2018届上海市上海中学高三英语模拟练习(一)(解析版)

2018年上海中学高三英语模拟练习（一）

Grammarand Vocabulary

Section A

Directions:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passagecoherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill ineach blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, useone word that best fits each blank.

Today theStatue of Liberty is a beloved landmark. It ___1___(tower) above of theharbor of New York and is lovingly cared for by the National Park Service. Manythousands of visitors who visit Liberty Island each year might never suspectthat getting the statue ___2___(build) was a long slow struggle. More than acentury ago, it ___3___(be) the celebration of freedom and the commemorationof the friendship between America and France that inspired sculptor AugusteBartholdi and finally he went forward with designing the potential statue andpromoting the idea of building it. However, money was so big a problem ___4___was haunting the two governments from the beginning to the end.

Donations forthe building of the statue first began coming in throughout France in 1875.Numerous people gave donations. A copper company donated the copper sheets thatwould be used to fashion the skin of the statue. Various donations werehelpful, ___5___ the cost of the statue kept riding. ___6___(face) with ashortfall of money, the French-American Union held a lottery. Merchants inParis donated prizes, and tickets were sold. The lottery was a success, butmore money was still needed. The sculptor Bartholdi eventually sold miniatureversions of the statue, ___7___ the name of the buyer engraved on them.Finally, in July 1880 the French-American Union announced that enough money hadbeen raised to complete the building of the statue.

While theFrench had announced that the funds for the statues were in place in 1880, bylate 1882 the American donations, which would be needed to build the pedestal,were sadly lagging. The sculptor Bartholdi had travelled to America in 1871 topromote the idea of the statue. Despite Bartholdi’s efforts, t he idea of thestatue was difficult

___8___(sell). some newspapers, most notably the New YorkTimes, often criticized the statue as folly, and vehementlyopposed ___9___(spend) any money on it. The newspaper publisher JosephPulitzer, who had purchased a New Y ork City daily, The World, in the early1880s, took us the cause of the statue’s pedestal. He mounted an energetic funddrive, promising to print the name of each donor, ___10___ small the donation,Pulitzer’s audacious plan worked, and millions of people around the countrybegan donating whatever they could.

In August1885, that final $100,000 for the statue;s pedestal had been raised.Construction work on the stone structure continued, and the next year theStatue of Liberty, which had arrived from France packed in crated, was erectedon top.

【答案】1. towers

2. built

3. was

4. as

5. but

6. Faced

7. with

8. to sell 9. spending

10. however

【解析】

本文就是关于养宠物的好处，科学不能解释宠物的力量，但很多研究都表明有了宠物的陪伴(company of pets)，可以帮我们降低血压和恢复心脏功能，并且减少我们的孤独感。宠物不仅能调节你的精神而且还能改善你的饮食习惯。

【1题详解】

考查时态。句意：今天，自由女神像是一个受人喜爱的地标。它耸立在纽约港的上空，被国家公园管理局亲切地照顾着。结合句意可知句子用一般现在时态，主语是it，单数第三人称形式，此处tower（高耸）是动词，故答案为towers。

【2题详解】

考查过去分词。句意：每年访问自由岛的成千上万的游客可能永远不会怀疑，建造这座雕像是一场漫长而缓慢的斗争。此处get+宾语+过去分词，the statue 和build之间是被动关系，是过去分词做宾语补足语，故答案为built。

【3题详解】

考查时态。根据More than acentury ago,可知句子用一般过去时态，主语是it，故答案为was。

【4题详解】

考查as引导的定语从句。句意：然而，金钱是一个如此巨大的问题，就像从一开始就困扰着两国政府一样。先行词是a problem，指物，在后面的定语从句中做主语，此处as是关心代词，且前面有so，故答案为as。【5题详解】

考查并列连词。句意：各种各样的捐赠都很有帮助，但雕像的成本一直在持续。前后是一种转折关系，故答案为but。

【6题详解】

考查过去分词做状语，句意：面对资金短缺，法裔美国人工会举行了抽奖。固定搭配：be faced with面临着---，此处是过去分词做时间状语，故答案为Faced。

【7题详解】

考查介词。句意：雕塑家Bartholdi最终出售了雕像的迷你版，上面刻着买家的名字。with the name of以…

的名义，故答案为with。

【8题详解】

考查动词不定式做状语。句意：尽管Bartholdi的努力，雕像的想法很难卖出去。此处句子的主语做后面动词不定式的宾语，主动表示被动，故答案为to sell。

【9题详解】

考查固定搭配。句意：一些报纸，尤其是纽约时报，经常批评这座雕像是愚蠢的，并强烈反对在它上面花任何钱。oppose doing sth.反对做某事，故答案为spending。

【10题详解】

考查however引导的让步状语从句。句意：他登上了一个充满活力的基金，承诺要打印每个捐赠者的名字，无论捐款多么少，普利策的大胆计划奏效了，全国各地的数百万人开始捐赠他们能做的任何事情。此处however（无论怎样），引导让步状语从句，故答案为however。

Section B

Directions:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can beused only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Let's sayyou've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have timeto carefully plan menus for meals or read food ___11___ at the supermarket. Sinceyou really___12___ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come inhandy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" canhelp___13___some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects arepeople who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. Forexample, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket——including which shelf the peanut buttergoes on, and how the oranges are piled up——is a choice architect.

Governmentsdon't have to___14___healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans.Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect——one that encourages us to choose what isbest——we will do the right things. In otherwords, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthierchoices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom tochoose with___15___hints from choice architects, who aim to help people livelonger, healthier, and happier lives.

The Britishand Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic lightsystem" to ___16___foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customerscan see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains___17___bylooking at the lights on the package. A green light ___18___that the amounts ofthe three

nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer shouldbe___19___; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the threenutrients and should be eaten in ___20___. The customer is given important healthinformation, but is still free to decide what to choose.

【答案】11. G12. C

13. I14. F

15. E16. B

17. K18. J

19. A20. H

【解析】

本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍人们都希望有健康的生活方式和饮食，但是没有时间计划，这里介绍了两种方法，一种是"choicearchitect"，还有一种是"交通灯系统"。

【11题详解】

本题考查名词搭配．由于在超市里，所以是阅读食物标签（labels）．故选G．

【12题详解】

本题考查动词短语搭配。根据所给词汇以及…yourself to a healthier lifestyle，只有commit yourself to（承诺……）符合句意。故选C。

【13题详解】

本题考查动词用法。根据后面内容some of the burden of doing it all yourself以及前面动词help可知此空应填relieve（减轻），构成"……能够有助于减轻独自做这事的一些负担"。故选I。

【14题详解】

本题考查动词用法。根据句子逻辑，此句意思为"政府不必通过法律来强加（impose）更健康的生活方式，如戒烟"。故选F。

【15题详解】

本题考查形容词用法。根据设空，本空填形容词，而alert（警觉的）不符合句意，只有gentle（文雅的）符合句意。故选E。

【16题详解】

本题考查动词短语用法。本句句意为"英国和瑞典政府引进了所谓的交通灯系统来吧食物分类为健康的或不健康的"，短语classify…as…表示"把……分类为……"，故选B。

【17题详解】

本题考查副词用法。根据…customers cansee at a glance how much fat，sugar，and salt each product contains__7__bylooking at the lights on the package（顾客们只要看包装上的指示灯一眼就能看出每一个产品

含有多少脂肪、糖和盐）可知，此空填simply。故选K。

【18题详解】

本题考查动词用法。由于空后所接的是宾语从句，所以该空填及物动词，结合后面indicates的意思可知，该空填signals（表示）。故选J。

【19题详解】

本题考查形容词用法。根据前面"绿灯表示三种营养的量是健康的"可知"黄灯表示三种营养的量可能有问题"，因此消费者应当留心（alert）。故选A。

【20题详解】

本题考查名词词义。根据句子red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients（红灯意味着至少三个营养中的一个是高的）可知，这样的食物应当有节制地（in moderation）吃。故选H。ReadingComprehension

Section A

Directions: Foreach blank in the following passage are four words or phrases marked A. B. Cand D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

Research hasshown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion ofthe cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about filmswe've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple___21___.

Language isour greatest treasure as a species, and what do we ___22___ do with it? Wegossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing whatwith whom, who's in and who's out——and why; how to deal with difficult___23___ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.

So why are wekeen on gossiping? Are we just natural ___24___, of both time and words? Or do wetalk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the reallyimportant issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor RobinDunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution ofLanguage, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really___25___issues.

Dunbar ___26___the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stageof social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities moreeffectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about theirorigins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved amongwomen. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we cantalk, argues Dunbar —___27___, he goes on to say, languageevolved specifically to allow us to gossip.

Dunbararrived at his cheery theory by studying the ___28___ of the higher primates likemonkeys. By means of grooming——cleaning the fur by brushing it,monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely

for support inthe event of some kind of conflict within the group or___29___ from outside it.

As we humanbeings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar ___30___that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together madesense because the bigger the group, the greater the

___31___ it provided; on theother hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close toothers. Grooming helped to ___32___ the pressure and calm everybody down.

But as thegroups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activitiesalso had to be

___33___ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more ___34___kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocalgrooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groupsby exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would bepossible by one-to-one ___35___ contact.

21. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language

22. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally

23. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural

24. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters

25. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult

26. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens

27. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result

28. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behavior

29. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance

30. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses

31. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection

32. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease

33. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained

34. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful

35. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secret

【答案】21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. A 26. B 27. C 28. D 29. A 30. C 31. D 32. D 33. B 34. B 35. C

【解析】

【分析】

本文是一篇议论文。研究表明人们的语言大多数不是重大的话题讨论和研究，而很多是闲言碎语，这些闲言碎语是不是浪费时间呢，Robin Dunbar教授不是这样认为的，他认为闲言碎语是非常重要的，是人类发

展过程中非常重要的交流形式。

【21题详解】

考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.宣称,B.描述，C.闲话，D.语言，根据上文的句子：可知我们人类的大多数对话不是文化的，政治的问题，也不是关于电影和树的讨论，而就是简单的闲言碎语，Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading下文多次出现gossip这个词，所以选C。

【22题详解】

考查副词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.偶然地，B.习惯地，C.独立地，D.最初地，根据上一句，Language is our greatest treasure as a species,语言是我们做为一个物种的最伟大的财宝，我们习惯怎么使用它？所以选B。

【23题详解】

考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.社交的，B.政治的，C.历史的，D.文化的，根据下文的：involving children, lovers, and colleagues.包括孩子，爱人和同事这些都是社会形势，所以选A.

【24题详解】

考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.仰慕者，B.主人，C.使用者，D.浪费者，根据上文，So why are we keen on gossiping?我们为什么喜欢说些闲言碎语，因为我们是时间和语言的浪费者吗？所以选D。【25题详解】

考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.至关重要的，B.敏感的，C.理想的，D.困难的，根据上文的介绍，It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar.可知Robin Dunbar教授不认为我们是浪费时间，而认为闲言碎语是最重要的事情，所以选A。

【26题详解】

考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.证实，B.反对，C. 概述，略述，画轮廓，打草图D.拓宽，根据上下文可知Robin Dunbar教授是反对传统的关于语言是在人类社会发展初期在组织打猎的时候发展起来的这个观点，所以选B。

【27题详解】

考查词组辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.例如，B.此外，C.相反的，D.因此，根据上文的句子：Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk,可知：正相反的是，语言进化是是让我们说些闲言碎语的，所以选C。

【28题详解】

考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.动机，B.外表，出现，C. 情感，D.行为，根据下文的描述By means

of grooming可知教授是通过研究灵长类动物的行为得出这个令人高兴的理论的，所以选D。

【29题详解】

考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.进攻，B.联系，C.视察，D.帮助，根据上文的conflict可知猴子和其他的个体形成群体来获得在内部冲突事件中或来自外界的进攻时的支持，所以选A。

【30题详解】

考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.回想，B.否认，C.下结论，结束，D. .承认，聆听（某人的）忏悔，这句话的意思是：教授下结论说，我们在历史上做过相似的事情，所以选C。

【31题详解】

考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A. .前景，期望，眺望处，景象，B.责任，C.领导，D.保护，根据下文的：on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.可知因为群体越大，获得的保护就越大，所以选D。

【32题详解】

考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.衡量，B.展示，C.保持，D.缓解，根据上文：on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.群体越大，生活在一起的压力就越大，梳理毛发可以缓解压力，让每个人都冷静下来，所以选D。

【33题详解】

考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.拯救，B.延伸，延长，C.消费，消耗，D.获得，随着群体越来越大，花在打扮上的时间就要延长来维持它的效果，所以选B。

【34题详解】

考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.常见的，普遍的，B.有效的，C.科学的，D.考虑周到的，根据上文的effectiveness可知这里是需要一个更加有效的梳理毛发。所以选B。

【35题详解】

考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.间接的，B.日常的，C.物理的，身体的，D.秘密的，语言演变成了有声的梳理毛发，它可以让人们通过比一对一的日常交流更多的人群中交换信息，这样可以和更大的群体发展关系，所以选C。

【点睛】完形填空的解题技巧之一就是要根据上下文来学会“推理”出最佳选项。同学们要遵循“上下求索”的原则来查找信息。本题第8小题，根据下文的描述By means of grooming可知教授是通过研究灵长类动物的行为得出这个令人高兴的理论的，所以答案为“行为”；本题第12小题，根据上文：on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.群体越大，生活在一起的压力就越大，梳理毛发可以缓解压力，让每个人都冷静下来，可知此处是“缓解”。

Section B（每题2分，共40分）

Directions:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by severalquestions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to theinformation given in the passage you have just read.

A

The teacherwho did the most to encourage me was, as it happens, my aunt.She was Myrtle C.

Manigault, the wife of my mother's brother Bill. She taught me in second gradeat all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.

During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouragedme to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what wasconsidered practical or possible for black females.I liked to sing; shelistened to my voice and pronounced it good.I couldn't dance; she taught me thebasic dancing steps.She took me to the theatre-not just children's theatre butadult comedies and dramas-and her faiththat I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.

My aunt also took down books from her extensivelibrary and shared them with me.I had books at home, but they were all serious classics.Even as a child I had a strongliking for humour, and I'll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis's Archy & Mehitabel throughher.

Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided myfirst opportunity to write for publication.A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to theeditor as a "youth columnist". My column, begun when I was fourteen,was supposed to cover teenage social activities-and it did-but it also gave methe freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gatheringmaterial, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation fromcollege six years later, a solid collection of published material that carriedmy name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs.

Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her "favouriteniece". Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted (多面的) image of possibilities to every pupilwho has crossed her path.

36. Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhoodand youth?

A. She lent her some serious classics.

B. She cultivated her taste for music.

C. She discovered her talent for dancing.

D. She introduced her to adult plays.

37. What does Archy & Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?

A. A book of great fun.

B. A writer of high fame.

C. A serious masterpiece.

D. A heartbreaking play.

38. Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ________.

A. develop her capabilities for writing

B. give her a chance to collect material

C. involve her in teenage social activities

D. offer her a series of writing jobs

39. We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who________.

A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplined

B. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potential

C. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupils

D. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learning

【答案】36. D 37. A 38. A 39. B

【解析】

【分析】

本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了最能鼓励作者的老师Aunt Myrtle。她让学生们有信心发掘他们的潜力。【36题详解】

细节理解题。根据第二段中She took me to the theatre-not just children's theatre butadult comedies and dramas-and her faiththat I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.可知，在她的童年和青年时期，Aunt Myrtle把她介绍给成人戏剧。故选D。

【37题详解】

词义指代题。根据第三段中Even as a child I had a strongliking for humour, and I'll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis's Archy & Mehitabel throughher. 即使在我还是个孩子的时候，我也很喜欢幽默，我永远也不会忘记通过她发现Don Marquis's Archy & Mehitabel的乐趣。由此可知Archy & Mehitabel指代的是“一本非常有趣的书”，故选A。

【38题详解】

推理判断题。根据第四段中Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided myfirst opportunity to write for publication.A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to theeditor as a "youth columnist".可知，Aunt Myrtle推荐作者给一位报纸编辑，主要是为了发展她的写作能力。故选A。

【39题详解】

推理判断题。根据最后一段Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her "favouriteniece". Like a

diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted (多面的) image of possibilities to every pupilwho has crossed her path.可知，我们可以从这篇文章中总结出Aunt Myrtle是一位老师，她让学生们有信心发掘他们的潜力。故选B。

【点睛】做推理判断题时，要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。本题第4小题，根据最后一段Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her "favouriteniece". Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted (多面的) image of possibilities to every pupilwho has crossed her path.可知，我们可以从这篇文章中总结出Aunt Myrtle是一位老师，她让学生们有信心发掘他们的潜力。故选B

(B)

Humpback Whales

Humpback whales are sometimes calledperformers of the ocean.This is because they can make impressive movements whenthey dive.The name“humpback”, which isthe common name for this whale, refers to the typical curve shape the whale'sback forms as it dives.

Sometimes the humpback will dive with a fantasticmovement known as a breach.During breaching the whale uses its powerful tailflukes to lift nearly two-thirds of its body out of the water in a giant leap.A breach might also include a sideways twist with fins stretched out likewings, as the whale reaches the height of the breach.

A humpback whale breathes air at the surface of thewater through two blowholes which are located near the top of the head.It blowsa double stream of water that can rise up to 4 metres above the water.

The humpback has a small dorsal fin located towardsthe tail flukes about two-thirds of the way down its back.Other distinguishingfeatures include large pectoral fins, which may be up to a third of the bodylength, and unique black and white spots on the underside of the tailflukes.These markings are like finger prints: no two are the same.

Humpback whales live in large groups.They communicatewith each other through complex “songs”.

40. According to Quick Facts, ahumpback whale _____.

A. cannot survive in waters near the shore

B. doesn't live in the same waters all the time

C. lives mainly on underwater plants

D. prefers to work alone when hunting food

41. To make a breach, a humpback whale must _____.

A. use its tail flukes to leap out of the water

B. twist its body sideways to jump high

C. blow two streams of water

D. communicate with a group of humpbacks

42. From the passage we can learn that a humpback whale _____.

A. has its unique markings on its tail flukes

B. has black and white fingerprints

C. gets its name from the way it hunts

D. is a great performer due to its songs

【答案】40. B 41. A 42. A

【解析】

本文是一篇说明文。Humpback whales有时被称为海洋的表演者。文章介绍了它的生活习性。

【40题详解】

推理判断题。根据Quick Facts中Living：Open ocean and shallow coastline waters可知，根据Quick Facts,，humpback whale并不是一直生活在同一水域。故选B。

【41题详解】

细节理解题。根据第二段中During breaching the whale uses its powerful tailflukes to lift nearly two-thirds of its body out of the water in a giant leap.可知，为了打破这一缺口，humpback whales必须用它的尾鳍跃出水面。故选A。

【42题详解】

推理判断题。根据第四段中unique black and white spots on the underside of the tailflukes可知从这篇文章中我们可以了解到humpback whales在它的尾巴上有它独特的标记。故选A。

(C)

If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbouror a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to stepinto the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality device.Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a bodyswapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group ofartists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using amachine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "AsI looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner'spants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."

The set-up is relatively simple.Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The videofrom each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact viewof your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, shesees it.

To get used to seeing anotherperson's body without actually having control of it, participants start byraising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along.Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants reallystart to feel as though they are living in another person's body.

Using such technology promises toalter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies haveshown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias thathumans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at theUniversity of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the ImplicitAssociation Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between,for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic orawkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digitalcharacter using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. Thistime, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've"put yourself in another’s shoes" you're less likely to think ill ofthem, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.

The creators of The Machine to BeAnother hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping,people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau,a programmer with the project.

"It's a really nice way to have this kindof experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."

43. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.

A. building

B. exchanging

C. controlling

D. transplanting

44. We can infer from the experimentat the Be Another lab that______.

A. our feelings are related to our bodily experience

B. we can learn to take control of other people's bodies

C. participants will live more passionately after the experiment

D. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes

45. In the Implicit Association Test,before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinneddigital character, ______.

A. they fought strongly against racism

B. they scored lower on the test for racism

C. they changed their behaviour dramatically

D. they were more biased against those unlike them

46. It can be concluded from the passage that______.

A. technology helps people realize their dreams

B. our biases could be eliminated through experiments

C. virtual reality helps promote understanding among people

D. our points of view about others need changing constantly

【答案】43. B 44. A 45. D 46. C

【解析】

【分析】

本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述的是虚拟现实有助于增进人们之间的理解。

【43题详解】

词义猜测题。根据第一段中Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a bodyswapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group ofartists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using amachine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. Rikke Wahl是一名女演员、模特和艺术家，她是另一个实验室的一项人体交换实验的参与者之一，这

个项目是由巴塞罗那的一群艺术家开发的。她和她的搭档，一个演员，用机器叫机器来做另一个，暂时变成了一个男人。由此可知，划线词的意思是“交换”，故选B。

【44题详解】

推理判断题。根据第四段中The idea is that once you've"put yourself in another’s shoes" you're less likely to think ill ofthem, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.可知，我们可以从实验中推断出我们的感觉与我们的身体体验有关。故选A。

【45题详解】

推理判断题。根据第四段中Studies haveshown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias thathumans have against those who don't look or sound like them.可知，在the Implicit Association Test测试中，在参与者使用虚拟现实眼镜来控制一个黑暗的数字字符之前，他们对那些不像他们的人更有偏见。故选D。【46题详解】

主旨大意题。根据第一段中A few people have experienced what it might be like to stepinto the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality device.可知，从文章中可以得出这样的结论即虚拟现实有助于增进人们之间的理解。故选C。

【点睛】概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。根据第一段中A few people have experienced what it might be like to stepinto the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality device.可知，从文章中可以得出这样的结论即虚拟现实有助于增进人们之间的理解。故选C。

Section C

Various studies have shown that increased spending on education has notled to measurable improvements in learning. Between 1980 and 2008, staff andteachers at U.S. public schools grew roughly twice as fast as students._______47_______

Universities show similar trends ofincreased administration personnel and costs without greater learning, asdocumented in Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa's recent book Academically Adrift:Limited Learning on College Campuses.

A survey shows that 63% ofemployers say that recent college graduates don't have the skills they need tosucceed and 25% of employers say that entry-level writing skills are lacking.

Some simplistically attribute thedecline in our public education system to the drain of skilled students byprivate schools, but far more significant events were at work.

Public schools worked well untilabout the 1970s.________48________ It was the underperforming students

who werethrown out of public schools and went to private ones.

A prominent reason public schoolsdid well was that many highly qualified women had few options for workingoutside the house other than being teachers or nurses. _______49_______

Having such a large supply oftalented women teachers meant that society could pay less for their services.Wom en’s liberation opened up new professional opportunities for women, and,over time, some of the best left teaching as a career option, bringing about agradual decline in the quality of schooling.

________50________Large educationbureaucracies and unions came to dominate the landscape, confusing activitywith achievement. Bureaucrats regularly rewrite curriculums, talk nonsenseabout theories of education, and require ever more administrators. The endresult has been that, after all the spending, students have worse math andreading skills than both their foreign peers and earlier generations spendingfar less on education ---- as all the accumulating evidence has now documented.

A.They accepted relatively low pay, difficult working conditions, and gave their very best.

B.In fact, until that time, public schools provided far better education than private ones.

C. Achievement tests have failed to truly reflect the quality of teaching.

D. The heavy teaching loads left them little time and energy for family life.

E.Also around that time, regulations, government, and unions came to dictate pay, prevent adjustments.

F.Yet students showed no additional learning in achievement tests.

【答案】47. F48. B

49. A50. E

【解析】

本文是一篇说明文。各种各样的研究表明，增加教育支出与学习方面的可衡量的进步没有关系。从1980年到2008年，美国公立学校的教职员工和教师的增长速度大约是学生的两倍。然而，学生们在成绩测试中没有表现出额外的学习能力。

【47题详解】

上文提示“从1980年到2008年，美国公立学校的教职员工和教师的增长速度大约是学生的两倍。”承接上文，F项Yet students showed no additional learning in achievement tests.（然而，学生们在成绩测试中没有表现出额外的学习能力。）切题。故选F。

【48题详解】

上文提示“直到20世纪70年代，公立学校一直运转良好。”承接上文，B项In fact, until that time, public schools provided far better education than private ones.（事实上，在那之前，公立学校提供的教育比私立学校好得多。）切题。该项中的that time指上文的the 1970s，故选B。

【49题详解】

上文提示“公立学校表现良好的一个突出原因是，许多高素质的女性除了担任教师或护士外，几乎没有其他选择。”承接上文，A项They accepted relatively low pay, difficult working conditions, and gave their very best.（他们接受相对较低的工资，艰苦的工作条件，并给予他们最好的待遇。）切题。故选A。

【50题详解】

下文提示“大型教育机构和工会开始主导这一领域，将活动与成就混为一谈。”承接下文，E项Also around that time, regulations, government, and unions came to dictate pay, prevent adjustments.（在那个时候，规章制度，政府和工会来决定工资，防止调整。）切题。故选E。

IV

51.SummaryWriting

Sociologists have long recognized that organization of less than 200individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members.Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting lessflexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting fromfailures of communication.

One solution to this problem would, of course, be tostructure large organizations into smaller units of a size that can act as agroup. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, largerorganizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 willnever of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization.Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build directpersonal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be ableto communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal astructure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.

The importance of this was drawn to my attention twoyears ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it sohappened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The wholeprocess worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they weremoved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the workseemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.

It was some time before they work out what the problemwas. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building,they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunchtimes was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, theyaccidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the wholeorganization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gatheredinformally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information wascasually being exchanged.

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

【答案】According to sociologists, larger organizations may function poorly for lack offree flow of information. To solve this problem, we can divide them intosmaller groups and encourage individuals to communicate casually and directly.The removal of a coffee room is a typical example, showing how important closesocial networks are to a company’s smooth operation.

【解析】

【分析】

本文是一篇议论文。社会学家早就认识到，只有不到200人的组织可以通过成员之间的信息自由流动来运作。一旦它们的规模超出了这个数字，这些组织就变得不那么灵活了。因此，似乎有必要防止沟通失败导致的完全混乱。文章介绍了解决这个问题的方法。

【详解】本文是一篇文章概括总结。它覆盖了所有内容，语言精练，层次分明，要点突出，文中使用高级句子。To solve this problem, we can divide them intosmaller groups and encourage individuals to communicate casually and directly.动词不定式在句中做目的状语和宾语补足语；The removal of a coffee room is a typical example, showing how important closesocial networks are to a company’s smooth operation.句中使用现在分词做伴随状语。

V

Translation

52. 他和他的同学都不喜欢放学后补课。(neither...nor...)

53. 家长嘱咐孩子别再河边嬉戏，以免遭遇不测。(for fear)

54. 从踏上陌生国土的那一刻起，李华就意识到入乡随俗至关重要。(the moment)

55. 虽然现代社会物资丰富，给与消费者更多的选择，但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn)

【答案】52. Neither he nor his classmateslike taking extra classed after school.

53. Parents ask their kids not toplay by the river for fear that something terrible might happen.

54. The moment he stepped on theforeign land, Li Hua realized that it was important to follow the localcustoms.

55. While modern society, rich inmaterial resources, has given consumers more choices, it also turns many ofthem into crazy shoppers.

【解析】

汉译英。

【52题详解】

固定搭配：neither...nor...“既不---，也不”，结合所给汉语可知答案为Neither he nor his classmateslike taking extra classed after school.

【53题详解】

固定搭配：for fear that“以免---，唯恐---”，结合所给汉语可知答案为Parents ask their kids not toplay by the river for fear that something terrible might happen.

【54题详解】

此处the moment“一---就---”引导时间状语从句，结合所给汉语可知答案为The moment he stepped on theforeign land, Li Hua realized that it was important to follow the localcustoms.

【55题详解】

固定词组：turn---into---“把---变成---”，结合所给汉语可知答案为While modern society, rich inmaterial resources, has given consumers more choices, it also turns many ofthem into crazy shoppers.