
请注意这点和Essay的区别。
3. 内容方面:1) R eport实践性更重一点,少写理论,多结合实际情况分析。
2) 数据和图表的使用很重要。
如果用到某公司几年内的某一项数据的变化,可以先列数据表格,再用柱状图、馅饼图或曲线图进行直观反映。
4. 特别注意问题:1) Table of Contents,一定要用Word自动生成格式。
2)Executive Summary,一般要出现“The main purpose of this report is to……”这样的标志性语句。
一般来说,这部分主要介绍这篇Report的研究内容、研究对象、研究目的、研究意义等等一些概括性的东西。
3) Introduction,在一篇Report中,Introduction部分相当于是一个Background,而不是概括R eport的内容。
请注意与Essay的区别。
Report中的Introduction不概括文章内容;不介绍文章结构(因为目录里已经有结构介绍了);只介绍Background。
4) Body,总原则“少写理论,多结合实际情况分析”,不要空谈。
根据要求具体分析,用证据支撑、用事实说话。
列出标题、次级标题、有必要时列出下一级标题。
每段内容用简洁的语言提炼出要点关键词,然后进行解释和阐述。
5) Conclusion / R ecommendation, 根据论文要求具体把握。
6) R eference: R eference是导师最看重的,所以请一定特别注意!绝对不能出现编造的情况,一定要真实。
英国学术论文格式要求

英国学术论文格式要求相同之处:1、字体:Times New Roman,字号:小四,行距:1.5倍(也有双倍间距的)。
请有写作之前就把这些格式调好,以避免写好后再调节,会造成不必要的麻烦。
2、段落之间空一行,每段不要求像中文写作那样空两格,而是直接顶格写。
不同之处:一、EssayEssay 的写作相对Report要简单一些。
通常只包括三个部分,绪论(Introduction),主体(Main Body),结论(Conclusion)。
绪论(Introduction)包括选题(topic)的背景介绍和文章要解决的主要问题,通常占总字数的 10%左右。
主体(Main Body)占总字数80%左右。
如果题目中作了具体要求,就根据题目提到的几个方面来逐一讨论就可以了。
有的题目没有作具体要求,就根据自己的构思来写。
但要求有逻辑性。
结论(Conclusion)也是占10%,在这一段里把文章中的主要观点用一到两句话概括出来。
Essay 可以不写题目,不要把小标题加粗。
Reference的写作是两种形式都要涉及的,我放在最后来详细说。
二、Report:它的写法大体上和essay差不多,但要求要严格一些。
1、标题页:包括标题和executive summary. 在Executive summary中是对文章的摘要,这两个部分一般是单独占一页。
2、主体部分:Report的主体部分,前三个和essay差不多,只是在conclusion 后还有一部分就是recommendations.是对提出的问题的建议。
如果题目中没有单独要求,一般就按照这几部分来写,但有的题目会作出规定。
请按题目要求写哪几部分来写。
ReferenceReference 是老师最看重的,所以请一定注意。
1、不管前面的主体部分最后一页剩多少空格,reference都要另起一页写;2、每条reference之间要空一行。
如果一条reference一排写不完,那么下面的几排提行时要和第一排三格。
Reference letter 英国大学外方专家推荐信

Company logoCompany full nameCompany communication addressand phone numberPostgraduate AdmissionsStudent Recruitment and AdmissionsUniversity of York,HeslingtonYork, UK, YO10 5DDEmail: pg-admissions@ 15 October 2013Reference for Ms XX (Application No.XXXX)Dear SirsI am pleased to support the application of XX for the MA programmes in Conservation Studies (Historic Buildings) and Cultural Heritage Management. Although I am not now an academic, I taught Planning at XXXX University, spent 2 years as Associate Professor and Acting Chairman in the XXXXX Programme at Harvard and was external examiner for 4 years in the XXXX School of XXXX programme. I have also lectured on XXXX course and XXXX course at 10 universities in countries where we work, including 3 years in China.In the past two years XX has worked in the XXXX company and we expect to employ her full time when she returns from master’s degree studies in UK. I have met her several times in China and more recently during a study visit to UK, when I took people from XXXX to see heritage sites in England. She is very interested in the subject. I have no doubt that she would benefit from, and perhaps be an asset to, your programmes.In China Ms XX has worked for us mainly during university vacations, with increasing levels of professional input to several planning and heritage projects. These have included a study for XXXXXXXXX project; a competition design for XXXXX project, focussed on an interpretive ‘River of History’; re-planning the park setting of a XXXX project, to comply with the buffer zone requirements of its World Heritage status; and research on the XXX project, to support the XXXXX intention to apply for its inscription on the XXXX List.Ms XX is an intelligent woman, with a good command of English. She approaches her work with determination and the will to learn. She is used to working in project teams but is also capable of carrying out individual tasks. She has a likeable personality and easily makes friends with the people she works with. I have no hesitation in recommending her for admission to your programme.Yours sincerelyXXXX XXXXPositionCompany nameCompany detail。
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英国reference格式
【实用版】
目录
1.英国 reference 格式的概述
2.英国 reference 格式的主要类型
3.英国 reference 格式的引用规则
4.英国 reference 格式的实例分析
正文
英国 reference 格式是指在英国学术写作中引用参考文献所遵循的一种规范。
这种格式主要用于规范学术文献的引用,以确保知识产权的尊重和保护,同时提高学术研究的可信度和严谨性。
英国 reference 格式主要有以下几种类型:
1.哈佛格式(Harvard Format):这种格式是英国最常用的引用格式,特点是在文献中引用时,作者姓名和出版年份放在方括号内,之间用逗号分隔。
例如:(Smith, 2015)。
2.温哥华格式(Vancouver Format):这种格式主要在医学领域使用,特点是在文献中引用时,作者姓名和出版年份放在圆括号内,之间用逗号分隔。
例如:(Johnson et al., 2018)。
3.牛津格式(Oxford Format):这种格式特点是在文献中引用时,只列出作者的姓氏,出版年份放在句末。
例如:Smith (2015) 指出。
在英国 reference 格式中,引用规则非常重要,主要包括以下几点:
1.引用文献时,必须确保文献的可查性,避免使用不可靠的来源。
2.引用文献的数量要适度,过多或过少都可能影响论文的质量。
3.引用文献时,要注意保持格式的一致性,遵循所选格式的要求。
4.引用文献时,要遵循版权规定,尊重原作者的知识产权。
下面是一个英国 reference 格式的实例分析:
在撰写一篇关于气候变化的论文时,我们需要引用相关研究成果。
例如,我们可以引用一篇名为“气候变化对全球农业的影响”的文章,作者是 Johnson, A.和 Smith, B.,发表于 2018 年。
在文中引用时,可以这样写:
气候变化对全球农业的影响日益严重 (Johnson & Smith, 2018)。
通过以上分析,我们可以了解到英国 reference 格式的特点和要求。
第1页共1页。