综英课本b3u8
国际交流英语视听说B3U8听力原文
Guest: Well, it still keeps us out of trouble and helps us to survive. Imagine that you’re driving a car, and the car in front of you suddenly stops. There’s a series of events that takes place in our brains that makes our bodies react—in this case, by putting our foot on the brakes—that takes place before we even realize what is happening. It all happens much faster than our conscious thought processes.
showed the monkeys videos of wild monkeys having a fearful reaction to snakes. After that, the lab monkeys became afraid of snakes too as they learned to associate the sight of a snake with a fearful reaction. Radio Host: So they learned the fear from the wild monkeys, in a sense. Guest: That’s right, but here’s the interesting part. When the researchers changed the videos so that the wild monkeys appeared to be afraid of flowers, the lab monkeys developed no fear of flowers at all! Radio Host: Huh ... smart monkeys.
全新版第二版综合B3U8
全新版第二版综合B3U8-FPart I Listening Comprehension ( 15 minutes )Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear ten statements. Numbers 1 to 6 are based on Text A while the rest are based on Text B. Each statement will be read ONLY ONCE.Listen carefully and decide whether each statement is true or false.∙1. A) TB) F∙∙∙Script: It is absolutely wrong to put someone through what may well involve significant suffering for really no good end.∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙2. A) TB) F∙∙∙Script: As a pure scientist in some ways, the author knows that many different studies or findings could be used for evil.∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙3. A) TB) F∙∙∙Script: If the stem cell lines are created for any given individual and are later transplanted back into the individual, they will not be rejected by the individual.∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙4. A) TB) F∙∙∙Script: There are dialogues between the researchers in the embryonic stem cell field and those who oppose it.∙正确答案：B∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙5. A) TB) F∙∙∙Script: The author’s research got condemned by the Vatican and President Bush in the same week.∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙6. A) TB) F∙∙∙Script: That argument makes sense to the author to look at an embryo in a lab and give it all the rights ofa human life.∙正确答案：B∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙7. A) TB) F∙∙∙Script: Just as was true of bans on abortion and on sex outside marriage, bans on human cloning are bound to be hard to enforce.∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙8. A) TB) F∙∙∙Script: A society that bans acts of human creation for no better reason than that their particular form defies nature and tradition is a society losing a significant part of its capacity to grow.∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙9. A) TB) F∙∙∙Script: One in a caste system is treated as fully human, but perhaps labeled untouchable.∙正确答案：B∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙10. A) TB) F∙∙∙Script: If human cloning is to be banned, the reasons had better be far more compelling than any thus far advanced.∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.∙Human cloning is no longer a dream in the wake of the birth of the first cloned sheep, Dolly, in 1996.Since that moment, not only the scientists in the field of (11)_________________ , but also the peopleover the whole world, have focused their (12)_________________ on whether humanity should be cloned or not. Undoubtedly, human cloning has already become the most (13)_________________ issue for a period. But seemingly, people haven’t got tired of the endless debates on this topic. The most (14)_________________ consideration during the debate is if human cloning can bring about good more than harm to society or not.Apparently, one of the well-known (15)_________________ brought about by human cloning is medical advance. Once a cell is (16)_________________ using the genetic materials derived from its host, the cell can act as a primary cell (17)_________________ of dividing and differentiating into specialized cells such as liver cells as well as nerve cells, and then develop into some kinds of vital organs. This sounds incredible, in particular to those who long for transplants to prolong their lives. Apart from this, during the process of nurturing the cloned embryo, scientists can extend their scope of knowledge about (18)_________________ and mechanism of certain fatal and incurable diseases like Parkinson’s disease, cancer and AIDs. On the basis of such discoveries, scientists are able to explore more ways to (19)_________________ . Furthermore, according to many scientists’ statements, the ageing process could be hindered if human cloning proceeded successfully. This means the impractical dream of extending the average lifespan of humanity to 120 years could (20)_________________ . As long as all nations strictly control the use of human cloning, human cloning will do more good than harm.Script: Human cloning is no longer a dream in the wake of the birth of the first cloned sheep, Dolly, in 1996. Since that moment, not only the scientists in the field of biotechnology, but also the people over the whole world, have focused their attentions on whether humanity should be cloned or not. Undoubtedly, human cloning has already become the most controversial issue for a period. But seemingly, people haven’t got tired of the endless debates on this topic. The most crucial consideration during the debate is if human cloning can bring about good more than harm to society or not. Apparently, one of the well-known benefits brought about by human cloning is medical advance. Once a cell is duplicated using the genetic materials derived from its host, the cell can act as a primary cell capable of dividing and differentiating into specialized cells such as liver cells as well as nerve cells, and then develop into some kinds of vital organs. This sounds incredible, in particular to those who long for transplants to prolong their lives. Apart from this, during the process of nurturing the cloned embryo, scientists can extend their scope of knowledge about the mysterious causes and mechanism of certain fatal and incurable diseases like Parkinson’s disease, canc er and AIDs. On the basis of such discoveries, scientists are able to explore more ways to combat the diseases. Furthermore, according to many scientists’ statements, the ageing process could be hindered if human cloning proceeded successfully. This means the impractical dream of extending the average lifespan of humanity to 120 years could ultimately become reality. As long as all nations strictly control the use of human cloning, human cloning will do more good than harm.正确答案：biotechnology学生答案：得分：0分正确答案：attentions学生答案：得分：0分正确答案：controversial学生答案：得分：0分正确答案：crucial学生答案：得分：0分正确答案：benefits学生答案：得分：0分正确答案：duplicated学生答案：得分：0分正确答案：capable学生答案：得分：0分正确答案：the mysterious causes学生答案：得分：0分正确答案：combat the diseases学生答案：得分：0分正确答案：ultimately become reality学生答案：得分：0分Part II Reading Comprehension ( 25 minutes )Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with several blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.I always thought that when our research was successful that I would just be pleased that we had 21 thiswhen others had not. In reality, it is 22 — when you look through the microscope, you see what you may have looked like a long time ago, at least in part.When I looked down and saw that cloned 23 , it brought tears to my eyes. I had done this for my mother, and I realized, 24 she only been able to live a few years longer, maybe we could have used this technology to help her. It was 25 to see that potential, which she never had a chance to experience.There’s a big 26 out there that we decided to destroy these embryos for some reason. There was so much 27 about this process because of the scientific 28 from the past that it was critical that there be no doubt that they were clones.In the process of analysis, the embryos were destroyed by 29 . In other words, to get the 30 material from inside the cells to analyze it, you have to destroy the cell.∙21. ______________________∙正确答案：O∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙22. ______________________∙正确答案：F∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙23. ______________________∙正确答案：G∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙24. ______________________∙正确答案：M∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙25. ______________________∙正确答案：I∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙26. ______________________∙正确答案：K∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙27. ______________________∙正确答案：H∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙28. ______________________∙正确答案：C∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙29. ______________________∙正确答案：N∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙30. ______________________∙正确答案：L∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分Section BDirections: There are several passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.∙Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Depending on whom you ask, the experiment announced at a Texas medical conference last week was a potential breakthrough for infertile women, a tragic failure or a dangerous step closer to the nightmare scenario of human cloning.Infertility was clearly the motivation when Chinese doctors used a new technique to help one of their countrywomen get pregnant. Using a technique developed by Dr. James Grifo at New York University, Dr.Zhuang Guanglun of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou took the patient’s fertilized egg, scooped out the chromosome-bearing nuclear material and put it in a donated egg whose nucleus had been removed.In this more benign environment, development proceeded normally, and the woman became pregnant with triplets who carried a mix of her DNA and her husband’s — pretty much like any normal baby.What has made some doctors and ethicists upset is that this so-called nuclear-transfer technique has also been used to produce clones, starting with Dolly the sheep. The only significant difference is that with cloning, the inserted nucleus comes from a single, usually adult, cell, and the resulting offspring isgenetically identical to the parent. Doing that with humans is ethically repugnant to many. Besides, for reasons that aren’t yet well understood, cloned animals often abort spontaneously or are born with defects; Dolly died very young, though she had seemed healthy. And because the Chine se woman’s twins were born prematurely and died, critics have suggested that cloning and nuclear transfer are equally risky for humans.Not likely, says Grifo. “The obstetric outcome was a disaster,” he admits, “but the embryos were chromosomally normal. W e have no evidence that it had anything to do with the procedure.” Even so, concern over potential risks is why the Food and Drug Administration created a stringent approval process for such research in 2001 — a process that Grifo found so onerous that he stopped working on the technique and gave it to the researchers in China, where it was subsequently banned.The bottom line, say critics, is that perfecting a technique that could be used for human cloning, even if it were developed for another purpose, is just a bad idea —an assertion Zhuang rejects. “I agree that it makes sense to control these experiments,” he says. “But we’ve developed an effective technology to help people. We understand how to do it. We need it.”31. What is implied in the first paragraph?A) Some people regard it as a tragic failure.B) The new experiment means a breakthrough for some people.C) People have different reactions to the new experiment.D) The new experiment means a step further to the dangerous human cloning.∙正确答案：C∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分32. The author uses the case of Dolly and the Chinese pregnant woman to show that _________.A) both nuclear-transfer and cloning are dangerous for humans and animalsB) both of them benefit from the new techniqueC) both of them are the examples of technical failureD) both of them are the fruits of the new technology∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分33. Zhuang’s attitude toward the critics’ conclusion is one of __________.A) reserved consentB) strong disapprovalC) slight contemptD) enthusiastic support∙正确答案：B∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分34. The only difference existing between nuclear-transfer and cloning technique is ________.A) whether it is used for research or for helping the infertileB) whether the offspring looks like the parentC) whether it is used in animals or human beingsD) whether the inserted nucleus comes from a single and usually adult cell∙正确答案：D∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分35. The text intends to express the idea that _________.A) research of cloning has potential risksB) the research of cloning should be stopped totallyC) ethics and research of cloning are in contradictionD) researchers should have the right to continue the study of cloning∙正确答案：C∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙Passage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.The oldest and simplest method, then of describing differences in personality was to classify people according to types, and such a system is called a Typology.A famous example of this method was set forth in Greece about the year 400 BC. A physician namedHippocrates theorized that there were four fluids, or humors, in the body. Corresponding to each humor, he believed, there existed a definite type of personality.The four humors were blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. A person in whom all four humors were in perfect balance had a harmonious personality. If a person had too much blood, he was called sanguine (血红色), or cheerful and optimistic. Someone with too much yellow bile was choleric, or irritable and easily angered. Too much black bile made a person melancholy, or depressed and pessimistic. An oversupply of phlegm caused a human being to be phlegmatic, or slow and unfeeling. Scientists have long since discarded Hippocrates' fluid theory. But the names of the humors, corresponding to these temperaments, have survived and are still useful, to some extent, in describing personality.Other features of people, such as their faces and physics, have also been used to classify personality.Today, however, personality theories and classifications may also include factors such as heredity (遗传特征), the environment, intelligence, and emotional needs. Psychology, biology, and sociology are involved in these theories. Because of the complexity of human personality, present day theories are often very different from one another. Psychologists vary in their ideas about what is most important in determining personality.36. According to Hippocrates' fluid theory, a man with too much phlegm will be ________.A) optimisticB) easily angeredC) unexcitableD) pessimistic∙正确答案：C∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分37. The main idea of this passage is about ______.A) the complicated factors in determining one's personalityB) Hippocrates' fluid theory and its developmentC) the past and today of personality classifications and theoriesD) different personalities and their details∙正确答案：C∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分38. At present, psychologists ___________.A) have common opinion about personality theories and classificationsB) use biology, archaeology and sociology to study personality theoriesC) have abandoned Hippocrates' fluid theory entirelyD) all agree that human beings are characterized with complex personalities∙正确答案：D∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分39. The third paragraph mainly talks about _________.A) Hippocrates' fluid theoryB) scientists' points of view on Hippocrates' fluid theoryC) Hippocrates' fluid theory and its fateD) defects in Hippocrates' fluid theory∙正确答案：C∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分40. According to this passage, the factors which are still NOT used to classify personality are ______.A) one's born features and needs of love and successB) one's height and weightC) one's hobbies and idealsD) the environment and intelligence∙正确答案：C∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分Part III Vocabulary and Structure ( 10 minutes )Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.∙41. Doctors who attempt to ___________ human beings, Billings said, “should be treated as criminals.”A) clonedB) cloneC) clonesD) cloning∙正确答案：B∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙42. It means the ________ principles which members of the legal profession are expected to observe.A) ethicalB) ethicsC) ethnicalD) ethnic∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙43. All he would say was that the cloned _________ was healthy and weighed roughly 6 pounds.A) fetusB) childC) babyD) embryo∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙44. Spaceships must attain __________ speeds to reach these planets in a reasonable time.A) tremendousB) extremeC) trembleD) trending∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙45. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food, ___________ their clearness, toughness, andlow cost.A) in deedB) becauseC) in spite ofD) by virtue of∙正确答案：D∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙46. Her father reluctantly ________ to the marriage.A) consentedB) commentedC) contendedD) resented∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙47. We are working to change the popular ________ about AIDS.A) contemptB) misconceptionC) presentationD) generalization∙正确答案：B∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙48. ________, he never treated her as a servant.A) In a senseB) Make a senseC) To a senseD) At a sense∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙49. Surgeons have successfully ________ an artificial knee-joint.A) plantedB) implantedC) fabricatedD) manufactured∙正确答案：B∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙50. A survey is now being ________ nationwide.A) carried inB) carried toC) carried outD) carried away∙正确答案：C∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙51. Joan rummaged (到处翻寻) in her drawer and came up with a(n) ______ of newspaper clippings (剪报).A) ovenB) kettleC) fistfulD) carton∙正确答案：C∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙52. Several Asian governments welcomed the fall of Baghdad and made _____ of aid for post-war Iraq butthe overall mood was one of cautious optimism.A) commentsB) deliveryC) pledgesD) joints∙正确答案：C∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙53. I understand why I imagined being robbed by a man: they're physically more dominating and I'venever _____ anyone being robbed by a female.A) heard ofB) been bound toC) headed forD) had second thoughts on∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙54. The street lights come on at dusk and ______ at dawn.A) go offB) take offC) switch onD) go about∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙55. Beauty is fine, but it doesn't do the laundry, buy groceries, cure measles, fill _____ tanks or keep ourenemies at bay.A) frailB) gasC) cargoD) icy∙正确答案：B∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙56. His style has been described variously as abrasive and ________, overbearing and pompous.A) quarrelsomeB) troublesomeC) respectableD) contentious∙正确答案：D∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙57. Almost all the recent criticism from the mass media is ________ the ever increasing rate ofunemployment.A) directed atB) resulted fromC) resulted inD) directed of∙正确答案：A∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙58. Both the speaker and his speech were drowned out by the ________ of the crowd.A) approvingB) approvalC) disapprovalD) disapproving∙正确答案：C∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙59. The population of Houston was ravaged by yellow fever in 1839 ________ in 1867.A) it happened againB) and againC) was ravaged againD) again once more∙正确答案：B∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分∙60. Thunder occurs when an electrical charge passes through air, causing the heated air to expand and________ layers of cooler air.A) collides violently withB) violently collidingC) collided withD) collide violently with∙正确答案：D∙学生答案：未选择∙得分：0分Part IV Translation ( 10 minutes )Directions: Translate the following sentences into English (with the given words or phrases).∙61. 每年都有成千上万起信用卡欺骗案发生。
b3u8_inclass
Twins, Genes, and Environment1 Heredity or environment: which is stronger? The potentials which a person is born with determine in some way what he will do in life. Therefore heredity is fate, a kind of predestination. However, genes do not work in a vacuum; as soon as we begin considering the role that they play in the development of the individual, we see that there can be no development without the interacting environment. No characteristic is caused exclusively by either environment or genes.2 The relative effects of heredity and environment are most clearly observable in identical twins. Most identical twins are raised together and are remarkably alike in both appearance and behavior. These cases demonstrate that individuals with the same genes, when raised in the same environment, will respond to it in much the same way. They do not indicate what would happen if these identical individuals were raised separately.3 A number of studies have been made of identical twins raised apart. The twins who were the subjects of these studies lived in America, were raised in much the same physical environments, and experienced much the same nutritional histories. Therefore, as one might expect, they maintained the closest resemblance to each other in physical appearance, height, and weight. Exceptions occurred when one twin had developed a rather severe illness and the other had not; but on the whole everyone is impressed by the great psychological and physical likenesses that exist between identical twins, even those who have been separated from infancy.4 In a study of nineteen sets of twins who had been separated from birth, investigators found that in approximately two thirds of the sets there were no more significant differences than existed among unseparated pairs of twins. This strongly suggests the power of the genes and the limitation of the effect of environment. However, it must be remembered that, although the identical twins who were studied lived in different families far removed from each other, the environments in those families were not, on the whole, substantially different. Usually every effort would be made to put each child in a home with a background similar to that of its own family, and therefore it should not be surprising to find that the twins developed similarly. But in those cases in which there had been a greater difference in the environments of the separated twins, the differences between the twins were more substantial. The following case illustrates what happens to identical twins when they are brought up in contrasting environments.5 Gladys and Helen were born in a small Ohio town and were separated at about eighteen months of age. They did not meet again until they were twenty-eight years old. Helen had been adopted twice. Her first foster parents had proved to be unstable, and Helen had been returned to the orphanage after a couple of years; after several months she was again adopted, by a farmer and his wife who lived in southeastern Michigan. This was her home for the nexttwenty-five years. Her second foster-mother, though she had had few educational advantages herself, was determined that Helen should receive a good education; Helen eventually graduated from college, taught school for twelve years, married at twenty-six, and had a daughter.6 Gladys was adopted by a Canadian railroad conductor and his wife. When she was in the third grade, the family moved to a rather isolated part of the Canadian Rockies, where there were no schools, and Gladys' formal education came to an end, and was not resumed until the family moved to Ontario. She stayed at home and did housework until she was seventeen, and then went to work in a knitting mill. She went to Detroit at nineteen, got a job, and married when she was twenty-one.7 Helen had been healthier than Gladys, in childhood and adulthood, but other than that, their environments had been very similar except for their educations. Their weight, height, hair color, and teeth were very similar. The differences that distinguished them were obviously associated with the different social lives they had led.8 Helen was confident, graceful, made the most of her personal appearance, and showed considerable polish and ease in social relationships. Gladys was shy, self-conscious, quiet and without charming or graceful manners. A scientist who studied them remarked, "As an advertisement for a college education the contrast between these two twins should be quite effective."9 Considering the nature of their environmental experiences, the differences in Helen and Gladys are not surprising. Since psychological traits depend so much upon experience, it is to be expected that they will reflect it. On the other hand, traits that are not liable to be influenced by the environment are more likely to exhibit a high degree of similarity in identical twins. Important as they are, genes alone are never absolutely responsible for any trait. What we can do is set by the genes, but what we actually do is largely determined by the environment.。
新标准大学英语综合教程3课文翻译和课后习题答案unit8精品PPT课件
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13 So instead of trying to shut our eyes and ears to Western festivals, we should accept the goodness they offer and practise what they stand for. And let's not forget that Jesus was not born in the West but the East (the Middle East, to be precise), and he preached love for mankind and help for the poor.
like many South, Southeast Asian, Middle East and perhaps some indigenous American people, follow the lunar calendar
for our festivals is a different matter altogether.
15
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5 不管是好是坏，世界在过去二十多年间所经历的变化可 能比过去两百年间所经历的还要多。为了让彼此间联系得更 紧密，营造出一个真正的地球村，我们消耗了更多的资源， 烧掉了更多的能源，造成了更多的污染，灭杀了更多的动植 物。过去，我们一直把电视看作是连接全世界的终极手段， 直到我们了解了互联网，才发现事实并非如此。
2 The problem seems to be exactly that. Why should we in China refer to the week between December 24 and 31 as the end of the year when ours (according to the lunar calendar) is at least a month away?
全新版大学英语综合教程第三册—Unit8
Reading Tast
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • [01:24.48]to think that a long list of diseases could be treated. [01:27.75]I founded the stem cell research company Stemagen [01:32.42]with another gentleman whose father had died of ALS. [01:36.48]We went out for drinks one night [01:38.80]and we started talking about our parents. [01:41.31]We wanted to do something that would be a legacy for them. [01:45.10]For Better Or Worse? [01:48.19]The moment we decided to start Stemagen, [01:53.23]I read all there was to read about the various cloning efforts in the past. [01:58.23]The cloned sheep Dolly in 1997 was very interesting, [02:03.15]but at that stage people were not focusing on the stem cell aspect of cloning; [02:08.47]they were focusing on the reproductive possibilities of cloning. [02:12.34]Human reproductive cloning [02:14.87]is just simply wrong ethically [02:17.15]from a medical standpoint and a scientific standpoint, [02:20.70]even ignoring any religious issues associated with it. [02:24.53]The reason is that the majority of reproductive clones [02:28.29]in other species are actually abnormal, [02:31.19]with very high miscarriage rates, [02:33.46]very high stillbirth rates, fetal anomalies, [02:36.78]death soon after birth, et cetera.
B3U8 课文翻译及课后练习答案
Unit 8 Nature and NutureIn-class reading课内阅读参考译文基因、环境与双胞胎1 遗传与环境究竟哪一个影响更大呢?在相当大的程度上，一个人生来具有的潜力将决定他一生的作为。
因此遗传即命运，是命中注定的东西。
然而，基因并不是在真空中发挥作用的；一旦我们开始认识到基因在个人发展中所起的作用，我们就会明白，没有与其相互作用的环境，就不可能有任何个人的发展。
没有一个特点是完全由环境或者完全由基因造成的。
2 遗传和环境的相对影响在同卵双胞胎中最易观察到。
大多数的同卵双胞胎是在一起抚养长大的，因而无论在外表还是行为上都惊人地相像。
这些实例证明，若在同样的环境中抚养成长，具有相同基因的个体就会以几乎同样的方式对环境作出反应。
但这些例子并不能说明如果把这些同卵双胞胎分开抚养会发生什么情况。
3 对分开抚养的同卵双胞胎已进行了许多研究。
被研究的这些双胞胎都生活在美国，成长的自然环境几乎相同，并且具有几乎相同的营养史。
因而，正如所料，他们在外表、身高和体重上极其相似。
也有例外：一对双胞胎中的一个患了相当严重的疾病而另一个却没生病；但是总体而言，同卵双胞胎，甚至从婴儿时就分离的同卵双胞胎，在心理和身体上会如此相似，给每个人留下了深刻的印象。
4 在对从一出生就分离的19对双胞胎的研究中，研究者发现，其中约三分之二的双胞胎之间的差异与一起长大的双胞胎之间的差异一样不明显。
这有力地说明了基因的影响力和环境作用的局限性。
然而，必须记住的是，尽管被研究的同卵双胞胎生活在不同家庭里且相距甚远，但总体而言，那些家庭的环境基本上没有什么差异。
通常都会千方百计地将每个孩子安置在和他自己原来的家庭背景相同的家庭里，因而发现这些双胞胎成长中有不少相似之处就不足为奇了。
但是在那些分开抚养的双胞胎的生长环境有较大差异的实例中，双胞胎之间的差异就很大。
下面的例子说明了在对比度很大的环境中成长的同卵双胞胎的情况。
全新版大学英语综合教程3_Unit8
2. How were clones created before the creation of Dolly?
They were created from embryonic cells.
Unit 8 Cloning
Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading Supplementary Reading
Stemagen ☆ a corporation headed by Dr. Samuel Wood Detailed Reading ☆ notable for cloning adult skin cells ☆ It successfully created the first 5 mature human embryos using DNA from adult skin cells.
Unit 8 Cloning
Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading Supplementary Reading
Warm-up Questions 1. What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning? Detailed Reading 2. How can cloning technologies be used? 3. What animals have been cloned so far, and for what purpose? 4. Can organs be cloned for use in transplants? If so, give examples. 5. What are the risks of cloning? 6. Should humans be cloned?
全新版B3U8答案
BOOK 3 - Unit 8 - Language Focus - Vocabulary 2. Use the verb in brackets to form an appropriate phrasal verb you have
learned and complete the sentences.
3. When spring is at last freed from winter’s bond, silent birds arrive in their full songs and lifeless flowers burst forth in _b__r_il_li_a_n_t__ bloom.
12. You can increase the life of your air-conditioner by performing simple, routine cleaning __p_r_o_c_e_d_u_re_s___ in accordance with the owner’s manual.
10. These nursing homes are meant to give old people a sense of dignity and worth, but __In__re_a_l_it_y they live in an isolated world cut off from both family and the wider community.
BOOK 3 - Unit 8 - Language Focus - Vocabulary
4) All new patients are required to ___g_o_t_h_r_o_u_g_h_______ a medical examination. ( go)
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Class 2 – unruly and defiant to the teacher
• frightened away one teacher after another • did not respect school rules • were very noisy • moved desks at their will and fight with chalks • were defiant to the teacher— indifferent to him; laughing at him
Unit 8
“Keep Class 2 Under Your Thumb”
Related terms
post doctorate 博士后 doctor (ph.D) 博士 master 硕士 graduate student 研究生 bachelor 学士 undergraduate 大学本科生 senior 大学四年级学生 junior 大学三年级学生 sophomore 大学二年级学生 freshman 大学一年级新生
abroad student 留学生 returned student 归国留学生 foreign student 外国留学生 auditor 旁听生（美） government-supported student 公费 生 commoner 自费生 extern 走读生 intern 实习生 boarder 寄宿生
In the US the subjects taught are decided by national and local governments. Whereas British schools usually have prayers and religious instruction, American schools are not allowed to include prayers or to teach particular religious beliefs.
In Scotland the university system is different to that in England and Wales. Courses usually last four years rather than three and students study a larger number of subjects as part of their degree.
School age
• In Britain all children have to go to school between the ages of 5 and 16. • In the US children must go to school from the age of 6 to between the ages of 14 and 16, depending on the state they live in.
• (Para. 3-12) The body of the text is a detailed account of the interaction between the teacher and the students--the teacher, timid and incompetent, tries all his means to bring the class into order while the students, mischievous and arrogant, disregard all classroom disciplines.
In Scotland students take the SCE examinations. A year later, they can take examinations called HIGHS, after which they can either go straight to a university or spend a further year at school and take the Certificate of Sixth Year Studies.
At 16 students in England and Wales take GCSE examinations. These examinations are taken by students of all levels of ability in any of a range of subjects and may involve a final examination, an assessment of work done during the two year course, or both of these things.
Examinations
In the US school examinations are not as important as they are in Britain. Students in High Schools do have exams at the end of their last two years, but these final exams are considered along with the work that the students have done during the school years.
• 卡内基奖(Carnegie Medal)--英国 卡内基文学奖设立于1936年，是英国图书馆 协会为纪念苏格兰慈善家安德鲁·卡内基 （Andrew Carnegie，1835-1919）而设，现 由CILIP（the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals ， which is a new organization formed by the Unification of the Institute of Information Scientists and The Library Association on 1 April 2002）颁发，
• keep sb under someone’s thumb--make sb under the control of someone, make sb subordinate to someone
Group Discussion
• 1. Is it right for anybody to keep somebody under his thumb? Would you like to be kept under somebody’s thumb?
Subject
In England and Wales the subjects taught in schools are laid down by the National Curriculum, which was introduced in 1988 and sets out in detail the subjects that children should study and the levels of achievement they should reach by the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16, when they are tested. The National Curriculum does not apply in Scotland, where each school decides what subjects it will teach.
Organization and Development
• The text can be divided into 3 parts.
• (Para. 1-2) The story has an artistic outset---direct quotation of the headmaster’s instruction which relates to the title---the thumb, a pun of double meanings.
• 是世界儿童文学界的最高奖项之一，每 年奖励对象是英国杰出的儿童文学出版 作品. 起初授奖对象限制为英国作家, 并且一定要在英国出版, 但从1969年起, 只要是英文作品, 而且最先在英国出版 就具有得奖资格了。（该奖项亦有称作 “卡内基儿童文学奖”）
About the title
• 1. thumb: • first finger/ index finger • the middle [long] finger • the ring finger • the little [small] finger
At 18 some students take A-level examinations, usually in not more than 3 subjects. It is necessary to have Alevels in order to go to a university or polytechnic.
be under someone’s thumb: infml under the control, power or influence of someone 受某人支配， 在某人的控制[影响]之下 • e.g. A sick man often finds himself under his doctor’s thumb.
• (Para. 13-14) The story ends with a climax of the conflict in which the young teacher takes up a book on Chaucer, which he intends to read to the class but is mistaken for the Bible---a proof of the giant boys as intellectual dwarfs.