abstract结构分析

1.Urology is perceived as a competitivespecialty choice. Declining undergraduate exposure and thepreference for ‘‘lifestyle specialties’’ may jeopardize urology’s popularity. Our objective was to assess trends inapplication and matching rates to urology compared withother surgical specialties.2. We reviewed data collected by CanadianResidency Matching Service (CaRMS) and the CanadianPost-MD Education Registry since expansion in Canadianmedical school enrollment began (2002-2011). The following were examined: applicant preference, number ofpositions, gender patterns, and match results. ‘‘Surgery’’included general surgery, orthopedics, plastics, ENT, and urology.3.From 2002 to 2011 CaRMS applicantsincreased from 1117 to 2528 (126%). The number ofapplicants selecting surgery first increased from 178 to338(90%). The number of surgery positions increased from138 to 275 (100%). Urology positions increased from 15to 31 (113%). Applicants to urology increased only 40%(30-42). The proportion of all CARMs applicants selectingurology as their first choice decreased from 2.7% (30) to1.7% (42). The ratio of first choice urology applicants topositions decreased from 2 to 1.35. The probability ofmatching urology as first choice increased from 50% to76%. Female medical graduates increased from 51% to58%. The female applicants selecting surgery first increasedfrom 21% (49) to 41% (173). In contrast, females selectingurology first rose from 13% (4) to 17% (7).4.Urology in Canada is becoming lesscompetitive. Residency positions have doubled since 2002whereas the number of applicants remains static. This trendwas not reflected in other surgical specialities. Factorsaccounting for this may include poor undergraduateexposure, demand for specialties with controllable lifestyles,gender shifts in undergraduate medicine, and lack of rolemodels. The need for undergraduate exposure to urologyand vetting numbers of residency positions remains a matterof paramount importance. ( JSurg 70:537-543. JC2013Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published byElsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)BACKGROUND1:METHODS2:RESULTS3:CONCLUSION4:○1.Previous observational studies have reported associations between prostate cancer and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). ○2However,few investigations have been able to study this relationship prospectively and in well-controlled settings.○3Moreover, nostudies have determined whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that influence ALA metabolism are associatedwith this common cancer. ○4The purpose of this study was to explore associations between prostatic levels of ALA, SNPs andprostate cancer-specific biomarkers in samples collected from a previous randomized clinical trial conducted using apresurgical model and which tested the effects of flaxseed supplementation, a rich source of ALA, prior to prostatectomy(n = 134). ○5Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was determined and immunohistochemistry was used to assess tumorproliferation rate (Ki67).○6Prostatic ALA was determined with gas chromatography. Seven previously identified SNPsassociated with delta-6 desaturase activity (rs99780, rs174537, rs174545, rs174572, rs498793, rs3834458 and rs968567) weretested for associations with prostatic ALA,PSA and Ki67. ○7Despite consuming seven times more ALA per day, men in theflaxseed arm had similar amounts of prostatic ALA relative to men not consuming flaxseed.○8In unadjusted analysis, therewere significant positive associations between prostatic ALA and PSA (r = 0.191, p = 0.028) and Ki67 (r = 0.186, p = 0.037).After adjusting for covariates (flaxseed, age, race, BMI and statin-use) the association between ALA and PSA remained(p = 0.004) but was slightly attenuated for Ki67 (p = 0.051). ○9We did not observe associations between any of the SNPs studiedand prostatic ALA; however, in models for PSA there was a significant interaction between rs498793 and ALA and for Ki67there were significant interactions with ALA and rs99780 and rs174545. ○10Independent and inverse associations wereobserved between rs174572 and Ki67. ○11This study provides evidence that prostatic ALA, independent of the amount of ALAconsumed, is positively associated with biomarkers of aggressive prostate cancer and that genetic variation may modify thisrelationship.1.background ○1○2○32.main topic○43.specific investigations○54.resuilt and suggestion○6○7○85.conclusion and contribution○9○10○11以前的观测研究报道前列腺癌和α-亚麻酸（ALA ）之间的关联。