生理学英文练习题-第一章-绪论

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONSummaryPhysiology is the study of how living organisms work. It is the science that describe the normal functions and their regular patterns of the living organisms. The vast field of physiology can be divided into viral physiology, bacterial physiology, cellular physiology, plant physiology, human physiology,and many more subdivisions. However, the Human Physiology is very important and basic biomedical course for medical students.The body has three fundamental characteristics of living organism which are metabolism, excitability and reproduction. The metabolism include material metabolism and energy metabolism. The material metabolisms of carbonhydrate, lipid, proteins etc. have mainly been learned in BIOCHMISTRY. The energy metabolism will be learned in the 7th Chapter in PHYSIOLOGY. The excitability is very important physiological term, the property of living organisms that permit them to react to stimuli is defined as excitability.Since the normal functions of organs or organ systems was emphasized, homeostasis is another very important physiological concept. Homeostasis signifies a stable and constant status of the internal enviroment in the body of living organism. It is a dynamic balance of pH, osmostic pressure, temperature, ions concentrations, and so on. Homeostasis is a necessary for the normal functions of cells, organs and organ systems. Therefore, homeostasis is the soul concept of PHYSIOLOGY.The living organism needs to overcome the possible disorder caused by the metabolisms, then homeostasis could be maintained and the normal functions of the living organisms could be gone on. How to maintain the homeostasis? There are mainly three mechanisms to maintain the homeostasis. They are neural regulation, humoral regulation and auto-regulation. Three regulatory patterns exhibit different mechanisms and features.Feedback, a term borrowed from engineering, is a fundamental feature of homeostasis. Feedback regulation anticipates changes in a regulated variable, improves the speed of the body’s homeostatic responses, and minimizes fluctuations in the level of the variable being regulated. In the negative feedback system, a change in the variable being regulated brings about response that tend to push the variable in the direction opposite to the original change. The homeostasis could be maintained after negative feedback regulation. In positive feedback system, an initial disturbance in the system sets off a train of events that increases the disturbance even further. Some special physiological activities in the living organism are carried out by the positive feedback system such as processes of giving birth, blood coagulation, micturition.Definition1.Physiology（生理学）2.Acute experiment（急性实验）3.Chronic experiments（慢性实验）4.In vitro（离体）5.In vivo（在体）6.Metabolism（新陈代谢）7.Interstitial fluid（组织间液）8.Internal environment（内环境）9.Homeostasis（稳态）10.Excitability（兴奋性）11.Excitation（兴奋）12.Inhibition（抑制）13.Stimulus（刺激）14.Neural regulation（神经调节）15.Neuro-humoral regulation（神经体液调节）16.Reflex arc（反射弧）17.Unconditioned reflex（非条件反射）18.Conditioned reflex（条件反射）19.Humoral regulation（体液调节）20.Auto-regulation（自身调节）21.Feedback（反馈）22.Negative feedback（负反馈）23.Positive feedback（正反馈）24.Feedforward（前馈）Choose the ONE best answer, then fill the corresponding letter in the blank.( C ) 1. Which one of the following is a physiological process with negative feedback?A.Blood coagulationB.Process of passing urineC.Sino-aortic baroreceptor reflexD.Na+ influx during action potentialE.Process of parturition( D ) 2. Which one of the following is not the property of regulation by hormone?A.Slow in onsetB.Diffuse in natureC.Longer in durationD.Accurate in actionE.Action in overcorrection( D ) 3. Which of the following is not the fundamental characteristic of living organisms?A.MetabolismB.ExcitabilityC.ReproductionD.Passive diffusionE.Adaption( D ) 4. The concept of homeostasisA.includes the concept of an error signal.B.refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stable condition.C.refers only to the regulation of body temperature.D. A and BE. B and C(A) 5. This term refers to the existence of a stable internal environmentA.HomeostasisB.FeedbackC.AutoregulationD.All the aboveE.None of the above(C) 6. Which one of the following provides long-term regulatory control that results in relatively unchanging internal conditions.A.Positive FeedbackB.DiseaseC.Negative FeedbackD.All the aboveE.None of the above(B) 7. Moving your hand away from a hot stove is an example of a basic function calledA.Positive feedbackB.ResponseC.RegulationD.All the aboveE.None of the above(E) 8. On the objects that Physiology researches and observes, which of the following is correct description ?A.Whole body levelan and organ systems levelsC.Cellular levelD.Molecular levelE.All the above(E) 9. On the methodology applied in Physiology, which of the following is correct?A.Acute experimentB.Chronic experimentC.Experiment in vivoD.Experiment in vitroE.All the above(D) 10. The acceleration of heart beat caused by catecholamine hormones released from adrenal gland after doing exercise, it isA.Neural regulationB.Humoral regulationC.AutoregulationD.Neural-humoral regulationE.None of the aboveQuestions:1.What are the five components of the reflex arc?2.What are fundamental characteristics of living organism?3.Explain the mechanisms of how to maintain the homeostasis in living organism.4.Contrast the properties of the neural regulation, humoral regulation andauto-regulation.5.Describe the category of the humoral regulation.Answers:Definitions:1.Physiology（生理学）: Physiology is the study of how living organisms work, the goal ofphysiology is to study the normal functions and their regular patterns of organs or organ systems of living organism.2.Acute experiment（急性实验）：Experiment performed is to study the physiological activitiesor to observe the reaction to the external interference in short time is called acute experiment.The animals used are oftenly under anesthesia, and the experiments are oftenly destructive and irreversible, even induce the death of animals. The acute experiment include experiment in vivo and in vitro.3.Chronic experiments（慢性实验）: Experiment performed is to study the physiologicalactivities or to observe the reaction to the external interference in long time is called chronic experiment. The Chronic experiments may be performed on conscious subject for a long period of time after recovery from the operation.4.In vitro（离体）：Experiment is performed on an isolated tissue or organ that is taken out fromthe body of the animal.5.In vivo（在体）：Experiment is performed on the whole body of the animal to observe one orsome physiological functions of the organ or organ systems.6.Metabolism（新陈代谢）：Metabolism is the one of basic characteristics of living organism. Itmeans all the chemical reactions in all the cells of the body, and includes all material and energy transformations that occur in the body. The material metabolism includes catabolic and anabolic reactions.7.Interstitial fluid（组织间液）：The spaces between cells are called the interstitutium, the fluidin these spaces is the interstitial fluid.8.Internal environment（内环境）：It is the environment that all cells of the body live in theextracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment of the body.9.Homeostasis（稳态）：The state maintenance of a constancy and balance in one’s internalenvironment. It is the soul of the physiology.10.Excitability（兴奋性）：It is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to makeresponse to the stimulus. Essentially, It is the ability of cells to generate action potential.Excitability is a fundamental property to all tissues and cells.11.Excitation（兴奋）：It signifies a beginning of an activity or increase in physiological activityafter stimulus, such as the acceleration of the heart beat after stimulating the sympathetic nerve.12.Inhibition（抑制）：Inhibition is a stop of an activity or a decrease in physiological activityafter stimulus, such as the slowing of the heart beat after stimulating the vagus nerve.13.Stimulus（刺激）：Any changes from external or internal environmental factors that causes aresponse in a sense organ or an organism are called the stimulus. It includes the physical, chemical and biological stimuli.14.Neural regulation（神经调节）：The functions of organs or organ systems are regulated by thecentral nervous system via the reflexes. The reflex is the regular response of effectors to the stimulus based on the reflex arc.15.Neuro-humoral regulation（神经体液调节）：In many cases, the endocrine system is soclosely related to the nervous system that it can be regarded as an extension of the efferent limb of the reflex arc . In this instance it is called neuro-humoral regulation.16.Reflex arc（反射弧）：Reflex arc is the pathway in a reflex, it is the basic unit of integratedneural activity, consisting of receptor, afferent nerve, nervous center, efferent nerve and effector.17.Unconditioned reflex（非条件反射）：A fixed reflex whose mechanism may be supposed to beinherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience.18.Conditioned reflex（条件反射）：A learned reflex in which the nervous system is trainedto produce a new and unusual response to a stimulus.19.Humoral regulation（体液调节）：The functions of organs or organ systems areregulated by the special chemicals released by the endocrine glands or cells, or metabolic products released by the living cells.20.Auto-regulation（自身调节）：In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to theenvironmental change, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.21.Feedback（反馈）：It is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy ofphysiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control.22.Negative feedback（负反馈）：A regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to acontroller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.23.Positive feedback（正反馈）：With a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce changeof the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.24.Feedforward（前馈）：control mechanisms often sense a disturbance and can therefore takecorrective action that anticipates changes. Conditioned reflexes belong to the feedforward control system.。